PAK curr 09 Bag 2.ppt

Bagian 2Bagian 2Health Risk AssessmentHealth Risk Assessment

Pemaparan (exposure)Pemaparan (exposure)

• Risiko Fisik;

• Risiko Kimiawi;

• Risiko Biologik;

• Risiko Ergonomik;

• Risiko Psikososial;

Tips pencarian: Flow-sheet; MSDS; chemical inventory; Toxicology data.

Hazard & RiskHazard & Risk

• Hazards: segala sesuatu yang berpotensi menyebabkan kecelakaan atau penyakit: bahan kimaiwi, listrik, kebisingan, faktor ergonomik, dll;

• Risk: kemungkinan (rendah atau tinggi) seseorang akan mendapatkan penyakit atau kecelakaan karena suatu ‘hazard’ tertentu.

• A health risk is generally defined as the likelihood that exposure to a hazard will result in occupational illness, disability or death.

Batasan HRABatasan HRA• HRA is a careful examination of what, in your work,

could cause harm to people, so that you can weigh up whether you have taken enough precautions or should do more to prevent harm (COSHH).

• The aim of a Health Risk Assessment (HRA) is to identify health hazards, evaluate their risks to health and determine appropriate control and recovery measures (OGP).

• Risk assessment provides a systematic approach for characterising the nature and magnitude of the risks associated with environmental health hazards. – All activities, processes and products have some

degree of risk. The ultimate aim of risk assessment is to provide the best possible scientific, social and practical information about the risks, so that these can be discussed more broadly and the best decisions made as to what to do about them. (EPA)

• Important to decide:– Risk is significant or negligble (tolerable).

Langkah Pokok HRALangkah Pokok HRA

• Identifikasi Hazards:– Jenis; Lokasi; Kelompok terpapar;– Dampak negatif;

• Karakteristik Pemaparan:– Tingkat Pemaparan (kwalitatif vs.

kwantitatif;– NAB(TLVs) dan BEIs.

• Pengendalian dan Dokumentasi.

Dibicarakan lagi pada: Riwayat Pekerjaan.

Hazards Requiring Medical Hazards Requiring Medical Surveillance (US-OSHA)Surveillance (US-OSHA)

• 2-actyl amino flurene• Acrylonitrile• 4-amino diphenyl• Inorganic arsenic• Asbestos• Benzene• Benzidine• BCME• Cadmium• Coal tar pitch volatile• Coke oven emisisions• Cotton dust• DBCP

• 3,3 dichlorobenzidine• 4-dimethylaminobenzene• Ethylene oxide• Ethylene imine• Formaldehyde• Hazardous waste• Lead• Methylchloromethyl ether• Alfa-naphtylamine• Beta-naphtylamine• N-nitrosomethylamine• Noise• Beta-propiolactone

Baker, EL and Matte,TP in Rosentock, L and Cullen, MR (1994)

OSHA Medical Surveillance RequirementsOSHA Medical Surveillance Requirements

Sumber InformasiSumber Informasi

• Health Risk Assessment dapat mengacu kepada ‘best practice’:

dari:

NIOSH, OSHA, ACGIH, TOXLINE, MEDLINE, WHO, ILO.

Terutama untuk menetapkan risiko dan ‘biological plausibility’