Khái quát về Bát Cực quyền

Khi qut v Bt Cc quyn Vit bi: Gokuraku Shuj

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im c sc

Bt Cc quyn (, Bnh m: Bjqun, m Nht: Hakkyoku-ken),

tn chnh thc l Khai Mn Bt Cc quyn, l mt mn phi v ngh

vi lc tn cng mnh nht trong s nhiu mn phi quyn php

Trung Hoa. Sc mnh ph hy ca n c nh gi l "bng hm

t kch", tc ch mt n khin c ni cng phi l, lc t kch lm

ni cng phi lay.

Lc tn cng ca Bt Cc quyn xut pht t "chn cc", tc k

thut dm mnh chn xung t.

Bt Cc quyn pht huy sc mnh hy dit gh gm nh ng tc s

dng ht ton thn, truyn nng lng sinh ra t chn cc ca phn

thn di n i phng, thng qua b v ca phn thn trn. l

kiu nh ly tn cng lm trung tm, t th trong chin u khng b

v ng trung tm ca c th, tn cng v phng th ngay trong

trng thi ng. Trong cc v phi khc, vn thng thy k thut tn

cng trong cc trng thi bay nhy, nm ngi.

im c trng trong chin php ca Bt Cc quyn chnh l tip cn

chin, c th hin qua cm t "hng b h tro" (bc gu vut

cp). Tc l t th tip cn i phng th vng chi, sng sng nh

gu, ra n th ngn v cng mnh nh h. K thut tn cng khi

tip cn chin khng ch gii hn quyn (nm m) v chng (lng

bn tay). D i phng c phng ng c quyn v chng th ta

vn c th lin tip xut ra n nh ch (khuu tay) hay dng c thn

ngi hc vo.

Dng ht ton thn, nht kch tt o (mt chiu phi ng), tn cng

chc chn trong tip cn chin, chnh l Bt Cc quyn.

Lch s v bi cnh

V ngun gc ca Bt Cc quyn th c nhiu thuyt, nhng c nht

l xut hin t gia thi nh Minh (1368~1644). Trong cun sch "K

hiu tn th" i nh Minh thy c "Ba t quyn", y chnh l

quyn php nguyn th ca Bt Cc quyn. Ba t chnh l ci co c.

Trong Bt Cc quyn c cch nm tay thnh quyn gi l "Ba t

quyn" ct tp trung lc vo u khuu tay khi nh ch. y l th

hnh c trng ca Bt Cc quyn, nhng hu nh khng bao gi

c s dng trong thc chin m ch to lc khi nh ch. Sch

"K hiu tn th" vit, cch nm tay c o ny tr thnh tn gi

ca mn v, v trong pht m ting Hn, "ba t" ging vi "bt cc"

nn sau cn c gi l "Bt Cc quyn".

Ba t quyn

ng tic l ngun gc v ngi sng lp nn Bt Cc quyn tuy c

nhiu thuyt nhng vn cha c r rng. Trong s cc thuyt ln

ln v ngun gc th u thy c nhc n nhn vt tn l Ng Chung

vo cui triu Thanh. Ng Chung hc c "bt cc chi thut" ca mt

v tin nhn, v t truyn dy Bt Cc quyn.

D chuyn ny c phi l s tht hay khng th d sao, Bt Cc quyn

cng xut hin r rng trong lch s t cui i nh Thanh v sn

sinh ra quyn s Bt Cc c cho l mnh nht lch s quyn php

Trung Hoa, l L Th Vn.

T cui Thanh triu tr i, thnh thong vn thy c nhng cao th Bt

Cc xut hin, nhng cha ai snh c vi L Th Vn, quyn s

bt bi sng trong khong 1864~1934.

T thnh tch lin chin bt bi khi lang bt khp ni ca L Th Vn,

qun i bt u ch n v th u vit ca Bt Cc quyn v a

vo khoa mc chnh thc.

Trong s my ngi t m L Th Vn dy d, c mt ngi

(Hoc in Cc) sau gi chc v thut ch nam cho v Hong cui

cng ca triu Thanh l Ph Nghi v cng l cn v ca Hong ,

vic ny cng ng gp nhiu trong vic ni danh ca Bt Cc quyn.

a phng truyn tha ch yu Tri vi ngun gc, ngi sng lp khng r rng th trong sch "K

hiu tn th" c ghi r rng t pht tch ca Bt Cc quyn l vng

Thng chu, tnh H Bc.

u tin, ngi theo hc Bt Cc mn (tn gi chung cc mn phi

Bt Cc quyn) ch gii hn trong s ngi Thng chu, nhng

nh vo thnh tch qua cc trn t th khp t nc Trung Quc do

cc cao th gy dng nn (nht l L Th Vn) m tnh u vit ca

Bt Cc quyn c bit n rng ri. Kt qu l k thut u vit ca

Bt Cc quyn c nh gi cao, tr thnh chnh khoa ca "Trung

Quc quc thut qun", c quan o to ra nhiu v thut gia c ting

ca t nc ny, nh m mn v ny c ph cp rng ri. Hin

nay, cc v s bo v yu nhn trong chnh ph cng ang nhit tm

hc tp Bt Cc quyn, xem y l mn v thut mnh nht.

Ngoi Thng chu, Bt Cc quyn cn ph bin di dt Trng

Xun thuc tnh Ct Lm pha ng Bc Trung Quc. L do l khi

Thanh triu dit vong, Hong Ph Nghi cho di v Trng

Xun, vi hy vng th ch ca mnh s nh ma xun lu di. Lc

Hong cng dn theo nhiu v s l cao th Bt Cc quyn n

Trng Xun, v h ph bin mn v ti a phng ny. V th

Trng Xun cn c xem nh qu hng th hai ca Bt Cc

quyn.

L lun ca Bt Cc quyn

Cng ging nh cc mn v u t khc trn Th gii nh KarateKhng Th

,

Boxing, JdNhu o

, l tng ca Bt Cc quyn chnh l li chin u "cng

phng nht th" (cng th hp nht).

iu ny c v ht sc n gin, nhng d l phng php tn cng

no i na th khi tn cng nht nh s sinh ra s h, v nu phng

ng th khng th tn cng c. Cng phng nht th tc l va tn

cng va phng ng, va bo v mnh va tn cng ch. l

phng php chin u hon bch hon ton khng c s h, trong

hai hnh ng tng phn c tin hnh ng thi.

Bt Cc quyn hin thc ha cng phng nht th, l tng m

cc mn v khp Th gii cu tm, thng qua 3 im di y.

Cng kch mnh m

Tip cn chin

Ch trng c bn

Cng kch mnh m/cng kch chnh l phng

ng vng chc nht

Bt Cc quyn ch trng n vic cng kch. K thut nh gc ch

bng mt n, tc "nht kch tt st" chnh l k thut ti cao ca Bt

Cc quyn. Ti Trung Quc, lc cng kch ca Bt Cc quyn c

cho l "bng hm t kch", tc lc t kch lm lung lay, sp l c ni.

y l li tn thng i vi t tng cc k n gin trong chin

u ca Bt Cc quyn. Nu mt n nh i phng th s

khng b phn kch li, tc l cch suy ngh bin cng kch thnh

phng ng. Ch ngha cng kch ch thng ca Bt Cc quyn c

tn thn trn ton t Trung Hoa v ly s cng kch bo lit nht lm

phng v chc chn nht.

Bt Cc quyn ch trng n t tng n gin n mc ng s

hn bt c th g ht, cng t m n hon thin "cng phng nht

th", phng php chin u cng cc m mi k thut cch u u

khng ngng tm kim.

Khong cch trong thc chin/ tip cn chin

Bt Cc quyn hon thin c yu t "cng phng nht th", li

cn bin lc cng kch mnh lit tr nn mnh m hn, sn sinh ra

chin php chuyn ha sc mnh thnh lc phng ng vng chc.

y chnh l l lun v chin u th hai ca Bt Cc quyn, tip cn

chin.

Nhn chung, khong cch trong chin u c chia lm 3 loi. Ty

vo loi k thut v mn phi m c th sai lch v c ly, nhng tu

trung l c ly tm xa nu khng di chuyn th n nh khng trng

ch, c ly tm trung m ch cn vn tay l c th chm ch, v cui

cng l c ly gn, ch vi ta dnh cht ly nhau v khng th t do thi

trin quyn cc nh bnh thng c. C ly tm trung l khong

cch m lc tn cng ca ngi bnh thng c pht huy mc

cao nht. c ly tm trung m mt ngi bnh thng c th ra n

mnh m c th i vi cc v thut gia, mt n ca h c th bin

thnh hung kh ly mng.

Nu nh hai v thut gia trin khai tn cng nhau c ly tm trung th

d nghing v hng ch ton cng kch, hoc tr thnh trn nh lm

tiu hao dn sc lc ca nhau v h u khng bit khi no th n

nh kh ca i th lao vo mnh, trng thi c n c ng v

khng ny ging nh tr Russian roulette vy.

Cn trng hp c ly tm xa th v mt tn cng, c mt im tr l

phi xng n gn i phng n nh trng ch.

Trong khi th c ly gn m c hai chm c nhau th rt kh

thi trin n m hay , vn cn mt khong cch nht nh. Trong

trng hp ny, tn cng th phi cn n nhng k thut chin

u c th, (nh chn, , xit, vn kha khp) nhng n tn cng

thng thng b hn ch nn c th ni y l v tr d phng ng nht.

Bt Cc quyn ch v chin u c ly gn, tc tip cn chin, vn

khng s dng n dy thn kinh phng v nn c th tp trung

chuyn nim vo vic tn cng n thun.

Tuy nhin, khi phng ra n tn cng th v nguyn tc phi phng

mnh m ging nh ko di tay, chn ra tng thm uy lc. iu

ny mang mc ch lp khuyt im rt kh bo m khong cch

cn thit phng ra n cng kch uy lc v c hai dnh cht nhau.

Ngi luyn Bt Cc quyn lun lun thc phng n tn cng

c xa hn, uy lc mnh hn. y chnh l k php "phng trng

kch vin" c nhiu mn phi cao v tip nhn, trong c

Thng Bi quyn.

Qu trnh tu luyn Bt Cc quyn

Luyn tp lp i lp li/ ch trng cn bn

Hai l lun v chin u ca Bt Cc quyn l tn cng bo lit v tip

cn chin nh cp bn trn l hai yu t quan trng cu thnh nn

mn v ny. V ch c nhng ngi ch trng cn bn mt cch trit

, tri qua qu trnh rn luyn mi c th thc hin c. Trong

Bt Cc quyn chia lm 3 giai on ln trong qu trnh rn luyn. y

l 3 giai on do cc quyn s Bt Cc tp hp li t cc k php

chin u trong thc t, v ch khi hi c ht c 3 giai on ny mi

c nhn nhn nh mt Bt Cc quyn s thc s.

Tuy nhin, trc khi tri qua 3 giai on ny th phi hc 8 c bn nh

l nn tng ban u. Sau khi tri qua 8 c bn, hc ht 3 giai on th

quyn s s c c hi tip nhn 8 o ngha (tt st k) v 6 chu php

(php nh ch). S ph ch truyn dy 8 mc o ngha v 6 chu

php cho ngi t hon thin ht cn bn ca Bt Cc quyn

v c nhn nhn l c nhn cch hon ho. iu ny xut pht t

quan nim, nu khng phi l ngi c nhn cch ng hong, chm

ch luyn tp v khng d dng cho ngi khc thy o ngha ca

mn phi th khng th truyn t k thut Bt Cc quyn ng n

cho hu th c.

Kim cang bt thc/ 8 c bn

u tin l hc Kim cang bt thc, tc 8 k thut c bn ca Bt Cc

quyn, rn luyn theo ng thng. Trt t c th khc nhau ty mn

phi nhng u gm 8 k thut di y

Xung chy (): k thut m trung on

Xuyn chng (): n chng trung on

Hng long (): n m t di ln

Phc h (): n nh t trn khin ch ph phc

Phch sn chng (): nh bng th ao (cnh bn tay)

Quyn bo chng (): k thut nh tm xa him hoi ca

Bt Cc quyn

H bo (): k thut rn luyn cng ha phn di c

th

Thm m chng (): k thut nh chng lin hon

Trong Bt Cc quyn th Xung chy l chiu c luyn trc nht.

im chung ca cc chiu trong Kim cang bt thc l phi thc chin,

kh c th nh trng c i tng di chuyn nhng n c cu

thnh vi ngha ch trng n vic rn bc n giai on tip

theo. ng tc c thi trin mnh bo, gc rng v l bc u tin

nui dng lc cn thit (cng phu).

Xuy chy trong Kim cang bt thc l k thut c bn, gn nh v dng

trong chin u nhng Bt Cc quyn s tiu tn 3 nm tri ch

luyn k thut ny. V cho n khi hon thnh th quyt khng th hc

chiu thc tip theo hay so l (tng ng vi Kata trong v Nht).

Giai on th nht/ Bt Cc tiu gi

Sau khi hc xong Kim Cang bt thc, quyn s hc sang Bt Cc tiu

gi, bi so l c cu thnh t cc k thut c bn v l bc u

tin trong 3 giai on. Mc ch ca vic hc Bt Cc tiu gi l

cng ha thn th, rn luyn khun mu cho k thut, ng tc.

Ging nh Kim cang bt thc, Bt Cc tiu gi ch ton cc k thut

cng kch, hon ton khng c k thut phng ng. V thnh tu

c giai on ny cn phi tri qua t nht 2 n 3 nm. Tiu tn

nhiu thi gian ch hc cn bn v ch gii hn trong k thut tn

cng chnh l biu hin cho l lun cng lit ca Bt Cc quyn,

chnh l khi nim tn cng mnh lit nht l phng ng vng chi

nht.

Bt Cc tiu gi bao gm cc bi so l (kata) l Tiu Bt Cc, Lo

Bt Cc, T Bt Cc... v c gi l b sng ca Bt Cc quyn.

Tiu gi quan trng n ni c cho rng, nu hc tiu gi m khng

xong th sau ny c hc g cng v ch.

Giai on th hai/ Bt Cc trng quyn

Sau khi thun thc cc k thut di c bn th quyn s s bc n

Bt Cc trng quyn, tp i thnh ca k thut thc chin. Ging

nh Bt Cc tiu gi, chng loi k thut ca phn ny rt phong ph,

a dng.

im khc bit ln gia Bt Cc trng quyn v Bt Cc tiu gi l

trong giai on trc ch yu hc v k thut cn chin cn thit c

th ra n trng ch mt cch hon ho. Trong giai on ny hc

thm cc k thut b tr, c th l ha knh v cc k thut tn cng

lin hon bng ch hay hc u khi quyn nh trt. Ngoi ra cn c

"cm " l k thut bt tay khng ch i phng, vn him thy

trong Bt Cc quyn. K thut ny tng ng vi k thut vn kha

khp, b ngc tay ca AikidHip kh o

.

Trong giai on ny cn hc c b php "sm b" dng trin

khai cng kch cn chin. Nguyn lai, lc tn cng trong Bt Cc

quyn sinh ra t phn thn di, cn sm b li dy cch bc chn

vo gia hng ca ch, dng bp i nh dp nt h b ca i th.

Ngoi ra nu nhit tm cn c th hc thm k thut dm chn i th

nh mt cng c h tr trong cn chin, ng dng cn bc di

chuyn ca ch.

Bt Cc trng quyn c cu thnh t cc bi so l nh i Bt

Cc, Bt Cc i gi, Hot Bt Cc... Nu phn tiu gi, quyn s

xy dng c b sng th i Bt Cc, khu pho s c t

ln b. Tc l y s hc cch s dng nhng g hc c

tiu gi vo thc chin.

Giai on th ba/ Lc i khai

Lc i khai l tn gi chung ca 6 k thut tinh ty ca Bt Cc

quyn, gm

nh (nh chu)

Bo (bo chu)

n (n dng )

( nh)

Khing (khing )

Trin (song trin th)

Nhnh Trng Xun cn truyn dy thm 2 chiu thc na l Triu

dng th v B vng gi (chit) giang.

Cn bao nhiu thi gian luyn thnh lc i khai th khng thy ni

r, v phn o ngha ny ch truyn dy cho ngi no thun thc

phn c bn v c tha nhn v mt nhn cch.

Trong phim nh, tiu thuyt hay thy nhn vt chnh hc c quyn

php tt st mt cch n gin v trong thi gian ngn, nhng thc t

quyt chng h n gin nh vy.

Lc i khai l c ng ca Bt Cc mn nn hi c c n cn

phi hiu thm su v ton din v mn v ny. Kim Cang bt thc l

phn lt ng c bn, nhng cng l iu kin tuyt i xy dng

nn thc lc lnh hi lc i khai.

o ngha/ Bt i chiu thc

Ngoi lc i khai, Bt Cc quyn cn c 8 k thut tt st gi l Bt

i chiu thc, gm

Mnh h ngnh ba sn ()

D m to bn ()

Bch x th tn ()

Hong lang su t ()

Phiu sa thi ()

Ngoi b thung ()

Dim vng tam im th ()

Ngnh sp th ()

Trn y l bt i chiu thc do nhnh Trng Xun Bt Cc quyn

truyn dy.

Phn ln cc k thut trong Bt i chiu thc l cc ng tc c bn,

c thm nhng chuyn ng mang tnh la n v cng phu thm

nhng cch nm quyn d nh vo yu huyt trn c th ngi.

Nu khng nmk Kim Cang bt thc v Bt Cc tiu gi th d c hc

bao nhiu nm cng khng lnh hi c Bt i chiu thc.

S li hi ca Bt i chiu thc c th hin qua giai thoi v L

Th Vn, ch dng mt chiu trong s l Mnh h ngnh ba sn m

p ch ht mi i th.

Lc chu u/ 6 k thut nh ch

Ngnh khai mn ()

Ngoi din chu ()

Lo h u mao ()

B vng nh mn ()

B vng thnh khch ()

Nghnh mn tam bt qu ()

Cng ging nh Bt i chiu thc, y l phn o ngha m nu

khng hon thnh c phn c bn th s khng tip thu c. Nghe

ni hin ti ch c hai ngi lnh hi c ht Bt i chiu thc v

Lc chu u.

Nhiu mn phi vn gi b mt cho tn v k php ca Lc i khai v

Bt i chiu thc ch khng cng khai chnh thc.

Bt Cc quyn ti Nht Bn

Trong nhng nm gn y, Bt Cc quyn l mn v ang thnh hnh

ti Nht Bn. Ngi dn t nc ny yu thch Bt Cc quyn bi uy

lc mnh m ca n v cng nh vo cng ln ca Matsuda Rychi,

nh nghin cu v thut ngi Nht. Matsuda Rychi tng hc qua

cc mn c v thut Nht Bn, sau tip xc vi Bt Cc quyn v

nhiu mn quyn php Trung Hoa khc. ng l mt trong nhng

ngi c cng ln trong vic gii thiu c v thut Nht Bn cng nh

quyn php Trung Hoa n i chng nc ny.

Nm 1988, Matsuda hp tc vi mt ha s truyn tranh (Manga-ka)

cho ra i tc phm "KenjiQuyn Nhi

" vi ni dung k v mt cu b Nht

Bn trng thnh ln tng ngy vi nim say m Bt Cc quyn. Tc

phm ny ngay lp tc c cho n nng nhit v gy nn cn st

Bt Cc quyn ti Nht Bn. T ting tm ca mn v ny cng

c nhng ngi tr tui bit n nhiu hn.

Tng t, gii tr Vit Nam cng bit n Bt Cc quyn thng qua

tc phm truyn tranh ca Matsuda Rychi khi n c xut bn vi

ngn ng bn a.

Thc ra, trc khi sng tc "Kenji" th Matsuda cng hp tc vi

mt ha s khc trong tc phm "Otoko-gumi" vi nhn vt chnh s

Bt Cc quyn, nhng t c bit n hn. Nhn vt chnh trong

"Otoko-gumi" s Trn gia Thi Cc quyn, nhng khi ng vi Bt

Cc quyn mi bit s li hi ca mn v ny v t theo luyn Bt

Cc.

Nhn vt Yki Akira, biu tng ca dng game Virtua Fighter

Mt tc nhn lan truyn Bt Cc quyn khc khng th khng nhc

n l dng game Virtua Fighter ca hng Sega pht hnh nm 1993.

y l game cch u (u v i khng) m phng thc t k thut

ca cc mn v thc t, trong Yki Akira l nhn vt s Bt Cc

quyn, rt c a chung.

Hin nay, cc dng Bt Cc quyn ch o ti Nht l V n (),

Trng Xun, Ng th Bt Cc quyn.... Nhnh Trng Xun th nh

cp u bi vit, cn V n l t chc hot ng ch yu i

Loan, c tn gi chnh thc l "V n Quc Thut Thi Qung Trung

Tm" (tin thn l "V hc nghin cu x") thnh lp nm 1971. V

n c cho l nhnh Bt Cc do L Th Vn sng lp vo nhng

nm cui i, truyn li cho t l Lu Vn Tiu v ng ny b trn

sang i Loan khi cuc ni chin gia Trung Quc Quc Dn ng v

Trung Quc Cng Sn ng n hi ny la. Nm 1971, ng thnh

lp V n v hot ng nh mt v thut gia, c nhiu ngi bit

n.

Tuy c Trng Xun v V n u l h thng ca L Th Vn,

nhng nhiu thuyt cho rng Ng th (h Ng) mi l dng chnh ca

Bt Cc quyn. C l iu ny bt ngun t truyn thuyt o s Ng

Chung nh k trn.

Bt Cc quyn trong vn ha phm i chng

Phn ny cp n cc tc phm i chng ch yu ti Nht Bn.

Manga-Anime

Kenji

Otoko-gumi

Air Master

GANTZ

Shij saiky no deshi Ken-ichi

Sten no ken

SABER CATS

Love Hina

Mah sensei Negima

Beruzebabu

81 Diver

Senki zessh Symphogear

Game

Virtue Fighter (nhn vt: Yki Akira)

Fighter History (nhn vt: L in c)

Gar densetsu (nhn vt: ng H L)

Shenmue (nhn vt: Hazuki Ry )

The King of Fighters (nhn vt: Truy Quyn Sng)

Street Fighter III (nhn vt: Yang, Yun)

MELTY BLOOD (nhn vt: Arima Miyako)

MAX ANARCHY (nhn vt: Big Bull)

FATE series (Ngn Phong K L, Vin Phn Lm, L Th Vn)

Dead or Alive 4 (nhn vt: Kokoro)

Tekken 6 (nhn vt: Leo)

Da Capo

Ehrgeiz (nhn vt: L Th Vn)

Bloody Roar (nhn vt: Long/Shenlong. Nghim mt m ni th l

Lc Hp Tm quyn vi mt s n th ca Bt Cc quyn)