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Impulsivity and Alcohol Use Disorders
Robert F. Leeman, Ph.D.Department of Psychiatry
Yale School of Medicine
VA (New England) VISN1 Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC)
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Serious Alcohol Problems Relatively common
Within prior year (current): 11%– Males: 15%– Females: 7%
Costly: $185 billion/year in U.S.
Lethal: 3rd leading modifiable cause
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Multiple factors → alcohol problems
Some before heavy drinking begins
Detect early factors for prevention
Impulsivity an example of risk factor
–Earlier onset of alcohol use
–More severe alcohol problems
Contributing Factors
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Onset of Use & Problems Drinking usually begins in teens
Heaviest drinking: 18-25 yrs
– ~65% use in past month
– ~45% > 4/5 drinks/evening → risky
~18% young adults alcohol problems
↑ Impulsivity → ↑ problems
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Lecture Covers Definitions
Key characteristics & neurobiology
Problems, other conditions, course
Implications: prevention & treatment
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Case 1: Phineas Gage Railroad worker Conscientious, mild manner, hard-
work Accident → steel rod pierced head Changes in personality
– Profane, ↓ restraint: give in to desires
– Frequent changing of plans
Role of key brain regions in impulsivity
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Case 2: Law Student Prior DUI arrests
Participating in research project
Party: “spiked Gatorade”
1st day license: drives after ~4 drinks
Impulsivity contribute to problems?
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Lecture Topics
Definitions
Key characteristics & neurobiology
Problems, other conditions, course
Implications: prevention & treatment
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Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) Recurring problems
Affecting multiple life areas
DSM-5: > 2 criteria, past 12 mo.
Diagnosis associated with:
–Long-term alcohol problems
–Earlier death
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AUD CriteriaAUD Criteria– Tolerance
– Withdrawal
– ↑ Amount/time use
– Desire/inability to ↓ use
–↓ Other due to use
– ↓ Role obligations
– Hazardous use
– Strong craving
– Interpersonal problems
– Use despite problems
–↑ Time obtain/use/recover
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Impulsivity: Usual Definition
Acting rashly/without thinking
Repeated bad decisions
Recurrent out of control behavior
Trouble frequently without planning
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Impulsivity: Research Definition
Rapid, unplanned reactions
Diminished regard for outcomes
Not really 1 thing
More a class of characteristics
2 main types: response, choice
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Response ImpulsivityDifficulty suppressing
actions
Ramifications include:
–Alcohol/cues = a strong impulse–Failure plan for future: Rx impact–Hard to maintain behavior change–Emotions can ↓ drinking control
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Choice Impulsivity
Immediate, definite rewards
Ramifications include:
–Alcohol: immediate definite reward–Abstinence: weak, uncertain–Hard to see future improvement
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Ways to Measure
Cognitive tasks (computer)
Clinical interviews
Self-report questionnaires
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Cognitive Tasks
Stop-signal tasks
–Respond to visual cue
–No response if hear auditory cue
Continuous performance tasks
–Respond to most cues (e.g., letters)
–Not to 1 cue (e.g., letter “X”)
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Clinical Interviews For conditions related to impulsivityFor conditions related to impulsivity
Childhood interviews: ADHDChildhood interviews: ADHD
– Parent/teacher ratings: attentionParent/teacher ratings: attention
– E.g. child task: wait to eat cookieE.g. child task: wait to eat cookie
Adolescent/adult structured interviewsAdolescent/adult structured interviews
– SCIDSCID
– Conditions like bipolar disorderConditions like bipolar disorder
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Questionnaires Response: Response: impulsive behavior scaleimpulsive behavior scale
– Lack planning and perseveranceLack planning and perseverance
– Rash response to +/- emotionsRash response to +/- emotions
Choice: Choice: monetary choice questionnairemonetary choice questionnaire
– Choices: hypothetical $ paymentsChoices: hypothetical $ payments
– Now vs. laterNow vs. later
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Back to Cases Case 1: Phineas GageCase 1: Phineas Gage
–Response: Response: ↓ restraint↓ restraint
–Choice: inability to adhere to plansChoice: inability to adhere to plans
Case 2: law studentCase 2: law student
–Response: didn’t stop drinkingResponse: didn’t stop drinking
–Choice: drink(immediate), DUI(later)Choice: drink(immediate), DUI(later)
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Lecture Topics Definitions
Key characteristics & neurobiology
Problems, other conditions, course
Implications: prevention & treatment
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Observable Early in Life Observable by age 8:
–Fidgety
–Trouble attention, directions
–Talking/acting out of turn
–Unpredictable/explosive behavior
Predictive value: early alcohol onset
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Genetic Predisposition
Impulsivity: ~ 50% explained genesImpulsivity: ~ 50% explained genes
Alcohol : ~ 50% explained genesAlcohol : ~ 50% explained genes
Alcohol & impulsivity genes overlapAlcohol & impulsivity genes overlap
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Key Brain Regions
FrontalFrontal
lobeslobesVentral striatum Ventral striatum
striatumstriatumDorsalDorsal
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Brain: Frontal Lobes Ventromedial prefrontal cortex(vmPFC)Ventromedial prefrontal cortex(vmPFC)
– Response inhibitionResponse inhibition
– Decision-makingDecision-making
Orbitofrontal cortex(OFC)Orbitofrontal cortex(OFC)
– Linked to limbic system (reward)Linked to limbic system (reward)
– Impulse controlImpulse control
Back to Phineas Gage
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• Frontal lobes- severe injury- vmPFC, OFC
• Impulsive after
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Brain: Striatum VentralVentral
–Nucleus accumbensNucleus accumbens
–Reward anticipationReward anticipation
DorsalDorsal
–Caudate and putamenCaudate and putamen
–Habit formationHabit formation
Caudate
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Lecture Topics DefinitionsDefinitions
Key characteristics & neurobiologyKey characteristics & neurobiology
Problems, other conditions, courseProblems, other conditions, course
Implications: prevention & treatmentImplications: prevention & treatment
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Relationship to AUD
~25% higher impulsivity scores
Impulsive child (detectable early)
~ 80% ↑ heavy drinking risk
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Alcohol → Impulsivity
Alcohol ↑ impulsivity over time–Frontal lobe volume loss in adults–↓ White matter integrity, adolescents
Alcohol ↑ impulsivity acutely–Intoxicating dose → 70% ↑ errors–↑ preference for definite rewards
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Back to Case
Case 2: law student
–Impulsive child: fidgety, ↓ attn span
–Early alcohol onset: pre-high school
–AUD by early adulthood
–Alcohol acutely ↓ ability resist driving
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Other Psychiatric Disorders Attention Deficit Hyperactivity (ADHD)Attention Deficit Hyperactivity (ADHD)
– ~ 60% ~ 60% ↑↑ Impulsivity score than without Impulsivity score than without
– ~ 2 x ~ 2 x ↑ ↑ AUD risk than withoutAUD risk than without
Bipolar disorder: Bipolar disorder: ↑↑arousal & depressionarousal & depression
– ~ 70% ~ 70% ↑↑ Impulsivity score than without Impulsivity score than without
– ~ 4 x ~ 4 x ↑ ↑ AUD risk than without AUD risk than without
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Lecture Topics DefinitionsDefinitions
Key characteristics & neurobiologyKey characteristics & neurobiology
Problems, other conditions, courseProblems, other conditions, course
Implications: prevention & treatmentImplications: prevention & treatment
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Prevention Treatment challenging/$/time consuming
Prevention/early intervention preferable
Personality-based intervention1. ID students with high impulsivity2. Goals, ↑ motivation change coping3. ID negative coping & relation to alcohol4. Evidence ↓ probability heavy drinking
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Psychosocial Treatments Response impulsivityResponse impulsivity
–Teach/practice coping urges, passTeach/practice coping urges, pass–Train improve focus, Train improve focus, ↓ distractions↓ distractions
Choice Choice impulsivityimpulsivity–↑ ↑ interest non-alcohol rewardsinterest non-alcohol rewards–↓ ↓ interest in immediate rewardsinterest in immediate rewards–↑ ↑ interest in long-term rewardsinterest in long-term rewards
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Pharmacologic Treatment Relation to AUD and impulsivityRelation to AUD and impulsivity
– ↓ ↓ Alcohol use, ↓ impulsivityAlcohol use, ↓ impulsivity– Some pharm. direct evidenceSome pharm. direct evidence
Examples with evidence:Examples with evidence:– Opioid antagonistsOpioid antagonists
NaltrexoneNaltrexone NalmefeneNalmefene
– VareniclineVarenicline
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Opioid Antagonists
Naltrexone FDA approved alcohol
Bind to/block receptor activation
Efficacy: ~ 25% ↓ drinking days
Decreases rewarding effects
↓ choice impulsivity, ICD efficacy
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Varenicline FDA approved: nicotineFDA approved: nicotine Partial agonistPartial agonist
–Binds strongly to nicotine receptors–Triggers partial response–Block full alcohol/nicotine response
Efficacy: ~20% ↓ heavy drinkingEfficacy: ~20% ↓ heavy drinking Decreases rewarding effectsDecreases rewarding effects Improves relevant cognitionImproves relevant cognition
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Conclusions
Two main types
– Response impulsivity
– Choice impulsivity
Strong genetics, early manifestation
Measurable behavioral, brain activity
↑ impulsivity, ↑ risk AUD development
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Conclusions
Important for prevention & treatmentImportant for prevention & treatment
– Can identify impulsivity before AUDCan identify impulsivity before AUD
– Opportunity for early interventionOpportunity for early intervention
– Measure Measure ↓ impulsivity—intervention↓ impulsivity—intervention
– Psychosocial/pharm ↓ impulsivityPsychosocial/pharm ↓ impulsivity
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