—used as an adjective or adverb

Grammar and usage

a lighted candle

一支点燃的蜡烛

a used stamp

一枚用过的邮票

Translation

a broken coin

一枚破损的硬币

一名退休教师a retired teacher

1. 只有一种形式 ( 规则 +ed; 不规则要记 )

3. 有动词和形容词 , 副词的性质

2. 表被动 (vt. ) 或完成 (vt. &vi.)

过去分词

Features:Features: Past Participle

4.stand/sit/lie + v-ed--- 表两个动作同时发生 .

1. 作定语

2. 作表语

3. 作宾补

过去分词

Usage:Usage:

4. 作状语

Polluted air and water are harmful to people’s health.

I think the scientific advances mentioned in your article are interesting.

单个分词作定语时，放在所修饰词之前；分词短语则放在之后。

1. 过去分词作定语

多数情况下 , 及物动词的过去分词可以表示完成和被动含义；不及物的过去分词则表示 完成。

the highly praised scientist

(passive and past)

the retired scientist (past)

• 过去分词作定语时，它和被修饰的词是逻辑上的被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。

the highly praised scientist

the fallen leaves

the completed building

=the scientist who has been highly praised

= the leaves that have fallen

=the building that has been completed

• 1.Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.

=Most of the people who were invited to the party were famous scientists.

• 2.If I had the chance, I would have a cloned baby.

=If I had the chance, I would have a baby who is cloned.

-ing 表主动、进行； -ed 表被动、完成

-ed 作定语与 -ing 作定语的区别：

an inspiring speech 鼓舞人心的演说the inspired audience 受鼓舞的听众

the falling leaves 落叶（正往下落的 )

the fallen leaves 落叶（已落到地面的 )

1. The Olympic Games, ___ in 776 B. C.,

didn’t include women until 1912.

A. first playing

B. to be first played

C. first played

D. to be playing

考点点拨

2. Most of the artists ____ to the party

were from South Africa.

A. invited B. to invite

C. being invited D. had been invited

简析 : 该题应选 A 。测试过去分词作后置

定语表达被动 , 等于定语从句 who were

invited 。

2. 过去分词作表语• 1.Tom sounds very much _____ in the

job,but I’m not sure whether he can manage it.

A. interested B. interesting

• 2.He seems quite delighted at the news.

• 3.The glass is broken. ( 系表结构 )

表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。很多过去分词已完全具备形容词的特征。

A

delighting 令人高兴的 -delighted 感到高兴的disappointing 令人失望的 -disappointed 感到失望的encouraging 令人鼓舞的 -encouraged 感到鼓舞的

pleasing 令人愉快的 -pleased 感到愉快的satisfying 令人满意的 -satisfied 感到满意的

surprising 令人惊异的 -surprised 感到惊异的

worrying 令人担心的 -worried 感到担心的

tiring 令人疲倦的 - tired 感到疲倦的boring 令人厌烦的 -bored 感到厌烦的

试比较试比较 ::1. I noticed an__________ (amaze) difference. I was__________ (amaze) at the great differences.但 : 1)Her __________(frighten) voice suggested she was __________(frighten). 2)We knew from his___________ (disappoint) look that he didn’t pass the test.

2.Can you tell me why the ______sun looks much bigger than the______ sun? (rise)3.The ___________news made her_______. (upset) 4.The boy was more__________ (frighten) than________(hurt).

amazingamazed

frightenedfrightened

disappointed

rising

risenupsetting upset

frightenedhurt

Past Participle as Object Complement

Example:

After the robbery, they found the front windows broken.

(S=subject, P=predicate, O=object, Adv=adverbial)

P

O

Adv S

Object Complement

3. 过去分词作宾补

Tips: 过去分词作宾补常用于以下情况，与宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系（被动）：

1. 表示感觉或心理状态词 feel, hear, see, notice, observe, watch…

2. 使役动词的词语： leave, make, get, have, keep…

• He felt his face lost before his friends.• I want this work finished by

tomorrow.• Will you please make yourself known

to us, please?• You should keep them informed of

what is going on here.• I will never get all this work finished.

• A verb-ed can be used after verbs like

stand, sit and lie to show that the two

actions are happening at the same time.

The girl lay in bed lost in thought.= The girl lay in bed and was lost in thought.

The boy sat at the table buried in his homework.= The boy sat at the table and was buried in his homework.

Exercise Finish Parts A and B on P49.

4. 过去分词作状语1.Tired after the trip, he soon fell asleep.

2.Given more time, I would have worked out the problem.

3.Lost in thought, he almost ran into a car.

4.The teacher came in, followed by some students.

5.Seen from the hill, the city looks like a garden.

原因状语

原因状语条件状语

时间状语

伴随状语

• 1.Tired after the trip, he soon fell asleep.

• ＝ Because he was tired after the trip, he soon fell asleep.

• 2. Given more time, I would have worked out the problem.

• =If I had been given more time, I would have worked out the problem.

3.Lost in thought, he almost ran into a car.

4.The teacher came in, followed by some students.

=The teacher came in and he was followed by some students.

5.Seen from the hill, the city looks like a garden.

= When the city is seen from the hill, it looks like a garden.

=Because he was lost in thought, he almost ran into a car.

He will not come unless invited.

Though told to stop, he kept on walking.

I’m doing my homework as requested. 过去分词作状语时，前面常有unless,when, if, while, though, as if 等连词，这样就能使过去分词短语所表示的意思更加明确。

( 作条件状语 )

( 作让步状语 )

( 作方式状语 )

现在分词和过去分词在句中做状语时，其逻辑主语是主句的主语，如果逻辑主语与主句主语不一致时，我们要用到独立主格结构。基本句型：

“逻辑主语 + 过去分词 / 现在分词 , 主语 + 谓语动词”

The house destroyed, they had to live in the shelter.

The job finished, we went home.

The weather being fine, we went swimming.

•规律 ( 一 ):•分词 : 现在分词 / 过去分词•现在分词表示 主动或进行； •过去分词表示 被动或完成。•▲分词作状语时 , 无论主动还是被动形式 , 分词动作的逻辑主语和主句的主语应该保持一致

1.Hearing the bad news, they couldn’t help crying.

2.Being so angry, he couldn’t go to sleep.

3. Laughed at by many people, he continued his study.

4. The teacher came into the classroom,

followed by many students.

•规律 ( 二 ):• 当 v-ing 形式作状语时，要考虑时态

与语态若它所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，需用 having done,

• 如果表被动则用 having been done

ExerciseCan you change the following attributive clauses into verb-ed form?(1)We should drink water which

has been boiled.(2) They took the woman who

was injured to the nearby hospital at once.

(3) The kidnappers were using a car which was stolen.

Can you change the following attributive clauses into verb-ed form?

(1) We should drink water which has been boiled.

We should drink boiled water.

(2) They took the woman who was injured to the nearby hospital at once.

They took the injured woman to the nearby hospital at once.

(3) The kidnappers were using a car which was stolen.

The kidnappers were using a stolen car.

The dark-haired man went into the room.

4.The man who was dark-haired went into the room.

(5) The name which was mentioned in the letter was unknown to me.

The name mentioned in the letter was known to me.

(6) The firemen were trying to rescue the people who were trapped in the fire.

The firemen were trying to rescue the people trapped in the fire.

(7)Frightened by the scene, the girl did not dare go out alone.Because she was frightened by the scene, the girl did not dare go out alone.

(8) Once seen , it can never be forgotten.Once it is seen, it can never be forgotten.

(9) Unless invited , I will not go to the party.Unless I am invited, I will not go to the party.

链接高考1.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _______the next year. （ 2000 全国）　　A ． carry out B ． carrying out C ． carried out D ． to carry out 2. ________ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. A.Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given

3. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when___ at the meeting by my boss. （ 04 全国 IV ）

A.questioning B. have questioned

C. questioned D. to be questioned4. You should understand the traffic rule by now. You've had it____ often enough. （ 05 天津卷） A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explained

5. The research is so designed that once _____ nothing can be done to change it.

（ 02 全国）　 Ａ． Begins Ｂ． having begun Ｃ． Beginning Ｄ． begun

6. ________ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police (05 江苏卷 )

A.Having lost B. Lost B.C. Being lost D. Losing

7. ______ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. （ 05 湖南卷）

A.Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed

8. Laws that punish parents for their little children’s actions against the laws get

parents . （ 04 重庆）A.worried B. to worry

C. worrying D. worry

9. ______ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and

heating supply breakdowns. （ 05 上海卷）

A.Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put

10.___with the size of the whole earth , the biggest ocean does not seem big at all. （ 04 湖北）

A ． Compare B ． When comparing

C ． Comparing D ． When compared

11.___by the beauty of nature , the girl from London decided to spend another two days

on the farm . （ 04 辽宁）

A ． Attracting B ． Attracted C ． To be attractedD ． Having attracted

12. When first______ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.

（ 04 全国 II ）A. introducing B. introducedC. Introduce D. being introduced

13. ____ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize. (2006 全国 )

A. Surprising B. Surprised C. Being surprised D. To be surprising

Consolidation I. Multiple choice:1.--- What’s the language _______ in  New Zealand?

--- English.A.speaking         B. spoken      C. be spoken      D. to speak

2. The car _______ in Germany in the 1960s looks old now.

A.produced   B. producing C. to produce   D. which produced

3. --- You’d better have your sports jacket _____. It’s too dirty.--- Thanks. I will.

A.to wash    B. washed    C. washing   D. wash

4. Yesterday I heard a story _______ by my friend.

A.told      B. telling      B. C. to tell      D. tell

5. Generally speaking, when _____according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.

A.taking B. taken C. to take D. to be taken

6. The first textbooks __ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.

A.having been writtenB. to be written C. being written D. written

7. Is this the watch you wish _____?

A.to have repaired B. to repair it C. to have it repaired D. will be repaired

8. _____ many times, but he still couldn't understand it.

A.Having been told B. Though he had been told

C. He was told D. Having told

II. Translation:

1. 这扇朝南的窗户是破的。The window facing the south is broken.

2. 我们的班主任是一位受人爱戴的女性。

Our head teacher is a woman loved by all.

3. 我今天收到的那封信是我哥哥寄来的。The letter that reached me today is from my brother.

4. 输掉那场比赛后，她看上去很失望。

She looked disappointed after she lost the game.

5. 从山顶看这座城市时，它看起来很壮丽。

Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks significant .

6. 那位教授在学生们的簇拥下，兴高采烈地坐在那儿。

Surrounded by his students , the professor sat there cheerfully .