Effects of a mycotoxins-binder on plasma biochemistry in

65° EAAP 2014. Annual Meeting. August 25 – 29, 2014 Copenhagen, Denmark

Effects of a mycotoxins-binder on plasma biochemistry in early

lactating dairy cattleF. Abeni, F. Petrera, A. Dal Prà, A. Gubbiotti, G. Brusa,

M. Capelletti

Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Centro di Ricerca per le Produzioni Foraggere e Lattiero-casearie, via Porcellasco, 7, 26100 Cremona

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


Table of Contents

• Introduction

– Mycotoxins from Fusarium spp and their binders

– The different mycotoxin-binders and their effects

• Material and Methods

– Animals, sampling, analysis

• Results and Discussion

– Plasma minerals

– Plasma enzymes activity

• Conclusion


Introduction

Mycotoxins from Fusarium spp.:

The contamination of feeds with mycotoxins from Fusarium spp. is a problem of growing interest for dairy cattle

The main mycotoxins are zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol(DON) produced by F. graminearum and fumonisins produced by F.

verticilloides


Mycotoxin-bindersOn-farm:

a widely adopted solution to reduce the toxic effects of Fusarium-mycotoxin in cows is the addition of polymeric glucomannan-basedadsorbents (PGA)

Many adsorbents: ability to bind one or more mycotoxins, but thesefeed additives may also have some adverse effects

• interfering in the availability of essential nutrients (generallyminerals) to the animal– decreased DM and ADF digestibility (Johnson et al., 1988)

– change in liquid fractional rate of passage (% h) and rate of flow (L/h)(Johnson et al., 1988)

• subtracting “space” for nutrients

• other???


Mycotoxin-bindersClay-based (more studied)

Big study in Greece, from -30 d before calving to the end of lactation(monthly sampling)

• 0.00, 1.25, or 2.50 % inclusion of clinoptilolite in dairy cow dietNo adverse effects on: haematological parameters (Katsoulos et al., 2005, Vet MedCzech 50, 427-431); serum Cu, Zn, and Fe (Katsoulos et al., 2005, Biol Trace ElemRes 108, 137-145); serum -carotene, vit A and E (Katsoulos et al., 2005, J Vet MedA 52, 157-161)

PGA (derived from yeast cell wall): very good results on Fusariummycotoxins, but no data on secondary effects

cell walls: polysaccharides (glucan, mannan), proteins, lipids

numerous different and easy accessible adsorption centers includingdifferent adsorption mechanisms (H-bonding, ionic, or hydrophobicinteraction)


Aim of the study

Evaluation of possible

effects from the introduction of PGA

in the diet of early-lactating dairy cow on

- Plasma minerals

- Plasma enzymes activity

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Material & Method: animals, feeding, sampling

2 groups of 16 cows each (homogeneous for age at calving and parity), first 6 wk of lactation

All the concentrate feeds were bought in the respect of the EU limitsfor the contamination with undesirable substances in animal feed

Blood samples

• drawn from the jugular vein, in the morning, before feed distribution, using evacuated tubes (10 ml, Li-heparin)

• plasma immediately centrifuged at 3000 g x for 20’ at 4°C and stored at –20°C

• 7 d intervals starting 1st wk after calving

Control (CON) Adsorbent (ADS)

Age at calving, mo 40.9 15.6 40.1 15.7

Parity, n 1.67 0.84 1.76 1.09


Material & Method: Lactation Diet

Ingredients and chemical composition of the TMR

Composition kg Parameters

Corn silage 26.0 DM, % as fed 52.34

Alfalfa hay 4.5 CP, % DM 14.69

Commercial concentrate 4.5 NDF, % DM 34.27

Corn flaked 3.0 ADF, % DM 20.05

Cottonseed 1.0 Fat, % DM 3.74

Barley meal 1.0 Starch, % DM 30.64

Mineral salts 0.4 Ash, % DM 6.05

Corn silage-based diet supplemented (top dressing method) with 500 g of a barley flour-flaked corn mixture with or without 20 g/d per cow of a commercial PGA


Material & Method: Plasma metabolites analysis

Minerals

Calcium (Ca) Inorganic phosphorus (iP) Magnesium (Mg)

Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) Chlorine (Cl)

Iron (Fe)

Enzymatic activities

alanine aminotransferase (ALT, EC 2.6.1.2)

aspartate aminotransferase (AST, EC 2.6.1.1)

-glutamyltransferase (GGT, EC 2.3.2.2)

Analyzed at 37°C by an automated clinical analyzer (ILAB Aries, Instrumentation Laboratory, Lexington, MA) using commercial kits (Instrumentation Laboratory, Lexington, MA).


Material & Method: Statistical analysis

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION TEST: PROC UNIVARIATE (SAS, 2009) with the Shapiro-Wilk’s test• The variables that did not fit the normal distribution were re-tested after log-

transformation to match the assumption for a parametric analysis; their results are presented in the original scale after re-transformation

blood data were analysed as repeated measures by a mixed model, with diet treatment (D), week from calving (T), and their interaction (D T) as main factors, with cow within diet treatment considered as random• COVARIANCE STRUCTURE (according to the AIC) the one which best fitted the data

among SIM, CS, ANTE(1), AR(1), UN

Means ± s.e. (c.i. for re-transformed data); significant = P < 0.05; trend:= 0.05 > P < 0.10


Results and Discussion: Plasma minerals

1.80

2.00

2.20

2.40

2.60

2.80

2 3 4 5 6 7

mm

ol/

L

Week from calving

Ca

ADS

CON

NS



0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2 3 4 5 6 7

mm

ol/

L

Week from calving

Inorganic P

ADS

CON

NS



130.0

132.0

134.0

136.0

138.0

140.0

142.0

144.0

146.0

148.0

150.0

2 3 4 5 6 7

mm

ol/

L

Week from calving

Na

ADS

CON

NS

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

2 3 4 5 6 7

mm

ol/

L

Week from calving

K

ADS

CON†

90.0

91.0

92.0

93.0

94.0

95.0

96.0

97.0

98.0

99.0

100.0

2 3 4 5 6 7

mm

ol/

L

Week from calving

Cl

ADS

CON

NS

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

20.0

22.0

2 3 4 5 6 7

mm

ol/

L

Week from calving

Fe

ADS

CON

NS



Macrominerals

No interference with Ca and P in an important phase such the onsetof lactation

Electrolytes

No negative effects on plasma levels

Iron

No negative effects

Short-term trial, but results seems confirmed by our previous data onred blood cells features (Dal Prà et al., 2013)


Results and Discussion: Plasma enzymes activity

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

2 3 4 5 6 7

U/L

Week from calving

AST

ADS

CON

NS

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

2 3 4 5 6 7

U/L

Week from calving

ALT

ADS

CON

*

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

2 3 4 5 6 7

rati

o

Week from calving

AST:ALT

ADS

CON

†

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

20.0

22.0

24.0

26.0

2 3 4 5 6 7

U/L

Week from calving

GGT

ADS

CON

NS


Results and Discussion: Plasma enzymes activity

AST, ALT, and GGT

No interference from ADS

Data comparable with those reported for this stage of lactation (Boots

and Ludwick, 1970; Rico et al., 1977)

AST:ALT ratio

Normal pattern at 3, 4, and 5 wk

Higher value in ADS at 6 wk (the same time when plasma Fe tends todiffer between groups) trend to hemolysis? (no evident in freshplasma)


Conclusion

PGA ADS did not seem to affect cow plasma mineral in the shortperiod during the first 6 wk of lactation

According with our previous report on hematology, PGA ADS did notinterfere with Fe availability (in the short period) or liver function

Further research will be necessary in trials lasting 3 mo, which bettermirror possible negative effects in the turnover of erythrocytes

Project CANADAIR


AcknowledgmentResearch supported by the

CANADAIR project (MiPAAF)

Thank…… you … … for … … your …

… attention!

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Effects of a mycotoxins-binder on plasma biochemistry in