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English Grammar
The NounsClassification
Features
Usage
Agreement between S. and V.
Practice
词义
可数性
classification of nouns
based upon meanings based upon countability
based on meaningsproper nouncommon noun
individual noun
collective noun
material noun
abstract noun
专有名词
普通名词
个体名词
集合名词
物质名词
抽象名词
based on countability
countable noun
uncountable noun
可数名词
不可数名词
﹡glass → a glass; iron → an iron; paper → a paper; ﹡youth → a youth; necessity → a necessity; beauty → a beauty; democracy → a democracy＊ bread; news; paper; chalk
a poem poetry
a machine machinery
a garment clothing
a job work
a laugh laughter
a permit permission
features性 (gender)
数 (number)
格 (case)
gender阳性 --masculine
阴性— feminine
中性— neuter
﹡boyfriend; girlfriend; woman doctor; man writer; ﹡he-goat; she-wolf; ﹡male elephant; female monkey;
number单数— singular number
单数形式— singular form
复数— plural number
复数形式— plural form
plural formregular
irregular
compound nouns
1 books; pens; desks
2 classes; boxes; inches
bushes; [stomach]
3 family, factory,
city, country
4 leaf, life, shelf, wife, thief, half, knife, wolf, loaf, self
﹡roof, cliff, proof, chief, gulf, belief, serf, brief, safe, grief ﹡scarf, handkerchief, hoof,
dwarf, wharf
5 heroes, Negroes, potatoes, tomatoes, echoes, vetoes, dominoes, torpedoes﹡bamboos; radios; studios; cuckoos; folios; zoos embryos; kangaroos; ﹡photos, solos, pianos, kilos, memos, tobaccos, Eskimos, Filipinos, hippos
﹡banjo, cargo, motto, halo, volcano, buffalo, archipelago, manifesto, tornado
1 man, woman, foot,
tooth, goose, mouse
2 child, ox
3 fish, sheep, deer, Chinese,
means, series, species,
swine, aircraft, corps
irregular1 changing vowels
2 adding suffix
3 in the same form (1-3)
4 plural form of letter, number, symbol & word
5 plural form of abbreviations
1 sis → ses
crisis → crises
thesis → theses
emphasis → emphases
analysis → analyses
basis → bases
axis → axes
2 um →a agendum → agenda datum → data stadium → stadia /stadiums stratum → strata gymnasium → gymnasia / bacterium → bacteria sanatorium → sanatoria /
3 us → i
focus → foci / focuses
nucleus → nuclei / nucleuses
stratus → strati
stimulus → stimuli
4 a → ae
formula → formulae
5 on → a
phenomenon → phenomena
criterion → criteria /
6 ix/ex → ices
appendix → appendices /
index → indices /
letter, number, symbol, word
usu. add -s or –’s eg: three s’s; five 3’s / 3s; two but’s/buts; all the +’s
abbreviations usu. add -s or –’s except special ones: eg: VIPs / VIP’s; MPs / MP’s yrs.; hrs; motels; demos; No.→Nos.; P.→P.P.; Mr. → Messrs.
custom ； customs ； force ； forces ； good ； goods ； ground ； grounds ； iron ； irons ； letter ； letters ； sand ； sands ； work ； works ；
case
普通格 - common case
所有格 - possessive case
主格 - nominative case
宾格 - objective case
compound nouns
with principal body
without principal body
with man, woman &
boy, girl
looker-on lookers-on
passer-by passers-by
runner-up runners-up
son-in-law sons-in-law
editor-in-chief editors-in-chief
grandchild grandchildren
army-man army-men
grown-up grown-upsgo-between go-betweensdrawback drawbacks
man-servant →
men-servants
woman-doctor →
women-doctors
＊ woman-hater →
woman-haters
＊ boy students girlfriends
possessive case
formation
application
singular nouns
plural nouns
proper nouns
shared nouns
un-shared nouns
加 -’s
-s 结尾加 -’ 不以 -s 结尾加 -’s
加 -’s; 以 -s 结尾加’ /’s
最后名词后加 -’s
每个名词后均加 -’s
applications of possessive case
☆ applied to : nouns with vitality nouns without vitality ☆ ellipsis in possessive case☆ double possessive case
① direct object
We love our great motherland.
② indirect object
Who sent Mr. Smith this letter?
③ prepositional object
The letter is for his mother.
①object complement
②subject complement
They call me Xiao Wang.
He is called Uncle Li
nouns with vitality
my mother’s glasses man’s knowledge camel’s legs
nouns about: industry, material, machinery, factory, college and university, etc.
nouns about: country, planet, city, oceans, rivers, etc
nouns about: time, distance, price, weights and measures, etc.
☆ industry’s problems;
machine’s power;
Cambridge’s students;
☆ China’s capital;
earth’s surface;
the city’s museum;
the Yellow River’s length;
☆ five minutes’ walk;
today’s newspaper;
ten miles’ drive;
a kilo’s weight;
ten dollars’ price;
① leave out nouns mentioned before-Whose book is it? -It’s Tom’s. My bike is newer than Tom’s.
② leave out nouns for house, shops, buildings, etc.I’m going to my sister’s tomorrow.He’s gone to the barber’s.St. Paul’s (Cathedral)
double possessive case
a friend of my husband’s the nice daughter of his sister’s that little brother of John’s those wonderful performances
of the children’s
1 subject 2 predicative
3 object 4 attribute
5 adverbial 6 complement
7 appositive 8 vocative
Usage
3 principles: ～ of grammatical concord
～ of notional concord
～ of attraction rules for sing. & plural
语法一致原则
意义一致原则吸引原则
The volleyball team are playing well. The police are on the line of defense. This works was built in 1982. Is the United States a big country? All possible means have been adopted. Every means has been tried.
In accordance with nearest n.
In accordance with farthest n.
Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. Here are some pieces of paper and a pen for you.
The teacher as well as the students was excited. He no less than you is my friend.
﹡Neither…nor…﹡ Either… or…﹡ …or…﹡ Not only…but also…﹡“There /Here be” sentence
pattern
S. is followed by:
(together) with…; along with…
in company with…; as well as…
like/unlike…; but/except…
rather than…; as much as…
no less than…; more than…
besides…; including…
in addition to…; …not…;
1 each/either/neither/ 复合不定代词做主语
Is there anything in the box?Neither is good.2 整体看待的数目 , 时间 , 价值 , 重量…
等复数 n. 做主语 Only ten minutes was given to the
students to prepare the quiz.Thirty years has passed since they
parted.
3 不可数名词 , 动名词 , 不定式 ,从句做主语
There is still plenty of time.To see is to believe.Seeing is believing.Making friends needs mutual
understanding.What he said is right.
4 “ 单数名词 + and + 单数名词”结构表示一种概念或事物
Bread and butter is a daily food in the west.
A cart and horse was seen in the distance.
The poet and writer has already come.The hammer and sickle was flying over
the roof. Time and tide waits for no man.
5 each/every 修饰名词做主语 “each/every + 单数可数名词＋
and +each/every+ 单数可数名词” Each boy and girl has the right to go to
school.Every second and every minute is
important.Every man, woman and child is an
important being.
6 “more than one + 单数可数名词” “many a + 单数可数名词” ““more +more + 复数名词复数名词 +than one”+than one”
“ “many +many + 复数名词”复数名词” More than one suggestion was raised at
the meeting.
Many a student likes popular songs.
More suggestions than one were raised…
Many students like popular songs.
1. n. + and + n. as S.
both…and… as S.
The French and the English language have something in common.
Both the teacher and his students were invited to attend the meeting.
2. collective n. as S.
3. the + adj. as S.The old are respected in China.4. all/none/some/any/more/most the rest of/ the majority of none but (→only)S.← fraction, percentage and half (n.) possessive pron. such /the same who /what /which
it depends
Most of his friends ___ (be) rich.
Most of his time __(be) spent playing. All ____ (be) agreed. All ____ (go) well. None but the brave man ________
(deserve) a reward. None but the fools ____ (be)
prepared to believe that.
are
isaregoes
deserves
are
More than 70% of the surface of the earth ___ (be) covered with/by water.
Three-fourths of the students in our class ____ (be) League Members.
His ___ (be) a new bike. Ours ___ (be) old bikes.
is
are
is
are
5. one and a half +pl. n. ＝
one + sing. n. + and a half as S. indicating time, distance and
weight →sing. v. indicating amounts →pl. v. One and a half miles ___ (have)
been covered.One and a half apples ____ (be) left
in the plate.
has
were
Such ___ (be) our plan.
Such ___ (be) his words.
Who live(s) next door?
Which is/are your book/books?
What produce(s) heat?
is
are
6. who/that/which as S. (relative pron.) V. →antecedentThose who _____ (want) to go
please sign your names here. Some of the energy that ___
(be) used by man comes from the sun.
want
is
﹡“one of + pl. n. + who /which
/that” →pl. v.
“the only one of + pl. n. + who
/which /that” →sing. v.This is one of the best questions
that ____ (have) been asked. She was the only one of the girls
who ____ (be) late for the meeting.
have
was
7. glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors… →pl. v.
“a kind of, a pair of, a series of + ～ → sing. v.
My trousers ___ (be) new.A pair of shoes ___ (be) on the
desk.
arewas
(1) cattle, police, people, mankind, poultry, militia, vermin…
(2) machinery, equipment, merchandise, jewelry…
(3) family, team, committee, crew, staff, audience, club, class, company, crowd, enemy, government, group, public, population …
Part One
Part Two
Part Three
1 All the childrens’ toys had been put away.
2 The chief criteria on which an essay should be judged is whether or not it communicates clearly.
childrens’ → children’s
criteria → criterion
3 This data proves conclusively that the lake is badly polluted.
4 Each person applying for the job must fill out this form before they will be granted an interview.
data → datum
they → he (he or she)
5 Somehow, neither Sally nor Tom were as tidy as both had been when they set out.
6 The government are intending to build a new terminal at this airport.
were → was
are → is
7 The media usually assumes that the audience has a very short attention span.
8 The separatist movement seems to have been a short-lived phenomena.
media → medium
phenomena → phenomenon
9 The police is investigating the case, and hope to make an arrest soon.
is → are
1 His “Selected Poems” ___first published in 1965.
A were B was C has been
2 Mathematics ___ the language of science.
A is B are going to be C are
B
A
3 Miss Smith is a friend of ___. A Mary’s mother’s B Mary’s mother C Mother’s of Mary D Mary mother’s4 A good deal of money ___ spent on
books. A have B has C have been D has been
A
D
5 Tables are made of ____.
A wood B woods
C wooden D some woods
6 On the wall ____ two large portraits.
A hangs B hang
C hanged D hanging
A
B
7 “I wonder whose bicycle it is. “It might be my ____” A neighbor’s B dear neighbor C neighbor D neighbors8 “Where’s your brother? ” “At ___ ”. A Mr. Green’s B Greens C the Mr. Green’s D the Greens
A
A
9 ____turn green in spring.
A Leaf B Leafs C Leave D Leaves
10 Nobody but Jane ____ the secret.
A know B knows
C have known D is known
11 Father went to his doctor for ____about his heart. A an advice
B advice C advices D the advices
D
B
B
12 All but one ___here just now.
A is B was
C has been D were
13 Not only I but also Jane and Mary ____tired of having one examination after another.
A is B are C am D be
D
B
14 I’ll look into the matter as soon as possible. Just have a little _____.
A wait B time C patience D rest15 The number of people invited
_____ fifty, but a number of them _____absent for different reasons.
A were; was B was; was C was; were D were; were
C
C
1 Acoustics ___ a subject I know little about.
2 This crossroads ____ dangerous.
3 There ____ four crossroads in our village.
4The acoustics in this room ____ very good.
areis
are
is
5 There ____ many series of books on birds.
6 ____ there any kennels in this area?
7 The statistics in this report ____ inaccurate.
8 ____ there any statistics for road accidents?
are
Are
are
Are
9 Many species of moth ____ disappeared.
10 This species ____ green and white spots.
11 Our works ____ a good canteen.
12 My maths ____ got worse and worse.
have
has
hashas
13 The goods you ordered ____ arrived.
14 Where ____ the scissors?
15 How much ____ a good pair of trousers cost these days?
16 If your clothes ____ dirty, please put them in the laundry basket.
have
are
has
are
17 My jeans ____ faded much.
18 All their belongings ____ been destroyed in a fire.
19 My earnings ____ not high.
20 These shorts ____ not fit me at all.
have
have
aredo
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