English Grammar

The NounsClassification

Features

Usage

Agreement between S. and V.

Practice

词义

可数性

classification of nouns

based upon meanings based upon countability

based on meaningsproper nouncommon noun

individual noun

collective noun

material noun

abstract noun

专有名词

普通名词

个体名词

集合名词

物质名词

抽象名词

based on countability

countable noun

uncountable noun

可数名词

不可数名词

﹡glass → a glass; iron → an iron; paper → a paper; ﹡youth → a youth; necessity → a necessity; beauty → a beauty; democracy → a democracy＊ bread; news; paper; chalk

a poem poetry

a machine machinery

a garment clothing

a job work

a laugh laughter

a permit permission

features性 (gender)

数 (number)

格 (case)

gender阳性 --masculine

阴性— feminine

中性— neuter

﹡boyfriend; girlfriend; woman doctor; man writer; ﹡he-goat; she-wolf; ﹡male elephant; female monkey;

number单数— singular number

单数形式— singular form

复数— plural number

复数形式— plural form

plural formregular

irregular

compound nouns

1 books; pens; desks

2 classes; boxes; inches

bushes; [stomach]

3 family, factory,

city, country

4 leaf, life, shelf, wife, thief, half, knife, wolf, loaf, self

﹡roof, cliff, proof, chief, gulf, belief, serf, brief, safe, grief ﹡scarf, handkerchief, hoof,

dwarf, wharf

5 heroes, Negroes, potatoes, tomatoes, echoes, vetoes, dominoes, torpedoes﹡bamboos; radios; studios; cuckoos; folios; zoos embryos; kangaroos; ﹡photos, solos, pianos, kilos, memos, tobaccos, Eskimos, Filipinos, hippos

﹡banjo, cargo, motto, halo, volcano, buffalo, archipelago, manifesto, tornado

1 man, woman, foot,

tooth, goose, mouse

2 child, ox

3 fish, sheep, deer, Chinese,

means, series, species,

swine, aircraft, corps

irregular1 changing vowels

2 adding suffix

3 in the same form (1-3)

4 plural form of letter, number, symbol & word

5 plural form of abbreviations

1 sis → ses

crisis → crises

thesis → theses

emphasis → emphases

analysis → analyses

basis → bases

axis → axes

2 um →a agendum → agenda datum → data stadium → stadia /stadiums stratum → strata gymnasium → gymnasia / bacterium → bacteria sanatorium → sanatoria /

3 us → i

focus → foci / focuses

nucleus → nuclei / nucleuses

stratus → strati

stimulus → stimuli

4 a → ae

formula → formulae

5 on → a

phenomenon → phenomena

criterion → criteria /

6 ix/ex → ices

appendix → appendices /

index → indices /

letter, number, symbol, word

usu. add -s or –’s eg: three s’s; five 3’s / 3s; two but’s/buts; all the +’s

abbreviations usu. add -s or –’s except special ones: eg: VIPs / VIP’s; MPs / MP’s yrs.; hrs; motels; demos; No.→Nos.; P.→P.P.; Mr. → Messrs.

custom ； customs ； force ； forces ； good ； goods ； ground ； grounds ； iron ； irons ； letter ； letters ； sand ； sands ； work ； works ；

case

普通格 - common case

所有格 - possessive case

主格 - nominative case

宾格 - objective case

compound nouns

with principal body

without principal body

with man, woman &

boy, girl

looker-on lookers-on

passer-by passers-by

runner-up runners-up

son-in-law sons-in-law

editor-in-chief editors-in-chief

grandchild grandchildren

army-man army-men

grown-up grown-upsgo-between go-betweensdrawback drawbacks

man-servant →

men-servants

woman-doctor →

women-doctors

＊ woman-hater →

woman-haters

＊ boy students girlfriends

possessive case

formation

application

singular nouns

plural nouns

proper nouns

shared nouns

un-shared nouns

加 -’s

-s 结尾加 -’ 不以 -s 结尾加 -’s

加 -’s; 以 -s 结尾加’ /’s

最后名词后加 -’s

每个名词后均加 -’s

applications of possessive case

☆ applied to : nouns with vitality nouns without vitality ☆ ellipsis in possessive case☆ double possessive case

① direct object

We love our great motherland.

② indirect object

Who sent Mr. Smith this letter?

③ prepositional object

The letter is for his mother.

①object complement

②subject complement

They call me Xiao Wang.

He is called Uncle Li

nouns with vitality

my mother’s glasses man’s knowledge camel’s legs

nouns about: industry, material, machinery, factory, college and university, etc.

nouns about: country, planet, city, oceans, rivers, etc

nouns about: time, distance, price, weights and measures, etc.

☆ industry’s problems;

machine’s power;

Cambridge’s students;

☆ China’s capital;

earth’s surface;

the city’s museum;

the Yellow River’s length;

☆ five minutes’ walk;

today’s newspaper;

ten miles’ drive;

a kilo’s weight;

ten dollars’ price;

① leave out nouns mentioned before-Whose book is it? -It’s Tom’s. My bike is newer than Tom’s.

② leave out nouns for house, shops, buildings, etc.I’m going to my sister’s tomorrow.He’s gone to the barber’s.St. Paul’s (Cathedral)

double possessive case

a friend of my husband’s the nice daughter of his sister’s that little brother of John’s those wonderful performances

of the children’s

1 subject 2 predicative

3 object 4 attribute

5 adverbial 6 complement

7 appositive 8 vocative

Usage

3 principles: ～ of grammatical concord

～ of notional concord

～ of attraction rules for sing. & plural

语法一致原则

意义一致原则吸引原则

The volleyball team are playing well. The police are on the line of defense. This works was built in 1982. Is the United States a big country? All possible means have been adopted. Every means has been tried.

In accordance with nearest n.

In accordance with farthest n.

Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. Here are some pieces of paper and a pen for you.

The teacher as well as the students was excited. He no less than you is my friend.

﹡Neither…nor…﹡ Either… or…﹡ …or…﹡ Not only…but also…﹡“There /Here be” sentence

pattern

S. is followed by:

(together) with…; along with…

in company with…; as well as…

like/unlike…; but/except…

rather than…; as much as…

no less than…; more than…

besides…; including…

in addition to…; …not…;

1 each/either/neither/ 复合不定代词做主语

Is there anything in the box?Neither is good.2 整体看待的数目 , 时间 , 价值 , 重量…

等复数 n. 做主语 Only ten minutes was given to the

students to prepare the quiz.Thirty years has passed since they

parted.

3 不可数名词 , 动名词 , 不定式 ,从句做主语

There is still plenty of time.To see is to believe.Seeing is believing.Making friends needs mutual

understanding.What he said is right.

4 “ 单数名词 + and + 单数名词”结构表示一种概念或事物

Bread and butter is a daily food in the west.

A cart and horse was seen in the distance.

The poet and writer has already come.The hammer and sickle was flying over

the roof. Time and tide waits for no man.

5 each/every 修饰名词做主语 “each/every + 单数可数名词＋

and +each/every+ 单数可数名词” Each boy and girl has the right to go to

school.Every second and every minute is

important.Every man, woman and child is an

important being.

6 “more than one + 单数可数名词” “many a + 单数可数名词” ““more +more + 复数名词复数名词 +than one”+than one”

“ “many +many + 复数名词”复数名词” More than one suggestion was raised at

the meeting.

Many a student likes popular songs.

More suggestions than one were raised…

Many students like popular songs.

1. n. + and + n. as S.

both…and… as S.

The French and the English language have something in common.

Both the teacher and his students were invited to attend the meeting.

2. collective n. as S.

3. the + adj. as S.The old are respected in China.4. all/none/some/any/more/most the rest of/ the majority of none but (→only)S.← fraction, percentage and half (n.) possessive pron. such /the same who /what /which

it depends

Most of his friends ___ (be) rich.

Most of his time __(be) spent playing. All ____ (be) agreed. All ____ (go) well. None but the brave man ________

(deserve) a reward. None but the fools ____ (be)

prepared to believe that.

are

isaregoes

deserves

are

More than 70% of the surface of the earth ___ (be) covered with/by water.

Three-fourths of the students in our class ____ (be) League Members.

His ___ (be) a new bike. Ours ___ (be) old bikes.

is

are

is

are

5. one and a half +pl. n. ＝

one + sing. n. + and a half as S. indicating time, distance and

weight →sing. v. indicating amounts →pl. v. One and a half miles ___ (have)

been covered.One and a half apples ____ (be) left

in the plate.

has

were

Such ___ (be) our plan.

Such ___ (be) his words.

Who live(s) next door?

Which is/are your book/books?

What produce(s) heat?

is

are

6. who/that/which as S. (relative pron.) V. →antecedentThose who _____ (want) to go

please sign your names here. Some of the energy that ___

(be) used by man comes from the sun.

want

is

﹡“one of + pl. n. + who /which

/that” →pl. v.

“the only one of + pl. n. + who

/which /that” →sing. v.This is one of the best questions

that ____ (have) been asked. She was the only one of the girls

who ____ (be) late for the meeting.

have

was

7. glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors… →pl. v.

“a kind of, a pair of, a series of + ～ → sing. v.

My trousers ___ (be) new.A pair of shoes ___ (be) on the

desk.

arewas

(1) cattle, police, people, mankind, poultry, militia, vermin…

(2) machinery, equipment, merchandise, jewelry…

(3) family, team, committee, crew, staff, audience, club, class, company, crowd, enemy, government, group, public, population …

Part One

Part Two

Part Three

1 All the childrens’ toys had been put away.

2 The chief criteria on which an essay should be judged is whether or not it communicates clearly.

childrens’ → children’s

criteria → criterion

3 This data proves conclusively that the lake is badly polluted.

4 Each person applying for the job must fill out this form before they will be granted an interview.

data → datum

they → he (he or she)

5 Somehow, neither Sally nor Tom were as tidy as both had been when they set out.

6 The government are intending to build a new terminal at this airport.

were → was

are → is

7 The media usually assumes that the audience has a very short attention span.

8 The separatist movement seems to have been a short-lived phenomena.

media → medium

phenomena → phenomenon

9 The police is investigating the case, and hope to make an arrest soon.

is → are

1 His “Selected Poems” ___first published in 1965.

A were B was C has been

2 Mathematics ___ the language of science.

A is B are going to be C are

B

A

3 Miss Smith is a friend of ___. A Mary’s mother’s B Mary’s mother C Mother’s of Mary D Mary mother’s4 A good deal of money ___ spent on

books. A have B has C have been D has been

A

D

5 Tables are made of ____.

A wood B woods

C wooden D some woods

6 On the wall ____ two large portraits.

A hangs B hang

C hanged D hanging

A

B

7 “I wonder whose bicycle it is. “It might be my ____” A neighbor’s B dear neighbor C neighbor D neighbors8 “Where’s your brother? ” “At ___ ”. A Mr. Green’s B Greens C the Mr. Green’s D the Greens

A

A

9 ____turn green in spring.

A Leaf B Leafs C Leave D Leaves

10 Nobody but Jane ____ the secret.

A know B knows

C have known D is known

11 Father went to his doctor for ____about his heart. A an advice

B advice C advices D the advices

D

B

B

12 All but one ___here just now.

A is B was

C has been D were

13 Not only I but also Jane and Mary ____tired of having one examination after another.

A is B are C am D be

D

B

14 I’ll look into the matter as soon as possible. Just have a little _____.

A wait B time C patience D rest15 The number of people invited

_____ fifty, but a number of them _____absent for different reasons.

A were; was B was; was C was; were D were; were

C

C

1 Acoustics ___ a subject I know little about.

2 This crossroads ____ dangerous.

3 There ____ four crossroads in our village.

4The acoustics in this room ____ very good.

areis

are

is

5 There ____ many series of books on birds.

6 ____ there any kennels in this area?

7 The statistics in this report ____ inaccurate.

8 ____ there any statistics for road accidents?

are

Are

are

Are

9 Many species of moth ____ disappeared.

10 This species ____ green and white spots.

11 Our works ____ a good canteen.

12 My maths ____ got worse and worse.

have

has

hashas

13 The goods you ordered ____ arrived.

14 Where ____ the scissors?

15 How much ____ a good pair of trousers cost these days?

16 If your clothes ____ dirty, please put them in the laundry basket.

have

are

has

are

17 My jeans ____ faded much.

18 All their belongings ____ been destroyed in a fire.

19 My earnings ____ not high.

20 These shorts ____ not fit me at all.

have

have

aredo