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Shale & Tight
ReservoirSimulation
Jim Erdle - VP/USA & LA
OCTOBER 2012
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AGENDA
How CMGs simulators are being uso Shale/Tight reservoir modelling features
o Shale/Tight reservoir modelling workflows
How other simulators are being used
Shale Operators using CMGs simul SPE References
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CMGS PRODUCTSIMEXBlack Oil reservoir simulator
GEMEOS-compositional reservoir simulatorSTARSThermal/Reactive-Transport reservoir s
GEOMECHGeomechanics simulator (GEM & S
BUILDERModel creation/editing GUI
RESULTSSimulator output display GUIWINPROPPVT modelling
CMOSTSA, UA, Aided History-Matching & Opti
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MODELLING FEATURES PVT
o Black Oil treatment (IMEX) primary production of dry gas, wet gas, black oil, vola
condensate reservoir fluids
o Multi-component EOS Treatment (GEM)
Adds ability to model Multi-Component fluids includingases (e.g. CO2, H2S, acid gas, Flue Gas & N2) for E
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MODELLING FEATURES
Single vs Dual Porosityo Single Porosity if no open
natural fractures
o Dual Permeability if open
natural fractures
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MODELLING FEATURES Adsorped Components
o Single gas component (new in IMEX for 20o Multiple gas or oil components (GEM)
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MODELLING FEATURES
Diffusiono Multi-component molecular diffusion (GEM
Competitive with darcy flow in some very low mat
situations
Injection of solvents to aid liquid recovery (e.g. CO
propane, etc.) Sequestration of CO2, acid gas, etc.
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MODELLING FEATURES
Relative Perm & Capillary Pressureo Independent curves for matrix, natural frac
propped fractures Usually straight line for natural & propped fracs
Matrix can be oil-wet or water-wet (which is it?)
Can include hysteresis if modelling solvent inject Can also include wettability alteration via relative
permeability interpolation (new in GEM for 2012)
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MODELLING FEATURES Compaction/Dilation
o Pressure-dependent Compaction/Dilation tablemodelling degradation of permeability & poros In propped fractures, natural fractures & matrix, includ
hysteresis for modelling shut-in periods
o Effective Stress-dependent Compaction/Dilatio
when using GEOMECH (GEM) Barton-Bandis approach for modelling of natural fract
Effective Stress
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MODELLING FEATURES Compaction/Dilation
Unpropped Fracture
Compaction Table
0
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Pressure (psi)
Conduc
tivityMultiplier
Propped Fracture
Compaction Table
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1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Pressure (psi)
ConductivityMultiplier
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MODELLING FEATURES
Initial Fluid Saturationso Non-equilibrium initialization of fluids for
modelling presence and flowback of frac fl
propped & natural fractures
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MODELLING FEATURES Explicit Gridding of Propped Fracture
o LS-LR-DK (TARTAN) grids to model proppe
o Single Plane or Complex geometry
o Non-Darcy flow in propped fracs
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MODELLING FEATURES Explicit Gridding of Propped Fractu
Single Plane geometry Complex geometry
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MODELLING FEATURES Explicit Gridding of Propped Fractures
o Automatic generation of TARTAN grids (BUILD
o SRV delineation (BUILDER) Import & Filtering of Micro Seismic data
Interactive selection on simulation grid display
o
TARTAN grids can be applied to any parent grid Cartesian & Corner Point Grids
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MODELLING FEATURES Explicit Gridding of Propped Fractu
Hydraulic Fracture Wizard Microseismic W
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MODELLING FEATURES Time-dependent Propped Fractures
o TARTAN grids can be added when wells are Dont have to put all grids in place at beginning of ru
Efficient way to model re-fracs & multi-well models
o Compaction/Dilation Tables (with Hysteresis)
time-dependent (coming in Dec 2012)
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MODELLING WORKFLOW
2. Build single well
base models
5. Build multi-wellmodels
3. Perform
on single
models4. Forecast
single w
6. Perform
multi-we
1. Choose CMG simulator
with required physics
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Base Case Results Initial model with assumed values does
not match historical production data
o Too much gasproducedo Not enough waterproduced
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Sensitivity Analysis using CMOS
Reservoir parameter uncertainty
o Fracture Permeability
o Fracture Width
o Pressure Dependent Permeability of Fracture (CRO
o Langmuir Adsorption parameters
o Diffusivity
o Initial Water Saturation in Fractures (to model water
HF fluid)
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Sensitivity Analysis using CMOS
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History Match Error Reductio
Objective Function Error Reduced from 55% to
2
i h i l
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History MatchFinal Resu
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History MatchFinal Resu History match error reduction
o Overall HM error reduced from 55% to 1.4%o Final Gas Rate Match error = 0.70%
o Final Water Rate Match error = 2.13%
Total Calendar Time to complete HM
o Engineering Time = 10 hourso Computing Time = 15 hours (8 concurrent 2-way p
o Total calendar time = 25 hours
ANOTHER APPROACH TO GRIDD
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ANOTHER APPROACH TO GRIDD
Representation of Single-Plane Propped Fracto Some are using Logarithmically Refined grids over entire
both X & Y directions (LS-GR-DK grids) to model single-
Mangum
0 10 0 20 0 3 00 4 00 5 00 6 00 7 00 8 00 9 00 1 ,0 00 1, 10 0 1 ,2 00 1, 30 0 1, 40 0 1 ,5 00
0 10 0 20 0 3 00 4 00 5 00 6 00 7 00 8 00 9 00 1 ,0 00 1, 10 0 1 ,2 00 1, 30 0 1, 40 0 1 ,5 00
-900
-800
-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
-800
-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
20
0.00 180.00 360.00 feet
0.00 55.00 110.00 meters
File: ECLIPSE_Global Grid Refine .User: kpatelDate: 7/27/12
Scale: 1:2374Y/X: 1.00:1Axis Units: ft
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
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Porosity 2011-07-24 K layer: 1
Mangum
- 10 0 0 1 00 2 00 3 00 4 00 5 00 6 00 7 00 8 00 9 00 1 ,0 00 1, 10 0 1 ,2 00
- 10 0 0 1 00 2 00 3 00 4 00 5 00 6 00 7 00 8 00 9 00 1 ,0 00 1, 10 0 1 ,2 00
-900
-800
-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
0.00
0.00
Porosity 2011-07-24 K layer: 1
Global Logarithmic Grids CMGs TARTAN G
ANOTHER APPROACH TO GRIDD
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ANOTHER APPROACH TO GRIDD
TARTAN grids = Same Results in 1/10 th
ANOTHER APPROACH TO GRIDD
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ANOTHER APPROACH TO GRIDD
TARTAN grids = Same Results in 1/10 th
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USING CMG FOR SHALE/TIGHT RESER Anadarko
Apache
BG Group BHP Billiton
BP
Chesapeake
Chevron
Devon
Encana EOG
ExxonMobil
Marathon
Matador
Noble Energy
Reliance Rosetta Resources
Samson
Shell
Statoil
Talisman
Total Venoco
Vitruvian
XTO
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SPE REFERENCES CSUG/SPE 148710-PP Shale Gas Modeling W
From Microseismic to SimulationA Horn Ri
Studyo Joint paper with CMG and NEXEN
IPTC-14940 Evaluation in Data Rich Fayattev
Gas PlaysIntegrating Physics-based ReserSimulations with Data Driven Approaches for
Uncertainty Reductiono by Yitian Xiao et al (ExxonMobil) presented at 2012 IPT
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SPE REFERENCES SPE 147596 Shale Oil Production Perform
a Stimulated Reservoir Volumeo by A.S. Chaudhary, C. Economides & R. Wattenbarge
presented at 2011 ATCE - Denver
SPE 146975 Heat Transfer Applications fo
Stimulated Reservoir Volumeo by S. Thoram & C. Economides (TAMU) presented at
Denver
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SPE REFERENCES
SPE 132093 Accurate Simulation of Non-D
in Stimulated Fractured Shale Gas Reservoo by B. Rubin (CMG) presented at 2010 WRMAnahi
Th k !
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Thank you!
Any Questions?
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