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65° EAAP 2014. Annual Meeting. August 25 – 29, 2014 Copenhagen, Denmark
Effects of a mycotoxins-binder on plasma biochemistry in early
lactating dairy cattleF. Abeni, F. Petrera, A. Dal Prà, A. Gubbiotti, G. Brusa,
M. Capelletti
Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Centro di Ricerca per le Produzioni Foraggere e Lattiero-casearie, via Porcellasco, 7, 26100 Cremona
fabiopalmiro.abeni@entecra.it
65° EAAP 2014. Annual Meeting. August 25 – 29, 2014 Copenhagen, Denmark
Table of Contents
• Introduction
– Mycotoxins from Fusarium spp and their binders
– The different mycotoxin-binders and their effects
• Material and Methods
– Animals, sampling, analysis
• Results and Discussion
– Plasma minerals
– Plasma enzymes activity
• Conclusion
65° EAAP 2014. Annual Meeting. August 25 – 29, 2014 Copenhagen, Denmark
Introduction
Mycotoxins from Fusarium spp.:
The contamination of feeds with mycotoxins from Fusarium spp. is a problem of growing interest for dairy cattle
The main mycotoxins are zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol(DON) produced by F. graminearum and fumonisins produced by F.
verticilloides
65° EAAP 2014. Annual Meeting. August 25 – 29, 2014 Copenhagen, Denmark
Mycotoxin-bindersOn-farm:
a widely adopted solution to reduce the toxic effects of Fusarium-mycotoxin in cows is the addition of polymeric glucomannan-basedadsorbents (PGA)
Many adsorbents: ability to bind one or more mycotoxins, but thesefeed additives may also have some adverse effects
• interfering in the availability of essential nutrients (generallyminerals) to the animal– decreased DM and ADF digestibility (Johnson et al., 1988)
– change in liquid fractional rate of passage (% h) and rate of flow (L/h)(Johnson et al., 1988)
• subtracting “space” for nutrients
• other???
65° EAAP 2014. Annual Meeting. August 25 – 29, 2014 Copenhagen, Denmark
Mycotoxin-bindersClay-based (more studied)
Big study in Greece, from -30 d before calving to the end of lactation(monthly sampling)
• 0.00, 1.25, or 2.50 % inclusion of clinoptilolite in dairy cow dietNo adverse effects on: haematological parameters (Katsoulos et al., 2005, Vet MedCzech 50, 427-431); serum Cu, Zn, and Fe (Katsoulos et al., 2005, Biol Trace ElemRes 108, 137-145); serum -carotene, vit A and E (Katsoulos et al., 2005, J Vet MedA 52, 157-161)
PGA (derived from yeast cell wall): very good results on Fusariummycotoxins, but no data on secondary effects
cell walls: polysaccharides (glucan, mannan), proteins, lipids
numerous different and easy accessible adsorption centers includingdifferent adsorption mechanisms (H-bonding, ionic, or hydrophobicinteraction)
65° EAAP 2014. Annual Meeting. August 25 – 29, 2014 Copenhagen, Denmark
Aim of the study
Evaluation of possible
effects from the introduction of PGA
in the diet of early-lactating dairy cow on
- Plasma minerals
- Plasma enzymes activity
65° EAAP 2014. Annual Meeting. August 25 – 29, 2014 Copenhagen, Denmark
Material & Method: animals, feeding, sampling
2 groups of 16 cows each (homogeneous for age at calving and parity), first 6 wk of lactation
All the concentrate feeds were bought in the respect of the EU limitsfor the contamination with undesirable substances in animal feed
Blood samples
• drawn from the jugular vein, in the morning, before feed distribution, using evacuated tubes (10 ml, Li-heparin)
• plasma immediately centrifuged at 3000 g x for 20’ at 4°C and stored at –20°C
• 7 d intervals starting 1st wk after calving
Control (CON) Adsorbent (ADS)
Age at calving, mo 40.9 15.6 40.1 15.7
Parity, n 1.67 0.84 1.76 1.09
65° EAAP 2014. Annual Meeting. August 25 – 29, 2014 Copenhagen, Denmark
Material & Method: Lactation Diet
Ingredients and chemical composition of the TMR
Composition kg Parameters
Corn silage 26.0 DM, % as fed 52.34
Alfalfa hay 4.5 CP, % DM 14.69
Commercial concentrate 4.5 NDF, % DM 34.27
Corn flaked 3.0 ADF, % DM 20.05
Cottonseed 1.0 Fat, % DM 3.74
Barley meal 1.0 Starch, % DM 30.64
Mineral salts 0.4 Ash, % DM 6.05
Corn silage-based diet supplemented (top dressing method) with 500 g of a barley flour-flaked corn mixture with or without 20 g/d per cow of a commercial PGA
65° EAAP 2014. Annual Meeting. August 25 – 29, 2014 Copenhagen, Denmark
Material & Method: Plasma metabolites analysis
Minerals
Calcium (Ca) Inorganic phosphorus (iP) Magnesium (Mg)
Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) Chlorine (Cl)
Iron (Fe)
Enzymatic activities
alanine aminotransferase (ALT, EC 2.6.1.2)
aspartate aminotransferase (AST, EC 2.6.1.1)
-glutamyltransferase (GGT, EC 2.3.2.2)
Analyzed at 37°C by an automated clinical analyzer (ILAB Aries, Instrumentation Laboratory, Lexington, MA) using commercial kits (Instrumentation Laboratory, Lexington, MA).
65° EAAP 2014. Annual Meeting. August 25 – 29, 2014 Copenhagen, Denmark
Material & Method: Statistical analysis
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION TEST: PROC UNIVARIATE (SAS, 2009) with the Shapiro-Wilk’s test• The variables that did not fit the normal distribution were re-tested after log-
transformation to match the assumption for a parametric analysis; their results are presented in the original scale after re-transformation
blood data were analysed as repeated measures by a mixed model, with diet treatment (D), week from calving (T), and their interaction (D T) as main factors, with cow within diet treatment considered as random• COVARIANCE STRUCTURE (according to the AIC) the one which best fitted the data
among SIM, CS, ANTE(1), AR(1), UN
Means ± s.e. (c.i. for re-transformed data); significant = P < 0.05; trend:= 0.05 > P < 0.10
65° EAAP 2014. Annual Meeting. August 25 – 29, 2014 Copenhagen, Denmark
Results and Discussion: Plasma minerals
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
2.80
2 3 4 5 6 7
mm
ol/
L
Week from calving
Ca
ADS
CON
NS
65° EAAP 2014. Annual Meeting. August 25 – 29, 2014 Copenhagen, Denmark
Results and Discussion: Plasma minerals
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2 3 4 5 6 7
mm
ol/
L
Week from calving
Inorganic P
ADS
CON
NS
65° EAAP 2014. Annual Meeting. August 25 – 29, 2014 Copenhagen, Denmark
Results and Discussion: Plasma minerals
130.0
132.0
134.0
136.0
138.0
140.0
142.0
144.0
146.0
148.0
150.0
2 3 4 5 6 7
mm
ol/
L
Week from calving
Na
ADS
CON
NS
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
2 3 4 5 6 7
mm
ol/
L
Week from calving
K
ADS
CON†
90.0
91.0
92.0
93.0
94.0
95.0
96.0
97.0
98.0
99.0
100.0
2 3 4 5 6 7
mm
ol/
L
Week from calving
Cl
ADS
CON
NS
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
2 3 4 5 6 7
mm
ol/
L
Week from calving
Fe
ADS
CON
NS
65° EAAP 2014. Annual Meeting. August 25 – 29, 2014 Copenhagen, Denmark
Results and Discussion: Plasma minerals
Macrominerals
No interference with Ca and P in an important phase such the onsetof lactation
Electrolytes
No negative effects on plasma levels
Iron
No negative effects
Short-term trial, but results seems confirmed by our previous data onred blood cells features (Dal Prà et al., 2013)
65° EAAP 2014. Annual Meeting. August 25 – 29, 2014 Copenhagen, Denmark
Results and Discussion: Plasma enzymes activity
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
2 3 4 5 6 7
U/L
Week from calving
AST
ADS
CON
NS
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
2 3 4 5 6 7
U/L
Week from calving
ALT
ADS
CON
*
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
2 3 4 5 6 7
rati
o
Week from calving
AST:ALT
ADS
CON
†
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
2 3 4 5 6 7
U/L
Week from calving
GGT
ADS
CON
NS
65° EAAP 2014. Annual Meeting. August 25 – 29, 2014 Copenhagen, Denmark
Results and Discussion: Plasma enzymes activity
AST, ALT, and GGT
No interference from ADS
Data comparable with those reported for this stage of lactation (Boots
and Ludwick, 1970; Rico et al., 1977)
AST:ALT ratio
Normal pattern at 3, 4, and 5 wk
Higher value in ADS at 6 wk (the same time when plasma Fe tends todiffer between groups) trend to hemolysis? (no evident in freshplasma)
65° EAAP 2014. Annual Meeting. August 25 – 29, 2014 Copenhagen, Denmark
Conclusion
PGA ADS did not seem to affect cow plasma mineral in the shortperiod during the first 6 wk of lactation
According with our previous report on hematology, PGA ADS did notinterfere with Fe availability (in the short period) or liver function
Further research will be necessary in trials lasting 3 mo, which bettermirror possible negative effects in the turnover of erythrocytes
Project CANADAIR
65° EAAP 2014. Annual Meeting. August 25 – 29, 2014 Copenhagen, Denmark
AcknowledgmentResearch supported by the
CANADAIR project (MiPAAF)
Thank…… you … … for … … your …
… attention!
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