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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
qarTuli literatura
nino CakunaSvili
saswauli Suasaukuneebis qarTul sasuliero da saero literaturaSi
filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad
warmodgenili
d i s e r t a c i a
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
profesori elguja xinTibiZe
Tbilisi
2011
2
S i n a a r s i
Sesavali -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Tavi I saswaulis gagebisaTvis sasuliero
literaturaSi -------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
1. fizikuri Zalis hiperbalizacia da brZola ukeTur
ZalebTan ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23
2. sneulTa gankurneba ------------------------------------------------------ 37
3. cxovelTa samyarosTan urTierToba --------------------------- 40
saswaulis gagebisaTvis saero
literaturaSi -------------------------------------------------------------------- 43
1. fizikuri Zalis hiperbalizacia da brZola ukeTur
ZalebTan -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45
2. sneulTa gankurneba ------------------------------------------------------ 59
3. cxovelTa samyarosTan urTierToba
Tavi II saswauli rogorc Suasaukuneebis saero
romanis avantiura------------------------------------------------------------- 67
1. usasrulo gza, tye ----------------------------------------------------- 101
2. mojadoebuli koSkebi, baRebi, qvabulebi ----------------- 119
3. saswaulebrivi arsebebi da nivTebi --------------------------- 132
4. gza, saidanac arcerTi gmiri ar brundeba da yvelaze
didi avantiura ------------------------------------------------------------ 137
daskvna ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 141
3
Sesavali
qristianobis SemosvlasTan erTad, saswaulis Tematika ikavebs
mniSvnelovan adgils wmindanTa cxovrebaSi. agiografiul
TxzulebaTaTvis erT-erTi ZiriTadi Sabloni xdeba wmindanTa
saswaulebis aRwera, rac mogvianebiT, garkveulad transformirebuli
saxiT gadadis saero mwerlobaSi.
Qcnobilia, rom qristianobis gavrcelebasTan erTad, qristianul
taZrebSi aucilebeli gaxda RvTismsaxurebis Sesruleba saRvTo wignebis
gamoyenebiT. amasTanave, RvTismsaxurebis aucilebel elementad iqna
miCneuli wmindanTa cxovreba-martvilobebis kiTxvac, aman ganapiroba
agiografiis (berZ. Άγιος `wmindani~ da γράφω `wera~), rogorc Janris
Camoyalibeba da Semdgomi ganviTareba. rogorc cnobilia, qristianuli
mwerloba Tavisi Camoyalibebis pirvel etapze farTod iyenebda antikur
literaturul da filosofiur tradiciebs da Zveli literaturuli
Jaanrebis transformaciiTa da modernizaciiT warmoqmnida axal Janrebs
(52, gv.156).
agiografiaSi gamoiyo ZiriTadi qveJanrebi. pirvel etapze es iyo
`wmindanTa mowameobrivi cxovrebis aRwera~, xolo meore etapze (V-VIII
ss.) `cxovreba da moqalaqeoba~. SemdgomSi `es qveJanrebi gaerTianebuli
saxiTac gvxvdeba, maTSi wmindanTa cxovrebac aris aRwerili da wamebac.
aseTebi atarebenEN `cxovrebisa da martvilobis~ saxels (5, gv. 3).
VII-VIII saukuneebSi ukve damkvidrda garkveuli tradiciebi da
mkacri kanonebi agiografiul cxovrebaTa aRwerisaTvis. Ees gamowveuli
iyo imiT, rom agiografiuli Txzulebis avtori xSirad wmindanis
cxovrebis aRwerisas mxatvrul fantazias iSveliebda da `agiografiis
xalxur SemoqmedebasTan daaxloebis saSualebas qmnida~ A(38, gv. 170). am
procesma gansakuTrebiT Tavi iCina apokriful nawarmoebebSi.
4
apokrifuli Janris mwerlobis popularoba, ganpirobebuli iyo
imiT, rom xalxis warmosaxva ar kmayofildeboda imiT, rasac
mouTxrobda biblia da axali aRTqma. maT undodaT gaegoT ra moxda ama
Tu im movlenis Semdeg. rogori iyo am wmindanebis Semdgomi bedi, ra
saswaulebi gadaxdaT maT Semdgom. yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT imazec,
rom am periodis avtorebi ZiriTadad mimarTaven msmenelebs da ara
mkiTxvelebs. Ddominanti roli akisria zepirad warmoTqmul teqstebs da
ara wakiTxulT. am teqstebs ki adamiani iRebda rogorc namdvil, utyuar
faqts. amitom, didi emociuri datvirTva eniWeboda smenas, am periodis
adamiani ufro metad ismenda, vidre kiTxulobda. sainteresoa is faqtic,
rom Suasaukuneebis mwerali ar mimarTavs magias imisTvis, rom
daadasturos nawarmoebSi moxmobili faqtebis utyuaroba, magram is
arwmunebs mkiTxvels, rom STagonebulia RvTis mier.
AA apokriful niadagze Seqmnili Txzulebebi, romlebic wmindanTa
saswaulebriv Tavgadasavlebze mogviTxroben, metad saintereso da
popularuli sakiTxavebi iyo. `bevr apokriful Txzulebasa da
TqmulebaSi iseTi daujerebeli ambebi iyo gadmocemuli, romelic
namdvil zRapars moagonebda mkiTxvelso~, aRniSnavs k. kekeliZe (21. gv.
431).
Eeklesiis warmomadgenelni drogamoSvebiT aqveynebdnen apokrifuli
wignebis nusxas, sadac mkiTxvels SeeZlo gaerCia namdvili wigni
apokrifisgan.
mas Semdeg, rac dakanonda mkacri kanonebi agiografiuli
Txzulebis aRwerisaTvis, avtorebi cdiloben naklebad moiSvelion
mxatvruli fantazia da ZiriTadi aqcenti gadaitanon im tipis
saswaulebze, romlebic met-naklebad yvela agiografiuli
TxzulebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli.
rac Seexeba agiografiuli teqstis siuJetur nawils da
5
agebulebas, ufro xSirad wmindanis cxovreba warmoadgenda Txrobas
gmiris gamorCeul bavSvobaze, keTil saqmeebze, saswaulebze da
wmindanis aRsasrulze, romelic umniSvnelovanesi epizodi iyo wmindanis
cxovrebaSi.
saswaulebis aRwerisas qarTul agiografiaSi aRweril saswaulebs
ori mTavari wyaro eZebneba : biblia A(agiografebi, metwilad
metafrasebi, analogiisaTvis xSirad miuTiTeben Zveli aRTqmis
saswaulebs) da sakuTriv agiografiuli Txzulebebi (maTSi aRwerili
saswaulebi, xSirad erTgvari wyaro xdeboda sxva agiografiuli
TxzulebebisTvis) Tumca unda gaviTvaliswinoT gardamocemebic
(werilobiTi da zepiri), romlebic samonastro wreebSi Cndeboda da
viTardeboda da aseve `wminda folkloruli warmoSobis legendebic,
romlebic sasuliero mwerlobaSi xvdeboda garkveuli literaturuli
gadamuSavebis Semdeg~ (5, gv. 37).
qarTul enaSi, sityva `saswauls~, upiratesad qristianuli
datvirTva aqvs. Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonSi igi ganmartebulia,
rogorc `niSi~, `sakvirveleba, `ganswavluloba~, momaswavlebeli niSani
(2, gv. 370), sulxan-sabas `leqsikoni qarTuli~ ki amgvarad ganmartavs
sityva saswauls _ saqme gamoCenili, dResaswauli, niSani (34, gv. 56).
Tavad `saswauli~ Tavis sferoSi moicavs rogorc samyaroSi, ise
samyaros miRma arsebul sagnebsa da movlenebs. aseTi gansazRvrebiT,
saswauls qristianobaSi hyavs Tavisi avtori, romelic mxolod RmerTi
SeiZleba iyos. saswauli mxolod RmerTis Canafiqrzea damokidebuli
(samyaros Seqmna, wmindanebi saswauls RvTaebrivi ZaliT axorcieleben).
saswauli religiur cnobierebaSi dakavSirebulia zebunebrivis
gamoCenasTan. Ees aris bunebrivi movlena, romelic RmerTis nebiT xdeba,
raTa miaRwios mniSvnelovan religiur mizans sulis gadarCenis gzaze
(72, gv. 498).
6
britanuli enciklopediis Tanamedrove eleqtronul versiaSi
saswauli amgvaradaa ganmartebuli _ daujerebeli movlena,
romelsac miaweren ukidures moqmedebas an RvTiur Zalas.
saswauli arsebobs yvela xalxis religiur cnobirebaSi.
(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/384816/miracle) (112).
Q qristianul religiaSi saswaulis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa moutanos
sargebloba adamians, Seqmnas adamianis zneobrivi ideali.
Cveni sadisertacio naSromis Temis sagani aris saswaulis rolisa
da mniSvnelobis gansazRvra qarTul sasuliero da saero mwerlobaSi da
misi tipologiuri paralelebis Zieba dasavlur, kerZod frangul
literaturaSi.
ramdenadac Tanamedrove filologia da literaturaTmcodneoba
arsebiT mniSvnelobas aniWebs sxvadasxva qveynis literaturaTa
Seswavlasa da kvlevas SedarebiTi meTodiT, amdenad saintereso da
aqtualuria amgvari muSaobis Catareba Cveni naSromidan gamomdinarec.
Cven mier warmodgenili Temis aqtualobas ganapirobebs am tipis samuSaos
Catareba Suasaukuneebis qarTuli mwerlobis Sesabamis epoqasa da
frangul literaturasTan mimarTebaSi, rac xels uwyobs kulturaTa
Soris paralelTa Ziebas, konkretulad saswaulis Temis, adgilis,
rolisa da mniSvnelobis gansazRvras am periodis literaturul
azrovnebaSi.
sadisertacio naSromi miznad isaxavs sasuliero da saero
literaturis qarTul da Suasaukuneebis franguli literaturis
ramodenime nawarmoebSi saswaulis Tematikis mimoxilvas, maT Soris
arsebuli paralelebis safuZvelze msgavi Tu gansxvavebuli niSnebis
gamovlenasa da Cvenebas. naSromSi aris cda agiografiuli da saero
nawarmoebebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli saswaulebis msgavsi elementebis
7
gamoyofisa da im transformaciis Cvenebisa, romelic sasuliero
mwerlobidan saero literaturisken gadasvlis procesSi ganicada
saswaulis formam da gaazrebam.
sakvlev masalad warmodgenilia Semdegi qarTuli agiografiuli
Txzulebebi: `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~, `iovane zedaznelis
cxovreba~, `serapion zarzmelis cxovreba~, `Siosa da evagres cxovreba~
da `daviT garejelis cxovreba~.
qarTuli saero romanebidan `amirandarejaniani~ da
`vefxistyaosani~, xolo amave periodis dasavluri literaturidan
kretien de truas romani `iveni anu lomis raindi~, `ereki da enida~,
tomas beluris `tristani da izolda~, tomas meloris `ambavi mefe
arTuris zeobisa~ da ucnobi avtoris `okaseni da nikoleta~.
pirvel TavSi mimoxilulia termin saswaulis etimologia,
sxvadasxva SexedulebaTa Sejerebis safuZvelze warmodgenilia
saswaulis arsis da funqciis ganmartebis mcdeloba. Aam TavSi
ganvixileT is ZiriTadi saswaulebi, romlebic saerToa, rogorc
qristiani moRvawisTvis, ise Suasaukuneebis saero literaturis
gmirisTvis. amasTan erTad saWirod miviCnieT, rom saswaulis, rogorc
Suasaukuneebis msoflaRqmis erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoris
problematika Segveswavla im Teoriuli bazisis safuZvelze, rac
evropul samecniero literaturaSia gamovlenili. es saSualebas
mogvcems saswaulis Tema ganvixiloT komparativistuli kvlevis
meTodis safuZvelze.
Ddisertaciis meore TavSi SevecadeT gangvexila saswauli rogorc
Suasaukuneebis saero romanisaTvis damaxasiTebeli ZiriTadi niSani,
romelic avantiuris fonze iSleba da viTardeba.
Cvens mizans warmoadgens satrfialo da saraindo romanebis
8
Seswavlis fonze ganvixiloT saswauli, rogorc avantiuris ZiriTadi
motivi, warmovaCinoT ra saxiTaa mocemuli garkveuli avantiura qarTul
da evropul literaturaSi. aqvT Tu ara maT saerTo damaxasiaTebeli
niSani da aris Tu ara saswauli, Suasaukuneebis qarTul saraindo
romanebSic avantiuris ganxorcieleba.
9
Tavi I
saswaulis gagebisaTvis sasuliero literaturaSi
qarTuli sasuliero mwerloba, romelic bizantiuri literaturis
kvaldakval viTardeboda, garkveulwilad emorCileboda im sqemebs,
romelTac mkveTrad Camoyalibebuli Sablonis, Stampis xasiaTi miiRes da
romlebic Semdgom savaldebulo gaxda bizantiur kulturul
samyarosTan dakavSirebuli yvela xalxis mwerlobaSi, maT Soris _
qarTulSic. am sqemebma ki `gamovlineba hpoves literaturul formaSic,
da im siuJetur motivebSiac, romelTac am Janris literaturaSi vxedavT~
(21, gv. 99).
Sesabamisad, am periodSi, qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis xazi
warimarTa bizantiuri literaturis kvaldakval.
wmindanis cxovrebaSi meti yuradReba eqceoda misi cxovrebis
aRweras RvTaebrivi WeSmaritebisken mimaval gzaze, vidre mis biografias.
amiT iyo albaT ganpirobebuli is, rom standartuli motivebis
gamoyenebisas, agiografi avtorebi met yuradRebas uTmobdnen wmindanis
cxovrebas misi sulieri moRvaweobis gzaze, vidre biografiul
detalebs. dasavlur da aRmosavlur kulturaSi sxvdasxvagvari
gamoxatuleba hpova am tendenciam. kerZod, dasavlur literaturaSi
naCvenebia wmindanobis gzaze mimavali gmiris mTeli cxovreba, rogorc
10
garkveuli gza, romelsac igi gadis, raTa moipovos wmindanis saxeli,
amis dadasturebaa misi gardacvalebis Semdeg mis saflavze
ganxorcielebuli umaravi saswauli. evropaSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli
azri imis Sesaxeb, rom gardacvlili wmindanis saswaulis Zala
metismetad didia. Mmis saflavs iseTi saswaulebis moxdenis unari aqvs
rom am mxriv cocxali wmindanis saswaulTmoqmedeba mas ver Seedreba.
(108, gv. 11). marTalia, am mxriv arc aRmosavluri literaturaa
gamonaklisi, wmindanTa wminda nawilebi da saflavebi, saswaulmoqmedi
ZaliT gamoirCevian aqac, magram aq agiografiuli gmiri sicocxleSive
ukve namdvili wmindania. amaze metyvelebs misi gamorCeuli bavSvoba da
sicocxleSi Cadenili uamravi saswauli. avtoris ZiriTadi aqcenti
swored sicocxleSi Cadenil saswaulebzea gamaxvilebuli.
E es mimarTuleba kargad aisaxa dasavlur ikonografiaSic, sadac
wmindani umteswilad naCvenebia rogorc uflis gzisken mavali,
gansxvavebiT bizantiuri ikonografiisagan, sadac wmindani ukve
warmogvidgeba rogorc caTa sasufevlis mkvidri (89, gv. 74)
wmindanobisaken mimaval gzaze, wmindans bevri winaaRmdegobis
gadalaxva uxdeba, igi ebrZvis da amarcxebs borot Zalebs.
wmindanis cxovrebaSi udidesi yuradReba eqceva mis mier
davrdomilTa gankurnebas, brmaTaTvis Tvalis axelas da zogierT
SemTxvevaSi mkvdris gacocxlebasac ki, rac wmindanis saswaulmoqmed
Zalaze da mis RvTiTgamorCeulobaze mianiSnebs.
saswaulTmoqmedebani (miracula) agiografiis umniSvnelovanesi
Semadgeneli nawilia, SeiZleba iTqvas, gadamwyveti sityva agiografiaSi
maszea, radgan igi yovelTvis wmindans ukavSirdeba. Hagiografiuli
Txzuleba ki sxva araferia, Tu ara wmindanis `martviloba~ an
`cxovreba~. wmindans gamorCeulobas sZens is saswauli, an saswaulTa
mTeli wyeba, romelic mis saxels ukavSirdeba. Aamaze miniSneba
11
araerTgzis gvxvdeba qarTul agiografiul ZeglebSic. `grigol
xanZTelis cxovrebis~ aRmweri giorgi merCule, gulistkivils gamoTqvams
imis gamo, rom grigolis `saswaulni maTni JamTa simravlisagan miecnes
siRrmesa daviwyebisasa, yovlsa saxsenebelTa maT gansakvirvelTa netarTa
kacTa saqmeni keTilni da cxoreba ubiwo, romelnica igi brwyinvides
viTarca mTiebni zecisa samyarosa~ (12, gv. 126).
wminda nawilebis qona da saswaulTmoqmedi wmindanebis yola
erTgvar privilegias warmoadgenda qveynisaTvis. es damaxasiaTebeli iyo
rogorc dasavluri, ise aRmosavluri samyarosTvis. sainteresoa is
faqti, rom dasavlur samyaroSi farTo gavrceleba hpova wminda nawilTa
gatacebebma, raze miniSnebasac qarTul agiografiul Tu istoriul
ZeglebSi ver vxvdebiT. Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rom morwmuneebs xSirad
Cumad uxdebodaT wmindanTa nawilebis aReba da maTi saimedo adgilas
daflva, rac qveyanaSi arsebuli garkveuli politikuri faqtorebiT iyo
ganpirobebuli. Tumca qarTul agiografiul literaturaSi da
qristianul ZeglebSi xSirad gvxvdeba miniSneba qveynis gamorCeulobaze
da qveyanaSi momxdar saswaulebze. Aam tipis saswaulTa simravle erT-
erTi moqmedi argumenti iyo mcire qveynebis eklesiebisaTvis jer
avtokefaliis mosapoveblad, Semdeg saerTaSoriso avtoritetisaTvis
sabrZolvelad.
Eerovnuli wmindanis Temas icnobs rogorc agiografia, ise
himnografia. rogorc cnobili mecnieri g. imedaSvili aRniSnavs,
martvilis mowameobrivi Rvawli erovnuli TviTSegnebis impulss
warmoadgenda... martvilma sarwmunoebrivi grZnobis TvalTaxedviT
daiWira is adgili, romelic mebrZol gmirs uWiravs erovnuli moZraobis
TvalsazrisiTA(17, gv. 48).
ioane sabanisZe `abos wamebaSi~, pirdapir acxadebs `aha, esera
qarTlisaca mkvidrTa aqus sarwmunoeba da wodebul ars dedad wmidaTa,
12
romelTame ucxoTa da sxviT mosrulTa Cven Soris Jamad-Jamad...~ (18, gv.66)
sayuradRebo mosazrebas gamoTqvams e. xinTibiZe Tavis naSromSi: `VIII
saukunis qarTvelma mweralma ioane sabanisZem qarTul literaturaSi
axali, manamde ucnobi motivi Semoitana. mweralma mTeli Tavisi
Txzuleba `abo Tbilelis wameba~ erT ideaze, erT dedaazrze aago. igi
gascda agiografiuli mwerlobis CarCos da agiografiuli masala erTi
RerZis garSemo daalaga. es erTi RerZi ki, mecnieris azriT,
warmoadgenda ioane sabanisZis mier qarTul literaturaSi erovnul-
ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis motivis SemoRebas da qarTuli
nacionaluri kulturis prestiJis farTo masStabiT dayenebas (52, gv. 92).
XII saukuneSi kaTalikosma basili vaCes Zem Seadgina erT-erTi
asureli mamis, Sio mRvimelis, saswaulTa krebuli, romelsac waumZRvara
winasityvaoba, sadac avtori wuxils gamoTqvams qarTvelTa mier Tavisi
upiratesobis gamouyenlobis gamo konstantinepolis eklesiasTan
mimarTebaSi (5, gv.66).
werilis Sinaarsi ki amgvaria : `xolo RmerTman eseviTariTa
keTilTa arcaRa queyanad ese Cueni daaklo, aramed ufroisRa gardahmata
uxuebiTa wyalobiTa TÂsTaÁTa movlinebiTa wmidaTa didebulTa
mamaTaÁTa... da mravalTa niSTa da sakÂrvelebaTa mier ganTqmul yvna
igini RmerTman... aravin iRuawa aRwerad... vinaÁTgan âmeca mravalTa
TvaliTa CemiTa mxilvel var saswaulTa wmidisa amis da didisa mamaisa
SioÁsaTa TÂT Cem zeda aRsrulebulTa da sxuaTaca mravalTa.~ (1, gv. 200).
M nikoloz gulberisZis Txzuleba, `galobani suetisa cxovelisani~
romelic sveti cxovlis mier ganxorcielebul uamrav saswaulze
mogviTxrobs, migvaniSnebs imazec, rom swored qarTli gaxda uflis
kvarTis, am didi siwmindis flobis Rirsi, avtori ambobs, rom `wmidaÁ
igi kuarTi, wmidaÁve ukue daSTa da wmidadve hgies~, magram rodesac
13
mravali wlis Semdeg aderk mefis Zmiswulma moindoma `Zieba ese
samoslisa misTÂs, garna ver SeZlo povnad, rameTu daubrmes Tualni
maTni, xolo adgili igi aravin scna mier JamiTgan vidre dResamomde
Cuenda, sada mdebare ars wmidaÁ igi kuarTi~ (13, gv. 16).
saswauli, romelic ukavSirdeba svetivcxovlis aRmarTvas, sveti
cxovlis Semdgom saswaulebs, dakavSirebulia isev uflis kvarTTan,
udides siwmindesTan, es ki gamorCeulobas sZens saqarTvelos rogorc
qveyanas. saintereso faqtia, rom am periodis moRvaweebi ar eridebian
saswaulTa ambebis Sesaxeb Txrobas TviT istoriul TxzulebebSic. ivane
javaxiSvils es faqti naklad ar miaCnda arc qarTuli literaturisTvis
da arc saistorio mwerlobisTvis, igi aRniSnavda, rom `Wkvianis da
niWieri istorikosis mier aRwerils saswaulTmoqmedebis ambebSi
maSindeli yofa-cxovrebisa da istoriisaTvis bevri Zvirfasi cnobebi
gvxvdeba xolme~ (57, gv. 399).
sainteresoa TavisTavad is faqti, rom saswaulebi literaturaSi,
religiuri TvalsazrisiT iseTive realobas warmoadgenda, rogorc
konkretul-istoriuli faqtebi. rogorc r. siraZe SeniSnavs,
saswaulmoqmedebani zogadi ideali iyo sasuliero mwerlobisTvis (38, gv.
169).
mkvlevari z. aleqsiZe aRniSnavs, rom idealis Ziebas literatura
garkveuli Sablonisken, trafaretisken mihyavs, is akonkretebs, rom
gulisxmobs ara kompoziciur, aramed Sinaarsobliv Sablonebs, romelic
damaxasiaTebelia agiografiuli mwerlobisTvis, aqedan gamomdinare
iqmneboda tipuri biografiebi, romelebic erTi xalxis SemoqmedebaSi ki
ar iCenda Tavs, aramed gadadioda erTi qveynis mwerlobidan meoreSi.
Mmkvlevari iqve dasZens, rom gansakuTrebiT Zlieria trafaretebis
gavlena saswaulebis aRwerisas. siuJetebi aseT SemTxvevaSi, daaxloebiT
iseve vrceldeba, rogorc xalxur zRaprebSi da SesaZloa yovelTvis
14
literaturuli pirvelwyaros gavlenis Sedegi arc iyos (5, gv..9-10).
Tumca saswauli ar yofila mxolod qristianuli movlena,
saswauls icnobs warmarTuli releigiebic.
Q qristianobisa da warmarTobis Sexvedra ar iyo harmoniuli.
qristianobam ver SeZlo aRmoefxvra bolomde warmarTobis elementebi.
zogierTi Zveli Cveuleba qristianul samyaroSic Sevida da mogvianebiT
gaxda kidec misi nawili. Aaxali rwmenis dasamkvidreblad saWiro gaxda
warmarTuli saswauli ufro didi saswauliT gadaefaraT. es misia
wmindanebs daekisraT, maTi cxovreba qristianul cxovrebebSi saswaulis
niSniTaa aRbeWdili, maT ZaluZT adamianis gankurneba rogorc
sicocxleSi, ise gardacvalebis Semdeg. brmaTaTvis Tvalis axela, xmeli
totis ganedleba, gatexili sasmisis gamTeleba, mxecTa moTviniereba,
saiqios movla, gzasacdenili kacis gamosworeba da a.S.
rac Seexeba qristianul ZeglebSi, agiografiul TxzulebebSi
asaxul saswaulebs, maTac garkveuli transformacia ganicades.
Qqristianuli swavlebis ganviTarebasTan erTad, sityva saswauli
iZenda sxvadasxvagvar gagebas. wmindanis mier Cadenili saswaulebi
iyofoda or did jgufad: wmindanis cxovrebaSi Cadenili saswaulebi
(niSnebi dabadebisas, winaswarmetyveluri sizmrebi, gankurneba) da
sikvdilis Semdgomi (wmindanis gamocxadeba mowafeebTan, saswaulmoqmedi
wminda nawilebi).
qarTul samecniero literaturaSi saswaulis Tema agiografiul
literaturasa da qristianul mwerlobaSi ganxilulia araerT
samecniero naSromSi.
saswaulis Temas exeba Tavis sadisertacio naSromSi r. xalvaSi _
tbel abuserisZis `saswaulni wmidisa mTavarmowamisa giorgisani da
qarTuli literaturuli tradicia~. mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom
agiografiis ganviTarebis pirvel etapze Janris gamoyofas gansazRvravda
15
ara Txrobis literaturuli Taviseburebebi, aramed sagani da Tema,
rasac teqsti eZRvneboda. agiografiuli nawarmoebebis saTaurebSi
mocemulia amgvari gansazRvreba : `saswauli~, `xilva~, cxoreba~, `wameba~
da sxv. Aamis kvalobaze, Txrobis sagnis gansazRvra gadaizarda
literaturul niSan-TvisebaTa erTobliobaSi, rasac Suasaukuneobrivi
literaturis etiketis mixedviT unda dakavSireboda es sagani da
dasZens, rom qarTul agiografiaSi sakuTriv `saswaulTa~ Janris yvelaze
adreuli dadasturebaa miqel parexelis `niSni da saswaulni~, romelic
dakargul Zeglad iTvleba, xolo saswaulis Janrobrivi gansazRvreba
wminda saxiT aris mocemuli tbel abuserisZis teqstSi, romlis
saTauria: `saswaulni wmidisa mTavarmowamisa giorgisani~ (50).
saswaulis Temas exeba nawilobriv n. ingoroyva Tavis sadisertacio
naSromSi _ asketuri moRvaweobis asaxva Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi, igi
erTmaneTs adarebs `wminda antonis cxovrebasa~ da `grigol xanZTelis
cxovrebaSi~ aRweril saswaulebs da am SedarebaTa fonze askvnis, rom
orive ZeglSi aRwerili saswaulebi tipologiurad emsgavseba erTmaneTs,
saswaulTa aRwerisas orive Txzulebis mixedviT xSiria bibliuri
paralelebi (19).
n. soxaZe, Tavis samecniero naSromSi _ grigol didis `dialoRoni~,
ganixilavs saswaulis sxvadsxvagvar tipebs : pirvelwmindanebTan
msgavsebis motivi, avadmyofTa gankurneba da eSmakTa gansxma,
micvalebulTa saflavebze ganxorcielebuli saswaulebi, mistikuri
saswaulebi da a.S. mkvlevarma Sinaarsoblivad daajgufa tradiciuli
saswaulebi, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia TiTqmis mTeli agiografiuli
mwerlobisaaTvis (41)
16
n. mrevliSvils, sakandidato disertaciaSi, grigol noselis
`grigol sakvirvelmoqmedis cxovrebis~ qarTuli versia, ganxiluli aqvs
grigolis saswaulebi, romelTa ZiriTad wyarod biblia aris miCneuli
(30).
saswaulis Temas exeba iv. amirxanaaSvili naSromSi _ `saswaulis
kompozicia~. Mmkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom `saRvTismetyvelo literaturaSi
saswaulis sinonimadaa miCneuli niSanic, kurnebac da TviT
sakvirvelebac, Tumca bibliuri tradiciis mixedviT, TiToeuli es cneba
damoukidebuli Sinaarsis erTeuladac moiazreba. MmagaliTad, Mmoses
xuTwigneulSi saswauli gagebulia rogorc niSani; axal aRTqmaSi
rogorc kurneba ; agiografiaSi yvelaze xSirad sakvirvelebis
mniSvnelobiTaa gamoyenebuli. saerTod ki saswauli agiografiul
TxzulebaSi niSanic aris, kurnebac da sakvirvelebac (7, gv. 11).
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom
yovelgvari saswauli miRebuli iyo rogorc sruliad utyuari faqti.
xolo saswaulTmoqmedebaTa WeSmaritebad miCneva xels uwyobda
mxatvruli hiperbolis Semotanas mwerlobaSi. rogorc r. siraZe
SeniSnavs, saswaulebis aRweram, imisda miuxedavad, `tipuri iqneboda
saswauli Tu `originaluri~, xeli Seuwyo mwerlobaSi gamonagonis
farTod Semotanas. Mmwerlebi ki erTgvarad irwmunebian, rom
WeSmaritebas aRweren maSinac, roca saswaulTmoqmedebas mogviTxroben da
maSinac, roca konkretul-istoriul faqts gadmoscemen (38, gv. 170).
saswauli, agiografiul TxzulebaSi, kompoziciuri TvalsazrisiT,
atarebs gansazRvrul funqcias. igi gamoiyeneba mtkicebulebad wmindanis
saRvTo misiis funqciisaTvis. Txrobis struqturaSi CarTulia rogorc
magaliTi an mtkicebuleba da aqedan gamomdinare, unda gairCes saswaulis
faqtologiuri da esTetikuri funqciebi. saswauli bibliur sazriss
17
eyrdnoba da gansxvaveba mxolod maSin iCens Tavs, rodesac avtori
beletristul wiaRsvlebs mimarTavs, Tumca ZiriTadi arsi saswaulis
bibliuri koncefciisa ucvleli rCeba (38, gv. 76)
r. baramiZe miiCnevs, rom saswauli da sizmari agiografiuli Zeglis
organuli ujredia, romelic ganapirobebs kidec nawarmoebis
arqiteqtonikas da maT gareSeE gaugebari iqneba personaJTa xasiaTebis
Camoyalibeba da evolucia. MMMmisi azriT, agiografi avtori
iTvaliswinebda adreuli da saSualo saukuneebis morwmuneTa
fsiqologias, maT msoflmxedvelobas da amitom saswauli, sizmari da
Cveneba aqcia im Zlier faqtorad, romelmac ganapiroba personaJis
moqmedebis damarwmunebloba. Aamitom maT gareSe auxsneli rCeba
nawarmoebis ideuri Sinaarsi da agiografiuli Zegli dakargavs
mxatvrul Zalas (10, gv. 71).
SeiZleba iTqvas, romAswored qarTulma agiografiulma mwerlobam
Seqmna is Zlieri literaturuli tradicia, romelsac Semdgom
saukuneebSi daemyara mTeli qarTuli Suasaukuneebis literatura.
mxatvruli hiperbola, mxatvruli gamonagoni, saswaulebi da
saswaulebrivi garemo, romelSic Sua saukuneebis gmirebs uwevT
cxovreba, met-naklebad davalebulia swored agiografiuli
mwerlobisgan. A
amis Sesaxeb SeniSnavs k. kekeliZe, rodesac wers, rom saero
mwerlobam sasulierosgan imemkvidra savsebiT damuSavebuli
literaturuli ena, man gaimeora misi mTavari Janrebi (eposi, lirika) da
kompoziciuri xerxebi; meore mxriT _ Sinaaarsoblivi: satrfialo-
samijnuro da sadevgmiro motivebi, romelnic warmodgenilni arian
klasikuri periodis saero literaturaSi... hagiografiuli
beletristikisaTvis araa ucxo is siuJetebi da motivebi, romlebic
saero mwerlobaSi gvxvdeba. msgavsi mxatvruli formebi da saxeebi,
18
msgavsi siuJeturi motivebi da situaciebi nebas gvaZleven vTqvaT, rom
saqme gvaqvs erTs mTlian ganuwyvetel procesTan (22, gv. 3-4).
qarTul saero mwerlobis warmoSobaze msjelobisas, k. kekeliZem
gamoyo oTxi elementisagan Semdgari agiografiuli Txrobis
kompoziciuri Sabloni, romlebic agiografiis personaJTagan Semdgom
iqcnen saero mwerlobis gmirTa saxeebad:
1. `wmindani~ bavSvobaSive iCens sulier simSvenieres da iseT Tvisebebs,
romlebic mas ganasxvaveben amxanagebisagan. Aasevea poemebSic: esa Tu is
piri araiSviaTad jer kidev bavSvobaSi iCens araCveulebriv Tvisebebs,
romlebic gviCveneben, rom is momavalSi marTlac araCveulebrivi gmiri
iqneba.
2. davaJkacebuli `wmindani~ namdvili `sulieri gmiria~. is ibrZvis da
sZlevs yovelgvar amqveyniur cTunebas, amarcxebs adamianisa Tu
cxovelis saxiT movlenil `eSmaks~ da asrulebs iseT `saswaulebs~,
romelnic mas bunebis kanonebze maRla ayeneben. A`asevea poemebSic.
`amirandarejanianis~ gmirebi uamrav dabrkolebas gadalaxaven, romlebic
maT eRobebaT gveleSapebis, urCxulebis da sxvadsxva cxovelebis saxiT..
`isini namdvili `zekacebi~ arian, maT mier Cadenili `saqmeni sagmironi~,
iseTive fantastikaa, rogorc `wmindanebis~ saswauli.
3. `wmindanis~ amqveyniuri cxovreba esaa msaxureba da erTguleba
RvTisadmi. uflis siyvarulisaTvis igi iTmens da itans yovelgvar
gansacdels. `wmindani~ namdvili `mijnuria~ RvTisa. Aaseve arian saero
poemis gmirebi, maTi mijnuroba, rainduli samsaxuri da Tavdadeba
satrfosTvis, maTi sulTqma-oxvra da cremlSeuSrobeli tirili amis
dasturia.
4. `sulieri gmiri~, anu `wmindani~, zogjer mowamebrivad aResruleba da
ewireba Tavis mizans, zogjerac xangrZlivi asketuri cxovrebis Semdeg
bunebrivi sikvdiliT kvdeba, magram orive SemTxvevaSi is keTilis
19
gamarjvebiT sruldeba. poemebSic, rogoric ar unda iyos gmiris bedi,
isini mainc gamarjvebulebi rCebian borotebasTan WidilSi (21, gv.7).
Cven winamdebare sadisertacio naSromSi, sasuliero Janris, kerZod,
agiografiul TxzulebaTa struqturasTan Suasaukuneebis literaturuli
stilis mimarTeba gvinda ufro farTo Sinaarsoblivi formiT da
paralelebis Ziebis doneze ganvixiloT da saswaulis Tematikis
farglebSi moviazroT.
Cvenis mxriv, Cveni sadisertacio naSromis pirvel TavSi SevecdebiT
mimovixiloT is ZiriTadi saswaulebi, romlebic saerToa, rogorc
qristiani moRvawisTvis, ise saero nawarmoebisTvis gmirisTvis.
sanam uSualod gadavalT saswaulebis aRweraze, SevecdebiT
mokled mimovixiloT damokidebuleba saswaulisadmi Suasaukuneebis
evropul samecniero literaturaSi. Cven saSualeba gvaqvs am sakiTxze
vimsjeloT cnobili frangi mkvlevrebis naSromebze dayrdnobiT.
cnobili frangi medievisti Jak le gofi Tavis naSromSi (L’imaginaire
Medieval _ Suasaukuneobrivi warmodgenebi), aRniSnavs, etimologiuri
gansazRvrebiT, laTinur enaSi, sityva mirabilia modis Ziridan mir (miroir,
mirari-gaoceba, gaocebiT cqera), rac dakavSirebulia vizualur aRqmasTan.
xolo Tavad sityva mirabilia aRniSnavs saswauls, romelic ukavSirdeba
miroir-s, rac frangul enaSi sityva sarkis ekvivalentia (dReisaTvis am
sityvis Tanamedrove saxelwodebaa miracle). semantikuri Ziris Ziebisas
sityva `saswaulis~ gansazRvrisaTvis, gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi
problemac, kerZod, esaa ori enis, am SemTxvevaSi laTinur enasTan erTad
franguli xalxuri enis arseboba. rogorc Jak le gofi aRniSnavs, es
sityva xalxuri enidanaa Sesuli laTinurSi, asevea es ganmartebuli
anglosaqsonur enaSi (90, gv.178).
Jak le gofi aRniSnavs, rom Zvel aRTqmaSi SedarebiT naklebadaa
20
moTxrobili saswaulebze, xolo axali aRTqma mniSvnelovnad
gamdidrebulia saswaulis TemebiT. Qqristianobam moitana da garkveul
periodSi daxvewa gansxvavebuli mcneba _ saswaulisa. imave mecnieris
mtkicebiT, qristianobas araferi axali ar Seuqmnia termin `saswaulis~
gagebaSi, anu igi aRmocenda da dafuZnda uZvelesi samyaros tradiciebze,
romelic saswaulebiT iyo savse. Qqristianoba iZulebeuli gaxda gaerkvia
am samyarosTan Tavisi urTierToba, daekavebina Tavisi adgili. amitomac
qristianulma saswaulma sxva datvirTva SeiZina (90, gv. 180).
B bibliis mkvlevari iehezkel kaufmani miiCnevs, rom Zveli aRTqmis
wignebSi gamovlenilia magiuri teqnikis Tavisebureba, rac imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom mas aRaraa aqvs miTologiuri bazisi, magiis aRsruleba
ZaluZs RvTis mier movlenil adamians. Ees aris ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli
niSani, romelic cxadyofs, rom bibliuri saswauli warmarTul
analogebTan SedarebiT sul sxva faseulobebzea orientirebuli (92, gv.
52-57).
rac Seexeba XII-XIII saukuneebs, aq ukve SesamCnevia garkveuli Zvrebi
`saswaulis~ gagebasTan dakavSirebiT. XII-XIII saukuneebSi adamiani xdeba
ufro metad optimisti, Aanarekli RvTiuri xatis, uflebamosili
gaagrZelos amqveynad msaxureba da amiT moipovos Tavisi xsna.
medievisti erix kioleri aRniSnavs, rom Suasaukuneebis
literaturaSi, kerZod kurtuazulSi, Cndeba survili TviTmyofadi,
damoukidebeli kulturis Seqmnisa, romelic misi interesebis sferoSi
iqneba da amave dros ar gaemijneba eklesias, romelic amave dros
aristokratiis interesebsac warmoadgenda. anu literatura, romelic am
periodSi iqmneba, Tavisufalia yovelgvari dogmisgan. igi Tavisufalia
Tavis poetur sityvaSi (96, gv. 144).
saswaulis Tema ganixiles TavianT naSromebSi cnobilma frangma
21
mkvlevarebma: Porion Danile _ Le Merveilleux dans la literature francaise au Moyen Age;
Kappler (Claude) _ Monstres, demons et merveilles a la fin du Moyen Age; Meslin (Michel)
_ Le Merveilleux. L’imaginaire et les croyences en Occident; Jacque Le Goff _ L’imaginaire
Medieval.
Sua saukuneebSi Camoyalibda saswaulis aRqmis anu misi
warmodgenis mimarT sxvadasxvagvari gageba. kerZod, erTmaneTis gverdiT
arsebobs samgvari saswauli:
Mirabilia _ qristianobamdeli saswauli;
Magikus _ saswauli, romelic magiasTan, borot ZalebTanaa dakavSirebuli;
Maricuousus _ qristianuli saswauli
(sqema warmodgenilia Jak le gofis wignSi moyvanili nimuSis mixedviT,
gv. 67).
cnobilia is faqti, rom wmindanis saxe Suasaukuneebis kulturaSi
Camoyalibda ara mxolod qristianuli SexedulebebiT, Aaramed garkveuli
gadamuSavebiT xalxuri fantaziidan, jadosnuri zRapridan,
folkloridan, warmarTuli Sexedulebebidan.
Cven SevecadeT warmogveCina, rogori fonia Seqmnili samecniero
literaturaSi saswaulis Temis gagebasTan dakavSirebiT, rogorc
qarTul, ise evropul, kerZod frangul literaturaSi.
N naSromis ZiriTadi mizania, erTi Temis, saswaulis Temis kvlevis
fonze warmoaCinos am Temis aqtualoba rogorc agiografiul, ise saero
literaturul ZeglebSi. Gganixilos Tu ra datvirTva hqonda am Temas
literaturuli nawarmoebebisaTvis, ra cvlileba ganicada sasuliero
mwerlobidan moyolebuli da ra saxiT gadavida is saero mwerlobaSi.
agiografiaSi damkvidrebuli tradiciuli saswaulebidan gamovyofT
ramodenime maTgans da SevecdebiT ganvixiloT swored is saswaulebi,
romelic damaxasiaTebelia, rogorc qristiani moRvawisaTvis, aseve
Suasaukuneebis romanis gmirisaTvis.
22
imisaTvis, rom ukeT gamoikveTos, Tu ra imemkvidra
Suasaukuneobrivma gmirma qristianuli wmindanis saxe-xasiaTisgan,
gamovyofT sakiTxTa sam rigs, romelTa farglebSic SevecdebiT
Suasaukuneebis tipur saswaulTa klasifikacias.
1. fizikuri Zalis hiperbolizacia da brZola ukeTur ZalebTan,
(eSmakTan, gveleSapTan...)
2. sneulTa gankurneba
3. cxovelTa samyarosTan urTierToba
N
23
1. fizikuri Zalis hiperbolizacia da brZola ukeTur ZalebTan
(eSmakTan, gveleSapTan...)
A agiografiul ZeglebSi wmindanTa Zala xSir SemTxvevaSi
hiperbolizirebulia. adamianis Zalis hiperbolizireba ki
damaxasiaTebeli iyo miTosuri samyarosaTvis. safiqrebelia, rom es
elementi miTosidan unda gadmosuliyo agiografiaSi, xolo
agiografiidan Suasaukuneebis saero literaturaSi.
marTalia, wmindanTa Zala hiperbolizirebulia, magram es ar aris
im tipis fizikuri Zalis floba, rasac floben miTosuri personaJebi.
wmindanTa Zliereba emyareba maT rwmenas da sulierebis im safexurs,
roca wmindani, wmindanobis garkveuls sazoms aRwevs, roca mas SeuZlia
daqanebuli lodi rwmenis ZaliT SeaCeros, eSmaki locviT gandevnos
adamianis sxeulidan, an sityvis ZaliT daimorCilos gveleSapi.
G `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~ grigoli moxseniebulia rogorc
`sawaulT-moqmedi~. Mmisi mowafeebic gamoirCevian saswaulmoqmedebiT.
erT-erTi maTgania grigolis mowafe zaqaria, romelmac uzarmazari
lodis dacemisagan ixsna monasteri da berebi. TxzulebaSi vkiTxulobT,
rom netari grigolis msgavsma `mRvdelT-mTavarman zaqaria ese saswaulni
qmnna: rameTu monastersa tbas axlos myofarsa mas gverdsa saSineli
lodi iZvroda da SiSisagan monazonni ivltodes TvisTa saxlTagan.
xolo zaqaria sasoebiT mdgomareman hrqva maT `xvalve ixiloT lodi ese
24
mdebare adgilsa, romelsa Cven ara gvevnos~ da iyo egre, rameTu yovlad
ver cnes mamaTa maT SeZrva misi. Dda xvalisa dRe mougonebelsa adgilsa,
sadaca hrqva wmindaman man, mun myarad idva~ (12, gv. 201).
Agrigoli jvris gamosaxviT SeaCerebs daqanebul Zels da
sikvdilisgan ixsnis moxucebul bers.
`Jamsa yinelisasa tyesa mas xanZTisasa STamoyrides Zelsa. Dda maT
Tana iyo netari grigoli. erTi Zma sakmaod moxucebuli `adgilsa Zelisa
savalsa ganvidoda da ZmaTa maT sxvaTa umecrad Zeli friad didi
ganuteves da viTarca ixila Zmaman man Zeli igi mZafrad mimavali
SeSinda Zalian da gaiqca. xma iyo didiTa xmiTa ` mamao Semewie!~ xolo
man jvari dawera Zels da uTxra; `saxeliTa qristesiTa dadeg, Zelo!~ da
sityvaman misman, viTarca kldeman uZravman, daayena adgilsa mas myafarsa
myinvarsa zeda moqanebuli saSinelad, da ubrZana Zmasa mas guldebulad
gansvla~ (12, gv. 187).
zaqarias ZaluZs Tavisi kverTxiT mosras mkali, romelic mosavals
ganadgurebas uqadis:
`odesme mkali uricxvi movida maxlobelad anCisa sazRvarsa, xolo
netarman episkoposman zaqaria wina miegeba kverTxi Tvisi mRdelTa
xeliTa da ufalman madlisTa monisa TvisisaiTa mosra simravle igi
mkalTa, romeli dahfarvida haersa mzisaisa~ (12, gv. 201).
`Sios da evagres cxovrebaSi~, wminda mamebis saswaulTmoqmedebis
Zala imdenad hiperbolizebulia, rom maT Zalauflebas emorCileba
bunebrivi da stiqiuri movlenebic ki.
nawarmoebSi vkiTxulobT, rom evagrem ixila, rogor mohqonda
mtreds sazrdeli wminda SiosTvis, romelic `mjdomare iyo quabsa Sina~.
mieaxla mas evagre da uTxra, cxovel ars ufali, ara dagiteo Senda
arca warvide saxed Cemda~. maSin Siom gadawyvita gamoecada misi rwmenis
simtkice da misca kverTxi da uTxra: `warved da kuerTxi ese Cemi Cayav
25
mtkvarsa, xolo igi gza-gcems da ganved Ãmelad da warved saxed Senda
da yovelive sacxovrebeli Seni ganage da warmoved da viTarca moiwio
mtkuarsa zeda, kualad Cayav kuerTxi Cemi da ukeTu gza-gces, moved
Cemda da ukeTu ara gza-gces, warved Sina, rameTu ara sTanavs RmerTsa
saqme ege, romelsa hlami~. Eevagre asec moiqca da `STayo kuerTxi igi
berisaÁ da wyalman gza sca da Ãmelad ganiara (46, gv. 220).A
ase gamoscada Siom evagres rwmenis simtkice, rac saswaulebrivi
qmedebiT aRibeWda nawarmoebSi.
sainteresoa is SemTxvevac, rom xSirad wminda mamebi Tavad
interesdebian, Tu wmindanobis ra sazoms aris `miwevnili~ misi esa Tu is
mowafe. amis magaliTia `Sios da evagres cxovrebis~ erTi epizodi.
Mmama ioanem moindoma raTa enaxa Tavisi mowafeni, Tu wmindanobis
`romelsa sazomsa miwevnul arian~ da moiTxova sasmeli. moarTva mas
elia diakonma Wiqa da misca bers, xolo netarma berma uTxra, pirvelad
episkoposma ilocoso. wminda iovanem aiRo `WiqaÁ igi da dadga viTarca
myarsa queyansa zeda. Dda viTar myovar Jam epyra WiqaÁ igi haersa Sina.~
wminda Siom aiRo `nakerCxali da daikriba nebsa zeda marjuenasa
SiSuelsa da daasxa sakumeveli mas zeda da aRuteva sakumevelman suli
surneli da iwyo mokumevad da ukumia mun myofTa.
winaSe RmerTisa araraÁ SeuZlebel ars da misi ars sakÂrvelT
moqmedebaÁ ese~, Aambobs Sio (46, gv. 223).
N nawarmoebis erT epizodSi wmida mamebi miadgnen mdinare qsans.
wmida Siom RvTismSobels mimarTa `moved Cem zeda, wmidao dedofalo,
SewevnaÁ Sengan SobilisaÁ, raÁTa wyali ese daguemorCilos. Dda viTar
myovar Jam iloca da merme ganyo kuerTxi romeli aqunda ÃelTa, da
Tqua: saxeliTa uflisa Cuenisa iesu qristesiTa gety Sen, wyalo
Semoudeg kuerTxsa amas Cemsa~. xolo queyanaÁ igi uqmi iyo, daRmrdeboda,
viTarca kuerTxi igi mieTria da wyali ukuana mividoda. Dda esreT
26
miiyvana saydarsa wmidisa dedoflisasa wilkans~ (iqve, gv. 224). es
saswauli amgvaradaa axsnili _ Sios xelT aqvs saswaulebrivi kverTxi
da am ukanasknelis Sexebam iqonia zegavlena dinebaze da gaukafa gza
evagres.
nawarmoebis avtori iqve Seasxams qebas wminda mamebs da ambobs: `eha
didebuli sakÂrveli, rameTu kacTa miwisaganTa wyalnica daemorCilebian!
erTi haersa warmoadginebs msaxurad da meore cecxlisa bunebasa
daSrets da warsdevnis mÃurvalebasa missa, sxuaÁ wyalsa da miwisa
bunebasa daimorCilebs~ (iqve, gv. 224).
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi wmindanis Zala
hiperbolizirebulia da es miTosidan unda iyos gadmosuli
agiografiaSi. aqve davsZenT imasac, rom qristianis TvalTaxedviT,
wmindani, romelsac xelewifeba saswaulis Cadena, yovlisSemZlea da
wmindanebic, iseve rogorc miTologiuri gmirebi ebrZvian borot Zalebs,
romelnic qristianul RvTismetyvelebaSi ukve erTi saxelis qveS arian
gaerTianebulni: eSmaki, demoni. zogierT SemTxvevaSi wmindani
gveleSapsac ebrZvis. msgavsi epizodebi gvxvdeba rogorc qristianul
ZeglebSi, aseve ikonografiaSic, amaze qvemoT visaubrebT. Aaxla ki
yuradRebas SevaCerebT ukeTur Zalebze, romlebic wmindanebs ebrZvian da
romelTac wmindani RvTis SewevniT da locviT amarcxebs.
rodesac grigolisa da misi mowafeebis dauRalavi Sromis Sedegad
xanZTa aRorZinda, movida iq didi meudabnoe mama miqeli, romelic
daemkvidra parexs da martodmyofi msaxurebda ufals. `xolo mteri
eSmaki iglovda friad, rameTu xedvida wmidaTa kacTa ganmravlebiTa
Jamisa Tvisisa Semoklebasa da miqelisaTvis didsa saucrebasa cxadad da
farulad hyofda~, magram mama miqeli qristes SemweobiT advilad
amarcxebda yovelgvar aseT mcdelobas. erTxel, rodesac mama miqeli
ganSorebuli iyo Tavis senaks da idga maRal kldeze, `kadnier iqmna mis
27
zeda beliar da simaRlisa misgan gardamoagdo qve. `xolo daicva igi
uflis Zalam da igi sruliad uvnebeli wamodga. M mama grigols mainc
acnobes amis Sesaxeb da igi saCqarod mivida Zmis dasaxmareblad `uflis
SewevniT `ganamxno igi suliTa`. Ggrigolma aRmarTa ori Zelis jvari mis
safarvelad da gansaoteblad mterTa da uTxra miqels: `uSiSad iyav
SewevniTa wmidisa samebisaiTa da ZaliTa patiosnisa jvarisaiTa. xolo
ukueTu warhvlo, kvalad ganicado uZviresad pirvelisa~ (12, gv 168).
A ase ebrZvian wminda mamebi borot da ukeTur Zalebs, romelTac an
locviT devnian, an pirjvris gadaweriT. marTalia, am saswauls wmindani
uflis daxmarebiT sCadis, magram xSiria iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca ufali
Tavad gvevlineba wmindanis mcvelad da wmindanis augad moxsenieba, an
masTan dapirispireba wmindanis Carevis gareSe mTavrdeba ukeTur ZalTa
damarcxebiT. ukeTur ZalaSi SeiZleba vigulisxmoT am SemTxvevaSi
rogorc uwminduri Zala, ise ukeTuri adamiani, romelic xels aiRebs
wmindanis mosaklavad, arad Caagdebs mis sityvas da a.S.
G`grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~Naris erTi aseTi epizodi: netari
epifane mkis dros did abulasads eaxla da roWiki iTxova xanZTisaTvis,
razedac Tanxmoba miiRo. rasac erTi dRis ganmavloba sulieri Zmebi
momkidnen, maT sakuTrebaSi darCeboda. Ddaiwyes Zmebma mka, magram
ukeTurma kacebma dedofals acnobes, rom `sruliad mohmkian vidre
mwuxradmde ifqlsa mas friad keTilsa~-o, dedofalma saswrafod
gagzavna msaxurebi da mosTxova berebs SeCerebuliyven, magram epifanem
da misma Zmebma yurad ar iRes danabarebi, ganrisxebulma dedofalma sxva
kacebi wargzavna da `mZlavrebiT gansxnes yanisa misagan~ wminda mamebi.
EmaSin epifanem Tqva: `ufalo, Seundve mxevalsa Sensa Cueni ese
Seuracxeba da umjobesi izrunve misTvis gansacdelTa miSvebiTa mcired,
raTa iswaos ara gmoba glaxakTa~.
D da uecrad dedofali `dasca igi sulman ukeTurman, rameTu
28
kadnierebisa misTvis ganeSora suli madlisa~. es ambavi saswrafod
acnobes epifanes. da saSvelad mouxmes. igi Tavis sulier ZmebTan erTad
gaeSura dedoflis sanaxavad, maT iloces sneulisTvis da `igi mswrafl
ganikurna~ im dRidan moyolebuli `keTilad Seicvala da Seuvrda
epifanes da ZmaTa maT~ (12, gv. 184).
aseTive uCveulobiT gamoirCeva cqiris epizodi, romelic grigol
xanZTelis dauZinebel mtrad aris moxseniebuli nawarmoebSi, igi
grigolis mosaklavad wargzavnis erT ukeTur kacs.
netari mama grigoli marto modioda xanZTas da Tan locvebs
ambobda. maSin didi saswauli ixila grigolis mosaklavad gagzavnilma
kacma, `sveti naTlisa friad brwyinvale cad aRwevnuli hfarvida mas. Dda
iyo Tavsa missa jvari TvalSeudgami garemo misa cisartyelisa saxed~.
aseTi didebis naxvis Semdeg, kaci SiSma da Zrwolam Seipyro `dahsxdnen
ZarRvni mklavTa misTani da zarisa misgan didisa dacemuli idva
qveyanasa zeda. SeSinebuli evedreboda mama grigols, Seminde da
ganmkurneo. maSin wminda grigolma jvari daswera da gankurna igi~ (12, gv.
203).
magram cqiris borotebas sazRvari ara aqvs, igi siZulviliTaa
aRsavse da rodesac mama grigolma da deda febroniam gankveTes igi
mRvdelT-moZRvarTa pativisagan, cqiri Tbiliss gaemarTa sahak amirasTan
da misi SemweobiT da mZlavrebiT kvlav daipyro anCis taZari. `Sekriba
eri anCisa da waravlina darRvevad xanZTisa~ maSin uTxra maT mama
grigolma: `Svilno dro meciT me da ZmaTa CemTa vidre SuadRemde, raTa
wmidasa Sina eklesiasa vyoT vedreba winaSe qristesa da SeviwioT wminda
giorgi da yovelni wmidani da yos ufalman saswaul keTil~. xolo maT
ismines moxucebulis sityva, `rameTu exilvnes misgan saswaulni~. RmerTma
Seiwyala maTi locva da wminda angelozis saxiT auwya, rom `saRmrTo
Surisgeba ewia borotsa mas mtersa Tqvensa. Dda aha moiwios qadagi,
29
viTarmed: mokvda igi~ (iqve, gv. 204). gamovida mama grigoli da auwya
SekrebilT, nu SegeSindebaT Tqveni warmomgzavneli cqiri ukve mkvdaria,
ufalma risxviT mokla igio. AaseT ucnaur viTarebaSi moakvdina uflis
xelma boroti cqiri.
rodesac ama Tu im gmirze veranairi msjeloba ver axdens
zegavlenas, am dros agiografi avtori xSirad mimarTavs saswauls,
rogorc yvelaze WeSmarit mtkicebulebas, romlis xilvis Semdeg, moqmedi
gmiri Tmobs Tavis pozicias. javaxeTis saeklesio krebaze, sadac arsenis
gakaTolikosebis sakiTxi unda gadawyvetiliyo, guarami sastikad
daupirispirda arsenis kandidaturas, miuxedavad imisa, rom grigol
xanZTeli mis mxardamWerad iTvleboda. Yyvela eloda grigolis
gamoCenas, rogorc udidesi avtoritetis da maT ixiles SaravandediT
Semkuli momavali grigoli, saswaulis xilvam ganaiaraRa guarami da man
maSinve daTmo sakuTari pozicia, ixila ra RvTaebrivi saswauli.
`wminda daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi~ vkiTxulobT, rom wminda
daviTis mosaklavd xmali aiRo vinme `barbarozman man hunesa
mjdomareman~ da `meyseulad SehÃma igi da iqmna viTarca SeSaÁ.~ maSin
mixvda igi Tavis ugunurebas, davarda wminda mamis winaSe da evedreboda
mitevebas. maSin Seiwyala netarma igi da Seaxo ra xeli `meyseulad
ganikurna igi SewevniTa RmrTisaÁTa (47, gv. 235)
M moxmobili epizodebidan wmindani fizikuri ZaliT ar
upirispirdeba arc erT mowinaaRmdeges, es ar xdeba arc maSin, roca
wmindans gzaze EeRobeba iseTi Zlieri cxoveli, rogoric aris gveleSapi.
wmindanisa da gveleSapis dapirispirebis epizodebi qarTul
agiografiul ZeglebSi naklebad, magram mainc gvxvdeba. sanam uSualod
movixmobT am epizodebs, unda mivuTiToT, rom drakoni anu urCxuli, anu
gveleSapi, aris erT-erTi ZiriTadi personaJi mravali miTisa Tu zRapris.
30
MmiTebi gmirisa da urCxulis saswaulebriv Serkinebaze arsebobs TiTqmis
yvela xalxis miTologiasa Tu zRaparSi.
D gveleSapis saxe agiografiul cxovrebebSi miTologiidan unda
gadmosuliyo, Tumca arc bibliisaTvis aris ucxo gveleSapis mier
adamianis gadaylapva. iona winaswarmetyveli, romelsac RvTis brZanebiT,
ninevelebisTvis unda euwyebina, rom daiRupebodnen, Tu codvebs ar
moinaniebdnen, ar daemorCila uflis brZanebas, ar moisurva israelis
mtrebisaTvis eqadagebina da gaqceva ganizraxa. zRvaSi gasulT Tavs
qariSxali daatyda, am qariSxalis mizezi ki iona iyo, romelmac RvTis
sityvas gadauxvia. igi zRvaSi gadaagdes da uzarmazarma Tevzma
gadaylapa, sami dRe-Rame iyo RvTis rCeuli gveleSapis mucelSi, bolos
ufalma Seiwyala da Tevzmac napirze gamoriya igi (28, gv. 56). daaxloebiT
aseTive siuJets vxvdebiT berZnul miTologiaSic, unda aRiniSnos, rom
berZnuli miTologia mravlad icnobs urCxulmebrZol gmirebs.
erTi gadmocemiT, troelTa mefem, laobedinma, Tavisi asuli
hezione kldes miajaWva, raTa msxverplad Seewira poseidonis zRvis
urCxulisaTvis, romelic mosvenebas ar aZlevda mis qveyanas. Hherkulesma,
romelmac Tvali mohkra mSvenier asuls, gadawyvita misi xsna, SeebrZola
saSinel urCxuls da daamarcxa igi, marTalia, urCxulma gadaylapa
herkulesi, magram sami dRis Semdeg man SeZlo Tavi daeRwia sazareli
cxovelisTvis da gareT gamosuliyo (74, gv. 231). Mmsgavsi saxecvlilebiT
es epizodi gvxvdeba qarTul `amiranianSic~ da `wminda giorgis
cxovrebis~ zogierT redaqciaSi, sadac wmindani swored mefis asulis
gamosaxsnelad Seebmeba urCxuls.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, qarTuli folklori, iseve rogorc sxva
qveynebis folklori, araa gamonaklisi da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom drakoni,
igive gveleSapi, qarTuli zRapris popularuli personaJia. igi
borotebis gansaxierebaa, mravalTaviani, cecxlis mfrqveveli, basr-
31
kbilebiani urCxuli, romelic boroti misiiTa da mavne funqciiT
upirispirdeba keTil gmirebs. zRaprebsa da legendebSi igi ukavSirdeba
wylis stiqias da xSirad gvevlineba sasmeli wylis mimtaceblad,
romelic wylis safasurad adamians Txoulobs. rogorc sikeTisa da
sinaTlis mteri, igi STanTqavs mzes da mziur gmirebs. Mmas mavne
funqciaSi xSirad enacvleba devi (43, gv. 98).
cnobili mecnieris n. maris gamokvleviT, veSapi, borot gvels,
gveleSaps aRniSnavs, magram mas zogjer Tevzis mniSvneloba aqvs. rogorc
mecnieri ganmartavs, termini viSap anu veSapi kavkasiuri warmoSobisaa da
RvTaebis saxels warmoadgens (69, gv. 101).
qarTul folklorSi boroti gveleSapis saxe warmogvidgeba
`amiranianSi~. Aamirans sam gveleSapTan mouxda SebrZoleba, man daindo
devis Tavidan amosuli Wiebi, romlebic Semdeg gveleSapebad iqcnen da
mas daupirispirdnen. berZnuli herkulesis msgavsad, gveleSapmac
gadaylapa amirani, magram gmirma moaxerxa Tavis daRweva da misi
damarcxeba.
aseve gvxvdeba jadosnuri, (saswaulebrivi) nivTebis mcveli
gveleSapi, magram boroteba anu urCxuli miTologiasa da zRaparSi
yovelTvis marcxdeba an ZaliT, an moxerxebiT.
Aqristianul literaturaSi ki zogierTi gamonaklisis garda,
wmindanebi sityviT imorCileben gveleSapebs. aqve unda aRvniSnoT isic,
rom qristesa da qristianobisTvis brZolaSi, zogierT SemTxvevaSi,
qristianuli moRvawe warmodgenilia rogorc urCxulebTan mebrZoli,
uSiSari gmiri, romelic amarcxebs amqveyniur borotebas, urCxuls,
gveleSaps.
sayovelTaod cnobilia wminda mxedrebis saxe qristianul
literaturaSi, romelic warmoadgens erTgvar saxecvlilebas
32
miTologiuri gmirisas. wminda mxedari gvevlineba, rogorc qristes
samsaxurSi Camdgari moRvawe, romelic mzadaa yovelgvari gansacdeli
daiTminos qristianobis samsaxurSi.
cnobili mecnieri s. kakabaZe aRniSnavs, rom X saukunis saraindo
organizaciaSi mTavar wmindanad miRebuli iyo wminda giorgi. dasavleT
evropaSi raindad dalocva xdeboda RvTis, wminda miqel
mTavarangelozis da wminda giorgis saxeliT. Mmkvlevari iqve ganmartavs,
rom saqarTvelos eklesiaSi miRebuli iyo miqel-gabriel mTavar
angelozTa da wminda giorgis kulti (gansakuTrebiT es ukanaskneli) (20,
gv. 195).
berZnul eklesiaSi wminda mxedrebis jgufi ase formirdeba: wminda
giorgi, Teodore, demetre, prokofe da merkuri, maTgan yvelaze
popularulia wminda giorgi.
maT mxedrebi ewodaT qristesa da qristianobisTvis gaweuli
samsaxurisaTvis, isini uiaraRo mebrZolebi arian da amave dros wminda
mxedrebi, aseTi gansazRvreba misca qristianobis dacvis samsaxurSi myof
mxedrebs cnobilma mkvlevarma delaim (85, gv. 13).
agiografiul TxzulebebSi, iseve rogorc folklorSi, gveleSapis
damarcxeba mxolod metafora ar aris, qristianul legendebSi
gvelTmebrZolebi simbolurad ganasaxiereben brZolas borotebis
winaaRmdeg.
sainteresoa isic, rom arc qarTuli agiografiaa am mxriv
gamonaklisi, kerZod, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gveleSapis saxes icnobs
qarTuli agiografiuli mwerlobac. marTalia, wmindani umetesad ebrZvis
demons, eSmaks, magram borotebis gansaxiereba SeiZleba iyos gveleSapic,
romlis damarcxeba da damorCileba wmindans xelewifeba.
`daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi~, gvxvdeba aseTi epizodi:
parexis qvemoT, sadac imyofebodnen wminda daviT garejeli da
33
lukiane, `iyofeboda veSapi didi da sazareli, romelsa esxnes Tualni
sisxlis ferni da rqaÁ iyo Sublsa da missa~. erT dRes Seipyro veSapma
erTi nukri da SeWama, SeSinebulma irmebma daviTTan miirbines saSvelad.
gamovida daviTi da ÃelTa aqunda kuerTxi. Ddainaxa veSapi da uTxra: `
boroto veSapo, rad mavnebel eqmen iremTa CuenTa, romelni momcna
RmerTman nugeSinissacemelad uZlurebasa ÃorcTa CuenTasa? Aaw gamoved
adgilTa magiT da warved SorTa udabnoTa, da ukueTu ara ismino Cemi,
ZaliTa uflisa Cuenisa iesu qristesiTa CemiTa amiT kuerTxiTa muceli
Seni ganvxeTqo da saWmel matlTa gyo Sen~ (47, gv. 232).
SeSinebulma veSapma upasuxa, nu Semrisxav wmida mamao, `aRmomyev
Tavadmde amis mTisa da Tavs-mdeb meqmen, raÁTa ara miaqcivne Tualni
Senni Cemgan, vidre ara STavide wyalsa mas, romeli dis samxriT kerZo
mTisa amis, rameTu meSinis me mexis-texisagan da miT ver gamoval me~.
wminda daviTi dapirda, rom asec moiqceoda. igi win gauZRva veSaps
da Tan fsalmuns kiTxulobda. `xolo slvasa mas veSapisasa lodni igi
mis adgilisani iryeodes~. wminda daviTi avida mTis mwvervalmde. `xolo
veSapma iwyo swrafad slva~. Aam dros uflis angelozma dauZaxa daviTs
`da mixedvasa mas missa veSapsa mas eca mexi da daiwua igi sruliad. maSin
viTarca ixila ese wmidaman daviT, Sewuxda Zalian da Tqva: ufalo,
ratom mokali is veSapi, `rameTu sasoebiT mondobil iyo igi Cemda, xolo
Sen sastikad warswymide igi?~
U uflis angelozma ki upasuxa: `raÁsa mwuxare xar, saTnoo uflisa
Cuenisa iesu qristeso? rameTu ukeTumca STasrul iyo veSapi isi wyalTa
Sina, mier warvida zRuaTa Sina da mas Sina TevzTa WamiTa gandidneboda
friad da mravalTa navTa daaqcevda zRuaTa Sina da mravalTa sulTa
warswymedda wyalTa Sina. Dda nu mwuxare xar misTÂs~ (47, gv. 232).
sainteresoa es epizodi imiTac, rom aqamde, wminda mamebi ukeTur
Zalebs upirispireben locvas, nakurTx wyals, magram arsad ar gvxvdeba
34
raime iaraRiT `aRWurvili~ wmindani. MmarTalia, kverTxi ar SeiZleba
iaraRad miviCnioT, magram sainteresoa is faqti, rom am SemTxvevaSi
wminda daviTi kverTxs iyenebs rogorc iaraRs, romliTac emuqreba
dapirispirebul borot Zalas _ `ukueTu ara ismino Cemi, ZaliTa uflisa
Cuenisa iesu qristesiTa CemiTa amiT kuerTxiTa muceli Seni ganvxeTqo da
saWmel matlTa gyo Sen~ (iqve, gv. 232). Uunda SevniSnoT, rom wmindanis
saxe metad realistur aspeqtSia daxatuli.
`grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSic~ gvxvdeba iseTi epizodi, sadac
mRvdelT-mTavari zaqaria locvis ZaliT klavs or saSinel veSaps.
`kvalad orni saSinelni veSapi gamoCndes anCisa venaxsa da mevenaxeni
ivltodes. xolo zaqaria locviTa moakvdinna igini da kacni igi
sixaruliT hmadlobdes qristesa~ (12, gv. 201).
Aam epizodSi saintereso is momentia, rom zaqaria locviT ki ar
imorCilebs veSapebs, aramed locviT klavs maT. aseTi SemTxvevebi Zalian
cotaa dasavlur wmindanTa cxovrebebSi.
DSeuZlebelia ar davasaxeloT iakob voraginelis `oqros legenda~.
rogorc cnobilia, XIII saukuneSi moRvaweobda genueli episkoposi, iakob
voragineli, romelmac Seagrova wmindanTa cxovrebani. udidesi
popularobis gamo, am krebuls daerqva `oqros legenda~ (laT. Legenda
Aurea) masSi Sesulia dasavleT evropis yvelaze popularuli wmindanTa
cxovrebani. AaRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom es wigni iyo erT-erTi
gamorCeuli wigni SuasaukuneebSi, romelic bibliis Semdeg, udidesi
popularobiT sargeblobda. eWvs gareSea, rom informaciuli wyaro
`oqros legendisTvis~, aris miTosuri gadmocemebi (109, gv. 43-50).
am krebulSi Sesuli legendebi CvenTvis sainteresoa imiT, rom aq
wmindani gvevlineba rogorc drakonebTan mebrZoli gmiri, romelic
ebrZvis am miTologiur arsebebs da amarcxebs maT uiaraRod.
moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTs:
35
`wminda giorgis cxovrebaSi~ vkiTxulobT, rom wminda giorgi
erTxel qalaq selenSi mivida, romlis macxovreblebi saSineli
drakonisgan itanjebodnen, romelic msxverplad patara bavSvebs
Txoulobda. wminda giorgi dapirda xalxs, rom gaaTavisuflebda maT am
tanjvisagan im pirobiT, Tu es ukanasknelni Semdeg gaqristiandebodnen.
saSinel brZolaSi, wminda giorgim daamarcxa drakoni da moutana
Sewuxebul mosaxleobas simSvide.
`wminda marTas cxovrebaSi~ aRwerilia, rom erT mdinaresTan
cxovrobda uzarmazari drakoni, naxevrad mxeci, naxevrad Tevzi. Mmas
hqonda lomis Tavi da gvelis kudi. is imaleboda zRvebSi da Ziravda
gemebs. Mmosaxleoba Sewuxebuli iyo am saSineli mxecisgan, magram misi
damamarcxebeli aravin iyo. mxolod wminda marTam SeZlo misi damarcxeba
pirjvris gadaweriT. Semdeg nakurTxi wyali apkura da drakonic uceb
morCili da damjeri gaxda.
`wminda silvestris cxovrebis~ mixedviT vgebulobT, rom romis
maxloblad cxovrobda drakoni, romelmac uamravi adamiani imsxerpla.
wminda silvestrs gamoecxada wminda petre, romelmac STaagona wmindans
waekiTxa locva drakonisTvis, wmindanic ase moiqca da drakoni locvis
wakiTxvis Semdeg daemorCila mas (109, gv. 332).
moyvanili epizodebidan, wmindanebi, garda wminda giorgis
SemTxvevisa, mxolod imorCileben gveleSapebs da uwyinar cxovelebad
aqceven maT.
Qqristianuli drakologia ZiriTadad efuZneba cecxlismfrqveveli
da Sxamiani urCxulis iobis wigniseul aRweras, Semdgom ki im simbolur
mniSvnelobas, rac drakonma apokalifsSi miiRo, gveleSapi, gveli
bibliaSi gvxvdeba iobis wignSi (26, 13) esaia winaswarmetyvelTan (esaia 27,
1; 51, 9), ioane winaswarmetyvelTan (iona 2, 1), Ddaniel winaswarmetyvelTan
(danieli 14, 22-28), fsalmunebSi (73, 13-14; 90, 13). GgveleSapi yvelgan
36
borotebas ganasaxierebs.
Aamgvarad, agiografiul ZeglebSi wmindanis Zala xSir SemTxvevaSi
hiperbolizebulia, rac savaraudod, miTologiidan unda iyos gadmosuli.
qristianis TvalTaxedviT, saswaulis Camdeni wmindani yovlisSemZlea.
igi miTologiuri gmiris msgavsad ebrZvis borot Zalebs, romlebic erTi
saxelis qveS arian gaerTianebulni _L demoni, eSmaki. zogierT
SemTxvevaSi ki gveleSapi, romelsac wmindani xan sityviT, xan ki
maxviliT uswordeba. gveleSapis mokvla ki agiografiul ZeglebSi
saswauladaa kvalificirebuli, romelsac wmindani uflis daxmarebiT
axorcielebs.
37
2. sneulTa gankurneba
sainteresoa is faqti, rom xSirad, rodesac wmindanebi gankurnebis
saswauls axdenen, es gankurnebac erTgvar brZoladaa moazrebuli
ukeTur sulTan, radgan wmindani avadmyofis sxeulidan devnis eSmaks,
romelic dauflebulia mis sxeuls. morwmuneTa TvalSi, yvelaze
amaRlebul niSnad iTvleboda wmindanis unari ganekurna morwmune.
Ggankurnebis saswauli ufro metad socialuri daniSnulebis iyo.
sagulisxmoa is faqtic, rom wmindanTa cxovrebaSi aRweril
saswaulTagan yvelaze meti swored gankurnebis saswaulze modis.
Suasaukuneebis qristianisTvis wmindani iyo yovlisSemZle,
universaluri mkurnali. warmarTul folklorSi aris rwmena
Zliermoqmed saSualebebze, jado-wamali, romelic kurnavda yovelgvar
Wrilobebs da avadmyofobas, acocxlebda mkvdrebs `sicocxlis balaxiT~,
rwmena `wminda qvebiT~ gakeTebuli amuletebis da a.S. magram qristianuli
saswauli, romelsac ZaluZs davrdomilTa gankurneba, brmaTaTvis Tvalis
axela, mkvdarTa gacocxleba, emyareba upiratesad uflis rwmenas,
gankurneba xdeba uflis SemweobiT.
wmindanTa saflavebis da wminda nawilebis saswaulmoqmedeba qmnida
survils axali saswaulisas da xels uwyobda Seeqmna iseTi atmosfero
saswaulis wyurvilisa, romelSic cxovrobda mTeli Suasaukuneobrivi
samyaro.
Ooficialuri Teologia wmindanTa SesaZleblobebs, CaedinaT
38
saswauli, xsnida imiT, rom maTze gadmodioda RvTiuri madli (Gratia Dei).
`SuSanikis wamebaSi~, avtori naTlad warmogviCens SuSanikis
saswaulmoqmed adamianad gardaqmnis process. sicocxleSi wmindanad
aRiarebuli dedofali, qristianuli moZRvrebis SemweobiT unayofoebs
Svilierebas aniWebda, sneulebs hkurnavda, brmebs Tvalis sinaTles
ubrunebda. `da mieriTgan ganiTqua yovelsa qarTlsa saqmÀ misi. Dda
movidodes mamani da dedani aRnaTquemTa Sesawiravad da, raÁ vis uÃmda,
miemadleboda wmidiTa locviTa netarisa SuSanikisiTa, romelsa
moscemda mas kacTmoyvare RmerTi: uSviloTa Svili, sneulTa kurnebaÁ,
brmaTa TualTa aRxilvebaÁ~ (15, gv. 34).
`evstaTi mcxeTelis wamebaSi~, Txzulebis anonimi avtori gvamcnobs,
rom sasjelis aRsrulebamde, mowamem Tavad SesTxova qristes `aqundes
madli da kurnebaÁ ZualTa CemTao~. EevstaTis es survili misi
dakrZalvis Semdgom asrulda. Aavtori ambobs, rom `vidre aqamomdis
iqmnebian kurnebani sneulTani madliTa uflisa Cvenisao~ (27, gv. 57).
`ioane zaedaznelis cxovrebaSi~ vkiTxulobT, rom masTan miiyvanes
`eSmakeuli friad guemuli, romeli sityuadca ver SemZlebel iyo. Dda
ixila igi da Seewyala. Mmiugo wmidaman iovane da hrqua: `sulo ukeTuro,
raÁsa stanjav magas, rameTu micemul ars Senda adgili udabnoÁ da
urwyuli. gety Sen saxeliTa uflisa Cuenisa iesu qristesiTa, ganved
kacisa magisgan!~ xolo igi brZanebisave Tana missa ganvida. Dda ganikurna
kaci igi (48, gv. 217).
`grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~ aris Semdegi epizodi: iyo erTi
mdidari kaci anWkoras, romelsac erqva werta, romelsac hyavda
dabadebidan yru-munji asuli, cameti wlis iyo igi, rodesac dedamiss
esizmra, rom epifane gamoecxada da uTxra, kaci warmogzavne da `xelTa
Cemi nabani movsce Senda da asv igi asulsa Sensa da scxe Tavsa missa da
gankurnos igi qristeman vnebaTa misTagan~. qali asec moiqca. asuli sami
39
dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi mZinare iyo da rodesac gaiRviZa Tqva: `dideba
RmerTsa da wmidasa samebasa, romelman locviTa netarisa mamisa
epifanesiTa ganmkurna da mixsna me eSmakisagan~ (12, gv. 220).
erTxel mama grigolTan erTma dedakacma ori wlis Svili moiyvana,
`romlisa xelni da ferxni mterisagan mixvmul iyvnes da piri
garemiqceul iyo~ movida qali da tiriliT evedreboda mama grigols.
Svilis gankurnebas wmidans Seebrala qali da iloca misTvis `romelica
saxvil mxdomsa eqmnnes, rameTu kacTagan uxilavad Seswvida mZlavrsa mas
ukeTursa eSmaksa locvani grigolisni da ganiotebdes mas.
maSin Tqva wminda mamam; saxeli qristesi gangxdis, eSmako, ganeSore
ukunisamde CCvilsa amisagan umankoisa da dawera jvari (iqve, gv. 188).
maSinve ganSorda mas boroti suli da ganikurna sruliad is yrma.
didi epifane, romelic iyo grigolis mowafe `cremlTa daTxeviTa
sulTa ukeTurTa gansxmida da sneulTa mswrafl ganhkurnebda da
mravalTa sxvaTa saswaulTa iqmoda.. morwmuneTa locviTa sikvdilisagan
ixsnida~ (iqve, gv. 182).
Aamgvarad, zogadad unda aRiniSnos is, rom wmindanTa cxovrebaSi
aRweril saswaulTagan yvelaze meti swored gankurnebis saswaulze
modis. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sneulTa gankurneba. wmindanis mxridan,
erTgvar brZolas warmoadgens ukeTur ZalebTan, wmindans xSirad uxdeba
avadmyofis sxeulidan eSmakis, boroti sulis gandevna. Suasaukuneebis
qristianis TvalSi ki wmindani aris swored yovlisSemZle da
universaluri mkurnali, romelsac ZaluZs morwmuneTa gankurneba
rogorc sicocxleSi, aseve sicocxlis Semdegac.
40
3. cxovelTa samyarosTan urTierToba
rogorc k. kekeliZe SeniSnavs, `cxovelTa motivi~ agiografiul
mwerlobaSi metad aqtualuria. aseTi Temebis damuSavebisas, agiografebi
garkveuli tendenciebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen: maT surdaT amgvari
faqtebiT eCvenebinaT qristianuli moralis sidiade (25, gv. 166).
wmindanebisa da cxovelebisa urTierTobas sainteresod asaxaven
agiografi avtorebi. xSir SemTxvevaSi cxovelebi emorCilebian da
msaxuroben wmindanebs. wmindans SeuZlia iseTi mZvinvare cxoveli,
rogoricaa _ lomi, daTvi Tu mgeli, morCilebaSi amyofos da Tavis
nebas dauqvemdebaros.
`ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi~ vkiTxulobT, rom erT dRes netari
elia diakoni mivida wyarosTan wylis asaRebad da dainaxa didi da
saSineli daTvi. Ggaiqca SeSinebuli da `uTxra ese ambavi ioanes. ioane
mivida da etyoda daTusa ese _ ukeTu ara gisuams wyali ege, su da
vidode~ daTvic daemorCila `viTarca megobari tkbilad metyuelsa~ da
gaecala iqaurobas (48, gv.168)
erTxel jurRmulSi Cavarda wmindani, garSemo mSieri lomebi
exveodnen, Tumc `ver ikadrebdes mxecni igi Sexebad misa, aramed
loSnides ferxTa misTa~ (48, gv. 215)
`Sios da evagres cxovrebis~ mixedviT, roca berebis dauRalavi
Sromis Sedegad ufro gaizarda samonastro mSenebloba, meti saxedrebi
dasWirdaT samonastro samuSaoebSi dasaxmareblad da moamravles kidec
isini, magram iq tyiani adgili iyo, mgeli xSirad itacebda pirutyvs.
41
maSin Siom locviT mouwoda mxecebs. `xolo locvasave missa Tana
yovelni igi mÃecni movides winaSe berisa da hrqua maT: raÁsaTÂs
mavnebel eqmnebiT karaulTa imaTa CuenTasa? Aaw gety Tquen saxeliTa
uflisa Cuenisa iesu qristesiTa, warvediT areTagan amaT Soris, xolo
erTi oden dadegin sadideblad RmrTisa Cuenisa, raÁTa adidebdes
karaulTa imaTa CuenTasa. maSinve yvela mgeli ganerida im adgils.
Mmxolod erTi mgeli dadga mowiwebiT da uTxra wminda berma _ `aZoebde
karaulTa CuenTa, viTarca mwyemsi keTili, raÁTa amiT ukmouzRo, romel
Segiwuxebian Zmani ese Cemni da sazrdel Senda iyos, romliTaca Cuen
vizardebiT.. xolo mgeli igi iqmna morCil, viTarca monaÁ~ da amis
Semdgom arcerTi saxedari ar dakargula im midamoebSi (46, gv. 220-221).
A agiografia icnobs iseT SemTxvevebsac, rodesac wmindani da lomi
erTmaneTs umegobrdebian. Mmag. G`gerasime wiaRiordanelis cxovreba~,
sadac wmindanis mier moSinaurebuli lomi beris saxedars uvlis, magram
SemTxveviT am saxedars meqaravne waiyvans da Sercxvenili lomi
morCilebiT asrulebs wmindanis sasjels, kisrulobs saxedris funqcias
da moaqvs mdinaridan wyali, sanam ar poulobs dakargul saxedars (25,
gv. 104-105).
`daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi~, amgvari epizodia moyvanili,
nadirobisas barbarozma `miuteva qori kakabsa maxlobelad adgilsa mas,
sada ilocvida wmidaÁ daviT. da kakabica igi miivltoda berisa da dajda
igi ferÃTa Tana misTa, xolo qori maxlobelad misa. da ese iqmna
gangebiTa RmrTisaÁTa~ (47, gv. 234).
RvTis gangebam mouvlina daviT garejelsa da mis moswavle
lukianes irmebi, raTa maTTvis sazrdo gaeCina udabur adgilas.
wmindanisa da cxovelis amgvari urTierToba saswaulis niSniTaa
aRbeWdili, aris SemTxvevebi, roca cxoveli adamianuri eniT elaparakeba
42
wmindans. marTalia, es saswaulebrivi garemo agiografiul nawarmoebs
zRaprul garemosTan aaxlovebs, magram morwmune mkiTxvelisTvis es
utyuar da WeSmarit faqts warmoadgens.
Eunda SevniSnoT isic, rom es Tema imdenad popularuli da
saintereso gamxdara, rom daviT garejis samonastro kompleqsis
moxatulobaSic upovia asaxva. rogorc S. amiranaSvili aRniSnavs, daviT
garejelis cxovrebis cikls qarTul mxatvrobaSi iseTive adgili
uWiravs, rogorc italiur xelovnebaSi wminda francisk asizelis
cxovrebas. daviT garejeli mfarvelobas uwevda frinvelebsa da irmebs,
man gandevna veSapi, es epizodebi garejis udabnos kedlis mxatvrobaSia
gamosaxuli (6, gv. 12).
43
saswaulis gagebisaTvis saero
literaturaSi
Cven ganvixileT wmindanTa saswaulebi da SevecadeT wina planze
wamogvewia swored is saswaulebi, romelTa tipuri paralelebi met-
naklebi intensivobiT gvxvdeba saero literaturis ZeglebSic.
rogorc cnobilia, qarTuli klasikuri periodis mwerloba sami
nawarmoebiTaa cnobili: `visramiani~, `amirandarejaniani~, da
`vefxistyaosani~. TiToeul am nawarmoebSi gvxvdeba saswaulebi,
romlebic Tavisi arsiT garkveulwilad scildeba agiografiuli
Txzulebis personaJTa mier Cadenil saswaulebs. Tumca SinaarsiT
uaxlovdeba kidec maT. Aamave periods ganekuTvneba frangi mwerlis
kretien de truas nawarmoebebic. SevecdebiT zemoT dasaaxelebuli
saswaulebis fonze ganvixiloT qarTuli saero nawarmoebis ori Zegli _
`amirandarejaniani~ da `vefxistyaosani~ da kretien de truas romani
“iveni anu lomis raindi~.
`amirandarejaniani~ sagmiro-safalavno xasiaTis Txzulebaa.
saswauls gmiri mxolod fizikuri Zalis meSveobiT axorcielebs.
`amirandarejanianSi~ gvxvdeba iseTi epizodebi, romlebic saerToa
qarTuli agiografiuli Txzulebebis pasaJebisa da giorgi kapadokielisa
da Teodore stratelatis `wamebebSi~ aRwerili epizodebisa. k. kekeliZis
azriT, miuxedavad didi msgavsebisa, SeuZlebelia vTqvaT, rom mose
44
xonelma es epizodebi giorgisa da Teodores `wamebebidan~ gadmoiRo.
Tumca k. kekeliZe imasac aRniSnavs, rom saero romanebis avtorebi
`sasuliero romanebis~ formulebiTa da saxeebiT sazrdooben. maT
garkveuli literaturuli skola hqondaT gavlili da siuJetebisa da
situaciebis garegnuli msgavseba itacebdaT, rac mkiTxvels
agiografiuli beletristikidan saero romanze gadasvlas uadvilebda
(22., 7-12).
SemdgomSi, qarTulma saraindo romanma, Camoicila is zRaprul-
fantastikuri elementi, romelic ase mZafrad SeiniSneba
`amirandarejanianSi~ da Seqmna adamianis axleburi modeli, rac
`vefxistyaosanSi~ ase naTlad aisaxa, Tumc bolomde uari ar uTqvams
saswaulze.
U unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom SuasaukuneebSi saswaulma deformacia
ganicada Eda sakmaod gaafarTova Tavisi sazRvrebi: goliaTebi, devebi,
qajebi, spilenZis lomebi da fizikurad Zlieri adamianebi, eseni ar
arian Cveulebrivi arsebebi, magram aseTi saswaulisTvis mzadaa
Suasaukuneobrivi samyaro da am periodis adamianic.
45
1. fizikuri Zalis hiperbolizacia da brZola ukeTur ZalebTan,
(eSmakTan, gveleSapTan...)
A amirandarejanianis gmirebi mamacobas da uSiSrobas iCenen ara
mxolod falavnebTan brZolisas, aramed miTiur da fantastikur
cxovelebTan brZolisasac.
A amirandarejanianis gmirebi Seupovari mebrZolebi arian, maTTvis ar
arsebobs dabrkoleba. brZolaSi sakuTari Zalis imedad gadian da kargad
aqvT gacnobierebuli, rom an gaimarjveben, an mokvdebian. amiran
darejanisZe arabunebrivi Zalis patronia, roca ali dilami da indo
Wabuki Seipyres devebma, man `aiRo fari da Seuxda cixisa Zirsa. wamodges
zeda laSqarni da esrodes qvasa. Seuxda zeda da Selewa karni. Sevida da
daxocna martom mTeli laSqari~ (56, gv.312).
`ambri arabis ambavSi~ moTxrobilia, rogor SeebrZola aTas samasi
kaci uricxv laSqars, romelsac `daepyra qveyana, rome iyo ricxvi
ufrosisa bevri aTasisa. uTanaswaro brZolaSi aTas samasi mebrZolidan
`mciredi kaci daakldaT` xolo uTvalavi laSqridan `ricxvi ara iyo~
moklulisa (iqve, gv. 327).
xSirad uTanasworo Zalis mqone gmirebi marto ebmebian brZolaSi,
gmiris mowinaaRmdege aTi da oci ki ara SeiZleba erTdroulad asi
mxedaric iyos.
indo Wabuki marto Seeba `darCeul~ as kacs da `iseTi omi Seiqmna,
46
rome eniTa veRara iTqmis. Mmis asisa kacisagan samoci kaci mokla da
ormoci Zliv gardaexvewnes.~ Semovida indo Wabuki gamarjvebuli,
gvamcnobs avtori (gv. 344).
roca iaman Wabuki da amiran darejanisZe erTmaneTs Seebnen, gaiyvana
cxeni iaman Wabukma` dahkra cxenisa Tavsa darejaniZisasa da mohkveTa
Tavi da sruliad Camoagdo.~ ganrisxebulma amiran darejanisZen `mihyo
xeli da ukanasa ferxsa moekida cxenisa misisasa, ukuzidna da qveyanasa
dahkra cxeni da kaci orive~ (gv. 366).
Aamiran darejanisZe Seupovari falavania, misi Zalis
demonstrirebas araerTgzis axdens avtori:
Aamiran darejanisZem dainaxa, rogor mostaces dedas lomebma Svilebi,
maSinve mivarda, `mihyvna erTiTa xeliTa aiRo da erTiTa _ erTi, Tavi
Tavsa Seutaka da tvini mklavTa gardaesxa (gv. 385).
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, SuasaukuneebSi saswaulma gaafarTova
Tavisi areali, xSirad gmirs uxdeba iseT arsebasTan SebrZoleba,
romelic ucnauri warmomavlobisaa.
TilismaTa ambavSi moTxrobilia, rom falavnebi erT dilas
gaemarTnen gzad da moesmaT lomis yvirili. TvaliT ver dainaxes, magram
roca miuaxlovdnen, dainaxes `iyo lomi spilenZisa da yviroda, ra
dagvinaxa, ufro daiwyo yvirili da Cven kerZ mosvla manca da bevrman
sxvamanca, romel ara iyo ricxvi maTi. vxocdiT da ara moxda leva. rac
met meomars xocdnen, meti mteri modioda, bolos mixvdnen gmirebi, rom
es meomrebi am ucnauri lomis yvirilze mravldebodnen da dalewes es
spilenZis lomi (gv. 382).
ganagrZes gza da dainaxes `iyo spilenZisa Seqmnili marT viTa
kalo, viTa xarixi kibed da kibed. Mmas gzasa zeda dga kaci spilenZisa
didi, romel ara minaxavs sxva kaci egzom didi, da mas sxvave kaci udga
gverdsa spilenZisave da buki hqonda xelTa. Dda ra Cven dagvinaxa,
47
dauwyo mas buksa cema da daiwyo laSqarman modena, romlisa ara iyo
ricxvi. Seibnen da iyo didi omi, is kaci ar wynardeboda da arc laSqari
wyvetda modenas. (gv. 383). maSin Seutia amiran darejanisZem, orive xeliT
hkra kombali da dalewa is spilenZis kaci.
`amirandarejanianis~ gmirebi ebrZvian ara mxolod falavnebs da
ucnaur arsebebs, aramed gveleSapebsac.
erT mSvenier walkots gveleSapi darajobda, am walkotis
silamazis ambavi, xalxs mxolod gadmocemiT smenoda, iq Sesvlas ki
veravin bedavda, radgan gveleSapi darajobda, roca amiran darejanisZem
amis Sesaxeb gaigo, gadawyvita SebrZoleboda mas. `RmerTsa ubrZanebia
xeliTa CemiTa mis walkotisa xsnao,~ gadawyvita gmirma da Tavis
Tanmxleb megobrebTan erTad gaeSura am walkotisaken. walkots ori kari
hqonda. erT kars saSineli veSapi icavda da meore kars sxva, ufro
patara veSapi, orive kari spilenZis iyo. roca miuaxlovdnen, wamodga
kaci, romelic iq darajad idga da ise daiyivla, rom `gamovida igi
veSapi saSineli, aeSmko piri da cecxli gamovidoda pirisa misisagan.
hqonda xma sazareli, viTa grgvinva cisa. Mmeoresa karsa gamovida igi
umcrosi veSapi. wamodges zeda kacni spilenZisani da maT kacTagan
gamovidoda xma rame ucxo da sakvirveli~ (gv. 399).
Seiba amiran darejanisZem ori xmali da gaimarTa saSineli brZola,
veSapi imdenad didi iyo, rom mis xaxaSi cxeniani kaci Tavisuflad
daeteoda. Ddidi brZolis Semdeg daamarcxes orive veSapi da samefoSi
yvela amas ambobda `aravin yofila kacTa naTesavi swori amiran
darejanisZisa da arc arvis egeTni ymani hyolebiano~ (gv. 399).
A amiran darejanisZis Zmobili sefedavle, Tavis mxleblebTan erTad,
erT mSvenier qalaqs miadga, sadac saSineli mxeci cxovrobda. roca
gadaixedes da erT qeds Caxedes, dainaxes martorqa, romelic iyo, `sami
48
pilos odeni~, sefedavles mxleblebs SeeSindaT da ukan gabruneba
gadawyvites, magram sefedavlem `xiStni aixvna~ da Tqva, vaJkacis wesi
araa isriT martorqis mokvlao, hkra xiSti mkerdSi am sazarel cxovels
da naxevramde Caaso `mere hkra xrmali zurgsa da, viTa kata, egre
Suazedan gadawyvita~ (gv. 418).
`mzis Wabukis~ ambidan vgebulobT, rom mzis Wabuki da misi
Tanmxlebi falavnebi erT saucxoo sanadiro adgilas mividnen, magram
axlomaxlo aranairi qalaqi da sofeli ar iyo, radgan im adgilebSi
erTi ucnauri mxeci budobda, `romlisa saxeli Cven ara viciTo, eubneba
falavnebs ambis mTxrobeli _ didia uzomod da pilos odeni. Aaris
msgavsi lomisa da piri kacisa aTqs. Mmagra Sebma misi mouvali aris
kacisagan, azom rome, martorqa iyo mas qveyanisa uzomod did, aiRo igi,
dasca da mokla. Mmas kacsa lom-kaci hqvian~ (gv. 455). mzeWabukma aiRo
xiSti, Caicva abjari da Seeba mxecs, sazareli brZola gaimarTa, magram
Zlia mzeWabukma da daamarcxa sazareli mxeci.
`balxeTs Sesvlis ambavSi~ moTxrobilia, rom amiran darejanisZe
da misi ymani mividnen balxeTis qalaqSi, iyvnen nadirobasa da
mxiarulebaSi, da im qalaqis maxloblad iyo devi, romelmac mravali
adamiani mokla. amiran darejanisZem gaigo, rom `devi aris didi da
veSapsa zeda ziso, xrmali amowvdili aqvso. visaca mixvdebis, hkravs da
mohklavso. Aamiran darejanisZis megobrebi SeSindnen, roca gaiges, rom
amirani maTTan SebrZolebas apirebda. amis gagonebaze amirans gaecina da
uTxra maT _ `Zmano, RmerTman icis, ara gwadian omio, magra naxoT
Wabukoba Cemio~. brZola marTlac saSineli iyo. `cxensa umaRle iyo igi
veSapi da aeSkmo piri CasanTqmelad. Mmagram amiranma xiSti daartya da
mokla veSapi, devma cxeni moukla amirans, Tumca amiranma `hkra xrmali~
da mokla Ramaz devi (gv. 509). G
`amiradarejaniani~ sagmiro-safalavno Txzulebaa, nawarmoebSi
49
warmodgenili gmirebis brZolis areali ukideganoa, mizani ki erTaderTi
_ moixveWon saxeli. Nnawarmoebis gmirebi toveben saxlebs, sasaxleebs,
sxvadasxva qveynebs, xSirad sisxlis fasad mopovebul mefis asulebs da
isev miemarTebian samogzaurod, raTa isev `Wabukoba eZion~, anu saxeli
da dideba ar daCrdilon ukve mopovebuliT. gmirebis mTeli cxovreba
ganuwyveteli Tavgadasavlebis Ziebaa. Bbunebrivia, rom
`amirandarejanianis~ gmirTa mTeli Tavgadasavali Rrma Sinaarsis
matarebelicaa. rogorc n. naTaZe SeniSnavs, ~amirandarejanianis~ idealur
gmirTa Sinagani samyaro, miuxedavad misi simartivisa, TviTkmaria da
realuri. igi tovebs srulebiT mkafio STabeWdilebas, rom aq garkveuli
epoqisa da sociluri fenis _ qarTveli samxedro wodebis realuri,
cxovrebiseuli idealia asaxuli da es ideali raindobis idealia,
romelic analogiuria DAdasavleT evropis rainduli idealisa (31, gv. 245
262).
sasawaulis ganxorcilebiT, mTavari miznis aRsruleba da saxelis
moxveWa, is ZiriTadi Tematikaa, romelsac gverds ver uvlian
Suasaukuneebis qarTveli da evropeli mwerlebi. marTalia, momdevno
saukuneebSi es dausrulebeli Zieba graalis mopovebisaken swrafvaSi
gadaizrdeba dasavlur literaturaSi, magram pirveli damaxasiaTebeli
niSani, rac saerToa am periodis nawarmoebTaTvis es aris brZola,
romelic umetesad saswaulis niSniT xorcieldeba. Tumca amas Tavisi
gamarTlebac axlavs, gmirma saxelis mosaxveWad yovelgvari borotebis,
realuri Tu irealuri arsebis damarcxeba unda SeZlos. Uunda
gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom adreuli Suasaukuneebis adamianis adamianuri
cxovrebis ZiriTadi mizani da faseulobebi, romlisTvisac isini
ibrZodnen, iyo _ RmerTi, samoTxe, imqveyniuri cxovreba.
`vefxistyaosani~, romlis siuJetic mTlianad keTilisa da borotis
dapirispirebis fonzea gaSlili da nawarmoebis finalSi sruldeba
50
kidec sikeTis gamarjvebiT, naklebadaa gajerebuli iseTi zRaprul-
fantastikuri motivebiT, romelic saswaulis niSniT xasiaTdeba, Tumca
mTlianad araa mowyvetili aseT motivebs.
Tu agiografiul nawarmoebis avtori Tavad mianiSnebs wmindanTa
hiperbolur Zalaze, `vefxityaosnis~ gmirebi Tavad saubroben sakuTari
SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb.
tarieli uambobs avTandils sakuTar bavSvobaze:
`xuTisa wlisa Seviqmen msgavsi vardisa Slilisa;
Wirad ar miCndis lomisa, mokvla, marT viTa silisa;~ (37, 322)
`vburTobdi da vTamaSobdi, viT katasa vxocdi lomsa~ (330)
`Zalad lomsa, Tvalad mzesa, tanad vhgvandi edems zrdilsa~ (334)
tarielis fizikuri Zalis demonstrirebas avtori Tavd axdens,
rodesac ucxo da sakvirvel moymes garkveuli idumalebiT Semoiyvans
nawarmoebSi. misi vinaobis gasagebad misul mefe rostevanis ymebs, Zal-
gulovani raindi sananeblad gauxdiT saqmes:
`hkra erTmanerTsa, daxocna Tavsa xel-aRupyrobelad,
zogsa gadahkris maTraxi qve mkrdamdis gasapobelad~ (95).
tarielma Tavisi uZleveloba da saswaulebrivi Zala ramaz
mefesTan Serkinebis drosac gamoamJRavna, ramaz mefis razmSi SeiWra da:
`kaci kacsa Semovtyorci, cxen-kacisa davdgi gori;
K kaci Cemgan Senatyorci, brunavs viTa tanajori,
erTob srulad amovwyvide wina kerZi razmi ori~ (450).
avTandilis fizikuri Zliereba rusTvelma maSin asaxa, roca
mekobreTagan SeSinebul vaWrebs mxsnelad uZleveli gmiri mouvlina.
avTandilma masxrad aigdo SeSinebuli vaWrebi da yovelgvari
Tavmdablobis gareSe moaxsena:
`Tqven vaWarni jabanni xarT, omisaca umecarni,
Sors isriTa ar dagxocen, CaixSeniT Tana karni,
51
marto mnaxeT, viT Seveba, viT vixmarne lomni mxarni!
M mekobrisa navisani sisxlni hnaxeT monaRvarni~ (1040)
avTandili abjriT Seimosa, xelT rkinis keti aiRo da marto
SeebrZola mekobreebs, romelTac Zeli hkres avTandilis navs.
AavTandili uSiSrad idga navze da Tavad gadavida Setevaze, rkinis keti
hkra maT gems da Zeli mostexa:
`SeSindes igi laSqarni, gza Zebnes gardsaxveweli;
veRar gardeswrnes, garduxlta mterTa mi da mo mleweli;
A ar darCa kaci cocxali mun misgan daufreweli (1043).
A zogi navsa Seanarcxis, zogsa hyrida Sigan zRvasa
erTmanerTsa Semostyorcis, rva cxrasa da cxra hkris rvasa~ (1044).
ase gausworda avTandili mekobreebs.
Groca gaxarebuli vaWrebi avTandils miegebnen da `uzomo qeba
Sehkadres~, avTandilma Sors daiWira saqebari sityvebi da upasuxa:
`madli RmerTsa, Semoqmedsa, arsTa mxadsa,
visgan Zalni zecierni ganageben aqa qmnadsa~ (1050).
Ees gamarjveba avTandilma uflis SewevniT axsna, magram rusTvelma
isic aRwera poemaSi, Tu rogor axorcielebs misi gmiri am saswauls. es
ar iyo mxolod fizikur Zalaze damyarebuli gamarjveba. avTandilma
mekobreTa dasamarcxeblad gonebac CarTo, moifiqra Wkvianuri gegma maT
winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad.
avTandilis, tarielisa da fridonis saswaulebrivi Zala,
rusTvelma qajeTis cixis aRebisasac gviCvena, rodesac gmirebi uZlevel
mowinaaRmdegeebs qajebs daupirispira. magram saswaulis
gansaxorcileblad gmirebs mxolod survili ar amoZravebT, survilTan
erTad moqmedebs goneba, racio. gmirebs kargad aqvT gacnobierebuli, rom
mxolod fizikuri ZaliT isini ver daamarcxeben mowinaaRmdeges, amitom
SeimuSaveben garkveul samxedro strategias da sakuTari gonebis,
52
fizikuri Zalisa da uflis SewevniT amarcxeben kidec qajebs.
`vefixtyaosanSi~ ori jadosnuri personJi gvxvdeba: devi da qaji.
qarTuli folkloris leqsikonSi qaji ganmartebulia rogorc
jadosnuri zRapris personaJi, romelic flobs jadosnur
SesaZleblobebs. dRes cvlis Ramed. Tavisuflad dadis wylis zedapirze
da a.S. (44, gv. 142).
Qqajebs uxorco da usulo personaJebad moixseniebs poemis avtori:
`qajni saxelad maT hqvian, arian erTad krebulni
kacni grZnebisa mcodnelni, zeda gaxelovnebulni,
yovelTa kacTa mavnebni, igi vervisgan vnebulni;
maTni Sembmelni wamovlen dambrmalni, dawbilebulni~ (1247)
`iqmen rasme sakvirvelsa, mtersa TvalTa daubrmoben,
qarTa aRsZvren saSinelTa, navsa zRva-zRva daamxoben,
viTa xmelsa gairbenen, wyalsa wmidad daaSroben,
swaddes_dResa bnelad iqman, swaddes_bnelsa anaTloben~ (1248).
Qqajebi uxorco arsebebi arian, maTTvis ucxoa yvelaferi adamianuri.
roca fatmani gaigebs, rom nestan-darejani qajebs SeupyriaT da qajebis
ufliswul_rosanze upireben gaTxovebas, gakvirvebuli kiTxulobs:
`qaji yvela uxorcoa, raman Seqmna xorcielad? (1245)
`magra qajni uxorconi ras aqneven, mikvirs qalsa?!~ (1246)
marTalia, rusTvelma qajebi uZlevel da daumarcxebel arsebebad
warmogvidgina nawarmoebSi, magram rusTvelis gmirebisTvis ar arsebobs
aranairi dabrkoleba, sikeTisa da siyvarulisTvis brZolaSi. sainteresoa
z. avaliSvilis SeniSvna: `rusTavels mTeli ganmarteba dasWirda am
53
qajebis vinaobisa, _ im mizniT, rom mkiTxvelisTvis dasajerebeli
gamxdariyo nestan-darejnis namdvili tyveoba da qajebTan
`vefxistyaosnis~ gmirTa saxelovani da namdvili omi.
fatmanisa da avTandilis saubarSi qajebis Sesaxeb, avTandilis
piriT gadmocemulia qajebze rusTvelis droindeli warmodgena, xolo
fatmanis piriT misi kritika.. rusTveli maT sakvirvel Tvisebas ar
uaryofs. Uuamisod ra qajebi iqnebodnen? Mmagram maTi qajoba ar
moindoma _ uxorco xalxTan omi rarig iqneboda ? es arc Seefereboda
romanis xasiaTs da mis sakompromiso aRweraSi qajobac daculia da
`uxorcobac~ uaryofilia (3, gv. 99-101).
rac Seexeba devs, romelic rusTvelis poemaSic gvxvdeba da
romelic qarTuli jadosnuri zRapris ganuyreli personaJia,
folkloris leqsikonSi ganmartebulia amgvarad fantastikuri zRapris
personaJi, borotebis sawyisi, eSmaki, demoni. Zvel qarTul ZeglebSi
avsulis, eSmakis gagebiT ixmareba. devi iTavsebs gveleSapis garegnul
funqciebs da garegnul niSnebs. igi xSirad flobs simdidres (43, gv. 131-
132).
rusTvelma poemaSi devebi Semoiyvana, marTalia, poetma mxolod erT
winadadebaSi moaqcia tarielis mier devebis daxocvis ambavi, magram es
jadosnuri personaJebi mainc axsena poemaSi, radgan garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT, es faqti misi gmirebis uZlevelobis damadasturebel
erT-erT winapirobad SeiZleba CavTvaloT. rusTveli gakvriT, magram
mainc SeniSnavs, rom tarieli devebTan meomari gmiria.
N
rusTvelis gmirebis mTavari damxmare yovelgvar gmirul saqmeSi
ufalia, Tumc gmirebi sakuTar Zalas da SesaZleblobebsac aranakleb
mniSvnelobas aniWeben, isini Aarc grZneuli monebis daxmarebaze amboben
uars da maTac sakuTari miznebis gansaxorcileblad iyeneben, roca amis
54
SesaZlebloba eZlevaT.
F fatmans ori grZneuli mona hyavs, romelTac SeuZliaT uCinrad
Sesvla nebismier adgilas.
`me orni Savni monani myvanan savseni grZnebiTa:
uCinod mivlen, wamovlen maTiTa xelovnebiTa~ (1238).
es saswaulebrivi arsebebi mxolod imitom Semohyavs avtors
nawarmoebSi, rom maT poemis gmirebs garkveuli daxmareba gauwion.
roca avTandili fatmans sTxovs, iqneb ufro dawvrilebiT Seityos
nestanis adgilsamyofeli, fatmani maSinve grZneul monas moixmobs, da
nestanTan werilsac gaatans. avtori gveubneba, rom:
M `man grZneulman moli rame wamoisva zeda tansa,
M masve wamsa daikarga, gardafrinda baniT-bansa~ (1276).
cixisa karni daxSulni Sevlna marT viTa Riani,
Sevida zangi pir-Savi, Tma-grZeli, tan-nabdiani~ (1278).
grZneuli mona Tavis funqcias pirnaTlad asrulebs nawarmoebSi.
igi naxulobs tyveobaSi myof nestans, miaqvs misTvis fatmanis werili da
moaqvs ukan werilis pasuxic. yovelive es saswaulis niSniTaa
saxeldebuli, romelsac erTi mizani aqvs, daexmaros poemis gmirebs.
Tavad saswaulze rusTveli iSviaTad saubrobs. poemaSi, iseve
rogorc agiografiul nawarmoebebSi, saswauli aRqmulia rogorc
realuri, utyuari faqti, tarielis, rogorc sruliad adamianuri
personaJis Semosvlas nawarmoebSi meti idumaleba axlavs da met
gaocebas iwvevs mnaxvelebSi, vidre grZneuli monis, uCinari mosasxamis
sakvirveli abjrisa Tu devebisa da qajebis arseboba.
Uucxo moyme nawarmoebSi sruliad bunebrivi saxiT Semohyavs
55
avtors, mefe da misi mxleblebi Soridan dainaxaven wyaros piras mjdom
mSvenier rainds, romelsac gverds Savi cxeni umSvenebs. miuxedavad
adamianuri garegnobisa, misi ukvalod gauCinareba mefes did sagonebelSi
agdebs. ucxo raindi, marTlac ucnaurad uCinardeba:
`hgvanda qvesknels CaZromilsa anu zecad anafrensa,
eZebdes da ver hpovebdes kvalsa misgan wanarbensa~ (98).
ucxo moyme ukvalod ar gauCinarebula, man mefis razmi umowyalod
daxoca da mxolod mefis mosvlis Semdeg gauCinarda, magram mefisTvis es
sakmarisi araa, rom misi adamianuri arseboba iwamos. daeWvebuli
rostevani TinaTins eubneba:
`ucxosa da sakvirvelsa ymasa rasme gadvekide~ (110).
roca me daminaxa:
`viTa eSma damekarga, ar kacurad gardamkocna,
jerTca ese ara vici, cxadi iyo, Tu meocna~ (111).
`kacTa xorcisad viT iTqmis isre TvalTagan faruli?!~ (112).
TinaTinis rCevis Sedegad, mefe samefos oTxiv kuTxiT gagzavnis
mdevrebs ucxo moymis ambis gasagebad, roca ukan dabrunebuli monebi
mefes moaxseneben, rom misi mnaxavi da ambis mcodnelic ki veravin
vnaxeTo, maSin mefe ijerebs, rom:
`vnaxe rame eSmakisa sicude da sibilweo,
Cemad mterad wamosruli, gardmoWrili zeciT zeo~ (119).
rostevani yovelive momxdars ucnaur ambad aRiqvams, magram
ijerebs, rom es moCveneba eSmakisgan iyo movlenili, iviwyebs am ambavs da
56
lxenas miecema.
saswauli, romelic nawarmoebSi am saxiT Semodis, mefis mier
aRqmulia ubralod eSmakisgan movlenil cud ambad, moCvenebad.
imis axsnas, Tu rogor xdeba xiluli uxilavi, anu rogor xdeba
ucxo moymis gauCinareba, avtori ar gvaZlevs. im droindeli
msmenelisTvis saswauli ar saWiroebs interpretacias, is iRebs amas,
rogorc esTetikur faqts, siuJetis logika iTxovs, rom gmiri gaxdes
uxilavi da is xdeba uxilavi, siuJeti iTxovs, rom grZneulma monam
gaarRvios cixis kedlebi da is asrulebs amas, moisxams ra jadosnur
mosasxams.
saswauli Suasaukuneebis romanebSi, gagebulia rogorc sruliad
bunebrivi aqti, romelic nawarmoebSi gmirTa Tavgadasavlis erT-erTi
Semadgeneli komponentia, saswauls axorcieleben ise, rom avtori umetes
SemTxvevaSi ar gvaZlevs amis detalizacias. saswauli xdeba situaciidan
gamomdinare da misi Sesruleba gmirTa neba-survils eqvemdebareba.
sanam uSualod kretien de truas romanSi, `iveni anu lomis
raindi~, moyvanil saswaulebze visaubrebdeT, unda aRvniSnoT, rom
damokidebuleba saswaulisadmi ufro mZafri iyo Suasaukuneebis
dasavleTSi, vidre saqarTveloSi. Aam periodis dasavlur literaturaSi
mravlad gvxvdebian ucnauri arsebebi: jadoqrebi, jujebi, feriebi,
mojadoebuli sasaxleebi da a.S., saswaulis areali metad farToa, Tumca
saerTo damaxasiaTebel niSnad rCeba is faqti, rom saswauli aqac
gagebulia, rogorc WeSmariti, utyuari faqti, romelic gmiris
Tavgadasavlis Semadgeneli nawilia, saswaulis aRsrulebis gareSe, gmiri
ver aRwevs mizans. K
kretienis gmiri, iveni, gamorCeuli raindia. `amirandarejanianis~
gmirebis msgavsad, isic faTeraksa da Tavgadasavals eZebs, raTa saxeli
moixveWos. Mkretieni Tavisi gmiris daxasiaTebisas, nawarmoebis
57
dasawyisSive aRniSnavs, rom iveni uZleveli raindia, romelmac
bavSvobidan moyolebuli ar icis ra aris SiSi.
K erT-erT samefo wveulebaze, mefe arturis karze, kalogrenani
yveba uCveulo ambavs, romelic mas broseliandis jadosnur tyeSi
gadaxda, sadac is ucnaurma raindma orTabrZolaSi daamarcxa. Mmefe
arturi da misi Tanmxlebni am ambis Semdeg cdiloben swrafad mividnen
im jadosnur tyeSi, romelic amden saswauls malavs, magram iveni
gamoeyofa maT, da Seecdeba pirveli mivides am adgilebSi, raTa raindTan
brZolis upiratesoba mas darCes. sainteresoa is faqti, rom es raindi
fizikurad Zlier gmirad aris asaxuli avtoris mier, magram misi
gamoCena saswaulebrivi niSniT xdeba nawarmoebSi. broseliandis tyeSi
aris wyaro, romlis gverdiT xarobs fiWvi, masze oqros jaWviT aris
dakidebuli sura, xolo Zirs devs Zvirfasi TvlebiT Semkuli qva. Tuki
romelime mgzavri am qvas am suriT wyaros wyals daasxams, saSineli
qariSxali amovardeba, magram moulodnelad gadaiwmindeba irgvliv
yvelaferi, mgalobeli frinvelebiT gaivseba jadosnuri muxa da
gaocebul mgzavrs, romelsac uWirs gaerkves ra xdeba mis irgvliv, Tavs
daatydeba ucnauri raindi, swored am rainds SeebrZoleba iveni da
amarcxebs kidec.
M magram ivens brZola uxdeba ara mxolod raindebTan, aramed igi
SeebrZoleba saSinel cecxlismfrqvevel gvels, romelic cdilobs
daaxrCos lomi. ivens ebraleba lomi da cdilobs daexmaros mas, gvelis
cecxli saxes wvavs gmirs, magram is bolomde ibrZvis da klavs
sabolood mas.
M uTavbolo xetialisas, igi moxvdeba mojadoebul koSkSi. erT didi
oTaxSi igi naxavs samas qalwuls, romlebic mZime samuSaos asruleben.
maTi sxeuli, Zveli samosis da mZime samuSaos danaxvaze, ivens
sibraluliT evseba guli da uWirs am suraTis cqera. mas surs gaecalos
58
iqaurobas, magram es jadosnuri koSkia, iq moxvedrili adamiani Tavisi
nebiT ukan veRar gamova. iveni ver garkveula ra xdeba, bolos erTi
qalwulTagani auxsnis, rom am cixe-koSkis mflobeli ori eSmakia,
romlebic demonis Svilebi arian. erTxel, am cixe-koSkTan axalgazrda
monarqma gamoiara da TavSesafari iTxova. eSmakebma mas brZola
gaumarTes, magram mefe Zalian axalgazrda iyo, rom es brZola moego.
amitom dasajes is uwmindurma Zalebma da aiZules yovel wels ocdaaTi
qalwulis gamogzavna maTTvis. es gagrZeldeba ase, sanam ar mova vinme
gmiri raindi, romelic daamarcxebs am uwmindur Zalebs. Cven ocnebis
uflebac aRar gvaqvs, radgan Cveni mZime xvedri maradiulia _ amboben
qalwulebi, _ Cven mwir purs gvaZleven da mZime Sromis safasurad
mxolod groSebs gvixdian. iveni gadawyvets daexmaros qalwulebs da
aRuTqvams maT, rom gaaTavisuflebs am saSineli yofidan. igi RmerTs
SesTxovs daxmarebas da gaemarTeba satanebisken, romlebic lomis
danaxvaze SeSindebian da moiTxoven lomis bnel sardafSi gamomwyvdevas.
satanailebis kombalma ivens muzaradi gautexa. brZola aSkarad
uTanasworo gamodga, ivens gabeduleba ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi or
uwmindur ZalsaTan sabrZolvelad. Bbnel sardafSi damwyvdeulma lomma
igrZno patronis gasaWiri da swored maSin, roca ivens sikvdili
emuqreboda, gamoCnda lomi da yelSi eca eSmaks, waaqcia da daaxrCo.
avtori xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom ara iveni, aramed lomi aSinebs maso.
Llomi ivens amoefara ukan da am brZolaSi meore satanailic daamarcxa.
es aris marcxi uwminduri Zalis, romelic ver imarjvebs sikeTeze.
momdevno nawilSi kargad Cans, rogor morbian gaxarebuli adamianebi da
rogor ulocaven erTmaneTs am gamarjvebas. iveni aTavisuflebs tyveebs
da iRebs uamrav dalocvas gaTavisuflebeuli adamianebisgan.
Aase ebrZvis iveni borot Zalebs, brZola uwmindur ZalasTan yvela
SemTxvevaSi saswaulTanaa dakavSirebuli. zRaprul-fantastikuri garemo
59
qmnis imis safuZvels, rom uTavbolo Tavgadasavlebis maZiebeli raindi
nawarmoebis dasasruls borotebze gamarjvebul gmirad aqcios.
2. sneulTa gankurneba
rac Seexeba sneulTa gankurnebas, es Tema saero literaturis
ZeglebSi Taviseburadaa gadaWrili.
A`amirandarejanianSi~ gvxvdeba mxolod erTi SemTxveva, rodesac
brZolis dros, sefedavle darispanisZe omad madisZes cxenidan
Camoagdebs da mxars motexs. sefedavle friad Sewuxdeba am ambiT da
saCqarod eqims mouyvans damarcxebul TanamebrZols.
`vefxistyaosanSi~ mkurnalis, anu dastaqaris saxe, aqa-iq gakrTeba
nawarmoebSi. eqimis saxes ar ukavSirdeba aranairi saswauli. es saxe,
Tanaxmad rusTvelis mxatvruli stilis realisturisaken swrafvisa,
Cveulebriv mkurnal eqimTan ufroa axlo, vidre jadoqrebTan da
feriebTan, romelTa saxeebiTac ase mdidaria dasavluri romanebi.
Nnestanis xilviT dabnedil tariels garSemo uamravi qadagi da
mkiTxavi Semoexveva, romelTac tarieli `mter-dacemuli~ egonaT. tarieli
ambobs, rom:
`aqimnica ikvirvebdes: `ese seni ragvaria?
samkurnalo ara sWirs ra, sevda rame Semohyria~ (355).
roca nestanis unayofo ZebnaSi garTuli tarieli daWril fridons
gadaeyreba, ambobs, rom:
`erTi mona dastaqari myva da wylulni Seuxvivna
60
isris pirni amouxvna, dakodilni ar atkivna~ (601).
`cnobierTa dastaqars~ uwodebs avTandils rusTveli. es sruliad
axali saxea Suasaukuneebis romanSi. MavTandili iTavsebs sulieri
mkurnalis funqcias, romelic kargad icnobs adamianis fsiqologias da
Tavisi codnis wyalobiT, `im qveynad~ gasul tariels, cxenze Sejdomas
aiZulebs da `am qveyanas~ daubrunebs.
sruliad gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba gvxvdeba kretienis romanSi
mkurnalis mimarT.
Ggmiris gankurneba aq saswaulebrivad xdeba.
roca lodina ar apatiebs ivens ficis gatexvas, iveni gadaikargeba
da Rrma tyes Seafarebs Tavs, sadac igi SeSliliviT dadis da
yvelasTvis Sesabralisia. tyeSi SemTxveviT mas naxavs moseirne
qalbatoni mxleblebTan erTad da gadawyvets umkurnalos. samkurnalo
saSualeba ki aris feria morganas mier micemuli jadosnuri balzami,
romelsac codvili sulis gadarCena da ivenisTvis bednierebis motana
SeuZlia. Aavtori gveubneba, rom balzami marTlac saswaulmoqmedia, mas
SeuZlia avadmyofi tkivilebisgan gankurnos da sikvdilis piras myofi
gaacocxlos, is melanqoliisganac kurnavs.
ivenis gankurnebis mosurne qalbatoni Cumad damalavs cxenebs, didi
muxis qveS mZinare ivenTan miva da jadosnur balzams Tavidan fexebamde
scxebs. iveni male gaiRviZebs da aRmoaCens, rom Tan araferi mosavs. es
Jesti imaze metyvelebs, rom mas daubrunda cnobiereba, igi ganikurna.
iveni saswarafod Caicmevs gverdiT dadebul samoss da saswrafod
gaecleba im adgils sruliad gajansaRebuli.
A agiografiuli nawarmoebebisgan gansxvavebiT, Suasaukuneebis
romanebSi mkurnalis roli ufro socialuri daniSnulebis gaxda.
saswaulebrivi gankurnebis motivi mxolod kretienis romanSi gvxvdeba
61
da es gankurnebac saswaulebrivi personaJis, ferias mier damzadebul
jadosnur balzamTanaa dakavSirebuli.
3. cxovelTa samyarosTan urTierToba
cxovelTa samyaro saero literaturis ZeglebSi mravalferovani
saxiTaa warmodgenili. `amirandarejanianis~ avtori uamrav ucnaur
cxovels SeabrZolebs nawarmoebis gmirebs, magram es ucnauri `pilos
odeni~ cxovelebi, `spilenZis lomi~, gveleSapi, devi, uzarmazari
martorqa Tu adamianis saxis mqone uzarmazari mxeci, es saswauli
cxovelebi mxolod imitom Semohyavs avtors nawarmoebebSi, rom maTi
damarcxebiT, gmirTa Zalgulovnebas, fizikur Zalas da gabedulebas
gausvas xazi.
`vefxistyaosanSi~ vefxis saxe simboluri mniSvnelobisaa, Mmagram
uSualod cxovelTa samyaros mxolod erTi datvirTva aqvs,
daadasturos gmiris fizikuri Zala.
A agiografiuli gmiris msgavsad, romelic morCilebaSi amyofebs
cxovelebs, qarTuli saero literaturis gmirebi ar iqcevian. aseTi
SemTxveva gvxvdeba kretienis romanSi.
G gzad mimavali iveni dainaxavs, rogor Semoexveva cecxlismfrqveveli
gveli loms kudze da cdilobs mis daxrCobas, iveni dgas da fiqrobs,
romels gauwios TanagrZnoba da bolos arCevans lomze gaakeTebs,
gadawyvets mas daexmaros da gvels SeebrZoleba.Aamieridan lomi misi
erTguli Tanamgzavri xdeba, romelic mas emorCileba da exmareba
yvelaferSi.
M mojadoebul koSkSi, sadac iveni brZolas gaumarTavs or eSmaks,
62
loms akisria mTavari funqcia, eSmakebs ar eSiniaT ivenis, magram maT
aSinebT lomi, nawarmoebSi xazgasmulia, rom swored lomis daxmarebiT
amarcxebs iveni uwmindurebs.
nawarmoebSi aris kidev erTi aseTi epizodi: mSieri mxeci da iveni
inadireben, iveni cecxls anTebs da xorcs wvavs, mSieri lomi zis da
moTminebiT elodeba Tavis wils. Llomi aris ivenis Tanmxlebi, misi
mudmivi Tanamgzavri, misi damxmare da ivenic amayobs masTan megobrobiT.
(80, gv. 23-58).
***
amgvarad, Cven SevecadeT gangvexila saswaulis Tema agiografiul
nawarmoebebsa da Suasaukuneebis saero romanebSi. warmogveCina ra
datvirTva hqonda am Temas sasuliero da saero romanebSi. gadavida Tu
ara saero romanebSi agiografiaSi SemuSavebuli saswaulis garkveuli
sqemebi da Tu gadavida, ra saxiT.
gasaTvaliswinebelia is SemTxvevac, rom Suasaukuneebis saswaulma
garkveuli transformacia ganicada, im gagebiT, rom Seicvala adamianis
damokidebuleba samyarosadmi da RmerTisadmi. `grigol xanZTelis
cxovrebaSi~ moyvanili epizodi mogviTxrobs, rom grigolis mowafe
miqeli, maRali kldidan gadmoagdo abeliarma, magram RmerTi Seewia
wmindans da igi sruliad uvnebeli wamodga miwidan. sainteresoa am mxriv
`tristansa da izoldaSi~ moyvanili epizodi, roca mefe markis
sasaxleSi ganmartoebul mijnurebs, karebTan mcvelebis xma SemoesmebaT,
tristani gadawyvets gadaxtes koSkidan, raTa Tavidan aicilos
63
samarcxvino sasjeli. igi Sevardeba samlocvelo oTaxSi da gadaxteba
koSkidan. Nnawarmoebis avtori gveubneba, rom RmerTma igi Seiwyala, qarma
misi tanisamosi aafriala, raindi zeviT aswia da kldis ZirSi, brtyel
qvasTan Camosva (49, gv. 115).
Tumca tristani arRvevs garkveul zneobriv normebs, ufali mainc
Seyvarebuli gmiris Semwed gvevlineba. Ggmiris saswauli zogjer
RvTiuri saswauliT aris ganpirobebuli.
A amave nawarmoebSi gvxvdeba Semdegi epizodi: meSurne darbaislebi,
romelTac ar sjeraT dedoflis erTgulebis, mefes urCeven, izoldam
wminda nawilebze daificos gaxurebuli SanTiT xelSi da amiT Tavisi
umwikvloba daamtkicos. izolda daTanxmda saSinel gamocdas, misi
TxovniT mefem daibara didebulebi, raTa enaxaT rogor gaimarTlebda
Tavs dedofali. Mmefis msaxurebma koconi aanTes. Aam mZime gamocdas
izoldam moxerxebiT daaRwia Tavi da sakmaod ostaturad gaacura mefec
da didebulebic, roca ficis dros mTavar Secodebad sabralo mwirTan
(anu tristanTan) moxveva daasaxela.
sainteresoa is faqti, rom udanaSaulobis dasamtkiceblad, izolda
xels Cayofs gavarvarebul saxmilSi, amoiRebs SanTs, gadadgams cxra
nabijs da xelebs win gaiwvdis jvris saxed. irgvliv myofni naxaven, rom
izoldas xelis gulebi sruliad jansaRi da uvnebelia.
RmerTi uSvebs amgvar saswauls, radgan is, am SemTxvevaSic
mijnurTa mxarezea.
Mmiuxedavad garkveuli kontrastisa, saswaulis gagebasTan
dakavSirebiT, rogorc saero, ise sasuliero romanebSi SeiniSneba
Semdegi:
1. saswauli aris movlena, romelic realuri ambis saxiT aris aRqmuli;
saswauli Tavisi funqciiT arRvevs samyaroSi arsebul realobas da
migvaniSnebs zebunebrivze, RmerTze, romlisganac momdinareobs es
64
saswauli.
2. Qqristianul religiaSi saswaulis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa moutanos
sargebloba adamians. esaa avadmyofis gankurnva, brmisTvis Tvalis
axela, adamianis moqceva WeSmaritebis gzaze da a.S. Suasaukuneebis
romanSi saswaulis ZiriTadi funqciaa daexmaros gmirs, moutanos mas
garkveuli sargebloba borotebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi (sakvirveli
abjari, grZneuli monebi, sakvirveli xmali, jadoqris balzami da
a.S.)
3. saswauli ar aris bunebis kanonebis darRveva; qristianul samyaroSi
yvelaferi saswaulis niSniTaa aRbeWdili; wmindanTa mier cxovelTa
damorCileba wilnayaria pirvelyofil samoTxis harmoniulobasTan,
Suasaukuneebis romanis gmirebic am harmoniisaken miiswrafvian,
rusTvelis gmirebTa sabrZanebelSi `Txa da mgeli erTad sZovs~.
4. wmindani uflis saxeliT moqmedebs, RvTis SemweobiT amarcxebs
borot da ukeTur Zalebs. brZolaSi gasuli saero romanis gmirs,
uflis Semweobis imedi aqvs (Tumca sakuTar Zalasac ara nakleb
mniSvnelobas aniWebs).
saswaulis gagebasTan dakavSirebiT sasuliero da saero romanebis
personaJTa Soris SeiniSneba Semdegi gansxvavebani:
1. wmindans aqvs privilegia RvTiuri sityvis gacxadebis, am unars
moklebulia saero nawarmoebis gmiri.
2. wmindans xelewifeba davrdomilTa saswaulebrivi gankurneba, maSin
roca saero literaturis gmiri, TviTon saWiroebs (zogierT
SemTxvevaSi) gankurnebas.
3. wmindans sikvdilis Semdegac SeuZlia saswaulis moxdena, maSin
roca raindis samoqmedo asparezi mxolod miwieri niSniTaa
Semofargluli.
65
4. saero romanebSi saswauli ukve modificirebulia, realuri
gamarTleba eZebneba moqmedebas.
Nnawarmoebebis ganxilvis fonze, saswaulis modificirebisas da misi
realurobisaken svlis kvaldakval, SeiZleba gamoiyos Semdegi
safexurebi:
P pirveli etapi es aris ganviTarebis yvelaze dabali done, sadac
yvelaze meti datvirTva eniWeba fiqcias, mwerlis mxatvrul enas,
romelic sufTa gamonagonze, zebunebriv samyaroze da saswaulebriv
arsebebzea aqcentirebuli. Mmwerali qmnis mistikur-idumal samyaros,
romelSic aranairad ar cdilobs agvixsnas gmiris esa Tu is qmedeba.
Aaxsnas rogor xdeba xiluli uxilavi, rogor amarcxebs gmiri masze
bevrad Zlier miTiur arsebebs. rogor uCinardeba esa Tu is personaJi,
Tu is jadonsur mosasxams moisxams da a.S. faqtia isic, rom
imdroindeli msmenelisaTvis saswaulis logika ar saWiroebs
interpretacias. is iRebs amas rogorc esTetikur faqts da es faqti
misTvis aris obieqturi yofa _ ontologiuri faqti da ara
fsiqologiuri. Aanu saswauli iqmneba ar mxolod saswaulisTvis, aramed
im sazogadoebisTvisac, romelsac am periodSi ufro metad msmenelis
pozicia ukavia, vidre mkiTxvelis. Asazogadoeba TviTon xdeba damkveTi
saswaulis. Suasaukuneobrivi samyaro saswaulzea orientirebuli. Aam
etapis nawarmoebTa ciklSi SegviZlia gavaerTianoT mose xonelis
`amirandarejaniani~, kretien de truas romanebis is pasaJebi, romelic
zebunebrivi saswauliTaa gajerebuli da rusTvelis `vefxistyaosnis~
ramdenime epizodi (qajebi, devebi, jadosnuri mosasxami, devebis mier
danatovari sakvirveli abjari).
M meore etapi es aris intermedialuri zona, sadac mwerlebi
aqcentirebas axdenen personaJTa gmirul saqmeebze. marTalia, xSir
66
SemTxvevaSi gmirTa fizikuri Zala da qmedeba hiperbolizirebulia,
magram zogierT avtorTan, ukve aris mcdeloba realurobis elementebis
Semotanisa da damkvidrebisa. (avTandilis brZola mekobreebTan; TaTbiri
qajeTis cixis aRebis win da a.S,).
ganviTarebis mesame etapad, SegviZlia is safexuri miviCnioT, sadac
metad xdeba realurobis xazgasma da mcdeloba axsnisa, rogor Zlia
gmirma esa Tu is mowinaaRmdege. Aamavdroulad, am etapze unda
davasaxeloT is qveynebi, romelTac sruliad realisturi elferi adevT
da romelTa konkretizirebas avtorebi xSirad axdenen nawarmoebis
manZilze. Aam etapze Cven ar vxvdebiT mistikur samyaros, romelsac
predominanti roli ukavia pirveli etapis ganxilvisas, Aaramed gvaqvs
sruliad realuri baza arsebuli qveynisa. amiT xdeba xazgasma da
miniSneba imisa, rom nawarmoebis gmirebi sruliad realuri personaJebi
arian.
A amgvarad, rusTvelis `vefxistyaosani~ SeiZleba CaiTvalos im tipis
nawarmoebad, romelic realurobis ganviTarebis mxriv, aSkarad win
uswrebs sxva ganxilul nawarmoebebs. poemaSi wamoWrili idealebi ki
mxolod imaze mianiSnebs, rom rusTvelisTvis saswauli poemis logikuri
Txrobis nawilia da ara mTavari mizandasaxuloba.
67
II Tavi
saswauli, rogorc Suasaukuneebis saero romanebis avantiura
sadisertacio naSromis pirvel TavSi, SevecadeT gangvexila im
tipis saswaulebi, romlebic saerToa rogorc saero, ise sasuliero
TxzulebebisaTvis. aseve aRvniSneT is gansxvavebanic, romlebic am tipis
nawarmoebebSi SeiniSneba. Ddisertaciis meore TavSi SevecdebiT
ganvixiloT saswauli, rogorc Suasaukuneebis romanisaTvis
damaxasiTebeli ZiriTadi niSani, romelic avantiuris fonze iSleba da
viTardeba.
Cven mizans warmoadgens satrfialo da saraindo romanebis
Seswavlis fonze ganvixiloT saswauli, rogorc avantiuris ZiriTadi
motivi. warmovaCinoT ra saxiTaa mocemuli garkveuli avantiura qarTul
da evropul literaturaSi. aqvT Tu ara maT saerTo damaxasiaTebeli
niSani da aris Tu ara saswauli Suasaukuneebis qarTul saraindo
romanebSic avantiuris ganxorcieleba. amisaTvis aucilebelia zogadad
mimovixiloT saero romanebis Seqmnis wina periodi rogorc qarTul, ise
evropul literaturaSi; warmovaCinoT adamianis, gmiris is axleburi
modeli da ZiriTadi Rirebulebebi, romlebic Suasaukuneebma moitana da
daamkvidra.
Suasaukuneebis epoqa, gansakuTrebiT XII_XIII saukuneebi, rogorc
aRmosavleTSi, ise dasavleTSi, axal sulier faseulobaTa damkvidrebis
saukunea. samecniero literaturaSi xSirad miuTiTeben, rom Sua
saukuneebis literatura da xelovneba mdidaria simbolur-alegoriuli
68
saxeebiT, es gansakuTrebiT igrZnoba arqiteqturaSi, romelSic mravladaa
fantastikuri figurebi, ucnauri simboloebi, romelTac did
mniSvnelobas aniWebda Suasaukuneebis adamiani. es Tematika ucxo araa
arc am periodis literaturisaTvis. am periodis saraindo Tu
sasiyvarulo romanebi gverds ver uvlian saswaulis Tematikas da
saswauli ufro metad afarToebs Tavis sazRvrebs wina saukuneebTan
SedarebiT, roca literaturul nawarmoebebSi Semohyavs uZleveli gmiri,
romlis samyaroc goliaTebiT, devebiT, feriebiT, qajebiTa da sxva
anTropomorfuli arsebebiTaa dasaxlebuli.
saswaulebrivi Tematikis gamoyeneba, rogorc adamianuri garemos
Semadgeneli nawilis, metad Zveli tradiciebidan modis.Eam tradiciam
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi sxvadsxvagvari gamovlineba hpova sxvadasxva
qveynis kulturaSi. sainteresoa is faqti, rom sinamdvilesTan
damokidebulebaSi, am Tematikam yoveli eris, Janris da avtoris
koncefciaSi gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina. miuxedavad
gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebisa, faqtorebisa da mizezebisa, Suasaukuneebis
qarTul saero romanebsa da amave periodis frangul kurtuazul romanSi
mainc SeiniSneba garkveuli msgavseba. kerZod, es aris avantiuris
ganxorcieleba, romelic ZiriTadad saswaulis niSniT xorcieldeba.
Qqristianobidan moyolebuli adamiani icnobda gmiris sam variants
_ mowame, monazoni da wmindani.
agiografiuli literaturis ZiriTadi amosavali principi iyo
mxolod da mxolod idealuri adamianis asaxva da ara adamianTa
sulieri Tu praqtikuli cxovrebis calkeuli mxareebis Cveneba. rogorc
mecnieri r. siraZe SeniSnavs, adamianTa fsiqologia Tu socialuri
funqcia fasdeba swored Tavisi drois adamianobis zogadi idealisadmi
mimarTebaSi. rogori unda iyos konkretuli pirovnebis cxovreba, raTa
igi gaxdes uSualo gamoxatuleba idealuri adamianis _ ai, esaa ZiriTadi
69
problema agiografiuli nawarmoebisaTvis. esaa sazogadoebis interesi,
idealur gmirs xedavdes konkretuli pirovnebis saxeSi. Aamdenadve,
daSvebulia idealuris konkretulad arsebobis SesaZlebloba. Aamitomac
agiografiis idealuri gmirebi istoriuli pirovnebebia (38, gv. 196-197).
Aagiografiul TxzulebebSi, didi mniSneloba eniWeba gmiris
dabadebas, misi gamorCeuli bavSvobis aRweras. Mmas farTo gavrceleba
aqvs gmiris Semdgom cxovrebaSi. Tumca Suasaukuneebis literaturaSi es
damokidebuleba icvleba. Aam periodis romanis mTavari personaJebisaTvis
amgvari dabadeba ukve aRaraa privilegia. Ees gmirebi nawarmoebebSi
Semodian ukve zrdasrul asakSi da maTi gamorCeulobis xazgasma xdeba
mTeli nawarmoebis manZilze.
Suasaukuneebis avtorebi (rusTveli, aseve misi Tanamedrofe frangi
mwerali kretien de trua), agiografi mwerlisagan gansxvavebiT, ideals
eZeben ara istoriuli gmiris, konkretuli pirovnebis saxeSi, aramed
isini ideals qmnian fantaziaSi.
rusTvelis SexedulebiT, adamiani idealurs uaxlovneba pirovnuli
RirsebebiTa da TvisebebiT. Suasaukuneobriv sazogadoebaSi arsebuli
idealebisadmi wvdomis surviliTa da misken Seupovari swrafviT.
Suasaukuneebis adamianis Sexeduleba garemomcvel samyaroze, misi
mentaloba da aRqma garemomcveli sinamdvilisa, Taviseburad aisaxa im
periodis literaturasa da xelovnebaSi.
frangi istorikosi, Jak le gofi, ase axasiaTebs Suasaukuneebis
adamianis mentalitets: `ra Tqma unda adreul SuasaukuneebSi uSualo,
ZiriTadi mizani adamianuri cxovrebis iyo amqveyniuri cxovreba,
amqveynieri, miwieri Zalaufleba, Tumc ki faseulobebi, romliTac maSin
adamianebi cxovrobdnen da romlisTvisac ibrZodnen, iyo RmerTi,
samoTxe, imqveyniuri cxovreba. Nnebismieri xalxis Suasaukuneebis
literatura Tavisi ZirebiT ukavSirdeba Tavis warsuls. iqneba es miTebi,
70
istoriuli faqtebi, legendebi Tu gadmocemebi saswaulebze, romlebSic
asaxvas poulobs nacionaluri TviTSegnebis xangrZlivi procesi. Eeposi
axdens naciis cnobierebis formirebas. Eepikuri gmiri qmnis idealur
warmodgenas gmirze, adamianze (90, gv. 210).
Suasaukuneebis gmiri nawilobriv Tavisufalia Tavis qcevaSi, igi
moqmedebs siyvarulis, megobrobis, gmirobis saxeliT. rasakvirvelia
aseTi gmiris warmoSobas garkveuli socialuri faqtorebi uZRoda win,
upirveles yovlisa ki es iyo Zlieri feodaluri monarqiis aRmavloba.
XII_XIII saukuneebis saero literatura, romelSic asaxva hpova
rogorc erovnulma TviTSegenebam, ise epoqis wes-Cveulebebma, axali
tipis gmiris ideali daamkvidra. is ZiriTadi faqtorebi, romelTac
gavlena iqonies Suasaukuneebis saero romanis Camoyalibebaze qarTul
sinamdvileSi, rogorc k. kekeliZe ganmartavs, iyo Semdegi: 1. saqarTvelos
gaerTianeba damoukidebeli monarqiis farglebSi. 2. saxelmwifoSi saero
feodaluri da samxedro elementebis dawinaureba, romelTa sxvadasxva
saxis moTxovnileba mxatvrul gaformebas eZebda Sesaferisi stilis
literaturaSi... mas sWirdeboda sakuTari literatura iseTi gmirebiT,
romelTac ara marto Ronieri mklavi aqvT, aramed keTili gulic... es is
socialur-kulturuli tipia, romelic dasavleT evropaSi kurtuaziul
mxedar-raindiTaa warmodgenili. 3. politikuri da ekonomiuri Zliereba
feodaluri monarqiisa, ramac Seasusta cxovrebisadmi pesimistur-
asketikuri damokidebuleba... Seigno amqveyniuri cxovrebis ideali,
SeimuSava humanuri idealebi da miswrafebani. 4. monarqiuli brwyinvale
samefo karis arseboba. samefo kari gadaiqca saero mxatvruli
literaturuli cxovrebis mTavar centrad. Mmonarqis karis
brwyinvalebasTan da mis keTildReoba-warmatebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli
saero literaturis warmatebac. 5. centralizebuli monarqiis rainduli
Sinaarsi. im sadevgmiro da samijnuro-romantikuli motivebis damuSaveba,
71
romelnic asazrdoebdnen axlad aRmocenebul saero literaturas (22, gv.
13-14).
Y yvela zemoT CamoTvlil fatqorTagan umniSvnelovanesia swored
monarqiis dawinaurebaa, Zlieri mefe, romelic ara mxolod Zlieri
xelisufali, aramed xelSeuvali monarqicaa, romlis Zalauflebis
ganmtkicebas mesianisturi koncefciac uwyobs xels.
sainteresoa am mxriv Suasaukuneebis warmosaxviTi samyaros
Seswavla. warmosaxviT samyaroze miniSnebebi araerTgzis gvxvdeba
Suasaukuneebis kulturaSi. cnobili frangi mecnierebi, pol alfanderi
da alfons diuproni, Seecadnen daemtkicebinaT, rom dasavleli
qristianebi jvarosnul laSqrobebSi gaemgzavrnen upirveles yovlisa
imitom, rom isini STagonebulni iyvnen zeciuri ierusalimis
warmosaxviTi saxiT. warmosaxvis istoria, es aris CaRrmaveba
cnobierebaSi, warmosaxva stimuls aZlevs adamians da ubiZgebs samoqmedo
asparezisken (104,. gv.69-74).
Sua saukuneebis warmosaxviT samyaroSi mniSvnelovan adgils
ikavebs saswauli. Ees Tema aqtualuria da gamoxatulebas poulobs
adamianTa samyaroSi, bunebaSi, literaturasa da xelovnebaSi. ESua
saukuneebis adamianebi gansxvavdebodnen rogorc mentalobiT, aseve
qceviT, azrovnebiT, reaqciiT garesamyaroze, rogori ganviTarebulic ar
unda yofiliyo esa Tu is individi, misi saukunis garemomcveli faqtori
mniSvnelovan kvals tovebda masze. amiT iyo albaT ganpirobebuli isic,
rom saswauli, iqneboda es gamJRavnebuli xelovnebasa Tu
literaturaSi, am periodis adamianisTvis misaRebi da sarwmuno xdeboda.
sainteresoa am periodis sazogadoebis damokidebuleba mefisadmi,
rogorc xelSeuvali monarqisadmi, romlis Camomavloba saqarTveloSi
arsebuli tradiciis mixedviT, RvTiuri xaziT sacnaurdeboda.
Llegenda bagrationTa RvTiuri warmoSobis Sesaxeb adreve Seiqmna.
72
yovel SemTxvevaSi IX saukuneSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo qarTul,
somxur samyaroSi, xolo X saukuneSi mas mezobeli bizantiis saistorio
mwerlobac icnobda.
XI saukuneSi Seiqmna sagangebo saistorio Txzuleba, romelSic
mocemulia bagrationTa sagvareulos mwyobri genealogia. Aam
TxzulebaSi bagrationebi bibliuri daviTisa da solomonis meSveobiT
ieso qristes Camomavlebad arian gamocxadebulni. amiT iyo
ganpirobebuli, rom qarTveli mefeebi TavanT Tavs iesian, daviTian,
solomonian bagratovanebs uwodebdnen, xolo mefobas RvTis mier
dadgenilad da boZebulad Tvlidnen. Aaseve erisTavebic cdilobdnen
TavianTi warmoSoba sxvadsxva legendarul gmirebTan daekavSirebinaT da
amiT ganedidebinaT sakuTari gvari (26, gv. 70). Mmomdevno saukuneebSi am
ideologiam formulireba mesianisturi koncefciis saxelwodebiT miiRo,
romlis mixedviT, Tamari mTeli kacobriobis mxsnelad moizareboda.
`CaxruxaZis mier Tamari gamocxadebulia codvili kacobriobis axal
mxsnel mesiad, adamis xsnad mowodebulad (~Tamariani~, 20, 2), mexotbeni
cdiloben argumentacia mouZebnon am Tvalsazriss, axali mesiac (Tamari)
bibliuri mefeebis STamomavladaa gamocxadebuli (54, gv. 697).
Aanalogiuri mdgomareobaa am periodis dasavleTSi. cnobili
medievisti, mark bloki, romelsac ekuTvnis gamokvleva, `saswaulTmoqmedi
mefeebi~, xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom samefo dinastiis aRzevebis
periodSi, Cndeba legenda mefeTa RvTiuri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb.
romelic saTaves iRebs XII saukunidan da grZeldeba TviT XVIII
saukunemde. igi aRniSnavs, rom _ elei, eklesiuri zeTi, romelsac
scxebdnen mefeebs koronaciis dros, ar iyo ubralo zeTi, aramed E
saswaulTmoqmedi siTxe. IX saukuneSi erT-erTi episkoposis mier
Cawerili legendis Tanaxmad, VI saukuneSi mtredis saxiT gadmosulma
wminda sulma Camoitana amqveynad wminda WurWeli, romelic
73
saswaulTmoqmedi zeTiT iyo savse da romelic safrangeTis mefeebisTvis
iyo gankuTvnili. rogorc mkvlevari SeniSnavs, inglisis mefeebi
cdiloben ar CamorCnen safrangeTis mefeebs da XIV saukuneSi avrceleben
legendas, romlis mixedviT XII saukuneSi wargzavnili Tomas beketi
iRebs wminda qalwulisgan fialas RvTaebrivi zeTiT, romelic inglisis
mexuTe mefisTvisaa gankuTvnili (78, gv. 124).
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, warmosaxviTi samyaro, romelsac qmnian
mefeebi da masze daqvemdebarebuli Zlieri feodalebi, aseve rwmena mefis
Zalauflebisadmi, magiis da saswaulis rwmena, qmnis garkveulwilad
idumal da saswaulebriv garemos, romelSic cxovrobs am periodis
adamiani. Sesabamisad, mwerloba da xelovneba gverds ver uvlis am
Tematikas da warmosaxviTi istoria mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs am
dargebSic.
XII saukunis gaerTianebuli saqarTvelo, romelsac saTaveSi Zlieri
monarqi edga, socialur-politikur da kulturul-ekonomiur aRmasvlas
ganicdida. gaerTianebuli feodaluri monarqia moiTxovda axal,
cxovrebasTan Seguebul literaturas, axali motivebis Semotanasa da
damkvidrebas mwerlobaSi.
Aam periodis qarTuli mwerloba axlo kavSirSia rogorc
aRmosavlur, ise dasavlur mwerlobasTan. rogorc cnobili mecnieri n.
mari SeniSnavda, `X-XII saukuneebSi qarTvelebs igive sakiTxebi
ainteresebdaT, rac saqristiano msoflios mowinave adamianebs rogorc
aRmosavleTSi, ise dasavleTSi, im gansxvavebiT sxvebisagan, magaliTad
evropelebisagan, rom qarTvelebi sxvebze adre gamoexmaurebodnen xolme
filosofiuri azris uaxles mimdinareobebs, aRWurvilni iyvnen Tavisi
droisaTvis sanimuSo teqstualuri kritikis unariT (54, gv.113.)
Yyvela es faqtori qmnida SesaniSnav garemos qarTuli saero
mwerlobis CamoyalibebisaTvis, romelic `winaaRmdeg sasuliero
74
mwerlobisa, cnobda amqveyniuri cxovrebis, materialuri samyaros
TviTRirebulebas, aSuqebda adamianur sinamdviles da saxavda amqveyniur
idealebs. qarTuli mwerloba humanizmis gziT viTardeboda~ (8, gv. 6).
Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom saero mwerlobis Casaxva da ganviTareba
moxda swored sasuliero mwerlobaze dayrdnobiT. `saero mwerlobam
sasulierosgan daimkvidra savsebiT damuSavebuli ena, man gaimeora misi
mTavari Janrebi (eposi, lirika) da kompoziciuri xerxebi; meore mxriT _
Sinaarsoblivi satrfialo-samijnuro da sadev-gmiro motivebi, romelnic
warmodgenilni arian klasikuri periodis saero literaturaSi,
ukanasknelma elementebis saxiT, apokrifuli beletrestikidanac miiRo~
(22., gv. 39).
saero, rainduli romanebis winamorbedad, k.kekeliZe asaxelebs
wminda mxedarTa agiografias da maT `sagmiro~ Tavgadasavals. amis
sailustraciod moyavs giorgi kapadokielisa da Teodore stratielis
`wamebani~ da miuTiTebs, rom giorgi da Teodore raindul saqmes jer
RvTisa da jvaris daxmareba-SewevniT asruleben, mere ki Tavisi
vaJkacobiTa da mamacobiT.
rogorc k. kekeliZe miuTiTebs, `wminda mxedarTa~ romanebze didi
moTxovnileba dabadebula CvenSi X saukunis miwurulidan, gansakuTrebiT
XI_XII saukuneebSi, rodesac Cveni qveynis teritoriaze yalibdeba Zlieri
feodaluri monarqia. Ees iqedan Cans, rom dasaxelebul mxedarTa
cxovreba-martvilobani iTargmna swored X saukunis gasulidan XII
saukunis meore naxevramde (25, gv. 6). momdevno periodSi ki ukve iqmneba
originaluri saero mwerloba, romlis warmoSoba-ganviTarebaze
garkveuli gavlena mouxdenia rogorc bizantiur agiografiul romans,
ise sparsul literaturas. Kk. kekeliZem gamoyo saero romanebSi
agiografiidan Semosuli oTxi kompoziciuri Sabloni. romelzedac Cven
ukve visaubreT dawvrilebiT Cveni naSromis pirvel TavSi. Aamjerad
75
aRvniSnavT mxolod imas, rom mkvlevarma am Sablonebis ganxilvisa da
dasaxelebis safuZvelze gviCvena, Tu rogor gamoiyena sasuliero gmiris
garkveuli Tvisebebi saero literaturam axali gmiris mxatvruli saxis
Sesaqmnelad.
sainteresoa is faqtic, rom satrfialo motivebis, adiulteris
gaCena qarTuli aristokratiuli fenis garkveul wreebSi bevrad win
uswrebs igive movlenebis gaCenas dasavlur literaturaSi.Dda, rac
mTavaria gamJRavnebulia amisaTvis Seuferebel JanrSi, agiografiaSi.
EmarTalia, es faqti ar gvaZlevs uflebas, rom siyvarulis Tematikis
gavrceleba saero romanebSi agiografiuli mwerlobis gavleniT avxsnaT,
Tundac es agiografia icnobdes iseT Zlier satrfialo motivebs
rogoricaa aSot da adarnase kurapalatebis samijnuro epizodebi,
(`grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~), magram unda vaRiaroT, rom qmnis
garkveul winapirobas saero literaturaSi satrfialo motivebis
Setanisas da damkvidrebisas.
Uunda aRvniSnoT isic, rom rogorc n. naTaZe SeniSnavs, samijnuro
kultis arseboba im saxiT, ra saxiTac is evropasa da me-12 saukunis
saqarTveloSi arsebobda, sxva qveynebis istoriam ar icis. Mmkvlevari
qarTuli da evropuli samijnuro kultis Camoyalibebis saerTo wyarod
arabul kulturas asaxelebs (31, gv. 60).
Suasaukuneebis kulturam mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa qalis
rolisa da bunebis formirebaSi. swored SuasaukuneebSi Camoyalibda
Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli Sexedulebani qalze, Suasaukuneebma TiTqos
xelaxla aRmoaCina qali rogorc ara borotis, aramed sikeTis sawyisi.
cnobilia, rom qristianuli kulturidan wamovida ori radikalurad
gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba qalze, ori qalis saxe antipodi, _ codvili
eva da qalwuli mariami. Tumca es Sexedulebani ufro metad
popularuli da aqtualuri iyo swored dasavleTSi da ara
76
saqarTveloSi sadac qalisadmi siZulvils mkveTri gamoxatuleba
arasodes qonia.
araerTi naSromi da da gamokvleva mieZRvna am Temas.
magaliTisTvis SegviZlia davasaxeloT ramodenime maTgani, romelTac
uSualod gavecaniT (mag : С. Шейхе _ История женщини в средние века; М.
Лабарж_Женщини в средневнковой жизни; А. Лукас _ Женщина в средние века (J.M.
Ferrante, J.H. Tavard, J.Duby...).
qalis bunebaze warmodgenebs, didi xnis istoria aqvs.
androcentruli kultura aTaseuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi ayalibebda
idealebsa da kulturul xatebs, romelSic wamyvani roli ufro metad
mamkacur sawyiss ekava, qalis roli da saxe ki umetes SemTxvevaSi
damcrobili iyo.
sainteresoa qalis roli miTologiaSi, zRaprebSi, sadac maTi
statusi sakamaod maRalia. dasavleTis miTosi savsea irealuri,
feeriuli qalebiT, romlebic aramiwieri arsebebi arian, magram maTi
rCeulebi umetes SemTxvevaSi miwieri mamakacebi xdebian. magaliTad,
adreul keltur literaturaSi qalebi Tavad irCeven qmrebs da udidesi
pativiT sargebloben. mkvlevarebma ukve aRniSnes is faqti, rom swored
keltebis miTologiuri sasiyvarulo istoriebi uyrian safuZvels
Suasaukuneobriv saraindo romanebs.
asevea qarTul miTosSic, `amiranis Tqmulebidan~¬ vigebT, rom
mamamisi Cveuli mokvdavia, xolo deda nadirobis qalRmerTi dali.
sainteresoa qarTuli jadosnuri zRaprebic, romlis mTavari RerZi
mzeTunaxavi qalia, mis garSemo ikvreba da ixsneba kvanZi.
cnobilia qalis roli saberZneTsa da romSi, sadac pirvel rigSi
idga ara pirovneba, aramed saxelmwifo da aqedan ukve gansazRvruli iyo
qalis roli da statusi. igi ar ganekuTvneboda Tavisufal,
sruluflebian moqalaqeTa wres.
77
xolo rac Seexeba qristianobas, romelmac Zireulad Secvala bevri
ram kacobriobis azrovnebasa da kulturaSi, warmodgenebi qalze aqac
etapobrivad yalibdeboda da icvleboda. rogorc rusi mkvlevari e.
eSevski ganmartavs, dasavlur, ukve gaqristianebul evropaSi, erT-erT
saeklesio krebaze, moazrovneebis winaSe seriozulad daisva aseTi
kiTxva, qali _ aris Tu ara igi adamiani ? _ mravali sawinaaRmdego
mosazrebebis Semdeg, erT-erTma RvTismetyvelma aseTi argumenti moitana :
_ bibliaSi ieso aris RvTis Ze, magram miwaze is aris mariamis Ze, anu
qalis Ze, amisda kvalobaze, qali adamiania, Torem misi Ze ver iqneboda
kacobriobis mxsneli. am argumentis sawinaaRmdego araferi iyo da am
krebaze qali aRiares adamianad (63, gv.39).
isini, vinc amtkicebdnen, rom qali Tavisi bunebiT iyo
arasrulyofili, rogorc fizikuri, ise inteleqtualuri monacemebiT,
apelirebas axdendnen Semdegi frazisas Zveli aRTqmidan (Sesaq. 1.2), rom
qali RmerTma Seqmna mamakacis Seqmnis mere, misi neknisgan da misTvis da
iq ar aris xseneba imisa, STabera Tu ara man suli qals.
axal aRTqmaSi ki Sexeduleba qalze sruliad sxvagvaria. maTesTan,
mariami ara mxolod biologiuri, aramed sulieri dedacaa qristesi,
qalma ki ar daRupa kacobrioba, aramed gadaarCina igi, mianiWa ra
sicocxle kacobriobis mxsnels. isic unda iTqvas, rom mariologiuri
kulti, romelic V saukuneSi iRebs saTaves, farTo gavrcelebas mxolod
XI saukuneSi poulobs.
Tumca qristianuli doqtrinis am elementebs xeli ar SeuSliaT
zogierTi qalTmoZule avtorebisaTvis, romlebic amtkicebdnen, rom
araferi saerTo madonas, mariams, Cveulebriv mokvdav qalebTan ara aqvs
da arc SeiZleba qondes.
sanam uSualod gadavalT Suasaukuneebis kulturaze da qalis
rolze am saukuneebSi, albaT oriode sityviT unda movixsenioT qali
78
qarTuli adreuli periodis nawamoebebSi, kerZod, `SuSanikis wamebaSi~,
sadac SuSaniki gvevlineba, rogorc qali, deda da bolos wmindani.
SuSanikis uflebebi marTalia Selaxulia, magram SuSaniki ar aris iseTi
damcrobili da uuflebo, rogoric am periodis dasavlur, Tundac
aRmosavlur literaturaSi asaxuli qali. SuSaniki garkveulwilad
damoukidebeli pirovnebaa, igi Tavisi nebiT midis qmris saxlidan da
miuxedavad araerTi damcirebisa da Seuracxyofisa, Tavis poziciebs ar
Ralatobs, marTalia, igi gvevlineba rogorc rwmenis udidesi damcveli,
mowame, magram igi bolomde mainc qalia, romelic ver patiobs varsqens
mis winaSe Cadenil danaSaulobebs, mainc ocnebobs, rom RmerTma
gansajos im qveynad orive iq, sadac `ara ars rCeva mamakacisa da
dedakacisa, sadac varsqens miezRveba, rameTu `man nayofni misni uJamod
moisTulna da silamaze misi udrood daaWkno...~ iakob xucesma saocari
realisturobiT asaxa wmindanis da amave dros mokvdavi qalis saxe.
sainteresoa zenonis dis saxec `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~,
sadac zenonis da TviTon irCevs saqmros da miyveba kidec mas, ojaxis
nebis sawinaaRmdegod.
amiT kidev erTxel dasturdeba, rom qalis statusi bevrad ufro
maRalia imdroindel saqarTveloSi, vidre evropaSi.
unda mivuTiToT imazec, rom `XII saukunis rusTvelamdel qarTul
kulturasa da literaturaSi SeiniSneba igive procesi, rac axal,
progresul azrovnebas mohyva XII-XIII saukuneebis evropaSi. Ees msgavseba
epoqis saerTo suliskveTebiT, azrovnebis ganviTarebis saerTo
kanonzomierebiT unda iyos ganpirobebuli. qarTuli kultura da
azrovneba amaRlda epoqis azrovnebis mwvervalamde da SeiTvisa
saukeTeso, rac aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis kulturebSi iyo. (54,
gv.705).
arsebobs garkveuli etapebi saero literaturis ganviTarebaSi.
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SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa
aRmosavluri samyaros literaturis am etapTa Sedareba dasavluri
eposis da romanis ganviTarebis tendenciebTan. Mmkvlevari a. aleqsiZe
gamoyofs or wres. amaTgan pirvelSi Sehyavs iseTi tipis nawarmoebebi,
rogoricaa X saukunis bizantiuri sagmiro eposi `digenis akritasi~, XI-
XIIss. Ffranguli `rolandis simRera~, qarTuli `amirandarejaniani~
(qalisa da gmirobis kulti, gmiris funqciaTa upiratesad
sazogadoebrivi, samxedro-feodaluri xasiaTi, qalis roli aris
daqvemdebarebuli, meorexarisxovani).
Mmeore wreSi Semohyavs bizantiuri satrfialo da saraindo
romanebi (XII_XIVss.); franguli kurtuazuli romani kretien de truas
avtorobiT (XIIs meore naxevari _ XIII s. ), rusTvelis `vefxistyaosani~
(qali iqceva centrad, siyvaruli nawarmoebis mTavar Temad da gmiris
mTavar funqciad) (4, gv. 76).
avantiuris kvlevis safuZvelze saraindo romanebSi, Cven
SevecdebiT erT wreSi gavaerTianoT rusTvelis, mose xonelis da
kretien de truas nawarmoebebi, raTa ukeT warmovaCinoT Tu ra
ganviTareba hpova avantiuram qarTul da dasavlur saraindo
literaturaSi.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, qarTuli saero literaturis
Camoyalibebas win uswrebda mdidari qarTuli agiografiuli da
istoriografiuli Zeglebis Seqmna. istoriul matianebSi damkvidrda
garkveuli standarti, romlis mixedviT, yvela istoriuli personaJi,
romelsac mematiane aRwers, idealuria. aRweris amgvarma stilma moitana
da daamkvidra hiperboluroba, adamianis RiresebaTa aRwerisas
hiperboluroba miRebul normad iqca. Ees tendencia kargadaa
SenarCunebuli `amirandarejanianSic~, sadac personJTa Rirsebebze
80
saubari mxolod hiperboliT mimdinareobs. Aamgvarad, saraindo romanis
Camoyalibebaze agiografiul mwerlobasTan erTad, istoriografiulma
wyaroebmac iqonies gavlena.
rac Seexeba frangul kurtuazul romans, mis CamoyalibebaSi
garkveuli roli, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, iqonia sagmiro eposmac.
Chanson de geste, anu sagmiro eposi, rogorc mas frangebi uwodeben,
aris iseTi tipis nawarmoebebi, sadac gmirs, saraindo romanisgan
gansxvavebiT, akisria sruliad sxvagvari funqcia. gmiri ar eZebs
saxifaTo Tavgadasavals, aq mas dakisrebuli aqvs erTgvari movaleoba,
maTi adgili gansazRvrulia garkveul politikur da istoriul
konteqstSi. Ggmirebis mier Cadenil gmirobas aqvs Tavisi funqcia realur
samyaroSi _ isini icaven qveyanas. gansxvavebiT saraindo romanebisgan,
sadac raindisTvis _ aventure _ gadaiqceva gamocdis, TviTdarwmunebis
saSualebad.
franguli sagmiro eposi warmoiSva xalxSi, es iyo erTgvarad
gmiris Ziebis xana istoriuli sinamdvilis fonze. frangul eposSi Cven
vxvdebiT mxolod aristokratiul fenas. marTalia, sazogadod sagmiro
eposi istoriul faqtebzea warmoSobili, magram masSi bevria Sesuli
xalxuri warmodgenebidan, xalxuri fantaziidan. Ggmiri, romelic
warmoSva aseTma sazogadoebam, ukve axali gmiris models qmnis. is aris
morwmune, mefisa da samSoblos siyvaruliT aRsavse raindi, romelic
mzadaa urwmunoTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi ar dazogos Tavi. gansxvavebiT
Chanson de geste, romelic im tipis nawarmoebebs miekuTvneba, sadac gmirebi
asruleben TavianT vals. Ggmiris mier Cadenil gmirobas aqvs Tavisi
funqcia realur samyaroSi _ isini icaven TavianT samSoblos.
Mmoqmedeben uflisa da samSoblos saxeliT.
cnobili frangi mkvlevris, g. parisis mixedviT, eposi Sedgeba oTxi
ZiriTadi kategoriisagan. Eesaa _ faqtebi (istoriuli da miTologiuri),
81
idea (romlis mixedviTac xdeba eposis formireba. idea aris zneobrivi
da moraluri), personaJebi (mefeebi, xalxi, mteri); forma (eposis formebi
icvleba, ZiriTadi Tema aris omi, xolo momdevno periodSi Semodis
mTxrobelis fantazia) (107, gv. 75).
sagmiro eposSi ukve ZiriTadi aqcenti gadatanilia ara
gveleSapebis da jadoqrebis, aramed mowinaaRmdege mtris damarcxebaze.
marTalia, jadosnuri cxovelebi am tipis nawarmoebebSic figurireben,
magram datvirTva imdeni aRaraa, radgan jadosnuri cxovelebis
damarcxeba ukve qristianuli rwmenis niSniT xorcieldeba. mTavari
aqcenti rwmenazea gadatanili da ara gmiris fizikur Zlierebaze.
qarTuli saero eposi amgvari tipis models, romelic konkretul
istoriul sivrceSi trialebs da mefisa da qveynisaTvis Tavdauzogav
brZolaSic uyoymanod midis, ar icnobs. ZiriTadi wyaroebi, romlebic
erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi ideis popularizacias ewevian, aris
SavTelisa da CaxruxaZis odebi da istoriuli mwerloba, romelsac
oficialurad aRiarebuli ideologiis Rirebuleba aqvT. marTalia,
`vefxistyaosnis~ gmirebisTvis, mefeTaTvis sikvdili caTa sasufevelSi
moxvedris tolfasia da arc samSoblos cnebaa maTTvis ucxo da isic
faqtia, rom erovnuli motivebis monawileoba poemaSi absoluturi
monarqiis ideologiaSia gamoxatuli, magram isini ar arian konkretuli,
istoriuli sinamdvilidan aRebuli personaJebi, romlebic konkretul
istoriul sivrceSi trialeben, gansxvavebiT `rolandis simRerisgan~.
MTumca isic faqtia, rom franguli agiografiuli Zeglebisagan
gansxvavebiT mdidar qarTul agiografiul ZeglebSi kargadaa
warmoCenili konkretuli istoriuli sinamdvile, gvxvdebian konkretuli
personaJebi,Eromlebic xSirad ara mxolod sulierebis gzaze Semdgar
wmindanebad gvevlinebian, aramed cdiloben samSoblosaTvis mZime
istoriul pirobebSi aRadginon `mamulisa Cveulebisaebr slvai~.
82
Tu qarTul literaturaSi sasuliero literaturis Canacvleba
saero literaturiT xdeba, dasavlur literaturaSi sagmiro eposs
kurtuazuli literatura anacvlebs, romelic pirdapir imeorebs
zRaprul motivebsa da fantastikas Dda gulgrili rCeba nacionaluri-
patriotuli Temebisadmi. `TviTon raindebi gmirobas Cadian ara
safrangeTis saxeliT, aramed piradi saxelis didebisaTvis an
feodaluri interesebidan gamomdinare~ (93, gv.198).
saraindo romanSi ukve pirvel adgilzea sasiyvarulo Tema.
siyvaruliT gamowveuli tanjva da sulieri konfliqtebi mniSvnelovan
adgils ikaveben am tipis romanebSi.
`vefxistyaosansa~ da kurtuaziul romanebs Soris arsebuli
kavSirebisa da gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb, mraval qarTvel da ucxoel
mecniers aqvs gamoTqmuli mosazreba (a. baramiZe, n. naTaZe, e. xinTibiZe, z.
gamsaxurdia, m. elbaqiZe, piter dronke, eleazar meletinski, kuleimans
beineni da a.S.). radgan Cveni sadisertacio naSromis ZiriTadi mizani
swored qarTul saraindo romansa da frangul kurtuazul romanebSi
saswaulis niSniT ganxorcielebuli avantiuris Ziebaa, saWirod vTvliT,
mokled mimovixiloT kurtuazuli literaturis arsic.
gamoTqmas kurtuazuli siyvaruli, arasodes iyenebdnen Sua
saukuneebis avtorebi. isini amjobinebdnen terminebs bonne amor, vraie amor _
mSvnieri siyvaruli, WeSmariti siyvaruli. Seyvarebuli xangrZlivi drois
manZilze unda emsaxuros Tavisi siyvarulis obieqts. Tavisi Zalebi man
mTlianad mas unda miuZRvnas, zogierT avtorTan Seyvarebuli raindi
kargavs yovelgvar individualobas. is bavSviviTaa, romelsac sayvareli
qali Tavis nebaze aTamaSebs. `misi gulisaTvis me mzad var viyo
matyuarac da gulwrfelic, erTgulic da moRalatec. uxeSic da
mosiyvarulec, radgan swored mas aqvs ufleba damamciros da amamaRlos~
(94, gv.124).
83
ingliseli mwerali klaiv levisi Tavis wignSi `siyvarulis
alegoria~, axdens kurtuazuli siyvarulis daxasiaTebas da ganixilavs
rogorc specializirebul swavlebas, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia
iseTi niSnebi, rogoricaa Semrigebloba, kurtuazuloba, Ralati da
siyvarulis religia. Seyvarebuli yovelTvis damcirebulia. is
emsaxureba siyvaruls ise, rogorc feodaluri vasali Tavis batons.
Seyvarebuli emsaxureba Tavis damas da mimarTavs mas rogorc midons,
rac etimologiurad niSnavs ara Cemi qalbatoni, aramed Cemi batoni. Eam
yvelafers ki SeiZleba vuwodoT `siyvarulis feodalizacia~ (98, gv. 114).
Kkurtuazuli koncefciisagan damoukideblad, Sua saukuneebSi mzad
iyvnen miwieri silamaze imqveyniuri silamazis anareklad warmoedginaT.
eklesis fasadze, romelic sen-deniSi mdebareobs, aseTi warweraa
SemonaxuliL `grZnobieri silamazis aRqmiT, suli WeSmarit silamazemde
maRldeba da miwidan zecisken iswrafvis.~ Suasaukuneebis poeziis enaze
es niSnavda imas, rom kurtuazuli qalis Rirseba da upirveles yovlisa
misi silamaze, namdvilad ukvdavia. aseTi silamaze Rirsia `maRali~
siyvarulis, xolo amaRlebuli siyvaruli Rirsia apoTeozis (77, gv.82-85).
kurtuazuli siyvaruli gvTavazobs qalis mimarT mamakacis mier
mamacobis, mokrZalebis da erTgulebis gamoCenas. Ees transformacia
gvTavazobs siyvarulis xelovnebis daxvewil formulas.
Qqorwineba moazrdeboda socialuri daniSnulebis faqtad. maSin
roca kurtuaziis arsSi devs piradi damsaxurebebi da Tavisufali neba.
Qqali es aris suzereni, mamakaci vasali. sakiTxs, Tu rogori istoriuli
Zirebi aqvs kurtuazul siyvaruls, exeboda bevri mkvlevari. zogierTi
maTganis mtkicebiT, qalisadmi siyvaruli gulisxmobda RvTaebriv caritas.
zogi mecnieri ki miiCnevs, rom aq aris RvTismSoblis kultis gavlena.
cnobili mkvlevari erix kioleri werda, kurtuazuli literaturis
Seqmna dakavSirebuli iyo feodaluri fenis klasobriv da kulturul
84
interesebTan, im socialur fenasTan, romelic didebis zenitSi
imyofeboda, magram grZnobda ukve daRmasvlas. Yyovelive amis
gaTvaliswinebiT, igi cdilobda Seeqmna damoukidebeli kultura,
romelic mxolod misi interesebis samsaxurSi iqneboda da amasTan erTad
ar gaemijneboda eklesias im kulturuli saganZuridan, romelic am
periodis raindobas hqonda, mas unda gamoekveTa TviTmyofadi,
damoukidebeli kultura, rac ganaxorciela kidec kurtuazul romanSi
(97, gv. 232).
Mmainc ram ganapiroba kurtuazuli romanis warmoSoba? rCeba sami
wyaro _ pirveli _ es aris ovidiusis poemebi Ars amatoria da Remedia amoris;
meore _ saeklesio tradiciiT miRebuli: met-naklebi sasiyvarulo
urTierTobebi eklesiis msaxurTa da monazonTa Soris (mag. Aabeliaris
da eloizas urTierToba) da aseve vagantebis laTinuri poezia, aseve
arsebobs hipoTeza, romlis mixedviT kurtuazuli siyvarulis
warmoSobis ZiriTad wyarod Tvlian avicenas siyvarulis Teoriisa da
arabuli poeziis gavlenas (72, gv. 480-489).
mniSvnelovan Teoriul Txzulebad kurtuazul siyvarulze
iTvleba andrea kapelanis `traqtati siyvarulze~, romelic dawerilia
1174 wels. safuZveli am traqtatis Seqmnisa gaxda Sampaniis hercoginias
kiTxva, romelmac sTxova sasiyvarulo eTikis axsna kapelans, igi
gamoyofs Tormet wess, romelsac unda mihyves Seyvarebuli, aRsaniSnavia
isic, rom am wesebs mtkiced icavda yvela mijnuri.
Kkurtuazuli romanis mniSvnelovani wyaro aris jadosnuri
zRapari, an misi problematika. kvanZi romanis imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
harmoniuli yofa irRveva da iqmneba niadagi imisaTvis, rom gmirma
Caidinos rainduli gmiroba da aq iqmneba romanuli kolizia.
TviTdajerebuli gmiri arRvevs wonasworobas `siyvarulsa~ da
`raindobas~ Soris. xolo Semdgomi ganviTareba am siuJetisa imaSi
85
mdgomareobs, rom gaivlis ra gmiri gamocda-avantiuras, avtori aRadgens
harmonias. xdeba idealTan miaxloeba (110, gv. 30-31)
iseve rogorc antikuri romani, Suasaukuneebis romanuli eposi da
kurtuazuli (saraindo) romani Mmoicavs mraval gancalkevebul
siuJetebs, damoukidebel epizodebs, Tavgadasavlebs. AromelTa saerTo
damaxasiaTebeli niSani aris avantiura.
saero literaturis ZeglebSi sxva TemebTan erTad (brZolis,
gmirobisFprincipebi), avantiuris motivic gadadis, gadaxalisebulia misi
gamovlenis ubani da farTovdeba moqmedebis arec. eSmakisa da xorcis
siamovnebaTa daTrgunva individualizmis altruistul gagebamde avida.
farTo gza mieca moyvasis sasikeTod sakuTari Tavis gasaWirSi
nebayoflobiT Cagdebas. raindis, moxetiale avantiuristis tipis
Semotana qarTuli saero kulturis yvelaze tipologiuri msagavsebaa
dasavleT evropuli romanebis raindebis mxatvrul saxesTan.
cnobili medievisti e. kioleri aRniSnavs, romAavantiura esaa
SesaZlebloba, romlis saSualebiTac SegiZlia gadalaxo winaaRmdegoba,
romelic arsebobs cxovrebiseul idealsa da realur cxovrebas Soris.
romani axdens avantiuris idealizirebas da amiT sZens mas moralur
faseulobas. Ggamoyofs mas konkretuli wyarosagan da aTavsebs
warmosaxviT feodalur samyaroSi A(96, gv. 143).
avantiuruli romani aris iseTi nawarmoebi, romelSic mxatvrul
formebSi aRwerilia aTasgvari, umetes SemTxvevaSi, fantastikuri
Tavgadasavali ama Tu im pirisa. misi erTi adgilidan meoreze gadasvla.
Aam mxriv, es romani ukavSirdeba fantastikur `mogzaurobaTa~ da
`TavgadasavalTa~ romans. Aavantiurulma romanma yvela Tavisi niSnebiT
gamovlineba hpova umTavresad `raindul romanSi~. Mmijnuris davalebiT
Tu samxedro-sagmiro saxelis mopovebisa da ucnobi qveynis naxvis
surviliT gatacebuli raindi mogzaurobs sxvadsxva ucnaur qveynebSi,
86
ebrZvis mtrebsa da mowinaaRmdegeT, romlebic eRobeba adamianebis,
goliaTebis, saSineli da ucnauri mxecebisa da aTasgvari dabrkolebebis
saxiT.
Aavantiuruli romanis ciklSi Sehyavs k. kekeliZes `vefxistyaosani~
da `amirandarejaniani~. Mmkvlevari am tipis romanebis kvals isev
sasuliero mwerlobaSi eZebs da magaliTad mohyavs makari romaelis
cxovrebaSi Sesuli Txzuleba `mimoslva samTa ZmaTa~. Arogorc mecnieri
miuTiTebs, am Txzulebas gamovyavarT saeklesio-sasuliero TxrobaTa
rkalidan da SevyavarT saero fantastikur-zRapruli nawarmoebebis
sferoSi, sadac mTeli fizikuri buneba, misi movlenebiT, floriTa da
fauniT _ gansulierebuli da adamianis TanamgrZnobia (23, gv. 49).
Cvenis mxriv davamatebdiT, rom raindi, romelic piradi
saxelisTvis, didebisTvis Cadis gmirobas, bevri ramiT gvagonebs
zRaprul gmirs, romelic bolos dedofals da naxevar samefos
moipovebs xolme. maT gmirobas aqvs gamocdis xasiaTi `rTuli davaleba~
_ rac gvxvdeba zRaparSi. aRar vambobT arafers iseT gamocdaze,
rogoricaa iniciacia, romelic romans SeiZleba ememkvidra rogorc
zRaprisgan, ise eposisgan da miTisgan.
sagmiro eposis gmiris Tavgadasavali ganpirobebulia qveyanaSi
arsebuli mdgomareobiT, xalxs Wirdeba gmiri, romelsac warmoSobs
kidec da igi itvirTavs ZiriTad funqcias gaaTavisuflos qveyana
dampyrobelebisagan, gadaarCinos samSoblo. saraindo romanis gmiris
Tavgadasavals ganapirobebs an mijnuris daaleba, riTac mas saSualeba
eZleva daamtkicos sakuTari Zala da siyvaruli satrfosadmi, an gmiri
Tavisi nebiT eZebs faTeraks, raTa daimsaxuros raindis wodeba an ukve
miniWebul wodebas saxeli da dideba Sematos.
qarTul saraindo romanebSi (`amirandarejaniani~, `vefxistyaosani~),
iseve rogorc amave periodis dasavlur literaturaSi, gmiris avantiuris
87
ganxorcielebaSi mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs saswauli, romelic xSir
SemTxvevaSi an xdeba dasabami mTeli avantiuris, an Tan sdevs avantiuras
mTeli ganviTarebis manZilze. is, rom `vefxistyaosani~ ar aris
gajerebuli im doziT saswaulebrivi elementebiT, rogorc dasavluri
romanebi. jer kidev cnobilma mkvlevarma moris bouram SeniSna _
marTalia, `vefxistyaosani~ saraindo roamania, mas saocrad aklia erTi
elementi, romliTac gaJRenTilia TiTqmis yvela sxva saraindo romani es
aris zebunebrivoba. rasac `vefxistyaosanSi~ vaJkacebi da diacebi
akeTeben, marTlac gansakuTrebulia da Cveulebrivi adamianis Zal-Rones
aRemateba, magram miuxedavad amisa, aseTi moqmedeba mainc SesaZlebelia
da magia aq araviTar rols ar asrulebs. Aam TvalsazrisiT
`vefxistyaosani~ TiTqmis realisturia (11, gv. 12-14).
Tumca unda aRvniSnoT, rom avantiura, romelsac `vefxistyaosnis~
gmirebi axorcieleben, garkveulwilad avlens siaxloves dasavlur
romanebSi aRweril saswaulebriv elementebTan, asevea
`amirandarejaniani~, romlis gmirebi faTerakebisa da Tavgadasavlebis
Ziebisas ufro met siaxloves amJRavneben dasavluri romanebis
raindebTan.
sainteresoa is faqtic, rom gmirebis mier ganxorcielebuli
Tavgadasavali, romelic saswauliTa da zebunebrivi elementebiTaa
gajerebuli, misi drois mkiTxvelisaTvis sruliad realur ambadaa
aRqmuli.
Arogorc g. imedaSvili aRniSnavs, `vefxistyaosanSi~ arcerTi
fantasmagoruli detali ar gvaeWvebs misi adamianuri aRqmis
SesaZleblobaSi, iseve rogorc Cvens SegrZnebaSi, arc rusTvelis gmirTa
xasiaTebi kargaven cxovelmyofelobas imitom, rom isini mogonil
personaJebs warmoadgenen (16, gv. 339).
Mmainc ra datvirTva eniWeba saraindo romanebSi saswauls, iqneba
88
is mocemuli didi Tu mcire doziT?
SeiZleba iTqvas rom `vefxistyaosnisaTvis~, iseve rogorc
franguli kurtuazuli romanebisTvis, jadosnuri samyaro adamianis
gaxsnis, sinamdvilis eqspresiuli Cvenebis xerxad aris qceuli.
rusTvelis originaloba is aris, rom igi ar ganixilavs siyvaruls,
rogorc aranormalur movlenas. misTvis siyvaruli adamianis gulSi
sikeTis gamomavlinebelia. rusTvelis gmirebis samoqmedo asparezsac
siyvaruli udevs safuZvlad.
samyaro, romelsac gmirebi toveben, raTa sabolood mas harmoniuli
yofa daubrunon, usasrulod didia. dro-sivrcis SegrZneba am periodis
nawarmoebebSi, rogorc mixeil baxtini aRniSnavs, e.w. `avantiuruli
drois~ niSniT mimdinareobs. am romanebis personaJebi, ZiriTadad, `ucxo~,
abstraqtul samyaroSi gadaadgildebian da droc Sesabamisad xan
statikuria, xan dinamikuri. dro yvela personaJisTvis gansxvavebulad
gadis, radgan drois aRqma personaJTa cxovrebis weszea damokidebuli
(61, gv.234-407).
saraindo romanisTvis, ise rogorc sagmiro zRaprisTvis
damaxasiaTebelia mogzauroba axal saswaulebriv adgilebSi.
gaTavisufleba da gamoxsna datyvevebulis, brZola ucnaur arsebebTan.
imisaTvis, rom gmiris avantiuras moeZebnos ganxorcielebis saSualeba,
gmirma unda imogzauros. Tavgadasavali da gmiris usasrulo
mogzaurobis Tema aqtualuria am periodis romanebSi. gmirTa
Tavgadasavlebis areali ukideganoa. sainteresoa TavisTavad is faqti,
rodidan Caeyara safuZveli samogzauro Janris Camoyalibebas, romelmac
aseTi farTo gavrceleba hpova Semdgom saraindo romanebSi.
cnobili mkvlevari umberto eko aRniSnavs, rom Sua saukuneebis
mxatvrul nawarmoebSi, Ffantastika gamoiyofa rogorc gansakuTrebuli
saxeoba mxatvruli Semoqmedebis. fantastikuris aRorZineba
89
dakavSirebulia saswaulis esTetikis gadamuSavebasTan, xdeba ganStoeba:
sagmiro zRapari da zRapari kulturul gmirze transformirdeba
sagmiro eposSi _ romelSic mravladaa saswaulebrivi elementebi. Mmagram
yovelgvari saswauli aRqmulia rogorc Cveulebrivi movlena, romelic
CarTulia gmirTa Tavgadasavlebsa da mogzaurobebSi. Hhomerosis
`odisea~ aris upirveles yovlisa fantastikuri monaTxrobi
yvelafrisSemZlebel da daujerebel Tavgadasavlebze. O`odiseas~
siuJeti gaxda dasabami MmTeli dasavluri literaturis fantastikis,
irlandiuri sagmiro sagebis, wminda brendanis mogzaurobis da a.S
Aamgvarad, jer kidev antikur xanaSi miiRo fantastikam ZiriTadi
mimarTuleba _ fantastikuri mogzauroba (111, gv. 58).
imisaTvis, rom ufro kargad warmoCndes Tu ra tradiciebs
emyareboda Suasaukuneebis gmiri, roca usasrulod daxetialobda
faTerakebis saZieblad, SevecdebiT oriod sityviT im tipis nawarmoebebi
mimovixiloT, romelTac safuZveli moumzades romanebSi avantiuris
SemotanisaTvis, avantiuris, romelic umeteswilad saswaulis niSniT
xorcieldeba.
rogorc mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, Cvenamde moRweuli Yyvelaze
adreuli nawarmoebebia `gilagameSis eposi~ da `odisea~. Hhomerosis
poemam didi roli iTamaSa am Janris Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis.
`odiseas~ modelis mixedviT Seiqmna sxva cnobili antikuri siuJeti.
magaliTad, argonavtebis mogzauroba. Aam periods ganekuTvneba
literaturuli utopiebic (berZ. τοπος — «adgili», υ-τοπος — «adgili,
romelic ar arsebobs»). pirvel utopiad, dasavlur evropul
literaturaSi, iTvleba platonis `saxelmwifoSi~ aRwerili idealuri
sazogadoebis modeli. amas garda utopiuri motivebi gvxvdeba TiTqmis
yvela xalxis miTologiaSi. UutopiebSi xSiradaa warmodgenili
90
fantastikuri mogzaurobebi dausaxlebel kunZulebze (maTi prototipia
homerosis mier aRwerili mogzauroba, rodesac odisevsi xvdeba
sxvadasxva ucnaur kunZulebze. aseTia iambulis `mzis kunZuli~ antonio
Ddiogenes `daujerebeli Tavgadasavlebi tulis mxareSi~, aseve
`aleqsandre didis istoriaSi~ moTxrobili `indoeTis saswaulebi~,
romelic pirveli berZnuli romania, sadac moTxrobilia aRmosavleTis
saswaulebze) (71, gv. 57).
SemdgomSi mecnierebma yuradReba miaqcies pirdapir kavSirs
zogierTi rainduli romanebisa da misi fragmentebisa iseT keltur
JanrebTan, rogoricaa imrama, extra.
irlandiur literaturaSi arsebobda specialuri Janri echtra
romelic aRwerda gmirebis mogzaurobas dedamiwis garSemo. Ees Janri
Zalian axlos dgas immram-is JanrTan, romelic mogviTxrobs gmiris
sazRvao mogzaurobebze.. MmecnierTa kvlevis safuZvelze dadgenilia, rom
es Janri saTaves iRebs kelturi miTologiidan (87, gv. 69).
samecniero literaturaSi miTiTebulia, rom Soreul
mogzaurobebsa da saswaul ambebs Soris Garsebobs garkveuli genetikuri
kavSiri. amis Sesaxeb gvacnoben uZvelesi naratiuli wyaroebi, romlebic
mogviTxroben fantastikuri arsebebiT dasaxlebul ararsebul qveynebze.
aRwerilia miRmuri, anu xTonuri (χθων), imqveyniuri qveynis saswaulebic.
es wyaroebi mogviTxrobdnen utopiur saxelmwifoebze, saucxoo
baRnarebsa da miwebze. aseTi tipisaa uZvelesi logografebis
moTxrobebic (65, gv. 278).
Mmainc ram ganapiroba aseTi Janris gavrceleba Suasaukuneebis
literaturaSi? _ uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli adamianebi ocnebobdnen
im Soreul da bednier qveynebze, sadac adamiani SeZlebda bednier da
91
uzrunvel cxovrebas, sadac ar iarsebebda aranairi adamianuri problema.
miTologiaSi male gaCnda legendebi sxvadasxva fantastikur qveynebze,
saiTkenac miemarTebian miTologiuri gmirebi, zRapris gmirebi, da Semdeg
maT enacvlebian Suasaukuneebis raindebi, Tumca amaze Semdgom. Uunda
aRvniSnoT, rom Tuki Tavdapirvelad arsebobda am tipis ambebis mxolod
moaruli siuJetebi, mwerlobis ganviTarebasTan erTad, Sexedulebebi da
warmodgenebi idealur samyaroze gadavida ukve literaturul
nawarmoebebSi.
antikur literaturaSi Cven gvxvdeba aseTi siuJeti homerosis
`odiseaSi~, sadac nimfa kalifsos kunZulidan momavali odisevsi, xvdeba
kunZul sxeriaze, sadac cxovreben fekarielebi. isini bednier cxovrebas
atareben, ar ician arc dardi da arc avadmyofoba. maTi gemebi uSiSrad
gadian zRvaSi da ukan yovelTvis mSvidobiT brundebian. maTi qalaqi
saucxood mdidruli da lamazia. Oodisevsi ciklopTa qveyanaSic
moxvdeba, sZlevs maT calTvala belads da miadgeba kirkes, romelmac
misi Tanamgzavrebi Rorebad aqcia. Cadis aseve hadesSi da troas omSi
daRupul gmirebs ecnoba. aseve is xvdeba nimfa kalifsos kunZulze,
sadac Svid wels dahyofs da xangrZlivi mogzaurobis Semdeg igi
brundeba samSobloSi .
aseTia kerZod erTi antikuri gmiris saxe da misi mogzauroba
siZneleebiTa da xifaTebiT savse gzaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom odisevsi
xvdeba bednier qveyanaSi, sadac SeuZlia darCena da uzrunveli cxovreba,
igi mainc brundeba ukan, anu saxlSi.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, irlandiaSi arsebobda immram-is Janri,
romelic aRwerda gmiris mogzaurobas zRvebsa Tu okeaneebSi. Ggmiris
survili iyo emogzaura im bednier qveynebSi, romelzec yvela mokvdavi
ocnebobda. qristianobis SemosvlasTan erTad am tipis nawarmoebebma
garkveuli cvlileba ganicada, kerZod, rogorc am epoqis literaturis
92
mkvlevrebi miiCneven, ZiriTadi wyaro, im ambebisa, romelic ama Tu im
gmiris TavgadasavalSi gvxvdeba, modis keltebis warmodgenebidan `sxva
samyaroze~. momdevno periodSi ki qristianuli Sexedulebebidan.
magaliTisTvis moviyvanT erT nawarmoebs, romelsac aseTi cvlilebebis
kvali atyvia, esaa `mal-duinis mogzauroba~. nawarmoebis mixedviT,
mTavari gmiri miemgzavreba, raTa Suri iZios sakuTari mamis
mkvlelobisaTvis. is da misi Tamxlebni didxans curavdnen zRvaSi, sanam
ar miadgnen jadosnur kunZuls, romelic dasaxlebuli iyo fantastikuri
cxovelebiT, romelnic jadosnuri xiliT ikvebebodnen. Semdeg isini
moxvdnen mSvenieri qalebis kunZulze, es iyo saucxood lamazi kunZuli,
romelsac ar Wirdeboda aranairi movla da zrunva. cxovreba am
kunZulze mudmivi iyo, aravin icoda arc avadmyofoba, arc sikvdili.
Ngmirebi garkveuli drois manZilze rCebian am kunZulze, Tumca bolos
isev brundebian samSobloSi (66, gv. 121).
sainteresoa is faqti, rom miuxedavad aseT bednier qveyanaSi
moxvedrisa, gmirebs, rogorc odisevss, mainc uCndebaT survili ukan
dabrunebisa.
saga `mal-duinis mogzaurobis Sesaxeb~, miekuTvneba irlandiur
fantastikur eposs. misi Zveli versia arsebobda ukve me-7 saukuneSi,
xolo gadamuSavebuli, romelSic ukve mravladaa qristianuli
elementebi, dawerilia X saukuneSi.
saga Tavisi kompoziciiT Zalian hgavs homerosis `odiseas~, gmiri
miemarTeba samogzaurod zRvaSi, is gazadagza xvdeba goliaTebs,
ciklopoebs, gigantur frinvels, romelic jadosnur wyalSi banaobs da
a. S.
Qmomdevno periodis, ukve qristianuli elementebiT gamdidrebuli
saga, mainc ar aris Tavisufali zRapruli saswaulebisa Tu jadosnuri
arsebebisagan, monaTxrobs emateba garkveuli qristianuli warmodgenebi
93
da Sexedulebebi.
Qqristianobis SemosvlasTan erTad gaCnda axali legendebi
Soreul, bednier qveynebze. sakmarisia gavixsenoT edemis baRi, romelic
kacobriobam dakarga codvaTdacemis Semdeg da mTeli Semdgomi
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi adamianebi cdiloben naxon es bednieri qveyana,
an Seiqmnan garkveuli warmodgena masze. sainteresoa isic, rom am
periodis adamiani cxovel interess iCens jojoxeTis naxvisas. yovelive
aman, xeli Seuwyo apokrifuli Janris Camoyalibebas. Aavtorebma
apokriful niadagze Seqmnes Taviseburi romanebi da moTxrobebi,
`advilad sakiTxavi da saintereso maTi `masobrivi~ da `xalxuri~
xasiaTis gamo. Aam romanebsa da moTxrobebSi mocemulia fantastikuri,
mimzidveli suraTebi, aseT saintereso wignebs mkiTxvelebi xarbad
ewafebodnen~ (21, gv. 430).
Suasaukuneebis literaturaSi adamianis jojoxeTSi Tu samoTxeSi
moxvedra, yovelTvis moazrebuli iyo rogorc mogzauroba, gaRweva
Caketili geografiuli wridan. A
am tipis Txzulebebs, mkvlevrebi xSirad uwodeben qristianul
odiseas. aseTia `wminda brendanis mogzauroba~, am nawarmoebma udidesi
gavlena moaxdina mTeli Suasaukuneebis literaturis Camoyalibebaze, am
nawarmoebSi realurad arsebul adamianze moTxrobilia fantastikur
formaSi.
es nawarmoebi gavrcelebuli iyo irlandiaSi VII saukunidan, xolo
laTinuri teqsti Navigatio – TariRdeba IX saukuniT. benua qmnis am
nawarmoebs henri I sTvis. wminda brendani Cven warmogvidgeba rogorc
morwmune adamiani, romelic erTi surviliTaa Sepyrobili, surs ixilos
samoTxe, sadac cxovrobdnen pirveli adaminebi _ adami da eva.
94
imisaTvis, rom sruli warmodgena SeviqmnaT am teqstze, romelmac
udidesi gavlena iqonia Suasaukuneebis dasavluri romanis ganviTarebaze,
SevecdebiT teqstis mokle Sinaarsi gadmovceT. gvinda aRvniSnoT isic,
rom wminda brendanis Tavgadasavali, misi qristianuli odisea, mdidaria
rogorc miTologiuri, ise qristianuli saxeebiT, is ucnauri brolis
koSki, saswaulebrivi cxovelebi Tu samoTxis baRi, romelTa Sesaxeb
avtori mogviTxrobs, xSir SemTxvevaSi Tanxvedras amJRavneben Sua
saukuneebis romanebSi warmodgenil garkveul pasaJebTanac da unda
aRvniSnoT isic, rom apokriful mimosvlaTa Janris nawarmoebSi gmiri
xSirad miemarTeba samoTxis saZieblad. Ees aris sivrculi _
geografiuli gadaadgileba. momlocvelisTvis samoTxe es aris adgili,
sadac ca da dedamiwa erTmaneTs uerTdeba. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom es araa
warmosaxviTi mogzauroba.
wminda brendani irlandiaSi daibada. man kargad Seiswavla saRvTo
werili, bolos miatova amqveyniuri siame, beris anafora Caicva da tyeSi
dasaxlda ramodenime berTan erTad. Txovna uflisadmi erTaderTi iyo,
eCvenebina misTvis samoTxe. am survilis asaruleblad, wminda mamebma
zRviT mogzauroba gadawyvites. Bberebi gzad uamrav rames ixilaven.
aseTia saSineli, cecxlismfrqveveli gvelebis brZola, romelnic wminda
mamis locvis Semdeg erTmaneTs daxocaven, sazareli grifonebi,
romlebic aseve erTmaneTs gauswordebian. berebi moxvdebian
jojoxeTSic, sadac naxaven rogor itanjeba iuda. bolos naxaven
samoTxes. ucnaur TeTr kedels, romelic uZvirfasesi qvebiTaa mooWvili,
wminda mamebi miadgebian kars, romelsac cecxliviT briala drakonebi
icaven, isini ixilaven saocar xeebs da wyaroebs, moyvavile baRs,
msxmoiare xeebs, rZis mdinareebs, oqros mTebs, ganZiT savse
gamoqvabulebs. Bbrendani ava maRal mTaze, sadac gaigebs saocar xmas, _
ai samoTxe, romelsac eZebdi, jer ar aris dro Seni aq mosvlis,
95
samaxsovrod waiRe oqros qva, romelic Sen Zalasa da gambedaobas
Segmatebs.
wminda brendani Tavis mxleblebTan erTad uZlebs yovelgvar
gansacdels, yovelgvar SiSs, mTeli misi mogzauroba, sanam igi ar
miaRwevs samoTxes, aris erTgvari gamocda, rogorc sulieri, ise
fizikuri (99).
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom wminda brendanis mier ganvlili gza,
romelic aTasi xifaTiT da ucnaurobebiTaa savse (urCxulebi da
grifonebi, romelTa daxocva wmindanis movaleobaSi ukve aRar Sedis,
radgan uflis surviliT es arsebebi erTmaneTTan dapirispirebiT
nadgurdebian), Zvirfasi qvebiT mooWvili kunZuli, romelic ucxo
mcenareebiT, oqroTi savse gamoqvabulebiTa da aTasgvari sikeTiTaa
aRsavse, marTlac erTgvar nimuSs warmoadgens im pirvelyofili
dakarguli walkotisas, romelic samoTxed iyo moazrebuli da romlis
gamoZaxili araerTgzis gvxvdeba saraindo romanebSi, sadac analogiurad
moTxrobilia ucnaur walkotebze, romelic mravali ucnaurobebiTa da
sikeTiTaa savse da a.S. zRaparsa Tu miTSi Ggmiris Tavgadasavali iwyeba
maSin, rodesac mas an samyaros, romelSic is cxovrobs, raRac aklia,
raRac ar yofnis. zRaparSi es SeiZleba iyos raRac umniSvnelo (qali an
jadosnuri nivTi) maSin, roca miTSi es aris bunebriv-kulturuli an
kosmiuri obieqtebi. miTiuri gmiri itacebs ukvdavebis wyals da
jadosnur nivTebs, raTa gankurnos avadmyofi, an itacebs cecxls
sakuTari saxlisTvis. zRapris gmiri aRwevs gamarjvebas mikrokosmosSi,
xolo miTiuri gmiri mTeli qveynis masStabiT (60, gv.85).
wminda brendanis mogzaurobas ki saufuZvlad daedo survili
samoTxis naxvisa, gansxvavebiT zRaprisa Tu miTiuri gmirisgan, Tumca
Tanxvedra am gmirebs Soris imaSi mdgomareobs, rom siZneleebisa da
faTerakebis gadalaxva TiToeul maTgans uwevs, sxvagvarad mizani ar
96
miiRweva.
Suasaukuneebis romanis gmiri, romlis saxe Camoyalibebulia
rogorc zRaprul-miTologiuri, ise qristianuli tradiciebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, nawilobriv imeorebs zRaprul-miTologiuri gmiris
Tavgadasavlis garkveul etapebs, romelsac qristianuli elementebic
emateba. Suasaukuneebis saero romanebSi gmiris Tavgadasavali iwyeba
maSin, roca gmirs survili uCndeba saxelis Ziebisa da moxveWisa.
Gromanis gmiri aris is myari wertili, romlis garSemo xdeba
yovelgvari moqmedeba nawarmoebSi. Ggmiris gza es aris gza bediswerisa,
romelsac igi gadis realur Tu irealur samyaroSi, sadac igi sakuTari
adgilis da Zalauflebis mopovebas cdilobs. xolo daniSnuleba
mdgomareobs SemdegSi, gmirma unda Secvalos arsebuli realoba (103, gv.
12-18).
Ggamocdis saSualeba da sakuTar ZalebSi TviTdarwmuneba, es
avantiuris Taviseburi da idumali formaa. Araindis xasiaTi ixsneba mis
TavgadasavalSi, mis avantiuraSi. Aavantiuris motivi raindis
gamorCeulobasac usvams xazs. mravali gmiri midis Tavgadasavlis
saZieblad, magram yvela araa rCeuli, Yyvela ver axorcielebs mas.
avantiuraSi realizdeba romanis problemebi da integrirdeba
Semdgom sagmiro saqmeebSi. zrunva sustTa dasacavad, erTguleba
qalisadmi, didsulovneba. Aavantiura aZlevs gamarTlebas raindTa
samyaros.
raindTa samyaroSi arsebobs gamorCeulobis garkveuli safexurebi.
avantiuras aqvs gansakuTrebuli Rirseba _ raindi Tavad gansazRvravs
sakuTar cxovrebas, man Tavad unda gaiaros gamorCeulobis safexurebi
da sabolood avantiura xdeba ZiriTadi saSualeba srulyofilebis
miRwevisaTvis (59, gv.146).
Aavantiura rom saswaulis niSniTaa aRbeWdili, amaze saero
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romanebis ganxilvisas visaubrebT, aRvniSnavT mxolod erTs, rom iseve
rogorc rusTvelis, kretienis gmirebisTvisac amgvari avantiura
aRqmulia imdenad bunebrivad, rom arasodes ayeneben mis realurobas
kiTxvis niSnis qveS.
cnobilma mecnierma lusien karaso bulusma, Seiswavla saswaulis
Tema kretien de truas romanebSi. daskvnis saxiT man gamoyo Semdegi
niSnebi, romlis mixedviT Kkretienis romanSi:
1. gmirebi arian saswaulebrivi fizikuri aRnagobis
2. gmirebi arian fantastikurebi, roca maTi fizikuri Zala
aRemateba adamianur Rones.
3. sagnebi arian fantastikurebi, Tu maTi Zala zebunebrivia.
4. samyaro aris fantastikuri drois SegrZnebis mixedviT
5. epizodi iZens fantastikur elfers, roca misi mizani an mizezi
racionalurad auxsnelia.
K (102, gv. 134).
Tu mocemuli sqemis mixedviT ganvixilavT mose xonelisa da
rusTvelis nawarmoebebs, aRmoCndeba rom is, rasac zemoTdasaxelebuli
mecnieri saswaulis niSnis qveS aTavsebs, sruliad misaRebi da
axlobelia rogorc `amirandarejanianis~ ise `vefxistyaosnis~
samyarosTvis.
is Tvisobrivi msgavseba, rac qarTul da frangul romanebSi,
mocemuli sqemis mixedviT SeiniSneba, uflebas gvaZlevs SevimuSavoT
garkveuli sqema, romelic saSualebas mogvcems gamovavlinoT is saerTo
damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi, romelsac gmirebi avantiuris
ganxorcielebisas avlenen.
98
sqema amgvari saxiT SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:
Suasaukuneebis roamanis raindebi
da maTi valdebulebebi
gza, romelsac raindi gadis, raTa
ganaxorcielos avantiura
raindis saxelis Zieba
U
usasrulo gza, tye
marto brZola
Mmojadoebuli koSkebi, baRebi,
qvabulebi
satrfos davalebis Sesruleba
Msaswaulebrivi arsebebi da
nivTebi
damcirebulTa qomagoba
gza, saidanac arcerTi raindi ar
brundeba
Qqorwineba
yvelaze didi avantiura
M
mocemuli grafisPpirvel nawilSi Cven warmovadgineT is ZiriTadi
movaleobebi da valdebulebebi, romlebic raindul sazogadoebaSi
aqtualuri iyo (rogorc qarTul, ise dasavlur sinamdvileSi) da amave
dros gansazRvravda raindul yofas. raindoba rom ucxo movlena ar
99
yofila Suasaukuneebis qarTul sinamdvileSi, araerTgzisaa SeniSnuli
samecniero literaturaSi. raindoba da rainduli movaleobebi umaRles
rangSia ayvanili rusTvelis poemaSi. s. kakabaZe miuTiTebs, rom
`vefxistyaosani aris Tavisi SinaarsiT upirveles yovlisa qarTveli
raindebis anu, Zveli terminiT, moymeTa ideebis, maTi gancdaTa amsaxveli
idealuri nawarmoebi~ (20, gv. 187).
iseve rogorc `amirandarejanianis~ da `vefxistyaosnis~, aseve
kretien de truas romanebis gmirebi zustad misdeven TavianT raindul
movaleobebs, isini an satrfos davalebiT (`vefxistyaosani~, `ereki da
enida~), an piradi iniciativiT (`iveni anu lomis raindi~,
`amirandarejaniani~) midian saxelis saZieblad. raindebs xSirad marto
uwevT brZola, rogorc saxelis maZiebel sxva raindebTan, ise ucnaur da
saswaulebriv arsebebTan. raindisgan moiTxovdnen, rom mas gamudmebiT
unda ezruna saxelze, saxelis SenarCuneba ki mudmiv gamocdas iTxovda
(81, gv. 123-140). raindis Rirsebad iTvleboda aseve mamacoba, guluxvoba,
damcirebulTa qomagoba. raindi gamorCeuli unda yofiliyo Tavisi
silamaziT, mis silamazes xazs usvamda Zvirfasi TvlebiT mooWvili
samosi, romelic mowmobda mis siyvaruls oqrosa da Zvirfasi
Tvlebisadmi (iqve, gv. 145). (amirandarejanianisa da `vefxistyaosnis~
gmirebis samosis Sesaxeb araerTgzis xdeba xazgasma nawarmoebebis
manZilze, Tumca fizikuri silamaze yovelTvis Crdilavs nivTier
silamazes).
saxelis Zieba da keTili saqmeebis Sesaxeb xmamaRali saubari,
raindobis Semadgeneli aucilebeli movaleoba iyo. Aamitom saraindo
romanis gmirebi arasdros eridebian TavianTi gmirobis Sesaxeb xmamaRla
saubars, avTandilisTvis, tarielisTvis, amiran darejanisZisa da sxva
raindebisTvis, es Tematika movaleobis rangSia ayvanili. Aazri ara aqvs
keTili saqmeebis keTebas, Tu is darCeba gaugebari, ambobs kretien de
100
trua. Tumca ar arsebobs sazomi, romelic adgens Cadenili keTili
saqmeebis nusxas. radgan mrgvali magidis irgvliv msxdomi yvela raindi
Tanasworia (86, gv. 221).
saraindo romanebis umetesobaSi qorwineba gmiris cxovrebis erT-
erTi mTavari mizania. Tumca es ar uSlis xels am romanebis gmirebs
amaze SeCerdnen da saxelis Ziebac daiviwyon. Tu rainduli
movaleobebis kuTxiT SevxedavT, SeiZleba amiran darejanisZis
poligamias gamarTlebac moeZebnos, qorwineba amiran darejanisZisTvis ar
aris TviTmizani, is misi faTerakis logikuri dasasrulia, romelze
SeCerebac gmirs ar surs da amitom xelaxla iwyebs faTerakis Ziebas.
Kkretien de truas gmiri, iveni, romelic nawarmoebis dasawyisSive
qorwindeba, male tovebs meuRles, raTa sakuTar saxels axali dideba
Sematos. gansxvaveba ki imaSia, rom ivenis mTeli Semdgomi avantiura
satrfosken ukan dabrunebis mcdelobaa, gansxvavebiT amiran
darejanisZisgan, (romelic sagmiro-safalavno romanis gmiria),
romlisTvis qorwineba meorexarisxovania. `vefxistyaosanSi~ ki qorwineba
wmidaTawminda movaleobaa. Aasevea kretienis roman `ereksa da enidaSi~,
sadac qorwineba nawarmoebis dasawyisSive xdeba, magram erekis mTeli
avantiura meuRlisadmi erTgulebis, siyvarulis da simamacis
dadasturebad iqceva.
Y yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SevecdebiT mimovixiloT am
romanebis gmirTa avantiura, romelic saswauliTaa aRbeWdili da romlis
gansaxorcileblad gmirebi sxvadsxva faTerakebs gadian. Aavantiura ki
xorcieldeba ara kargad nacnob adgilebSi, aramed _ tyeSi, ucnaur
qvabulebSi, koSkebSi, gzadagza xvdebian saswaulebriv cxovelebs da
situaciidan gamomdinare arc im jadosnur da saswulebriv nivTebze
amboben uars, romelic maT avantiuris ganxorcielebaSi exmarebaT.
101
usasrulo gza, tye
tye, rogorc fizikuri realoba da tye, rogorc simboluri saxe,
araerTgzis gamxdara Suasaukuneebis mkvlevarTa kvlevis obieqti.
saraindo romanis gmirebis avantiuraSi, ukacrieli adgili,
romelic xan udabnod iwodeba, xan tyed, Tavisi ZirebiT Soreul
warsulSi ikargeba.
xSir SemTxvevaSi tyis arqetipad moiazreben udabnos. isic unda
aRvniSnoT, rom mkvlevrebi araerTmniSvnelovnad cdilobdnen daedginaT
erToba udabnosi, rogorc garemosa da udabnosi, rogorc religiuri
TviTSegnebis fenomenisa.
Zvel aRTqmaSi udabno iyo ara mxolod adgili, aramed droc,
mTeli epoqa wminda istoriis, sadac ufali aswavlida Tavis xalxs. A
axal aRTqmaSi udabnos saxe icvleba. ioane naTlismcemlis udabno,
xalxiT dausaxlebeli adgilia. ieso udabnoSi ebrZvis satanas,
iesosTvis es gamocdis adgilia. axal aRTqmaSi udabno arawminda
ZalebiT dasaxlebul adgiladac moazrdeba. apokalipsSi udabno xdeba
TavSesafari qalebis, sionis, wminda mesianuri eris, is xdeba taZari
morwmuneTaTvis.
rogorc mecnieri Jan dekare aRniSnavs, IV saukunidan qristianobis
gavrcelebasTan erTad iwyeba udabnos eposi (84, gv. 64-109).
Qqristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg, morwmune adamianTa umetesoba
udabnosken miemarTeba. `egviptis udabnoSi dasaxlebul ber-monazvnebs
102
elodebaT demonTan Serkineba, an piriqiT, udabno demonisTvis
mSobliuri saxlia; aseve ber-monazoni cdilobs swored udabnoSi ipovos
RmerTi, swored amisTvis moemarTeba aqeTken (91, gv. 38).
udabno, rogorc fizikuri da geografiuli are, ar iyo yvela
xalxis geografiuli realoba, dasavlel wmindanTa cxovrebebSi xSirad
gvxvdebian wmindanebi, romelTac udabnos magivrobas tye uwevT.
wmindanebi xSirad martovdebian tyeSi, sadac isini lomebTan,
daTvebTan, irmebTan erTad xSirad sruliad mSvid garemoSi
Tanacxovroben.
A arsebobda wmindanTa iseTi kategoria, romelic mocemuli
geografiuli realobidan gamomdinare, ver axerxebda verc tyeSi da verc
udabnoSi ganmartoebas. aseTebi Tavs miuval kunZulebze afarebdnen.
kunZuli-udabno, ase SeiZleba vuwodoT im adgilebs, saiTkenac
mieSurebodnen Tavdapirvelad ber-monazvnebi, miuvalma kunZulebma
Secvala am monazvnebisTvis egviptis udabno (101, gv. 37).
M Tumca aseTi morwmuneebis ricxvi, romelic zRvaSi an udabur
kunZulebze eZebs sakuTar udabnos, Zalian mcirericxovania. evropaSi
udabno rogorc ganmartoebis adgili xdeba tye, fizikuri geografiis
gamo.
SemorCenialia VII saukunis erT-erTi saabatos erTgvari wesdeba,
sadac sityva Forest – moicavs or sityvas, tyes da ganmartoebas.
savaraudod, am sityvam es meore mniSvneloba SeiZina mogvianebiT, mas
Semdeg rac tye gaxda morwmune ber-monazonTa TavSesafari. Ggarda imisa,
rom tye iyo morwmuneTa TavSesafari, erTgvari udabno, mas amave dros
hqonda sxva, realuri funqciac (84, gv. 118).
Rrma simboluri azri tyem SeiZina mxatvrul literaturaSi, rasac
adasturebs Suasaukuneebis frangi avtorebis nawarmoebebi, kreten de
truas romanebi, kerZod, `iveni anu lomis raindi~, `persevali~, `ereki da
103
enida~. aseve `okaseni da nikoleta~, romelic amave periodSi Seqmnili
nawarmoebia (avtoris vinaoba ucnobia). sainteresoa isic, rom
`vefxistyaosanSi~, iseve rogorc `amirandarejanianSi~, tye xSirad xdeba
avantiuris adgili. tyesTan axlos naxuloben avTandili da mefe
rostevani ucxo moymes, tyeSi ipovis arabeTis spaspeti tariels, ucnauri
arsebebiT savse tyeebis gavla uwevT amirandarejanisZis gmirebs da a.S.
Tumca tyis funqcia dasavlur romanebSi ufro simboluria, radgan
aq tyes saswaulebrivis funqciac aqvs dakisrebuli. Nnormandieli poeti
vasi (wace), romanSi, romelic kretien de truas `iveinis~ daweramde cota
xniT adrea dawerili, axsenebs broseliandis tyes, romelic kretienis
nawarmoebebSi centralur adgils ikavebs. Amis romanSi gvxvdeba aseTi
Sinaarsis strofebi _ ar vici ratom, magram Tu bretonelebi ar
gvatyueben, am adgilebSi xSirad xedavdnen feriebs, aseve xSirad
xdeboda saswaulebi. Mme gavemgzavre iq saswaulebis saZebnelad (97, gv.
21-30)
Mmaria francielTan, kretienTan da berulTan tye iZens axal
aspeqts da mniSvnelobas. Mmaria francielis raindi eZebs avantiuras
tyeSi da tye aris adgili, saidanac xdeba gadasvla realuri samyarodan
irealurSi. tye aris ZiriTadi fokusi naratiuli Txrobis. `tristansa
da izoldaSi~ tye aris siyvarulis iracionaluri adgili (82, gv. 34).
tye-udabno naxsenebia chanson de gestes-Sic, kerZod, giliom oranJelis
ciklSi. Tumca mxolod Suasaukuneebis kurtuazul literaturaSi tye
iZens axal funqcias (intrigis Seqmna). igi moazrebulia rogorc
materialur, aseve simbolur obieqtad. tye aris saSualeba saraindo
avantiuris gansaxorcieleblad.
Tavgadasavali, romelsac raindi axorcielebs, swored tyeSi,
tyesTan axlos xdeba. Mmoqmedeba xSirad xdeba samefo karis gareT da
umetes SemTxvevaSi tyeSi, romelic aris ucnobi da idumali.
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unda ganvsazRvroT ra roli eniWeba tyes Suasaukuneebis adamianis
warmosaxvaSi. Ksaraindo romanSi mefe, romelic saraindo romanebis erT-
erTi ZiriTadi figuraa (Tumca aramTavari), ukve xSirad dadis tyeSi. tye
iTvleba mis sakuTrebad, is nadirobs iq. Nnadirobis scena ZiriTadi da
sayvareli Tema Suasaukuneebis romanistisTvis, xSir SemTxvevaSi swored
nadirobis sceniT iwyeba ama Tu im romanis siuJeti da swored es scena
xdeba mTavari intrigis Sesaqmnelad.
`amirandarejaniani~ tipuri sagmiro-safalavno Txzulebaa, sadac
Tavgadasavlis Zieba da saxelis moxveWa gmiris upirveles movaleobad
iTvleba. Nnawarmoebi mdidaria fantastikur-saswaulebrivi elementebiT,
romelic ZiriTadad gmiris avantiuris Tanmdevia da romelsac avtori
imitom mimarTavs, rom xazi gausvas gmiris araCveulebriv Zal-Rones, mis
gamorCeulobas. `amirandarejanianis~ gmirebi istoriulad ararsebulni,
mxatvruli fantaziis karnaxiT arian Seqmnilni, rogorc saraindo
romanebis gmirTa umtesoba. marTalia, nawarmoebs aklia srulyofili
idealebisken iseTi Rrma wvdoma, rogorc es `vefxistyaosanSi~
gamJRavnda, magram saero romanebis saerTo models, romelic
gansazRvravs raindis qcevas, rainduli eTikis normebs, swrafvas
faTerakebis usasrulo Ziebisaken, avantiuris ganxorcielebas saswaulis
niSniT, rac momdevno periodis saero romanebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia,
savsebiT miesadageba `amirandarejanianis~ gmirTa modeli, im
gansxvavebiT, rom siyvaruli, SedarebiT sxva saero romanebTan, ar aris
am nawarmoebSi warmarTveli Zala. marTalia, nawarmoebis gmirebs uamravi
gansacdelis gadatana uwevT, raTa ulamazesi asulebi colad SeirTon,
magram maTTvis es ar aris TviTmizani. Ggmirebis erTaderTi mizani
saxelis Ziebaa.
`amirandarejanianSi~ Txroba abesalom mefis ambiT iwyeba, romlis
sayvareli gasarTobi nadirobaa. abesalom mefe sanadirod gzavnis
105
mxleblebs, romlebic sakvirvel qurciks naxaven, `romelsac rqani esxnes
oqrosa ferni. Tvalni da Wlikni _ Savni _ muceli TeTri da zurgi
Zoweuli~. swored am saocari cxovelis ambis gagebis Semdeg gadawyvets
mefe Seipyras es sakvirveli qurciki da es xdeba erTgavari intrigis
sawyisi, romelsac mivyavarT nawarmoebis Semdgom gaSlamde.
Emefis mxleblebi gadawyveten Seipyron qurciki da bolomde
miyvebian mas, magram es ucnauri qurciki ise uCinardeba, mis kvalsac ver
agneben. `adgilsa erTsa mivides kldovansa. Caexvewa qurciki da uCino
iqmna. Daxednes qveyansa, vera-raRa-ra cnes da verca naxes qalaqi da verca
sofeli, verca igi nadiri (56, gv. 280).
isini TiTqos daSordnen realur samyaros da aRmoCndnen ucxo da
ucnaur adgilas. swored aq ixilaven isini qviTkiris ucnaur saxls da
kedelze gamosaxul Wabukebsa da qals.
Ggza, romelsac `amirandarejanianis~ gmirebi gadian Tavisi
avantiuris gansaxorcileblad, aris usasrulo gza. esaa mxecTa qveyana,
udaburi adgilebi, kunZulebi da miuvali cixeebi.
Mmizani, romelic `amrandarejanianis~ gmirebs faTerakebis
saZieblad mierekeba, aris saxelis Zieba.Bbadri iamanisZe pirdapir
acxadebs _ `me Wabukobisa Zebnad wamosuli var saxliT CemiT~ (gv. 299). O
omad madisZe tipiuri raindia, romelic faTerakebis saZieblad tye-
RreSi daexeteba, misi survilia saxeli moixveWos da sakuTari Tavis
rwmena ganimtkicos, bevri saxelovani gmiroba Caidinos, rom Tamamad
SeZlos amiran darejanisZes da sxva uZlevel falavnebs daupirispirdes,
magram raindul wesebs Ralatobs, roca abjarCaucmel sefedavles xmals
mouqnevs da gulSi gaivlebs, amis mokvliT `saxeli damrCebiso~.
marTalia, igi koloritul saxes qmnis nawarmoebSi, magram mainc ver
dgeba iseTi raindebis gverdiT, rogorebic sefedavle darispanisZe,
amiran darejanisZe, iaman Wabuki da sxvebi arian.
106
sefedavle darispanisZe umagaliTo gmiri da mebrZolia, uSiSari da
didsulovani, roca omad madisZes Serkinebisas cxenidan Camoagdebs da
mxars motexs, friad Sewuxdeba da saCqarod eqims mouyvans.
sefedavle Tavgadasavlebis gamudmebul ZiebaSia, WenTa mefis
asulis colad moyvanas ganizraxavs da did da xifaTian gzas daadgeba,
Tumca zustad ar icis, sad unda moZebnes igi. Gmraval qveyanas gaivlian,
aTas xifaTs gaumklavdebian da bolos gzis mcodnelic gamoCndeba,
romelic sefedavles dawvrilebiT auxsnis WenTa asulis
adgilsamyofels _ gzad or Sesasvlels naxavT, romelTac Zlieri
Wabukebi icaven. sami laSqaric iqve dgas, erTgan aTas-aTasi, Tu amaT
daxocavT, zRvaSi rom kunZulia, im kunZulze cixea da iq aris
damwyvdeuli WenTa asulio (gv. 423).
Oomad madisZe yveba, rom wavediT im gzaze, romelic am ucxo kacma
gvaswavla. `vleT aTisa dRisa savali mas ubadoTa qveyanasa, romel ara
ipoveboda RmrTisagan dabadebuli. migvWirda didad~ (gv. 423).
Bbolos erT mSvenier qveyanaSi mivlen, sadac Saosani qali
daexmarebaT, gzas ufro dawvrilebiT auxsnis da sefedavles jadosnur
wamalsac miscems `ferxTa wasasmelad~. erT adgilas mivlen, sadac didi
wyali daxvdebaT, sefedavle etyvis omads, moicxe es wamali fexzeo da
ise Sevlen wyalSi. Uuecrad frTiani adamianebi movlen da xmamaRla
daiyvireben, iseTi wyali movarda uceb, rogorc zRvao. sefedavlem
Tavisi ymebi `Rliasa Semoigdo da iwyo curva, misi saqme kacisagan
naqmrad daujerebeli iyoo~, ambobs omadi. Ggza ganvagrZeT da erT bnel
qveyanaSi mivediT, iseTi sibnele iyo garSemo, gzas ver vignebdiT, aviReT
is jadosnuri wamali vicxeT da gaTenda.
Aamiran darejanisZec tipiuri gmiris saxes qmnis, romelic araviTar
dabrkolebas ar uSindeba da romlisTvisac avantiura TviTdarwmunebis
saukeTeso saSualebaa. sainteresoa is momenti, rodesac omadi madisZe
107
amiras sefedavles saocar Tavgadasavals uambobs da mis Sesaxeb qebas
ar iSurebs, Aamiranic iq imyofeba da avtori gveubneba: `amiran
darejanisZesa egdeni qeba sefedavlesi ara uxarodao~ (gv. 422). Aamirans
surs gamoscados Tavisi Zala sefedavlesTan da moyvrulad da
megobrulad misuli, megobrebis daxmarebiT mainc SeebrZoleba
darispanisZes. marTalia, brZolaSi orive meomari daumarcxebeli rCeba
da avtori imazec mianiSnebs, rom am brZolaSi cotaTi amirani jobdao,
magram amiranis mTavari interesi dakmayofilebulia, mas surda gamoecada
gmiri da gamoscada, naxa, rom is ar aris masze Zlieri da Rirseul
metoqed aRiara gaxarebulma. A
amgvari siuJeti gvxvdeba tomas melorTan, romanSi `ambavi mefe
arTuris zeobisa~. avtori sxvadasxva raindTa Tavgadasavals gviyveba.
erT-erTi gamorCeuli raindia lanselot tbeli, romelsac
daumarcxebeli gmiris saxeli aqvs mopovebuli, igi Tan axlavs erT-erTi
avantiuris dros biumeins, romelic aseve SesaniSnavi mebrZolia.
biumenisTvis lanseloti pativsacemi da Rirseuli raindia, raindad
kurTxevac misi xeliT surs, magram es ar uSlis xels, sakuTari Zalis
gamocdis mizniT mas Seebas. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom maT ara aqvT brZolis
sababi, mainc erTmaneTs gaafTrebiT utevdnen, seravdnen da uvlidnen.
sabolood gamarjvebuli ar gamovlenila, radgan lanselotma Seaxsena
metoqes, rom maT ar hqondaT brZolis mizezi da jobda daesrulebinaT
es orTabrZola (29, gv. 276).
Aamiranis Tavgadasavali nawarmoebSi ufro mravalplaniania, vidre
romelime sxva gmiris. Mmisi faTerakiani Tavgadasavlebic saswaulis
niSniT xorcieldeba.
roca amiran darejanisZes Seatyobinebes, rom Seni megobari devma
Seipyroo, amirani moZmeebTan erTad mis gamosaxsnelad gaeSura. Ggzad
maRali cixe SexvdebaT, sadac devebi cxovroben, amirani Selewavs cixis
108
karebs, ipovis ali dilams da indo Wabuks, sruliad amowyvets devebs da
gaaTavisuflebs Wabukebs, romlebTan erTadac nosar nisrelis
saZebnelad wavlen.Ggzad uRrani tye SexvdebaT _ xuTas lomsa da vefxvs
moklaven da ise gaivlian am tyes (gv. 312).
A`amirandarejanianis~ raindTa gza, faTerakebis usasrulo Ziebaa.
nawarmoebis gmirebi tyesa da RreSi, kldovan da udabur adgilebSi
mogzauroben, realuri samyarodan sruliad bunebrivad jadosnur
samyaroSi xvdebian, TviTonac xSirad aRniSnaven, rom es udaburi
adgilebi maTTvis ucxo da idumalia. tyes, Tavisi simboluri
datvirTviT, romelic Suasaukuneebis saero romanebSi xSirad moazrdeba
rogorc ganmartoebis adgili, rogorc TavSesafari, `amirandarejaniani~
ar icnobs. tye am nawarmoebSi mxecTa TavSesafar adgiladaa moazrebuli,
igi bunebrivi fizikuri garemoa, sadac xSirad daexetebian nawarmoebis
gmirebi TavianTi mogzaurobisas. gansxvavebiT `vefxistyaosnisgan~, sadac
tye, nawarmoebis mTavar gmirTa samoqmedo asparezadacaa moazrebuli da
TavSesafradac.
`vefxistyaosanSi~ avTandilis avantiuras win uZRvis ucxo moymis
saswaulebrivi gauCinareba.
arabeTis spaspeti da mefe rostevani erTmaneTs nadirobaSi
ejibrebian. avTandilma da rostevanma nadirobiT mindori dalies,
mindors iqeT wyali Camodioda, xolo wylis piras kldovani mTebi iyo
aRmarTuli, SeSinebulma nadirma tyes Seafara Tavi, mefe da avTandili
ki xis Ziras dasasveneblad Camosxdnen. laSqarmac nel-nela daiwyo
modena. daiwyes TamaSi da molxena, Tan wylis pirs gascqerodnen.
Uuecrad, wylis piras mjdomi moyme dainaxes, gverdiT Savi cxeni edga da
aRkazmulobaze etyoboda, rom didgvarovani unda yofiliyo. mefe misi
vinaobis gagebiT dainteresda, magram ucxo moymem mefis gagzavnil
msaxurs xma ar gasca, xolo rodesac Sesapyrobad gagzavnili monebi
109
dainaxa, maSinve wamoxta, maTraxi gadahkra maT da gauCinarda:
`hgvanda qvesknels CaZromilsa anu zecad anafrensa.
eZebdes da ver hpovebdes kvalsa misgan wanarbensa (98).
kvali Zebnes da ukvirda ver-povna nakvalevisa,
agre kval-wmidad warxdoma kacisa, viTa devisa~ (99).
Mmefe friad daaRona am ambavma, gaurkvevlobaSi myofma rostevanma aRar
icis ras miaweros ucxo moymis xilva. CaTvalos es namdvil ambad Tu
moCvenebad, amitom kiTxulobs gakvirvebuli:
`viTa eSma damekarga, ar kacurad gardamkocna,
jerTca ese ara vici, cxadi iyo Tu meocna. (111).
kacTa xorcisad viT iTqmis isre TvalTagan faruli?!
ucilod RmerTsa movsZuldi aqamdis me mxiaruli~ (112).
TinaTinisagan ucxo moymis saZebnelad wasuli avTandili swored
tyeSi naxavs misken momaval eqvs cxenosans, romelTac maTraxiT
Tavgapobili kaci mohyavT da swored maTgan gaigebs ucxo moymis ambavs.
avTandili ukan gahveba ucxo ymas da naxavs, rom igi daburul tyeSi,
didi xeebis piras, erT gamoqvabuls miadgeba. avTandilis avantiura
TiTqos logikur dasasruls uaxlovdeba, magram misi xetiali amiT ar
mTavrdeba, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `vefxistyaosnis~ gmirTa Soris, igi
yvelaze moxetiale raindia, romelic gamudmebul ZiebaSia, romlisTvisac
erTi Tavgadasavali meores warmoSobs, meore mesames. es bunebrivicaa,
radgan misi cxovrebis kredo, moyvrisaTvis Tavdadeba da Tavganwirvaa.
rusTvelis gmirebi, kretienis gmirebisgan gansxvavebiT, avantiuras ara
mxolod sayvareli qalis saxeliT, aramed megobrobis saxeliTac
110
axorcieleben.
avTandilis meore Tavgadasavals maSin eyreba safuZveli, roca igi
tarielis Tavgadasavals moismens, ucxo moymis tragikuli ambavi imdenad
SeZravs arabeTis spaspets da iseTi siyvaruliT aRinTeba mis mimarT, rom
maSinve ganucxadebs axladSeZenil megobars:
`kvla movide Senad naxvad, SenTvis movkvde, SenTvis viro,
RmerTsa undes, visTvis hkvdebi, misTvis agre ar gatiro~ (667).
avTandilis Semdgomi avantiura megobrisaTvis TavganwirviT,
Zmadnaficis satrfos ZebniTaa saxeldebuli. arabeTSi dabrunebuli
avTandili, mijnurs ucxo moymis ambavs uambobs da imasac uxsnis, rom ar
SeuZlia unegeSo mdgomareobaSi myofi megobris mitoveba, rom misi
dabruneba droebiTia da misi Semdgomi gza ukve megobris samsaxurSi
Camdgari raindis gzaa, romelic mzadaa yvela dabrkoleba gadalaxos,
misi cxovrebis arsic esaa:
`xams moyvare moyvrisaTvis Tavi Wirsa ar damridad,
guli misces gulisaTvis, siyvaruli gzad da xidad~ (231).
arabeTidan wamosuli avTandili tariels inaxulebs da isev gzas
gaudgeba fridonis samefosken. samocdaaTi dRis manZilze midis zRvis
piras da bolos fridonis sabrZanebels miadgeba da fridonTan
Sexvedris Semdeg isev usasrulo Ziebis gzas daadgeba, romelic
gulanSaros samefosTan miiyvans. gulanSaro da fatmanTan misi
sasiyvarulo urTierToba im avantiuris dasasrulis dasawyisia,
romelsac avTandili poemis manZilze axorcielebs.
Uusasrulo gza da Zieba, avTandilis Tavgadasavlis ganuyofeli
111
nawilia, tye mis avantiuraSi fizikuri garemoa, romelsac gmiri xSirad
gadis, gansxvavebiT tarielisgan, romlisTvisac tye ganmartoebis
adgilad qceula, sadac Tavis tragikul xvedrs, devebis gamoqvabulSi
dobil asmaTTan erTad Sexiznuli, mwared dastiris. adamianTa garemo
tarielisTvis ucxo da ucnobia. ucxoobiT da ucnaurobiT amaxsovrebs
is Tavs adamianTa sazogadoebasac. tyis piras Tu tyeSi Semxvedri
adamianebi eWvis TvaliT Sescqerian vefxis tyaviT mosil ulamazes gmirs,
misi garegnoba mSvenierebasTan erTad idumalebiTaa moculi. misi
arseboba kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba, radgan misi naxviT gaocebuli
rostevanic da misi mxleblebic, is eqvsi cxenosanic, romelic
avTandils tyeSi SemTxveviT Sexvdeba, gaocebulni rCebian da ver
ijereben, rom sulieri adamiani naxes, sruliad xorcieli da maTi
msgavsi. Aamitomac aridebs Tavs tarieli maTTan Sexvedras. Rrma da
udaburi tye misTvis saimedo TavSesafaria.
cnobilia, rom `velad gaWris~ motivi aRmosavlur literaturaSi
farTod gavrcelebuli movlena iyo. Ddasavlur literaturaSi am
motivis gavrcelebas aRmosavluri literaturis gavleniT xsnian.
siyvaruliT gaxelebuli mijnurisTvisTvis, romelic
sasowarkveTilebis zRvarzea (xSir SemTxvevaSi kargavs satrfos,
uaryofilia satrfosgan da a.S.) erTaderTi gza adamianur sazogadoebas
moSorebaa. es motivi `amirandarejanianSi~ TiTqmis ar arsebobs. gmirTa
ZiriTadi motivacia, romelic upirveles yovlisa saxelis moxveWiTaa
ganpirobebeuli, mxolod imdenad exeba qals, ramdenadac misi
mopovebisTvis xdeba saWiro. adamianTa sazagadoebas moSoreba, vaeba da
uazro xetiali am nawarmoebisTvis ucxoa. `vefxistyaosnis~ orive gmiris
avantiuraSi SeiniSneba gaWris motivi. avTandilis yaribobas rainduli
samsaxuris cneba udevs safuZvlad, magram misi velad gaWra samijnuro
kanonebiTacaa nakarnaxevi. roca misi yma Sermadini, patrons Txovs Tan
112
iaxlos, avTandili pasuxobs:
`ra mijnuri velTa rbodis, marto unda gasaWrelad,
Mmargaliti arvis mihxvdes usasyidlod, uvaWrelad~ (162).
avTandilma martom unda gaasrulos mijnurisaTvis micemuli
piroba da asrulebs kidec am movaleobas. Tumca Semdgom, misi xetiali
megobrisaTvis uangaro Tavdadebasa da daxmarebaSi gadaizrdeba. rac
Seexeba tariels, igi tyes mxolod mas Semdeg mimarTavs, rac nestanis
Zieba uSedegod damTavrdeba da isic sicocxlis yovelgvar interess
dakargavs, amitomac miaSurebs igi tyes da misi mizani am SemTxvevaSi
aris ara mijnurTa wesis Sesruleba, aramed erTgvari Sveba unugeSod
darCenili gmirisTvis, romlisTvisac adamianTa sazogadoebaSi darCena,
gausaZlisis tkivilebis gaxsenebaa.
`tristansa da izoldaSi~, tyes simbolurTan erTad, fizikuri
datvirTvac aqvs. mefe markis risxvisgan Tavis dasaRwevad, tristani da
izolda moruas tyes afareben Tavs. iq tristani usafrTxod grZnobs
Tavs, rogorc cixe-simagreSi, sazrdos nadirobiT Soulobs da iSenebs
TavSesafars. Seyvarebulebi didxans cxovroben tyeSi da tristani da
izolda TiTqos usafrTxod arian iq. moroas tyeSi isini gandegils
naxaven, romelic urCevT moinanion codva da datovon tye, magram
tristani uarzea, igi ambobs, _ ara, me vcocxlob da ar vnanob. Cven tyeSi
vbrundebiT, romelic gvicavs da gvmfarvelobs (49, gv.119), magram
gamoCndeba boroti tyis mcveli, romelic Seyvarebulebis
adgilsamyofels acnobebs mefe marks. roca tristani da izolda amis
Sesaxeb Seityoben, isini toveben moruas tyes. Uudabno-tye amieridan
veRar iqneba maTi TavSesafari.
`tristansa da izoldaSi~, tyes simboluri mniSvneloba aqvs, igi
icavs da ifaravs Seyvarebulebs im garemosgan, romelic ewinaRmdegeba
113
maT siyvaruls, Tumca tyes am romanSi mxolod simboluri mniSvneloba
ara aqvs, igi im periodis fizikuri realobacaa. ymawvil tristans,
norvegieli vaWrebi xomaldze miityueben da rogorc nadavls ise
moitaceben, zRvaSi saSineli qariSxali amovardeba da mekobreebi
mixvdebian TavianT Secdomas. aRTqmas dadeben, rom tristans
gaaTavisufleben Tu qariSxali Cadgeba da asec moiqcevian, tristans
navSi Casvamen da napirisken miacureben. zRvis napirze gadasuli
tristani frialo kldeze acocdeba da usasurulo tyes dainaxavs. Mmefe
markis qveyana araa legendaruli qveyana, romelic truveris
warmosaxviTaa Seqmnili. Ees aris Sua saukuneebis dasavleTis realuri
samyaro, romelic tyeebis Tvaluwvdeneli sivrciTaa Semofargluli.
Suasaukuneebis frangul romanSiF `okaseni da nikoleta~,
Seyvarebulebis erTad yofnas ewinaaRmdegeba okasenis mama, romelic
winaaRmdegia misma Svilma gansxvavebuli rwmenis qali moiyvanos colad.
Seyvarebulebs mravali gansacdelis gadatana uwevT. nawarmoebSi
nikoleta TavSesafris saZebnalad garbis tyeSi, mas xvdebian saSineli
mxecebi, Tumca isini ar vneben mas arafers. Nnikoletas EeSinia mxecebis,
magram mas ara aqvs sxva ufro saimedo TavSesafari da is rCeba tyeSi.
satrfos dakargviT Sewuxebuli okaseni kargavs sicocxlis yovelgvar
niSan-wyals, sruliad uimedod igi mindorSi wevs da elodeba sikvdils.
swored aseT mdgomareobaSi naxavs mas erT-erTi seniori, romelic
urCevs okasens Sejdes cxenze da tyeSi wavides. iq gaiqarvebT naRvels,
dainaxavT balaxebs, yvavilebs, moismenT Citebis galobas da SeiZleba iq
gaigonoT is sityvebi, romelic Tqvens guls Svebas mohgvris, eubneba mas
seniori. sainteresoa is garemoebac, rom swored amgvari xerxiT (cxenze
Sejdomis TxovniT) cdilobs avTandili `gaRma qveynad~ gasuli tarieli
realur cxovrebas daubrunos da axerxebs kidec amas, iseve rogorc
sinioris sityvas damorCilebuli okaseni, romelic jdeba cxenze da
114
miemarTeba tyisken, rogorc savanisken, romelmac mas sulieri simSvide
unda mohgvaros.
sabolood okaseni da nikoleta gamodian tyidan da ubrundebian
adamianur civilizacias (75).
kretien de truas romani, `iveni anu lomis raindi~, mefe arturis
karze Sekrebil raindTa TavgadasavlebiT iwyeba. Uucnauria, magram Svidi
wlis win momxdaur ucnaur faTeraks swored am dRes ixsenebs erT-erTi
raindi, kalogrenanti, romelic Svidi wlis ganmavlobaSi dumda Tavis
Tavgadasavalze, Tavis avantiuraze. Aam ucnauri Tavgadasavlis mosmenis
Semdeg mraval rainds gauCndeba survili Tavad eZios faTeraki, Tumca
maT Soris iveni yvelze metad iCqarebs da dauyovneblad gaeSureba Svidi
wlis win momxdari faTerakis saZieblad. uCveuloa, magram garSemo
yvelaferi ucvleli xvdeba. Ggmiri tovebs realur samyaros da uecradE
zRaprul, mojadoebuli qveyanaSi aRmoCndeba, sadac yvelaferi
ucnaurobebiTa da saswaulebiTaa garemoculi. Giveni amarcxebs ucnaur
rainds da Semdeg colad irTavs mis meuRles, mSvenier lodinas. Tumca
es araa misi avantiuris dasasruli. iveni tovebs meuRles, raTa mefe
arTuris karze gamarTul turnirebSi miiRos monawileoba da amiT
sakuTar saxels meti dideba da saxeli Sematos. ivenma miiRo meuRle
lodinasagan nebarTva, raTa is erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi xleboda mefes,
magram lodinam wauyena piroba _ erTi wlis mere, daTqmul dros, igi
unda dabrunebuliyo ukan, meuRlesTan,, magram ivens aviwydeba dro da
igvianebs dabrunebas, meuRle ar patiobs amas da msaxuri qalis piriT
SeuTvlis, rom mas ufleba aRar aqvs dabrundes ukan. Aam ambis
gagonebisTanave iveini kargavs saRi azrovnebis unars da garbis tyeSi.
igi ganadgurebulia, rogori xmac ar unda gaigos man, araferi
siamovnebs, is cdilobs ufro da ufro ganmartovdes adamianuri
115
garemosgan, rom aravin araferi icodes mis Sesaxeb, amitom is garbis da
mas aravin aCerebs, is ixevs tansacmels da garbis Sors, mas aviwydeba vin
iyo adre. cxovrobs rogorc gareuli adamiani, nadirobs da ikvebeba umi
xorciT.
erTaderTi mowme ivenis tanjvis da misi gagiJebis aris tye. tye,
romelic aris ekvivalenti aRmosavluri udabnosi, ganmartoebis adgili,
nadirobis da raindTa avantiuris adgili. Semdgom igi xvdeba gandegils,
romelic mowyalebis niSnad asmevs mas wyals da aZlevs purs, magram
orive, gandegilic da iveinic stumrebi arian tyeSi.
tyeSi yofnisas waawydeba iveni Semdeg scenas, rodesac lomi da
gveli erkineba erTmaneTs, loms jabnis gveli da iveni maSinve gadawyvets
daexmaros mas, igi ebmeba orTabrZolaSi da klavs gvels, amieridan lomi
xdeba misi Tanamgzavri, misi erTguli megobari.
Kkretienis am romanSi tye ivenisTvis is TavSesafaria, romelmac
misi gaxeleba unda damalos. iveni giJia, igi gaurbis adamianTa
sazogadoebas. erTaderTi adamiani, romelsac igi uaxlovdeba,
gandegilia, romelic sacodav SeSlils purs da wyals aZlevs, amiT
TiTqos cdilobs igi adamianur yofas daubrunos, Tumca ZiriTadi
gardatexa, romelmac ivenis gamojansaRebaSi mTavari roli iTamaSa,
keTili qalis mier motanili jadoqari morganas mier momzadebuli
wamali aRmoCnda.
Kkretien de truas romanSi `ereki da enida~, raoden ucnauric ar
unda iyos, poemis mTavar gmirs _ ereks, swored misi axladSerTuli
meuRle ubiZgebs avantiuris, Tavgadasavlebis Ziebisaken.
E ereki, romelic saukeTeso raindia mefis karze, enidas colad
SerTvis Semdeg iviwyebs Tavis raindul movaleobebs, enida SemTxveviT
gaigonebs, rogor kicxaven sxva raindebi amis gamo ereks, enida
gadawyvets, Tavad Seaxsenos meuRles daviwyebuli movaleoba da ereki
116
uyoymanod imoseba rainduli samosiT da meuRlesTan erTad
Tavgadasavlebis saZieblad midis.
sainteresoa is faqti, rom Erodesac enida ereks rainduli
movaleobebis Seusruleblobas axsenebs, ereki morCilad imoseba
saWurveliT da morCilad miemarTeba sayvareli qalis gverdiT
faTerakebis saZieblad. tarieli ki, romelsac nestani xvarzmSas Svilis
moklvis dayovnebaSi adanaSaulebs, ganawyenebuli wamoiZaxebs: `qali omsa
ragvar mawvev, agre viTa davZabundi?~ (559). tarielisTvis qalis mier
saomari qmedebebis Seusruleblobis Sexseneba Seuracxmyofeli da
damamcirebelia, erekisTvis ki savsebiT misaRebi da gasaTvaliswinebeli.
Eereki da enida gzas daadgebian, magram saiT, aracerTma ar icis. es
aris wminda saxis avantiura, rodesac gmiri midis faTerakebis
saZebnelad, magram ar icis sad. Eereki masze win gauSvebs enidas da
sTxovs, rom rac ar unda dainaxos, xma ar amoiRos araferze.
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom faTerakebis saZieblad ereki tyis maxloblad
dadis da faTerakic ar ayovnebs. igi gzadagza amarcxebs mowinaaRmdege
raindebs.
Aavantiurebis dinamikisa da ganviTrebis mxriv TavisTavad
sainteresoa mefe arTurze Seqmnili romanebi, maT Soris XV saukunis
ingliseli mwerlis tomas meloris _ `ambavi mefe arTuris zeobisa~.
avtorma Tavisi romanis centrSi arTuris sagmiro saqmeebis aRwera
daayena, da Seecada raindebi da raindTa sazogadoeba kidev erTxel
gamoeyvana asparezze. Tomas meloris nawarmoebebi, ramdenime Tavisgan
Sedgeba da maTSi mefe arTuris karis raindebis Sesaxebaa moTxrobili.
erT-erTi aseTi gmiria lanselot tbeli, romelic saxelovani da
gamorCeuli raindia.
erT dRes lanseloti ganizraxavs _ raime saswaulebriv
Tavgadasavals unda gadaveyaroo da Tavis naTesavs ubrZanebs, salaSqrod
117
gaemzade, xifaTis saZebnelad mivemgzavrebio (29, gv. 237).
FfaTerakebis saZieblad wasuli ser lanselotis gzas ser eqtoric
gaudgeba. Ggzad tye Sexvdeba da metyeves ekiTxeba _ xom araferi gsmenia
axlomaxlo momxdar saswaulebsa da faTerakebzeo?
ser, _ miugo metyevem, _ am midamoebSi ucxo kaci ara var. aqve
maxloblad, erTi gamagrebuli cixea, TxriliT Semovlebuli, Txrili
erTob Rrmaa. iqiT, xelmarcxniv, erTi wyaroa, cxens wyals daalevineb,
kidev cota moSorebiT totebgabarjRuli didi xe dgas. im xeze mravali
fari hkidia, odesRac mamac raindebs rom sWeriaT xelT, Zirsac ori
taStia miWedili, spilenZisa da TiTbrisa. Tu im taStebs Subis tars
samjer dahkrav, axal ambebs gaigeb da iqneb iseT bedsac ewio, rogoric
am mxareSi mravali welia arc erT rainds ar Rirsebia (gv. 238).
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom rogorc kretienis romanebSi, ise tomas
melorTan, gmirobis da raindobis mTavari sazomi kriteriumi uCveulo,
saswaulebrivi faTerakis ganxorcielebaa, romelsac gamudmebiT daeZeben
mefe arturis gmirebi. Llanseloti dedofali gviniveras siyvarulis
saxeliT uamrav gmirobas sCadis, misi mamacobis ambavi arc
feriebisTvisaa ucxo.
tyis piras mwolare lanselots fea morgana grZnebiT Sekravs, rom
ufro Rrmad daiZinos da mere Tavis sasaxleSi gadaiyvans, gonze mosuls
lamazi msaxuri qalis xeliT saWmels Seugzavnis da sam dedofalTan
erTad gamoecxadeba, raTa lanselotma maT Soris erT-erTi sayvarlad
airCios, Tu arada igi dilegSi sikvdilisTvisaa ganwiruli. lanselotis
pasuxi Semdegia: me mirCevnia am dilegSi movkvde, vidre Cemi survilis
winaaRmdeg erT-erTi Tqvengani Seviyvaro. lanselots moaxle gogo
aTavisuflebs im pirobiT, rom am ukanasknelma monawileoba unda miiRos
raindul orTabrZolaSi, sadac mamamiss daexmareba da raindic Tanxmdeba
am pirobas.
118
A amis Semdeg iwyeba misi usasrulo Tavgadasavlebi da brZolebi.,
Tumca gmirs ar akmayofilebs miRweuli, igi mudmiv ZiebaSia da
gamudmebiT kiTxulobs sakvirveli faTerakebis ambavs.
Aamrigad, aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom rusTvelis poemisgan
gansxvavebiT, `amirandarejanianis,~ kretienisa da meloris romanebis
gmirebi, faTerakebisa da Tavgadasavlebis gamudmebul ZiebaSi arian, maT
Ziebas zogjer aranairi piroba da intriga ar udevs safuZvlad. maTi
mizani xSirad sakuTari saxelis gandidebiT, sayvareli qalis mier
wayenebuli pirobebiTaa ganpirobebuli, maSin roca rusTvelis gmirebis
avantiura maRalzneobrivi idealebisken swrafviT gamoirCeva.
Yyovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba gamovyoT sami
ZiriTadi done avantiuruli romanis ganviTarebaSi. Ppirvel doneze
ganvaTavsebT `amirandarejanianis~ gmirTa avantiuras, romelTa
moqmedebis asparezi mxolod sagmiro saqmeebze da saxelis moxveWaze
gadis. Mmeore done, am tipis romanis ganviTarebisa, esaa swored kretien
de truas romanebi, am romanebis gmirebisaTvis avantiura mxolod
sayvareli qalis saxeliTaa gamarTlebuli. Ggmiri mTel Tavgadasavals,
gmirul gamarjvebebs, falavanTa damarcxebebs da a.S. uZRvnis sayvarel
qals. ganviTarebis umaRles doned SeiZleba miviCnioT rusTvelis
`vefxistyaosani~, romlis gmirebisaTvis avantiura mxolod piradi
saxelisa da satrfos mier nakarnaxevi davalebis zusti aRasruleba ki
ara, megobrisaTvis iseTi Tavdadeba da Tavganwirvaa, romelic poemaSi
altruistul gagebamdea ayvanili.
119
mojadoebuli koSkebi, qvabulebi da baRebi
M
romanebis samyaroSi garkveuli adgili aqvs daTmobili sferos,
romelic zebunebriv, fantastikur, realobisgan gansxvavebul
kategorias ganekuTvneba. Mmiuxedavad amisa, es zebunebrivi samyaro ar
aris realuri samyarosgan mkveTrad gamijnuli. Ees ori samyaro
arsebobs erTmaneTis gverdiT, harmoniul mTlianobaSi. Ggmiri tovebs
xandaxan cixe-simagres da ramdenime saaTis an dRis Semdeg aRmoCndeba
uCveulo adgilas.. `miRma samyaro zogjer mdinaris meore napiridan
iwyeba~ (106, gv. 58).
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom gmirebis avantiuris ganuyrel nawils
Seadgens mojadoebeuli koSkebi, gamoqvabulebi, ucnauri walkotebi,
romelic dakarguli edemis saxedac moazrdeba zogierT SemTxvevaSi. is
miRma samyaro, romelSic gmiri faTerakebis Ziebisas aRmoCndeba xolme,
gmiris avantiuris ganuyofeli nawilia.
`amirandarejanianSi~ araerTgzis gvxvdeba devebiT dasaxlebuli
cixe-simagreebi, saucxoo walkotebi da ucnauri arsebebiT savse
qvabulebi.
G`amirandarejanianis~ gmirebi, romlebic Tavgadasavlis saZieblad
mieSurebian, gzad gamoqvabuls naxaven, saidanac wiTlosani kaci gamova,
romelic didoT mefea. mas devebma laSqari dauxoces da samefo
waarTves. swored mis samefoSi hyavT damwyvdeuli devebs nosar nisreli.
dido exmareba Zmobilebs gzis gagnebaSi. erT Kkldovan adgilas mivlen,
saidanac uamravi gveli gamodioda, xocdnen, magram amaod. Bbolos
120
amiranma amoiRo mSvildi, tyorcna isari da warkveTa Tavi gvels,
romelic kldis Tavze ijda. roca es ambavi gaiges, kldis karebi gaaRes
da gamovida sami veSapi _amiranma saTiTaod daxoca isini, Tumca Savma
gveleSapma mainc gadaylapa amirani, magram amiranma gauWra muceli da
Tavi daaRwia gveleSaps (56, gv.315).
Aamirani da misi mxleblebi viRac motiral qals Sexvdnen, qalma
tiriliT uambo amirans, badri iamanisZe roca Seipyres devebma, me tyved
wamomiyvanes da mas mere aq varo. SeuZRva amirans kldis Ziras
gamoqvabulSi da didi lodi karze miagora, Turme es qali devi iyo da
amiranis mocTuneba undoda. qvabulSi Sesulma amiranma ucnauri kaci
naxa, romelsac Sublze didi Tvali hqonda. Aamiranma daxoca es kaci da
misi Svili da is qalic zed miayola, Sen kidev vinmes moacTunebo da
mxleblebTan erTad isev gza ganagrZo.
A amiran darejanisZes Ram-RamobiT viRac qali ecxadeboda da
eubneboda _ `Senisa Wabukobisagan piri ar aris, Tu mze qveyanaTa zeda
iyos da igi Sen ar naxo.~ Mmravalgzis gamoecxada es qali da uTxra _ im
qalis saxe, romelzec miganiSnebdi, am kedelze weria, gaiRviZe da naxeo.
Aamiranma es ambavi Tavis megobar savarsamiZes uambo, savarsamisZes es
ambavi uCveulod moeCvena da gaifiqra: `eSmauri rame aris da faTeraksa
davepyrobiTo~ (gv. 371).
Amainc gadawyveten es mSvenieri qali moZebnon da gzas gaudgebian,
Tumca ar ician saiT wavidnen. uecrad cxeniani kaci SexvdebaT, romelic
urCevs, indoeTisken iareT, rom gza gaignoTo da gauCinardeba (gv. 372).
G gzad uamravi faTeraki SexvdebaT, amirani xan wiTlosan Wabuks
ebrZvis, xan Sav Wabuks, aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom wiTeli da mwvane
raindebi kretienis romanebSic gvxvdeba, isini umetes SemTxvevaSi borot
ZalebTan arian gaigivebulni. rogorc cnobili mecnieri e. meletinski
SeniSnavs, Suasaukuneebis romanebSi, kelturi miTologiidan heroikul
121
romanebze gadasvlisas da Semdeg frangul literaturaSi, saxe-cvlileba
ganicades xTonurma arsebebma. Ddemonuri arsebebi moiazrebian ukve
`Savi~ da `wiTeli~ raindebis saxeSi (70, gv.81-88).
`amirandarejanianSic~ amgvari Wabukebi borot Zalas ganasaxiereben
da isini yovelTvis marcxdebian gmirebTan brZolaSi.
tomas melori, Tavis romanSi, raind biuimenze mogviTxrobs.
biumeini rig-rigobiT amarcxebs Sav rainds, mwvane rainds da wiTel
raindsac, am ukanasknels Seiwyalebs mxolod misi qalbatonis Txovnis
safuZvelze. (29, gv.283).
G tilismaTa qveyanaSi raindebi saswaul garemoSi xvdebian da xan
tilismiT Seqmnil spilenZis kacs ebrZvian, xan spilenZis loms.
Ddalewaven am loms da erT kldovan adgilas moxvdebian, garSemo
Tvaluwvdeneli kldeebia mxolod. Mmidian gmirebi, magram ver xvdebian
sad. gaaRweven am idumal da mojadoebul adgilebs Tavs da mivlen
xvareSan qalis samefoSi. qalaqis simdidre marTlac zRaprulia,
sasaxleebi savsea mdidruli nivTebiT, saucxoo TvlebiT, romelTa
sinaTle adamians abrmavebs. Aamirani SeirTavs xvareSan qals, TiTqos es
aris kidec misi avantiuris logikuri dasasruli, magram gmiris gza
moulodneli xifaTebiTaa savse. Mmas kidev erTi brZolis gadatana uwevs
walkotis mflobel devTan, raTa erTxel kidev moxdes misi
uZlevelobis xazgasma da misi avantiurac dasruldes.
badri iamanisZe da nosar nisreli maRal cixeSi hyavdaT devebs
gamomwyvdeuli. `iyo cixe maRali da qalaqi _ Seuvali. Aara egeboda
kacisgan Sesvla da, viTar Rone vera aviReT, davyaviT kvira erTi da
vlamodiT, romelmca gamosuliyo da Segvepyra devi~. Ggadawyvites xerxi
exmaraT. DdidoT mefe CauZRva amirans da mis Zmobilebs im cixesTan,
sadac mSvenieri xeebi idga da wyaro gamodioda. im adgilebSi xSirad
Camodiodnen frinvelni, wyals dalevdnen da isev cixeSi afrindebodnen.
122
Dradgan gmirebma ver moaxerxes cixeSi SeRweva, didom urCia, frinvels
fexT mokideboda erT-erTi maTgani da ise Casuliyo cixeSi. Aamirani asec
moiqca, frivelis daxmarebiT cixeSi moxvda da devebi srulad amoxoca,
mere ki maT ganZs daepatrona (56, gv. 317). `cixesa ara iyo ricxvi ganZisa.
avkideT xuTassa aqlemsa ganZi.~ cixe, qalaqi da saWurWleni didoT mefes
daubrunes. Ggzad gamoiares da yvela dabeWduli ganZi wamoiRes.
A amiran darejanisZe da misi megobrebi tilismaTa qveyanaSi
moxvdebian, sadac yvelaferi tilismiTaa Seqmnili, iqauroba erTi didi
mojadoebuli wrea, romelic axal-axal saswaulebs axvedrebs gmirebs.
erT did gamoqvabulSi tilismiT Seqmnili spilenZis kaci
cxovrobs. xelSi xmali ukavia da swored kveTs. imisaTvis rom gmirebma
es mojadoebuli wre gaarRvion da gavidnen win, raime xerxs unda
mimarTon. radgan xedaven, rom ZaliT am spilenZis kacs ver
daupirispirdebian. Aamirani win aqlems gaigdebs, ukan TviTon gahyveba
kombliT xelSi da roca spilenZis kaci aqlems mokvlas daupirebs,
hkravs kombals da dalewavs (gv. 382). aseTi moxerxebiT klaven isini
spilenZis loms, uzarmazar spilenZis kacs, romlis bukis Cabervaze
uamravi laSqari iwyebs modenas da a.S..
gmirebi tilismaTa qveyanas gaivlian da saocar qalaqSi
moxvdebian: `vnaxeT qalaqi didi, romel kacisa Tvalsa ezom didi ara
unaxavs ra. zRude da saxli yvelai mwvaniTa da wiTliTa qviTa nagebi
iyo, romel ara gaigonebis sikeTe da siSveniere kacisa eniTa. Eezom didi
iyo qalaqi igi, romel ciskrad SevediT da samefosa saxlamdis SuadRe
mivediT. palatni nagebi mwvaniTa qviTa SvenieriTa. Eegreve karni misni,
igica mwvanisa qvisani, vTqvimca, Tu zurmuxtisani ariano. D mas karTa
zeda qalaqisaTa dga aTasi kaci Semosili skaramangiTa, piroqroTa
ridiTa da oqros sartyliTa.~ aseT zRaprul qalaqSi moxvedril amiran
darejanisZes Sesamoslad or Zvirfas mosasxams moutanen. erTi _mwvane,
123
TvaliTa da margalitiTa Sekazmuli da erTi TeTri, isic Sekazmuli. (gv.
386).
saerTod, saraindo romanebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo
TvalismomWreli, kaSkaSa ferebi. `vefxistyaosanis~ gmirTa samosi
saocari silamazisaa da xSirad xelovnebis daxvewil nimuSs
warmoadgens. did yuradRebas aqceven kretienis gmirebic samoss,
silamazes, simdidres.
samecniero literaturaSi SeniSnulia, rom sinaTle iyo
dakavSirebuli simbolurad yvelaze zeaRmatebulTan, maSin roca sibnele
warmoadgenda borotebisa da ubedurebis sawyiss.
rogorc frangi mecnieri, Jan frapie SeniSnavs, Sua saukuneebi aris
kaSkaSa ferebis, sinaTlis saukune. aq aris simdidre, Zvirfasi qvebi,
oqros brwyinvaleba, fufuneba, Warbobs wiTeli, mwvane da yviTeli
ferebi. sinaTlis elementia qera Tmebi, TeTri saxe. Ees aris gazafxuli,
mudmivi sixaruli, bedniereba, romelic simbolizirebulia locus amoenus-
Si (laTinuri termini, romelic niSnavs sasiamovno adgils) (88, gv. 298).
sinaTlem Seqmna silamaze, ambobda cnobili ingliseli
filosofosi da Teologi (XII-XIII ss.) robert grosetesti, romelmac
Seqmna traqtati De luce seu de inchoatione formarum _ sinaTle anu formis
sawyisi, igi axdenda netari avgustines citirebas da ambobda, gaigeb ra
`silamazes~, maSinve grZnob pirvelsawyis naTels. silamaze ganuyofelia
naTlisgan (111, gv. 73).
Suasaukuneebis romanebSi did adgils ikavebs naTlisa da
silamazis simbolika, romelnic harmoniul mTlianobaSi arian
warmodgenilni. nestan-darejanis silamaze iseT naTelTanac sacnaurdeba,
romelic bnel Rames naTels hfens, Tu naTeli silamazea, sibnele borot
ZalebTan igivdeba. simboluria isic, rom mze-nestani, swored Savma
124
monebma, anu borotma Zalebma Casves kidobanSi. adamianur yofas, naTels
mowyvites da kidobanSi gamomwyvedeuli zRvis usasrulo dinebas misces.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `vefxistyaosnis~ TiToeuli gmiri, sinaTlesTan,
silamazesTan ziarebuli personaJia. TinaTinis silamaze xSirad mzis
brwyinvalebasac Crdilavs da a. S.
Suasaukuneebis romanebSi xSiradaa warmodgenili zRapruli cixe-
qalaqebi, koSkebi, romlebic auracxeli simdidriTaa savse, romanebSi
xSiria ucxo da sakvirveli nivTebis xseneba da maTi uCveulobis
xazgasma, rac ara mxolod materialur simdidriT aRfrTovanebaze,
aramed esTetikur gemovnebazec mianiSnebda. (aseTia `yabaCa da erTi ride~,
Zvirfasi gvirgvinebi, romelsac xoreSan qals uZRvnian, saocari kaba,
romelsac dedofali gvinivera Cuqnis enidas da a.S.).
amiran darejanisZes da mis mxleblebs xvareSan qalis samefoSi
ucnaur xils miarTmeven msaxurebi, roca xilis sadaurobas ikiTxavs
amirani, dedofali cdilobs daumalos namdvili ambavi, magram ficis
Semdeg iZulebulia simarTle uTxras: am qveyanaSi walkoti iyo, `romel
ara yofila misebri qveyanasa zeda gansasvenebeli mefeTa, romelTa Sina
arian xilni eseni. Nnaxa xili igi baqjar qvelman da SeSurda igi sxvaTa
kacTaTvis da ubrZana jamasars. Dda Seqmna tilismani da muniTgan iqi
aRarvin Sesrul ars da verca vin Sevals~ (56, gv. 396)
amirani mzadaa axali faTerakisTvis, amitom uSiSrad miemarTeba
walkotisken. walkots didi galavani hqonda Semovlebuli. ori kari
hqonda Sesasvleli, erTs didi veSapi darajobda, meores ufro patara.,
orive kari spilenZis iyo da `isrodes qvaTa didgvarovanTa eseTTa rome,
rasaca suliersa maTi nasroli qva ecis, wamsve moklis (gv. 397).
amiran darejanisZe da misi mxlebelni saSinel gveleSapebs
daamarcxeben da walkotSi Sevlen, naxaven _ `walkotsa Sina egeTsa,
romel ara dga walkoti swori misi qveyanasa zeda. Dda vnaxeT xeni
125
sakvirvelni da surnelni, da mas Sina _ wyalni Svenierni, romel, raca
RmrTisa dabadebuli surneli iyo, igi da yoveliferi xili Sina iyo.
xeni vnaxeniT Siga erTni Svenierni, gare SemozRudulni. Dda amas
ityodes, viTa: _ zeTi gamovals maT xeTagan eseTi, romel sneulsa
Seasvan, gamrTeldebis, Tu brmasa TvalTa uwTon, aexilvian, da yovelsa
sensa hkurnebso (gv. 399).
sefedavles da mis mxleblebsac SemoxvdebaT gzad erTi walkoti,
win oqros rideTi mosili kaci gamoegebebaT da walkotis xils
SesTavazebT, gmirebi walkotSi dasasveneblad Camoxdebian da bolos
oqros tabakze dadebul ucnaur xils moarTmeven, Tan etyvian, aseTi
xili arsad geqnebaT nanaxio, `Tvalad kekluci iyo, nesvsa hgavda, magra
cota iyoo, vWameT magra mis meti vera SevigrZeniT Zilma wagviRo~,
mxolod sefedavles ar miekara Zili, radgan is sakvirveli wamali
hqonda xelT, uecrad daiwyo modena laSqarma da sefedavles martos
mouwia gamklaveboda maT.
mzeWabuki da misi mxlebelni qorwilis molodinSi iyvnen, rodesac
movida abram da acnoba maT _ `dedamZuZesa mis qalisasa umZimda
gaTxoveba. Mmoipares wuxelis da mas grZneulTa qveyanasa waiyvanes, rome
arca misvla egebis da arca gamoyvana, Tu yovelni gmirni da goliaTnica
erTgan Sekrbeno. Aaw vinca waxvalT gamoyvanebad, neba Tqveniao~(469).
mzeWabuki gadawyvets wavides grZneulTa qveyanaSi. Ggzad tba
SexvdebaT. Uuecrad dainaxaven, rom mova ramodenime adamiani, `ibanaves
lomad Seiqmnes da wavides mas gzasa, siT Cven mivdiodiT. Mmerme movides
xuTni veSapni, maTca ibanes da kacad Seiqmnes da wavides iginica.
Mmovides kvla xuTni kacni, ibanes, mfrinvelad Seiqmnes da wavides.~ Y
yvela Zalian SeaSina nanaxma da mzeWabukma Tqva _ `isi yvela
eSmauriao~ (gv. 474).
roca gaTenda da wavidnen, naxes, rom `lomTa zeda xuTni kacni
126
sxdes, da igi kacni rome veSpad Seiqnes. Mmovides igi kacni da SevibeniT
ficxlad. Dda omsa Sina Cven mo da mogvakldeboda da SiSi Segveqmneboda.
Aanazdad kaci movida, veSapsa zeda jda, xelTa mSvildi hqonda~, misma
xmam zari dasca irgvlivmyofebs, yvela gaiqca da mzeWabuki datoves mis
pirispir. mzeWabuki mTeli dRe-Rame ebrZoda mas da daamarcxa (gv. 475).
gavemarTeT da mivediT `samarovansa yovlisa qveyanisasa. Mmkvdari
yvela ze wamodga da xelsa gvixrida: _ modiT Cven Tana, esreve mosvla
gindao. mzeWabuki amSvidebda, ese yoveli saeSmako saqmeao (gv. 480).
bolos mivlen erT adgilas, `klde iyo didi da Zirsa qvabi iyo da
im qvabisgan xma gamovidoda sakvirveli. mzeWabuks uTxres, rom mefis
asuli aq ariso. mzeWabuki SeebrZola qvabulidan gamosul kacs. didxans
ibrZoles, gamovida bolos is kaci da mzis Wabukis Tavi xelT hqonda.
Ggamobrundnen misi mxleblebi tiriliT da sami dRis Semdeg naxes mzis
Wabuki, romelmac uTxraT, is kaci, romelmac Cemi Tavi gaCvenaT, grZnebiT
Seqmnili iyoo. xazarTa mefes fici hqonda dadebuli, sanam iseT Wabuks
ar vipovi, `rome misebri Wabuki, qveyanasa zeda ara iyoso~, Cems asuls
aravis SevrTavo, gamoscada axla da darwmunda Cems Zlierebasa da
mamacobaSio (gv. 482). wamoiyvanes mefis asuli da movidnen xazarTa
samefoSi. Mmefem daadga gvirgvini mzeWabuks da dauloca Tavisi samefo.
`amirandarejanianSi~ aRwerili ucnauri qvabulebi da walkotebi
gmirTa Tavgadasavlis ganuyofeli nawilia. devTa cixe-simagris aReba,
tilismiT mojadoebuli qveynebis jadosgan gaTavisufleba, saocari
walkotebis naxva, gmirTa avantiuras ufro mimzidvelsa da momxibvlels
xdis.
`vefxistyaosnis~ mTavari gmiri, tarieli, nestanis unayofo Zebnis
Semdeg tyes Seafarebs Tavs. erT gamoqvabuls ipovis, romelSic devebi
cxovroben. mxleblebTan erTad SeebrZoleba devebs. mxleblebi
daexoceba, magram TviTon amowyvets devebs da maT gamoqvabulSi daidebs
127
binas.
Ddevebis gamoqvabuls ormoci kari aqvs, magram tariels ar
ainteresebs karebs miRma arsebuli arc nivTi, arc simdidre, maT
arsebobas mxolod maSin ixsenebs, roca amis saWiroeba dgeba.
`vefxistyaosanSi~ warmodgenil uCveulo cixe-simagred qajeTis
cixe SeiZleba CaiTvalos. qajeTis cixe uCveulod maRali da
miuwvdomelia. Nnestan-darejani tarielisTvis miweril werilSi
aRniSnavs:
`cixes vzi egzom maRalsa, Tvalni Zliv gardaswvdebian
Ggza gvirabiTa Semova, mcvelni mun zeda dgebian (1300).
Nnestani urCevs satrfos, ar ecados mis dasaxsnelad wamosvlas,
radgan kacTagan SeuZlebelia am cixe-simagreSi SemoRweva da mere misi
gaTavisufleba.
avTandili, romelmac Seityo nestanis samyofeli da niSnad misi
sicocxlisa misi werilic miiRo, male gamoemSvidoba fatmans, xaTunmac
ar daakava da uTxra:L
`iswrafve, Cemi nu gagva, xeli egreca xeldebis,
Tu qajni mogeswrebian, mun misvla gagiZneldebis~ (1313).
avTandili marTlac Cqarobs, igi fridonTan werils aaxlebs
msaxurebs da miweril werilSi eubneba kidec Zmadnafics, vipove
tarielis satrfo:
`igi mze qajTa mefesa hyavs, qajeTs patimaria.
jerT qalsa qajni ar axlvan, magra spa uamaria~ (1320).
128
avTandili gamoivlis grZel gzas da tariels nestanis ustars
miutans, Zmadnaficebi fridonis samefosken gaemarTebian, fridoni
guluxvad umaspinZlebs megobrebs, magram Seaxsenebs, avi maspinZeli ar
gegonoT, TiTqos Tqveni stumroba momwyenodes, magram:
`aw yovna ar varga, wasvla sjobs gzisa grZelisa,
Tu qajni mogveswrebian, saeWvi ars siZnelisa~ (1385).
qajeTs namyofi meca var, garSemo qalaqs klde aqvs Semovlebuli,
Tu malviT ar SevediT, pirispir SebmiT versa gavxdebiTo, aRniSnavs
fridoni.
qajeTis cixes garSemo klde ertya, kldis Sua gvirabi adioda,
romelsac aTi aTasi mcveli icavda. Ggmirebma gadawyvites eTaTbiraT da
ise mieRoT saukeTeso gadawyetileba. GmaT marTlac SeimuSaves
garkveuli samxedro strategia. samivem samad gaiyo samasi meomari da
uwyinari mgzavrebiviT gaemarTnen qajeTis cixisken, roca qlaqis kari
farTod gaaRes motyuebulma mcvelebma, raindebma samive mxridan Seuties
qajeTis cixes, uCveulo gmirobis magaliTi aCvenes da datyvevebuli
nestani gaaTavisufles.
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom aseTi miuvali cixe-simagreebi, TiTqmis
yvela saraindo romanSi gvxvdeba. arturis ciklis TiTqmis yvela
romanebSi figurirebs mojadoebuli cixe-koSki, aseTia arturis
sasaxlec, romelic kldeze dgas da garSemo zRva akravs. koSkSi
mxolod erTi sacalfexo biliki midis. Mmefe arturis cixe-simagre
yvelaze dacul koSkad iTvleboda.
qajeTis cixe ar aris is uCveulo cixe, romelic dasavlur
romanebSi naxseneb jadosnuri cixe-simagreebis analogad SeiZleba
129
miviCnioT. sainteresoa is faqtic, rom rusTvelis gmirebi ara uSualod
qajebs, aramed maT mier datovebul meomrebs SeebrZolebian, amis Sesaxeb
SeniSnavs n. Jordania, rodesac wers: `qajTa cixis aRebaSi rusTvelma
qajebi ar gamoiyvana, rom poema sadev-gmiro ambebs ar damsgavseboda,
radgan `vefxistyaosani~ aris ara sadev-gmiro nawarmoebi, aramed
Tanamedrove Sinaarsis da formis romanuli poema (36. gv. 78-79).
is faqti, rom rusTvelis poema marTlac daclilia, im zRaprul-
fantastikuri garemoTi, romliTac ase mdidaria amave periodis Sua
saukuneebis dasavluri romanebi, araerTgzis aRvniSneT. davamatebT
mxolod imas, rom rusTveli Suasaukuneebis romanisti mweralia,
romelmac poemaSi iseTi idealebisken swrafva wamoWra, rom aq
saswaulebrivi da jadonsuri, mxolod poemis logikuri Txrobis
nawilad SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli da ara avtoris mTavar
mizandasaxulobad. Tumca qajeTis miuvali cixis aReba, devTa amowyveta
da maTi gamoqvabulis dapatroneba, erTgvar xarkadac SeiZleba miviCnioT,
romelsac rusTveli im sazogadoebas uxdis, romelSic jer kidev
mZlavradaa miTosurisa da saswaulebrivis, daujerebelisa da
miuwvdomlisadmi Rrma rwmena.
tomas meloris nawarmoebis erT-erTi gmiri, lanseloti, daburul
tyeSi midis, uecrad ZaRls dainaxavs da mis kvals gahyveba. Ees ZaRli
cixe-koSkTan miva, lanseloti koSkSi mkvdar rainds ixilavs. igi
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi ganikurneba, Tu gamoCndeba vinme raindi,
romelic wava samlocveloSi da iq ipovis maxvils da tilos, romelSic
mokluli raindi iyo gaxveuli. lanseloti uSiSrad miva
samlocvelosTan, sadac ocdaaTiode SeiaraRebuli bumberazi farebiTa
da xmlebiT aRWurvili dgas, gaivlis maT Soris, abreSumis sudaras
kides moaWris, aiRebs maxvils da gareT gamova. gareT gamosuls erTi
qali xvdeba, romelic sTxovs akocos mas, magram uars iRebs, qali
130
jadoqari helivisaa, romelic zangTa cixis patroni iyo da Svidi wlis
ganmavlobaSi lanselotze iyo gamijnurebuli, magram roca raindisgan
uari miiRo, igi dardisgan Camoxma da gardaicvala. Llanselotis
mamacobam gadaarCina daWrili raindi. Ggmiris avantiura ki kidev erTi
saswaulebrivi ambiT Seivso (29, gv.263).
`tristansa da izoldaSi~ gvxvdeba ucnauri cixe-koSki. Ees aris
tintajalis cixe-simagre _ Tintagel Castle, koSkma legendaluri saxe mefe
arTuris legendebis Semdeg SeiZina, amitom mas xSirad axsneben Sua
saukuneebis saraindo romanebSi.
erTxel izoldam uTxra tristans, _ mezRvaurebi amtkiceben,
tintajalis koSki mojadoebulia da orjer weliwadSi, zamTarSi da
zafxulSi, jadosnobis ZaliT ikargeba da Tvals efarebao. es xom araa
is saucxoo baRi, romelzec simRerebi mogviTxroben: mas yovelmxriv
haeris zRude artyia. xeebi hyvavian, niadagi surnelovania. _ ara
megobaro, eubneba tristani, aq zRapruli baRi arsad Cans, magram erT
dRes Cven erTad wavalT bednier qveyanaSi, saidanac aravin brundeba. iq
TeTri marmarilos koSkia aRmarTuli, aTasi sarkmeli aqvs, TiToeulSi
TiTo anTebuli sanTeli cimcimebs, TiToeulSi TiTo jambazi ukravs da
dausrulebel melodias mReris. iq mze ar brwyinavs, magram misi sinaTle
aravis ar enatreba: es cxonebulTa bednieri qveyanaa (49, gv. 82).
`tristani da izolda~, romelTa akrZaluli siyvaruli verc
romelime cixe-koSkSi da verc moruas tyeSi poulobs TavSesafars,
cxonebulTa im bednier qveyanaze ocneboben, romelic maTi siyvarulis
yvelaze saimedo TavSesafari, maTi mudmivi siyvarulis savane unda
gaxdes.
K kretien de truas romanSi `ereki da enida~, mravlad gvxvdeba
ucnauri cixe-koSkebi, mojadoebuli baRi. Eereki, Tavisi avantiuris
manZilze, xSirad xvdeba ucnaur adgilebSi. erTxel, mZimed daWril
131
ereks, gzad xvdeba grafi, romelsac Tavis sasaxleSi mihyavs is da enida,
meore diliT ki Tavisi debis cixe-koSkSi gadahyavs dasustebuli raindi.
Ggrafis debi sxvadsxva balaxebiT da jadosnuri malamoebiT moarCenen
ereksDda faTerakebis maZiebeli gmiri isev gzas gauyveba. gzad ereki
dainaxavs mojadoebul cixe-koSks, grafi eubneba, rom Tavi aaridos mas,
magram ereks surs Ramis gaTeva am koSkSi. isini Sedian iq da mefe
eubneba, rom mravali raindi movida aq magram vercerTma ver datova es
baRi, romelic am cixe koSkSi iyo ganTavsebuli. baRis SesasvlelTan
uamravi sari iyo Camocmuli, romelzedac raindTa muzaradebi elvarebda,
mxolod erTi sari iyo drCenili SiSvlad, romelic savaraudod erekis
muzaradisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. ereki Sezara am sanaxaobam, magram mianc
mihyva mefes baRis Sesasvlelamde da Semdeg baRSic Sevida. Ees iyo
saucxoo walkoti, sadac uamravi yvavili yvaoda. xeebi daxunZluli iyo
uamravi da nairgvari xiliT, yvelas SeeZlo egema es xili, magram Tu
waRebas moindomebda, ukan dasabrunebel gzas veRarasdros ipovida.
baRSi uamravi frinveli galobda. baRs ki goliaTi mabonagreni icavda.
E ereki Seebmeba goliaTs, romelic am baRis mcvelia. brZola didxans
gagrZelda, sabolood erekma daamarcxa igi da sTxova aexsna misTvis,
ratom patronobda am baRs. GgoliaTi uxsnis, im qals, romelic mas
bavSvobidn uyvarda, miveci aRTqma, rom Sevasrulebdi mis survils,
magram mas ar uTqvams ra surdao. sabolood qalma ganacxada, rom is am
baRis mcveli unda yofiliyo, sanam ar movidoda vinme, masze Zlieri da
ar daamarcxebda mas. Eaxla bednieri var, ganucxada goliaTama, radgan am
aRTqmisgan gavTavisufldi da SemiZlia es baRi davtovo (80).
132
saswaulebrivi arsebebi da sagnebi
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saraindo romanebSi warmodgenili
saswaulebrivi arsebebi nawarmoebebSi wamoWrili konfliqtis
SemakavSirebel rgolebs warmoadgenen, romlebic mniSvnelovan rols
asruleben am konfliqtis gadaWraSi, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, saswaulebrivi
arsebebi raindebs avnturis ganxorcilebaSi xels uSlian, zogierT
SemTxvevaSi ki piriqiT, exmarebian. saswaulebriv sagnebs ufro sxva
datvirTva aqvT miniWebuli, isini raindebs dauZlevelis daZlevaSi,
Seusrulebelis SesrulebaSi exmarebian. Aamitom aseT nivTebs magiuri
Zala aqvT.
`amirandarejanianSi~ gvxvdeba pasaJi, sadac sefedavle darispanisZe
da misi mxleblebi WenTa qveyanaSi mefis asulis gamosaxsnelad midian,
Tumca gza metad saZnelo da saxifaToa, romelsac gmirebi mxolod
Tavisi Zalis imedad ver gadalaxaven. maT Saosani qali exmarebaT,
romelic gzasac aswavlis da am gzis dasaZlevad saswaul wamalsac
miscems _ `aqedan rom waxvalT, sami dReE unda iaroT, iseT adgilas
mixvalT, ityviT aq wyali Znelad idendao. Oori kaci mofrindeba da
daiyivleben, maT yivilze wyali movardeba, magram curviT ver gamoxvalT
rome wamali maqvs iseTi, rom fexze icxeb da advilad gaivli im wyalso.
Mmere iseT qveyanaSi moxvdebiT, gzas ver gaagnebT sibneleSi, amisTvisac
wamals mogcemT da is gaginaTebT gzaso (56, gv.426).
Qqalis sityvebi male gacxaddeba da sefedavle da misi Zmobilebic
am dabrkolebebis gadalaxvas qalis mier mocemuli saswaulebrivi
wamliT axerxeben.
tarielis dasaxmareblad wasuli avTandili, romelic gulanSaroSi
fatmanisgan nestanis adgil-samyofels gaigebs, imasac Seityobs, rom
133
fatmans ori grZneuli mona hyavs, romlebic L `uCinod wavlen, wamovlen
maTiTa xelovnebiTa;~ (1238). grZneul monas ucnauri mosasxami aqvs,
romelsac wamoisxams da uCinari xdeba. Nnestanis ambis mosmenis Semdeg,
avTandili sTxovs fatmans, es grZneuli mona nestanTan gagzavnos da
misgan werili moitanos. Mmona Tavis molSi gaexveva, uCinrad Seva
qajeTis cixeSi da uCinradve wamoiRebs nestanis werils. rusTvelma
grZneuli monis Semoyvanis aucilebloba, ambis logikuri Txrobis
Sedegad wamoWra. GavTandilis Tavgadasavlis erT-erT Semadgenel
rgolad grZneuli mona aqcia, swored man daakavSira uxorco qajTa
samefoSi gamomwyvdeuli nestani xorciel samyaroSi misi ambis
momlodine avTandils.
Ddevebis gamoqvabulSi gamoketili ormoci karis Semtvrevis
aucileblobac maSin dgeba romanSi, roca nestanis ambiT gaxarebuli
mijnuri cxovrebis sazriss ibrunebs. satrfos povniT gaxarebuli
tarieli avTandils eubneba:
`me odes qvabni wavuxven, davxoce devTa dasebi,
M mas aqaT maTi aqa Zes saWurWle Zvir-nafasebi~ (1364).
Ggmirebi gadawyveten Seangrion ormoci kariT dabeWdili saWurWle
da naxon ra simdidrea datovebuli. tarieli da avTandili Seamtvreven
kars da ipovian auracxel simdidres, sakvirvel kidobans, romelsac zed
aweria:
…`.. `aqa Zes abjari sakvirvelio,
jaWv-muzaradi, almasi, xrmali basrisa, mWrelio;
Tu qajni devTa Seebmen, iyos dRe igi Znelio!
umisJamisod vinc gahxsnis, aris mefeTa mkvlelio~ (1368).
134
Seimoses Zmadnaficebma iSviaTi samosi, xelT ipyres iSviaTi xmalic,
romliTac ra `rkinasa mohkvrian, viT bambis mkedsa sWridian~ (1370). D
avTandili da tarieli gaemarTnen fridonisken, misTvisac waiRes
sakvirveli samosi da gaemarTnen qajTa qalaqisken.
`tristansa da izoldaSic~ araerTgzis gvxvdeba saswaulebrivi
nivTebi da arsebebi. Yyvelaze mniSvnelovani ki mainc is jadosnuri
siTxea, romelsac nawarmoebis gmirebi. SemTxveviT igemeben da romelic
maT akrZalul siyvaruls daudebs saTaves. zogierTi mecnieri, mag.
Ddaniel porioni izoldas axal medead miiCnevs, xazs usvams mis
ganswavlulobas balaxeulobis codnasa da jado-wamlebis damzadebaSi,
da ambobs, rom swored medeaa izoldas arqetipi (108, gv. 66).
sainteresoa is faqtic, rom am sasiyvarulo sasmels n. konradi
ganixilavs ara rogorc mistikas, aramed rogorc im drois
farmakologiur produqts, romelic gankuTvnili iyo ara mxolod romanis
gmirebisTvis, aramed yvela adamianisTvis (67, gv. 80).
tristani, uelsSi, gilenis samflobeloSi gadaixvewa, raTa
mSvenieri izolda daeviwyebina. erTxel, mTavarma tristans mowyena
Seatyo, stumris gasaxaliseblad patara grZneuli ZaRli moiyvana,
romelic mTavars feriam gamougzavna rogorc siyvarulis armaRani. misi
mkerdi TovliviT TeTri iyo, gava mwvane, rogorc samyura balaxi, erTi
ferdi Zowis ferisa hqonda, xolo meore _ zafranis feri, muceli
laJvardi iyo, xolo zurgi vardisferi. Yyelze oqros jaWvi eba, xolo
jaWvze iseTi tkbilxmovni eJvani, rom misma gagonebam tristans guli
auCuya, daumSvida da kaeSanic gauqarva. Mmas socari Tviseba hqonda,
rogorc ki adamiani mis JRaruns gaigonebda, yovelive tanjvas
daaviwyebda (49, gv. 181).
tristanma maSinve gaifiqra, rom es mSvenieri saCuqari iqneboda
135
izoldasTvis. xolo es ZaRli rom moepovebina, gadawyvita bumberaz
urgans SebrZoleboda. didxans ibrZoles gaafTrebiT, bolos raindulma
vaJkacobam sZlia da tristanma bumberazi mokla, misi marjvena xeli
mTavars miutana da izoldasTvis mSvenieri saCuqari moipova. (iqve, gv.
182).
tristanma didxans ver gaZlo izoldas unaxaoba, gadawyvita
dabrunebuliyo mefe markis sasaxleSi, magram aravis rom ar ecno,
amisTvis Tavisi mSvenieri qera kululebi moiparsa da mxolod mokle Tma
daitova jvris saxed. Ppirze mojadoebuli balaxis siTxe waicxo,
romelic Tavis qveynidan hqonda motanili; saxis feri da gamometyveleba
ise ucnaurad Seecvala, rom verc erTi sulieri ver icnobda dedamiwis
zurgze.
mojadoebuli balaxis siTxem gmiris garegnoba Secvala, magiuri
balaxi misi damxmare aRmoCnda da raindma SeZlo sayvareli arsebis naxva
ise, rom misi vinaoba yvelasTvis ucnobi darCa.
Kkretienis romanSi, `iveni anu lomis raindi~, ucnauri faTerakis
saZebnelad wasuli iveni amarcxebs muzaradian rainds, Tumca misi
mxleblebi Seipyroben ivens da mis dasjas gadawyveten. sasaxlis oTaxSi
gamoketil ivens, romlis bolo gardauvali sikvdilia, mSvelelad
evlineba msaxuri qali, romelic jadosnur beWeds aZlevs rainds.
jadosnuri beWdis qona, misi gadarCenis tolfasia, radgan is gmirs
uxilavs xdis. ivenis dasasjelad mosuli msaxurebi didxans eZeben
ucnaurad gauCinarebul rainds da verafriT xsnian mis gauCinarebas.
jadosnuri beWdis wyalobiT, iveni Tavisuflad dadis oTaxebSi, swored
aseTi siarulisas Tvals mohkravs mis mier mokluli raindis mSvenier
qvrivs da misadmi siyvaruliT ainTeba.
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom iveni colad moiyvans am mSvenier qvrivs
da misgan saCuqrad beWeds iRebs, romelic Tan unda ataros niSnad misi
136
siyvarulisa, magram roca mefe arTuris karze wasuli raindi micemul
pirobas iviwyebs da daTqmul dros ukan ar brundeba, meuRle mas beWdis
dabrunebas Txovs, swored amis Semdeg iwyeba misi sigiJe.
v. nozaZes SeniSnuli aqvs, rom ivenis gaWrasa da gaxelebas araferi
saerTo ara aqvs mijnurobasTan da misi qceva sxva araferia, Tu ara
sigiJe, romelic jado-beWdis warTmevasTan aris dakavSirebuli (32, gv.
156).
Tumca unda aRvniSnoT, rom iveni beWdis dabrunebis gareSec
axerxebs saR azrze mosvlas, raSic mas feia morgans mier momzadebuli
jadosnuri malamo exmareba.
Aamgvarad, saraindo romanebSi, jadosnur nivTebsa da
saswaulebriv arsebebs xSirad umniSvnelovanesi roli ukaviaT
nawarmoebis Semdgomi ganviTarebisTvis. zogierT SemTxvevaSi maTi Carevis
gareSe ver xerxdeba mniSvnelovani ambis gadawyveta, Tumca am tipis
epizodebis CarTva ar mijnavs fantastikur da realur samyaros
erTmaneTisgan, isini Tanasworad ganagrZoben arsebobas yovelgvari
winaaRmdegobis gareSe.
137
gza, saidanac arcerTi gmiri ar brundeba da yvelaze didi
avantiura
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saTauris amgvari formulireba, (gza, saidanac
arcerTi gmiri ar brundeba), romelic saraindo romanebSi
ganxorcielebuli avantiuris erT-erT Semadgenel rgols warmoadgens,
jadosnuri zRapris struqturuli elementicaa. Mmartividan rTulisaken
svlis principi yvela jadosnur zRaparSia daculi. zRaparSi gmirs
xSirad uxdeba sami davalebis Sesruleba, romelTagan ori advilad
Sesrulebadia, xolo mesame SedarebiT rTuli. saraindo romanebSi es
principi nawilobriv daculia, gmirebis avantiura SedarebiT martivi
siZneleebis gadalaxviT iwyeba, Tumca sabolood yvelaze rTuli
avantiuriT sruldeba. Suasaukuneebis romanis gmirebs yvelaze metad is
gza izidavT, saidanac gadmocemis mixedviT arcerTi gmiri ar brundeba.
swored aseTi gzaa yvelaze didi gamocdis gza, romliskenac mTeli
avantiuris manZilze miiltvis nawarmoebis mTavari gmiri. aseTi gzis
daZleva xSir da umetes SemTxvevaSi gmiris avantiuris logikuri
dasasrulis dasawyisi xdeba, aseTi gzidan mobrunebuli gmiris gamocda
dasrulebulia, Tu raindTa mTeli avantiura harmoniis Ziebisken
swrafvaa, aseTi gzidan mobrunebuli gmiris garSemo icvleba is
disharmoniuli samyaro, romelsac igi dascilda da ibrunebs
pirvelsawyis harmonias.
`amirandarejanianis~ gmirebs xSirad uwevT iseT gzaze siaruli,
saidanac arcerTi sulieri ar dabrunebula, sadac adamis Zes misvla ar
ZaluZs. iseT cixeSi SeRweva, sadac kacTa modgmas fexi ar daudgams da
a.S.
sefedavle darispanisZe WenTa qveyanaSi gaemgzavreba, raTa mefis
138
asuli colad SeirTos. Ggzad erTi gzis mcodne kaci SexvdebaT,
romelic etyviT, rom zRvasa Sigan kunZulia da mas kunZulsa zeda _
klde da kldesa zeda _ cixe, romelsa kacebrivi Zala vera ebrZvis (56,
gv. 423).
Mmiuxedavad aseTi gafrTxilebisa, gmirebs swored is gza izidavT,
is gamocda, romelic win udevaT da romelmac maT saxels dideba da
Rirseba unda Sehmatos
Aamiran darejanisZem, romelic xvareSan qalis mosapoveblad
mravali dabrkoleba gadalaxa da mraval xifaTs gaumklavda, sabolood
moipova xvareSan qali da TiTqos unda dasruldes misi avantiura, magram
mas kidev win uZRvis yvelaze rTuli gamocda, iseT arsebasTan Sebma,
romelsac veravin umklavdeba. imis gagoneba, rom amirani Ramaz devs unda
SeebrZolos, xvareSan qalSi SiSs aRZravs, SeSinebuli qali tirils
daiwyebs, radgan masac ar sjera, rom amirani SeZlebs Ramaz devis
gamklavebas, _ nu stir, mzeo Cemo, aw naxo Wabukoba Cemio! _ Eetyvis
amirani. M`magra qalma tirilisgan pasuxi ar gasca. Mmoekida, Tuca ara
gaeSva. gaecina amiran darejanisZes _ Tu damiWire, rogor SevebrZolo
veSapso.~ sastiki brZola, romelic amiranis gamarjvebiT damTvrda,
damswreebma amgvarad Seafases: _ `aravin yofila kacTa naTesavi swori
amiran darejanisZisa~ (gv. 398-399).
A `vefxistyaosanSi~ warmodgenili qajeTis cixe kacTagan
auRebel cixe-simagredaa moazrebuli. is borotebis erTgvari simboloa,
romelsac `vefxistyaosnis~ raindebi siyvaruls upirispireben. qajeTis
miuwvdomel cixeSi gamomwyvdeuli nestani uars ambobs mijnuris
ganzraxvaze, mivides da gaaTavisuflos qajTa tyveobaSi myofi satrfo,
amitom fatmanisadmi miweril werilSic imeorebs:
`...spani uTvalavni mcven da maTi sialfe-re,
139
rasa hqvian Zebna Cemi? Aar egebis, daijere! (1287)
gexvewebi, sayvarelsa Semaxvewe, Semibrale,
nu wamova Zebnad Cemad, miuwere, Se-ca-sTvale~ (1289).
mijnurisadmi miweril werilSi ki Tavad mijnurs evedreba, ar
wamovides mis saZebnelad, nu gawiravs Tavs, radgan qajeTis cixis
mcvelebi `maTTa SembmelTa daxocen, marT cecxlad moedebian~ (1300).
Nnestans uWirs imaze fiqri, rom misi satrfo SeiZleba damarcxdes,
qajeTis samefo xom kacTagan dauZleveli samefoa. Tumca rusTvelis
gmirebis yvelaze didi avantiura swored im harmoniis aRdgenaa, romelic
borotebaze sikeTis gamarjvebiT unda damTavrdes. uZleveli gmirebis
yvelaze didi gamarjvebac qajeTis cixis aRebiT, nestanis tyveobidan,
borotebidan da sibnelidan gamoxsniT sruldeba.
Kkretienis romanebSi araerTgzis xdeba im gzaze miniSneba,
romlidanac jer arcerTi raindi ar dabrunebula. `iveni anu lomis
raindis~ mTavari gmiri iveni, meuRlesTan ganSorebis Semdeg umarav
gansacdels gadaitans, mraval gamocdas da faTeraks gaivlis da
uZleveli raindis saxels moipovebs, magram misi mTvari da yvelaze didi
avntiura, im satanailebTan brZolis gasrulebaa, romlebic ucnaur cixe-
koSks arian dapatronebulni da tyve qalwulebs monurad amyofeben
saSinel tanjvaSi. satanailebTan brZola gardauvali sikvdilis
tolfasia, magram iveni warmatebiT arTmevs Tavs yvelaze did gamocdas,
amarcxebs saSinel arsebebs da jadosgan aTavisuflebs mTel cixe-
qalaqs.
`ereksa da enidaSi~ warmodgenili mravali ganscdelisgan,
romelsac uSiSrad umklavdeba ereki, yvelaze didi gansacdeli mas im
jadosnur cixe-koSkSi elodeba, sadac mravali raindi wavida saxelis
mosapoveblad da saidanac veravin dabrunda. im jadosnuri baRis
140
SesasvlelSi, romelsac goliaTi darajobs, uamravi muzaradCamocmuli
saria, romelTagan mxolod erTi darCenila umuzaradod da am saris
naxva, SeakrTobs kidec goliaTis dasamarcxeblad misul ereks, magram
raindi ukan ar ixevs da dawyebul avantiuras warmatebiT arTmevs Tavs.
Kamarcxebs goliaTs da aTavisuflebs mojadoebul baRs.
M
141
daskvna
amgvarad, Cveni sadisertacio Temis mizans warmoadgenda saswaulis
niSniT gangvexila sasuliero da saero nawarmoebebi, warmogveCina
sasuliero literaturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saswaulis modelebi da
dagvelagebina isini garkveuli sqemebis mixedviT. Aam sqemebis niSanqveS
ganvixileT saero romanebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saswaulebic.
pirvel TavSi ganvixileT Semdegi qarTuli agiografiuli
Txzulebebi: `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba”, `iovane zedaznelis
cxovreba~, `serapion zarzmelis cxovreba~, `Siosa da evagres cxovreba~,
da `daviT garejelis cxovreba~. saero romanebidan amave TvalsazrisiT
SeviswaleT `amirandarejaniani~, `vefxistyaosani~, kretien de truas
romani `iveni anu lomis raindi~ da tomas beluris `tristani da
izolda~.
sadisertacio naSromis pirvel TavSi, agiografiul da saero
TxzulebaTa ganxilvam, TvalnaTliv dagvanaxa, rom Suasaukuneebis
saswaulma garkveuli transformacia ganicada, im gagebiT, rom Seicvala
adamianis damokidebuleba samyarosadmi da RmerTisadmi. `grigol
xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~ moyvanili epizodi mogviTxrobs, rom grigolis
mowafe miqeli, maRali kldidan gadmoagdo abeliarma, magram RmerTi
Seewia wmindans da igi sruliad uvnebeli wamodga miwidan. sainteresoa
am mxriv `tristansa da izoldaSi~ moyvanili epizodi, roca mefe markis
sasaxleSi ganmartoebul mijnurebs, karebTan mcvelebis xma SemoesmebaT,
tristani gadawyvets gadaxtes koSkidan, raTa Tavidan aicilos
samarcxvino sasjeli, igi Sevardeba samlocvelo oTaxSi da gadaxteba
koSkidan. Nnawarmoebis avtori gveubneba, rom RmerTma igi Seiwyala, qarma
misi tanisamosi aafriala, raindi zeviT aswia da kldis ZirSi, brtyel
qvasTan Camosva (49, gv. 115).
142
Tumca tristani arRvevs garkveul zneobriv normebs, ufali mainc
Seyvarebuli gmiris Semwed gvevlineba. Ggmiris saswauli zogjer
RvTiuri saswauliT aris ganpirobebuli.
Mmiuxedavad garkveuli kontrastisa, saswaulis gagebasTan dakavSirebiT,
rogorc saero, ise sasuliero romanebSi SeiniSneba Semdegi:
3. saswauli aris movlena, romelic realuri ambis saxiT aris aRqmuli;
saswauli Tavisi funqciiT arRvevs samyaroSi arsebul realobas da
migvaniSnebs zebunebrivze, RmerTze, romlisganac momdinareobs es
saswauli.
4. Qqristianul religiaSi saswaulis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa
sargebloba moutanos adamians. esaa avadmyofis gankurnva, brmisTvis
Tvalis axela, adamianis moqceva WeSmaritebis gzaze da a.S.
Suasaukuneebis romanSi saswaulis ZiriTadi funqciaa daexmaros
gmirs, moutanos mas garkveuli sargebloba borotebis winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi (sakvirveli abjari, grZneuli monebi, sakvirveli xmali,
jadoqris balzami da a.S.)
3. saswauli ar aris bunebis kanonebis darRveva; qristianul samyaroSi
yvelaferi saswaulis niSniTaa aRbeWdili; wmindanTa mier cxovelTa
damorCileba wilnayaria pirvelyofil samoTxis harmoniulobasTan,
Suasaukuneebis romanis gmirebic am harmoniisaken miiswrafvian,
rusTvelis gmirebTa sabrZanebelSi `Txa da mgeli erTad sZovs~.
4. wmindani uflis saxeliT moqmedebs, RvTis SemweobiT amarcxebs
borot da ukeTur Zalebs. brZolaSi gasuli saero romanis gmirs,
uflis Semweobis imedi aqvs (Tumca sakuTar Zalasac ara nakleb
mniSvnelobas aniWebs).
saswaulis gagebasTan dakavSirebiT sasuliero da saero romanebis
143
personaJTa Soris SeiniSneba Semdegi gansxvavebani:
5. wmindans aqvs privilegia RvTiuri sityvis gacxadebis, am unars
moklebulia saero nawarmoebis gmiri.
6. wmindans xelewifeba davrdomilTa saswaulebrivi gankurneba, maSin
roca saero literaturis gmiri, TviTon saWiroebs (zogierT
SemTxvevaSi) gankurnebas.
7. wmindans sikvdilis Semdegac SeuZlia saswaulis moxdena, maSin
roca raindis samoqmedo asparezi mxolod miwieri niSniTaa
Semofargluli.
8. saero romanebSi saswauli ukve modificirebulia, realuri axsna
da gamarTleba eZebneba gmiris garkveul moqmedebas.
Nnawarmoebebis ganxilvis fonze, saswaulis modificirebisas da misi
realurobisaken svlis kvaldakval, SeiZleba gamoiyos Semdegi
safexurebi:
P pirveli etapi, es aris ganviTarebis yvelaze dabali done, sadac
yvelaze meti datvirTva eniWeba fiqcias, mwerlis mxatvrul enas,
romelic sufTa gamonagonze, zebunebriv samyaroze da saswaulebriv
arsebebzea aqcentirebuli. Mmwerali qmnis mistikur-idumal samyaros,
romelSic aranairad ar cdilobs agvixsnas gmiris esa Tu is qmedeba.
Aaxsnas rogor xdeba xiluli uxilavi, rogor amarcxebs gmiri masze
bevrad Zlier miTiur arsebebs. rogor uCinardeba esa Tu is personaJi,
Tu is jadonsur mosasxams moisxams da a.S. faqtia isic, rom im
droindeli msmenelisaTvis saswaulis logika ar saWiroebs
interpretacias. is iRebs amas rogorc esTetikur faqts da es faqti
misTvis aris obieqturi yofa _ ontologiuri faqti da ara
fsiqologiuri. Aanu saswauli iqmneba ar mxolod saswaulisTvis, aramed
im sazogadoebisTvisac, romelsac am periodSi ufro metad msmenelis
144
pozicia ukavia, vidre mkiTxvelis. Asazogadoeba TviTon xdeba damkveTi
saswaulis. Suasaukuneobrivi samyaro saswaulzea orientirebuli. Aam
etapis nawarmoebTa ciklSi SegviZlia gavaerTianoT mose xonelis
`amirandarejaniani~, kretien de truas romanebis is pasaJebi, romelic
zebunebrivi saswauliTaa gajerebuli da rusTvelis `vefxistyaosnis~
ramdenime epizodi (qajebi, devebi, jadosnuri mosasxami, devebis mier
danatovari sakvurveli abjari).
M meore etapi es aris intermedialuri zona, sadac mwerlebi
aqcentirebas axdenen personaJTa gmirul saqmeebze. marTalia, xSir
SemTxvevaSi gmirTa fizikuri Zala da qmedeba hiperbolizirebulia,
magram ukve aris mcdeloba realurobis elementebis Semotanisa da
damkvidrebisa. marTalia, es Zalian mkrTalad gakrTeba kretienis
zogierT romanSi da ufro cxadad amis detalizacias gvaZlevs
rusTveli, magram es unda CaiTvalos ukve ganviTarebis mesame etapad.
am safexurze metad xdeba realurobis xazgasma da mcdeloba
axsnisa, rogor Zlia gmirma esa Tu is mowinaaRmdege. Aamavdroulad, am
etapze unda davasaxeloT is konkretuli qveynebi, romelSic cxovroben
nawarmoebebis gmirebi da romelTac sruliad realisturi elferi adevT.
Tu rusTvelis poemaSi es konkretuli qveynebi indoeTi da arabeTia,
kretienTan es aris mefe arturis samefo kari. Ffaqtia, rom mwerlebi
qmnian realuri qveynis saxes, saidanac yvela gmiri mimemgzavreba
Tavgadasavlis saZieblad. Aam etapze Cven ar vxvdebiT mistikur samyaros,
romelsac predominanti roli ukavia pirveli etapis ganxilvisas, Aaramed
gvaqvs sruliad realuri baza qveynisa. amiT xdeba xazgasma da miniSneba
imisa, rom nawarmoebis gmirebi sruliad realuri personaJebi arian. Ees
elementi sustadaa mocemuli `amirandarejanianSi~
realisturobisken svlis elferi adevs poemaSi gmiris garkveuli
qmedebis axsnis mcdelobas. srul detalizacias imisas, Tu rogor
145
amarcxebs gmiri masze bevrad Zlier mowinaaRmdeges, gvaZlevs rusTveli,
roca avTandils masze ricxobrivad met mekobreebs SeabrZolebs. Aavtori
aqcents akeTebs personaJis moxerxebulobaze. avTandili araa
amirandarejanisZis msgavsi raindi, mas sjera sakuTari
SesaZleblobelebis da RmerTis nebis, magram amavdroulad igi gonebiT
moqmedebs, racio warmarTavs mis qmedebas, roca is moxerxebiT
daamarcxebs mekobreebs da gzas gauxsnis SeSinebul vaWrebs zRvaSi.
realisturobiTaa aRbeWdili is TaTbiri, romelsac sami raindi qajeTis
cixis aRebis win awarmoebs da mxedvelobidan arc is unda gamogvrCes,
rom rusTveli gmirebs ara qajebs, miTiur personaJebs, aramed qajebis
mier datovebul meomrebs SeabrZolebs da amiT poemaSi im mkveTr
kontrasts dagvanaxebs, rac realur da zebunebriv samyaros
erTmaneTisgan mijnavs.
Mmeore TavSi ganvixileT Semdegi nawarmoebebi: qarTuli saero
romanebidan `amirandarejaniani~, `vefxistyaosani~ da kretien de truas
romani `iveni anu lomis raindi~, `ereki da enida~, tomas beluris
`tristani da izolda~ da tomas meloris `ambavi mefe arTuris zeobisa~.
am romanebSi SeviswavleT saswauli rogorc gmiris avantura, romelic
aucilebeli elementi xdeba.
Aam TavSi, Suasaukuneebis rainduli sazogadoebisaTvis
SemuSavebulGgarkveul wesebze dayrdnobiT, SevimuSaveT garkveuli
sqema, romelSic is ZiriTadi formulirebebi SevitaneT, romlebmac
saSualeba mogvca ukeTesad warmogveCina avantiura, romelsac
Suasaukuneebis raindi nawarmoebis siuJetis ganviTarebis manZilze
axorcielebs.
Aavantiura, romelsac raindi xSir SemTxvevaSi saswaulis niSniT
146
warmarTavs, saSualebas aZlevs gmirs gadalaxos winaaRmdegoba,
romelic arsebobs cxovrebiseul idealsa da realur cxovrebas Soris.
rogorc cnobili medievisti, e. kioleri, SeniSnavs, saraindo romani
axdens avantiuris idealizirebas da amiT sZens mas moralur
faseulobas. Ggamoyofs mas konkretuli wyarosagan da aTavsebs
warmosaxviT feodalur samyaroSi (96, gv. 77).
rogorc araerTgzis aRvniSneT, avantiura saswaulis niSniT, ar
qmnis aranair winaaRmdegobas saraindo romanebnSi. `zogjer jadosnuri,
gulisxmobs mis mimarT Rrma ndobas, gulubryvilo da uyoymano rwmenas.
iluziis Sesaqmnelad ar aris aucilebeli irwmuno igi. zogjer es
jadosnuri zed edeba realur samyaros ise, rom ar arRvevs mis kanonebsa
da harmoniulobas~ (105, gv. 377).
rusTvelis poemisgan gansxvavebiT, `amirandarejanianisa~ da
kretienis romanebis gmirebi, faTerakebisa da Tavgadasavlebis
gamudmebul ZiebaSi arian, maT Ziebas zogjer aranairi piroba da intriga
ar udevs safuZvlad. maTi mizani xSirad sakuTari saxelis gandidebiT,
sayvareli qalis mier wayenebuli pirobebiTaa ganpirobebuli, maSin roca
rusTvelis gmirebis avantura maRalzneobrivi idealebisken swrafviT
gamoirCeva, romelic mxolod piradi saxelisa da satrfos mier
nakarnaxevi davalebis zusti aRasruleba ki ara, megobrisaTvis iseTi
Tavdadeba da Tavganwirvaa, romelic rusTvelma altruistul gagebamde
aiyvana.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saraindo romanebSi warmodgenili
saswaulebrivi arsebebi nawarmoebebSi wamoWrili konfliqtis
SemakavSirebel rgolebs warmoadgenen, romlebic mniSvnelovan rols
asruleben am konfliqtis gadaWraSi, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, saswaulebrivi
arsebebi raindebs avnturis ganxorcilebaSi xels uSlian, zogierT
SemTxvevaSi ki piriqiT, exmarebian. saswaulebriv sagnebs ufro sxva
147
datvirTva aqvT miniWebuli, isini raindebs dauZlevelis daZlevaSi,
Seusrulebelis SesrulebaSi exmarebian. Aamitom aseT nivTebs magiuri
Zala aqvT.
`vefxistyaosani~ saswaulTan damokidebulebas adamianuri
sinamdvilis xaziT warmarTavs. rusTvelisaTvis mTavaria ara
fantastikuris Sinaarsi, armed im idealisaken swrafva, romelic misi
poemis bolos borotebaze sikeTis gamarjvebiT unda damTavrdes.
Ddasavluri romanebis gmirebisagan gansxvavebiT, rusTvelis gmirebi
nawilobriv Tavisufalni arian TavianT qcevaSi. Tu kretienis romanis
gmirebi mxolod satrfos karnaxiT moqmedeben, avTandils SeuZlia
satrfosadmi micemuli piroba Seasrulos, magram mas axali
valdebuloba, megobrisTvis Tavdadeba da Tavganwirva daurTos da
megobrisadmi Tavdadeba umaRles zneobriv principad aqcios.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom saswauli, romelsac gmiri axorcilebs
avantiuris niSnis qveS, ar gulisxmobs mxolod fizikur saswauls, am
tipis saswaulis gageba ayvanilia im maRal idealur da moralur
faseulobamde, romliskenac iltvian Suasaukuneebis humanisti
moazrovneebi, maT Soris rusTveli, romelic qmnis idealur warmosaxviT
samayaros, `sadac Txa da mgeli erTad sZovs~. swored yvelaze didi
avntiuris ganxorcielebis Semdeg, romelic qajTa samefos damxobiTaa
saxeldebuli, xdeba am idealur-warmosaxviTi samyaros aRdgena da
dakarguli harmoniis dabruneba.
saraindo romanis Seqmnamde didi xniT adre, cxovrobda gmiri,
romelic ZaliT, moxerxebiT RmerTebis daxmarebiT laxavda yovelgvar
winaaRmdegobas.A Ffolklorul nawarmoebSi, rodesac gmiri Tavisi
arsebobis pirvel centrs, Tavis saxls scildeboda da sivrceSi
gadaadgilebas iwyebda, swored maSin ganicdida cvalebadobas realuri
samyaro. igi jadosnur qveynad gadaiqceoda xolme. XI saukunidan,
148
rodesac xdeba adamianis axali modelis formireba, iqmneba axali gmiri-
raindis mxatvruli saxe. raindis axali tipi, misi asparezi ara
jadosnuri qveyana, aramed sruliad realuri samyaroa, romelic
saswaulebrivi TavgadasavlebiTaa aRsavse da romelis arsebobac
arasdros dgeba kiTxvis niSnis qveS. saero literaturis gmirma
Caanacvla miTiuri da sasuliero literaturis gmiri. Tumca unda
aRvniSnoT, rom raindis saxem SeiZina sxvagvari Tvisebebic, moitana da
daamkvidra axali Sexedulebebi gmirobaze, raindobaze. Ddasaxa axali
idealebi da axleburi principebi adamianuri portretis xatvisas.
SemTxveviTi araa, rom saswauli TamaSobs aseT mniSvnelovan rols
saraindo romanebSi. saswaulTan Sexeba xdeba ucilobeli nawili gmiris
Tavgadasavlis. raindis gamocdas faTerakebiT savse gzaze, Tan axlavs
rigi saswaulebis, isini an exmarebian rainds (jadosnuri nivTebi), an
monawileobas Rebuloben urCxulis, qajebis, devebis da sxva
anTropomorfuli arsebebis ganadgurebaSi.
Cven ukve SevniSneT, rom rusTvelis gmirTa avantiuraSi yvelaze
sustadaa warmodgenili saswauli, gansxvavebiT dasavluri saraindo
romanebisagan, sadac saswaulis gareSe pirdapir warmoudgenelia raime
saxis avantura.
`vefxistyaosani~ saswaulTan damokidebulebas adamianuri
sinamdvilis xaziT warmarTavs. rusTvelisaTvis mTavaria ara
fantastikuris Sinaarsi, armed im idealisaken swrafva, romelic misi
poemis bolos borotebaze sikeTis gamarjvebiT unda damTavrdes.
Ddasavluri romanebis gmirebisagan gansxvavebiT, rusTvelis gmirebi
nawilobriv Tavisufalni arian TavianT qcevaSi. Tu kretienis romanis
gmirebi mxolod satrfos karnaxiT moqmedeben, avTandils SeuZlia
satrfosadmi micemuli piroba Seasrulos, magram mas axali
149
valdebuloba, megobrisTvis Tavdadeba da Tavganwirva daurTos da
megobrisadmi Tavdadeba umaRles zneobriv principad aqcios.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom saswauli, romelsac gmiri axorcilebs
avantiuris niSnis qveS, ar gulisxmobs mxolod fizikur saswauls, am
tipis saswaulis gageba ayvanilia im maRal idealur da moralur
faseulobamde, romliskenac iltvian Suasaukuneebis humanisti
moazrovneebi da maT Soris rusTvelic, romelic qmnis idealur
warmosaxviT samayaros, `sadac Txa da mgeli erTad sZovs~.
saswaulis Seswavlam Suasaukuneebis qarTul mwerlobaSi imave
periodis franguli literaturuli Zeglebis paralelurad am
mniSvnelovan daskvnebamde migviyvana: saswaulis transformacia
adrindeli Suasaukuneebis literaturidan gviandeli Suasaukuneebis
mwerlobis procesSi sekularizaciis mimarTulebiT xdeba. igi
realurobas uaxlovdeba da adamianis maRali, zneobrivi,
inteleqtualuri da fizikuri Tvisebebis aqcentirebas emsaxureba. am
TvalsazrisiT, rusTvelis `vefxistyaosani~ axali epoqis _ renesansis
epoqis mijnasTan dgas.
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