View
0
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
dRevandel saqarTveloSi albaT ar moiZebneba ufro aqtualuri da problemuri
sakiTxi, vidre saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobaa. yvela problema, exeba es poli-
tikas, ekonomikas, kulturas Tu sulierebas, raRaciT ukavSirdeba qarTul-rusul
urTierTobebs da saqarTvelosa da qarTveli eris winaSe mdgar yvela siZneleSi
bevri rusul kvals xedavs. saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobis Tema gansakuTre-
biT intensiurad bolo wlebSi ganixileba. Cveni sazogadoeba TiTqos or dapirisp-
irebul polusad gaiyo. erTni fiqroben, rom saqarTvelos ruseTze didi mteri
ar hyavs da Cveni yvela ubedurebis saTave swored ruseTia, meoreni ki (romelTa
raodenobam ukanasknel xans sagrZnoblad moimata, ufro sworad ki, saaSkaraoze
gamovidnen) miiCneven, rom mxolod ruseTs SeuZlia saqarTvelos problemebis ga-
daW ra da ruseTis gareSe Cvens qveyanas momavali ar aqvs.
modi, gverdze gadavdoT simpaTia-antipaTiis grZnobebi da emociebis gareSe
SevecadoT avxsnaT saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobis xasiaTi, misi mizezebi da
Taviseburebebi.
zurab daviTaSvili
saqarTvelosa da ruseTis urTierToba: dapirispirebis
mizezebi
politika
26
ra ganapirobebs saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTobebis xasiaTs?
sxvadasxva saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobebis xasiaTi SeiZleba
mkveTrad gansxvavebuli iyos da icvlebodes megobruli kavSiridan da
aliansidan mtrul dapirispirebamde, romlis ukiduresi formac omia.
saxelmwifoTaSorisi urTierTobis xasiaTi, Tavis mxriv, gamovlinebaa
im politikisa, romelsac qveynebi erTmaneTis mimarT atareben.
magram ra ganapirobebs saxelmwifos mier gatarebul politikas?
aq erTmaneTisgan unda ganvasxvavoT saSinao da sagareo politika.
saSinao politikas gansazRvravs mmarTveli partiis msoflmxedve
loba da ideologia. rodesac mmarTveli partia icvleba, icvleba sa-
Sinao politikac da is SeiZleba diametrulad sawinaaRmdego iyos wina
mTavrobis politikisagan.
sagareo politikis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli faqtori erovnuli in
teresebia. es gacilebiT myari da naklebad cvalebadi fenomenia da mo-
saxleobis didi umravlesobis interess gamoxatavs. amitom, umravles
SemTxvevaSi, mTavrobis Secvla sagareo politikis cvlilebas ar iwvevs.
SeiZleba Seicvalos sagareo-politikuri taqtika, meTodebi da forme-
bi, magram strategia da Sinaarsi igive rCeba. mxolod iSviaT SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba moxdes sagareo politikuri kursis mkveTri cvlileba, magram
am SemTxvevaSi xelisufleba didxans ver SeinarCunebs Zalauflebas,
radgan aseT nabijze wasvla erovnuli interesebis winaaRmdeg wasvlas
niSnavs, rasac xalxi ar patiobs (ianukoviCis xelisuflebis damxoba
ukrainaSi amis naTeli dadasturebaa).
`rusi da qarTveli xalxis megobrobis TaRi~ – daidga saqarTvelos samxedro gzaze `geor-gievskis traqtatis~ 200 wlis iubilesTan dakav-SirebiT
27
erovnuli interesebi Zalian farTo da bevris momcveli cnebaa. igi mniSv-
nelovnad gansxvavdeba imisda mixedviT, Tu romeli qveynis interesebzea laparaki
da ra rols TamaSobs mocemuli qveyana saerTaSoriso asparezze. magram umTavresi,
e.w. sasicocxlo interesebi yvela qveyanas erTi aqvs. esenia: suvereniteti, teri
toriuli mTlianoba, usafrTxoeba, prestiJi, mosaxleobis materialuri uz
runvelyofa. es interesebi mudmivia da nebismieri saxelmwifo mzadaa ukiduresi
nabijic ki gadadgas maT dasacavad. patara, susti saxelmwifos erovnuli intere-
sebi, rogorc wesi, swored am sasicocxlo interesebis dacvisken aris mimarTuli
da maTi sagareo politikac am mizans emsaxureba.
saxelmwifoTa nawilis erovnuli interesebi regionuli liderobis miRwe
vas da mezobel qveynebze gavlenis gavrcelebas gulisxmobs, xolo e.w. ze
saxelmwifoebis erovnuli interesebi globaluri masStabisaa da maTi gavle
nis sferod mTeli dedamiwa moiazreba.
unda iTqvas, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mTeli istoria erovnul in-
tere sebs Soris brZolis istoriaa. saxelmwifoTa Soris mxolod maSin myardeba
megobruli urTierToba, roca adgili aqvs interesebis erTobas. kargi urTier-
Tobebi garantirebulia interesebis Tanxvedris pirobebSic. Tu saxelmwifoebis
erovnuli interesebi winaaRmdegobaSi ar arian erTmaneTTan, maSin aris mSvido-
biani, urTierTsargeblobaze damyarebuli, pragmatuli urTierTobebi. magram
interesebis SeuTavseblobis da, miT ufro, dapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi, ur-
TierToba iRebs daZabul, mtrul formas, rac konfliqtamde da omamdec SeiZleba
mivides.
amgvarad, saxelmwifoebs Soris megobruli Tu mtruli urTierToba damoki-
debulia imaze, Tu rogor Seesabameba maTi erovnuli interesebi erTmaneTs. guSin-
deli mtrebi dRes SeiZleba megobrebi gaxdnen da piriqiT, megobrebi gadaemteron
erTmaneTs imisda mixedviT, daemTxva Tu daupirispirda maTi erovnuli interese-
bi. albaT es hqonda mxedvelobaSi XIX saukunis cnobil inglisel politikossa da
ruseTis saxelmwifo XVII saukuneSi
politika
28
diplomats, lord palmerstons Tavis cnobil sityvebSi: „ingliss ar hyavs mudmi
vi mtrebi da megobrebi. ingliss aqvs mudmivi interesebi“.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, roca or saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobebis arsis
axsna da Taviseburebis garkveva gvsurs, am qveynebis erovnuli interesebis Sedare-
ba unda movaxdinoT da aqedan ganvsazRvroT urTierTobebis xasiaTi. am mizniT
SevecadoT SevadaroT ruseTisa da saqarTvelos erovnuli interesebi.
ruseTis erovnuli interesebi
mas Semdeg, rac moskovis samTavrom sxva rusuli samTavroebi SeierTa da cent-
ralizebuli ruseTis saxelmwifo Camoyalibda (XV-XVI ss.), ruseTi didi da mZlavri
saxelmwifoa da misi erovnuli interesebic mxolod sakuTriv ruseTiT ar
Semoifargleba. aseT viTarebas ramdenime faqtorma Seuwyo xeli.
ruseTis centralizebuli saxelmwifos Seqmna moxda im dros, roca osmaleb-
ma bolo mouRes bizantiis imperias da aiRes konstantinopoli. amasTanave, yvela
marTlmadidebluri saxelmwifo an uSualod Sevida osmaleTis imperiis Semadgen-
lobaSi, an misi vasali gaxda. ruseTi iyo erTaderTi marTlmadidebeli qveyana, ro-
melic damoukidebeli iyo da sul ufro da ufro afarToebda Tavis teritorias.
sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom ruseTi mdinare volgis Sua da qvemo wels mxolod XVI
saukunis Sua wlebSi daeufla (yazanisa da astraxanis saxanoebis aRebis Semdeg).
sul asiode wlis Semdeg ki, XVII saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis, mTeli uzarmazari cim-
biri da Soreuli aRmosavleTi misi kuTvnileba gaxda da warmoadgenda msoflios
udides saxelmwifos, romelic baltiis zRvidan wynar okeanemde iyo gadaWimuli.
aseT pirobebSi, ruseTis jer saeklesio, Sem-
deg ki saxelisuflo wreebSi Camoyalibda ruse-
Tis, rogorc qristianulmarTlmadidebluri
samyaros mxsnelis, ganmaTavisufleblis misiis
idea. ruseTs ekisreboda mesianuri roli. igi bi-
zantiis imperiis memkvidred, xolo moskovi – mes
ame romad cxaddeboda (romisa da konstantinepo-
lis Semdeg), im mocemulobiT, rom meoTxe romi
aRarasodes iqneboda. moskovis mTavarma ivane IV
mrisxa nem miiRo ruseTis mefis tituli (rusulad
царь, anu cezari, igive keisari, rac bizantiis im-
peratoris tituli iyo), xolo bizantiis gerbi
(orTaviani arwivi, romlis erTi Tavi dasavleTiT,
xolo meore aRmosavleTiT iyureba) ruseTis ger
bad gamoacxada. es niSnavda, rom ruseTi iyo bizan-
tiis memkvidre da pretenzia hqonda daebrunebina
osmaleTis dapyrobili teritoriebi da gaeTavi-
suflebina marTlmadidebeli Zmebi.ivane mrisxane, mxatvari andrei SiSkini, 2009
saqarTvelosa da ruseTis urTierToba: dapirispirebis mizezebi
29
es mesianizmi, qristianobis mxsnelis da moZmeTa ganTavisuflebis misia, warmo-
adgenda ruseTis sagareo politikis ideologiur safuZvels. realurad am amaR-
lebuli da humanuri lozungis ukan idga gamokveTili geopolitikuri mizani –
konstantinopolis aReba da bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebis xelSi Cagdeba,
ri Tac uzrunvelyofili iqneboda xmelTaSua zRvaze gasvla. swored es iyo ruse-
Tis erovnuli interesi, rom am uzarmazar qveyanas, romelsac praqtikulad ar
hqonda gauyinavi navsadgurebi, miscemoda SesaZlebloba samxreTis Tbil zRvebze
ga suliyo. amgvarad, samxreTiT gafarToeba iqca ruseTis umniSvnelovanes miznad.
aq misi interesebi Seejaxa TurqeTis, sparseTis da, mogvianebiT, inglisis intere-
sebs. am interesebis dapirispireba iyo am qveynebs Soris urTierTobebis safuZve-
li.
amgvarad, ukve XVIII saukunidan (oficialurad 1721 wlidan) ruseTi imperiaa
da imperiuli interesebi aqvs, rac teritoriul gafarToebas da SemoerTebuli
teritoriebis SenarCunebas da Tavis gavlenis qveS yolas gulisxmobs. es gansazRv-
ravda ruseTis imperiis rols da adgils saerTaSoriso sistemaSi. mas hqonda Tavi-
si garkveuli gavlenis sferoebi, romlis gafarToebisTvisac ibrZoda da Tu ro-
melime sxva imperia misi gavlenis arealSi SemoiWreboda, konfliqtic gardauvali
iyo. gansakuTrebiT sastikad uswordeboda ruseTi im xalxebs, romlebic mis impe-
riaSi moxvdebodnen da ganTavisuflebaze fiqrs gabedavdnen. ukve dapyrobili da
imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sesuli xalxebis brZola damoukideblobisaTvis mkveT-
rad ewinaaRmdegeboda ruseTis erovnul interesebs (gavixsenoT, Tu ra sisastikiT
axSobda ruseTi ajanyebebs poloneTsa da saqarTveloSi, anda ramdenwliani sisx-
liani omi hqonda CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebis dasamorCileblad).
kidev ufro farTo da yovlismomcveli iyo sabWoTa kavSiris interesebi. Tu
ruseTis imperia mainc regionuli masStabis zesaxelmwifo iyo, sabWoTa imperias
pretenziebi mTel msoflioze hqonda. meore msoflio omis Semdeg Zireulad
Seicvala saerTaSoriso sistema: igi orpolusiani (bipolaruli) gaxda, sadac Za-
ruseTis gerbi bizantiis gerbi
politika
30
lis polusebad aSS da ssrk moiazrebodnen.
sabWoTa kavSiris interess warmoadgenda mTel msoflioSi socializms
gaemarjva da yvela qveyanaSi komunisturi reJimi damyarebuliyo. aSS-s ki komu-
nisturi eqspansiis SeCerebisa da demokratiis dacvis misia daekisra. amgvarad,
sabWoTa kavSirs (faqtobrivad ruseTs) ukve mTeli msoflios mSromelTa ganmaTa
visufleblisa da mxsnelis pretenziebi gauCnda. yvela socialisturi qveyana da
komunisturi partia usityvod unda damorCileboda ssrk-s da misi lideroba da
xelmZRvaneloba eRiarebinaT. aseTi warmodgena myarad iyo gamjdari ara marto
sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobaSi, aramed mTel rus xalxSi.
amitomac iyo, rom socializmis kraxi da sabWoTa kavSiris daSla ruseTSi
aRiqves, rogorc didi erovnuli tragedia. samxedro-politikuri da ekonomiku-
ri TvalsazrisiT msoflios meore saxelmwifo, romelic Tavs kacobriobis mesiad
moiazrebda, uecrad rigiT qveynad iqca da mTliani Sida produqtis moculobiT
saxelmwifoebis pirveli aTeulis miRma darCa. rogorc Cans, ruseTis mosaxleo-
bis umravlesobis azrs gamoxatavda putinis cnobili sityvebi: `sabWoTa kavSiris
daSla XX saukunis udidesi geopolitikuri katastrofaa“.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, gasagebia, rom dRes ruseTis mTavari
erovnuli interesi Zveli didebis aRdgena da zesaxelmwifos prestiJis dab
runebaa. zesaxelmwifod ki qveyana mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba CaiTvalos, Tu
misi gavlena sakuTar sazRvrebs scildeba da mezobel qveynebsac moicavs. aseTi
saqarTvelosa da ruseTis urTierToba: dapirispirebis mizezebi
wiTeli moedani, mxatvari Teodore aleqseevi, 1801
31
qveynebi ruseTisTvis yofili sabWoTa respublikebia. baltiis qveynebi ruseTis-
Tvis ukve dakargulia, radgan isini evrokavSirisa da natos wevrebi gaxdnen. sxva
respublikebidan ki Tundac erTis gadasvla dasavlur samyaroSi niSnavs, rom mas
sxvebic mibaZaven da ruseTi zesaxelmwifosa da Zalis polusis statuss ve Rar
daibrunebs. amitom ruseTis sasicocxlo amocanaa ar dauSvas yofili sabWoTa
respublikebis (gansakuTrebiT ukrainis, moldovis da saqarTvelos) integracia
dasavleTTan da axali politikuri aliansi Seqmnas. dRes marTlmadidebeli Zmebis
xsnis an msoflios mSromelTa gaerTianebis idea aRar gamodgeba. maT nacvlad win
wamoiwia evrazianizmis koncefciam, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris xalxebis (pirvel
rigSi, slavur da Turqulenovan xalxTa) bunebriv erTobas emyareba. amis gamov-
ase warmoudgeniaT evraziuli kavSiris
gavrcelebis areali evrazianizmis
koncefciis avtorebs
politika
32
saqarTvelos samxedro gza
lineba unda iyos evraziuli kavSiri, romelic evrokavSiris alternativaa da ro-
melic ukve funqcionirebs evraziuli sabaJo kavSiris formiT (ruseTis, belaru-
sis, yazaxeTis da somxeTis SemadgenlobiT) da romelSic momavalSi yvela yofili
sabWoTa respublika unda Sevides. faqtobrivad es sabWoTa kavSiris (ufro sworad
ruseTis imperiis) axali, modernizebuli formiT aRdgenas niSnavs. nebismieri yo-
fili sabWoTa respublika, romelic amis winaaRmdeg wava, ruseTis mteria, radgan
rusuli geopolitikuri azrovneba eyrdnoba warmodgenas – „ruseTi an imperiaa,
an araferi“.
saqarTvelos erovnuli interesebi
saqarTvelo is qveyanaa, romelsac albaT yvelaze ufro Seesabameba napoleo-
nis sityvebi: „qveynis istorias misi geografia gansazRvravs“. mdebareobs ra ev-
ropisa da aziis damakavSirebel yelze, kavkasiaSi, da warmoadgens evraziis gzaj-
varedins, saqarTvelo iyo sazRvari qristianul da islamur civilizaciebs Soris
da rogorc qristianobis ukiduresi aRmosavleTi
bastioni, pirveli iRebda Tavis Tavze aziidan daZ-
ruli armiebis dartymebs. amis garda, igi yovelT-
vis warmoadgenda msoflios uZlieresi imperiebis
geopolitikuri interesebis sferos da maT Soris
brZolis asparezs. Sesabamisad, TiTqmis ar yofila
istoriaSi saukune (SeiZleba mxolod XII saukune
miviCnioT gamonaklisad), roca saqarTvelo an
romelime didi imperiis gavlenis sferoSi ar yo-
filiyo moqceuli, an am imperiebs Soris brZolis
areals ar warmoadgenda. aseTi istoriuli be-
dis gamo saqarTvelos mTavar mizans sakuTari
erovnuli TviTmyofadobis dacva da saxelmwi
foebriobis SenarCuneba warmoadgenda. am sasi-
cocxlo erovnuli interesis dasacavad uxdeboda
saqarTvelos mudmivi brZola Tavis Seudareblad
did da Zlier mowinaaRmdegeebTan, iseT msoflio
Tu regionul hegemonebTan, rogorebic iyvnen
aqamenianTa irani da romis imperia, parTia da sa-
sanianTa irani, bizantiis imperia da arabTa saxal-
ifo, seljukTa saxelmwifo da monRolTa ulusi,
Temur-lengis saxelmwifo da osmaleTis imperia,
sefianTa irani da ruseTis imperia da bolos –
sabWoTa kavSiri da ruseTis federacia.
am permanentul da uTanasworo omSi patara,
susti saxelmwifos gadarCena TiTqmis SeuZlebe-
lia da Tu saqarTvelom es SeZlo, amis mizezi ara
marto Tavganwiruli brZola, aramed sworad gan-
erekle IIm (1720-1798) iranidan da osmale-Tidan momdinare safrTxeebis Tavidan asaci-leblad sTxova ruseTis imperator ekateri-ne II-s, rom saqarTvelo Tavisi mfarvelobis qveS aeyvana.1783 wlis 24 ivliss georgievskis cixe-simagreSi (CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi) ga-form da `samegobro SeTanxmeba~ qarTl-kax-eTis samefosa da ruseTis imperias Soris, romelsac `georgievskis traqtati~ ewoda. es SeTanxmeba iTvleba saqarTvelo-ruseTs So-ris urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis dasabamad.
saqarTvelosa da ruseTis urTierToba: dapirispirebis mizezebi
33
sazRvruli strategia da dasax-
uli miznisadmi erTguleba iyo.
cxadia, nebismier saxelm wifos da,
pirvel rigSi, patara qveyanas unda
mkafiod hqondes gansazRvruli
Tavisi politikuri orientacia
da arCevani gaakeTos im ZalasTan
aliansze, romelTanac kavSi-
ri yvelaze metad Seesabameba mis
erovnul interesebs, misi idento-
bisa da saxelmwifoebriobis Senar-
Cunebas da ganmtkicebas.
am urTulesi dilemis winaSe
idga qarTveli xalxi mTeli Tavi-
si istoriis manZilze. mas arCevani
unda gaekeTebina or (an met) Zalas
Soris, imis sasargeblod, romelic ufro xelsayreli iyo misTvis da naklebad
daazaralebda (naklebi borotebis principi). rasakvirvelia, nebismieri arCevani
meore Zalis gaborotebas gamoiwvevda da qveyanac SeiZleba amisaTvis mkacrad das-
jiliyo, magram ufro xangrZlivvadian perspeqtivaSi es arCevani gamarTlebuli
unda yofiliyo.
SeiZleba dabejiTebiT iTqvas, rom saqarTvelo TiTqmis yovelTvis am gziT
midi oda da arCevans akeTebda im Zalis sasargeblod, romelic ufro progresuli,
civilizebuli da qveynis erovnuli interesebisaTvis Sesaferisi iyo. ase moiqc-
nen Cveni winaprebi, roca parTiasa da roms Soris arCevani romis sasargeblod gaa-
keTes anda iransa da bizantias Soris bizantiaze SeaCeres arCevani (aietisa da far-
tazis cnobili polemika gavixsenoT). roca bizantiis dacemis Semdeg saqarTvelo
evropas moswyda da samefo-samTavroebad daSlili iranma da osmaleTma gainawila,
rogorc vasaluri teritoriebi, qarTvel xalxs arCevanis saSualebac daekarga.
mxolod XVIII saukuneSi gaCnda SesaZlebloba axali orientaciis gansazRvrisa da
erekle II-m iranis proteqtoratis qveS yofnas ruseTis proteqtoratoba amjobi-
na. es udavod gamarTlebuli da progresuli nabiji iyo da Seesabameboda qarTve-
li xalxis erovnul interesebs, radgan ruseTi gacilebiT naklebi boroteba iyo,
vidre irani an osmaleTi (miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTma uxeSad daarRvia xel-
Sekrulebis pirobebi, saerTod gaauqma qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi da uSualod
SeierTa isini).
rogorc ruseTis imperiis, ise sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg saqarTvelos winaSe kvlav dadga politikuri orientaciis sakiTxi. dRes es saqarTvelos erTerTi mTavari problemaa da gansazRvravs kidec Cveni qveynis faqtobriv mdgomareobas.
Tanamedrove saqarTvelos winaSe sagareo politikuri orientaciis sami alter-
nativaa: CrdiloeTi, neitraliteti, dasavleTi.
georgievskis traqtati, 1783
politika
34
CrdiloeTze orientacia faqtobrivad ruseTis satelitad qcevas gulisx-
mobs. am arCevanis SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelom Tavi unda daanebos natosa da evro-
kavSirSi gawevrianebaze fiqrs da rusuli, postsabWoTa (evraziuli) sivrcis nawi-
li gaxdes, rac TiTqmis suverenitetis dakargvis tolfasia. bunebrivia, im qveynis
mosaxleobis umravlesoba, romelmac oraswliani lodinisa da brZolis Semdeg da-
moukidebloba aRidgina, saeWvoa Seelios Tavisuflebas da ruseTis orbitaze dab-
runeba moisurvos, miT ufro, rom es aSkarad istoriuli logikis sawinaaRmdego,
warsulSi dabrunebis tolfasi nabiji iqneba (adre Tu gvian TviTon ruseTs mou-
wevs dasavluri orientaciis arCeva). magram aseTi orientaciis momxreebi saqarT-
veloSi arian, romelTa gaaqtiureba bolo periodSi realobaa. isini TavianT arCe-
vans im argumentebiT asabuTeben, rom orasi wlis manZilze saqarTvelo ruseTis
nawili iyo da politikurad, ekonomikurad da kulturulad ise „gadaexlarTa“
mas, rom mis gareSe arseboba ukiduresad gauWirdeba. saqarTvelo yovelTvis ucxo
iqneba dasavleTisTvis da qarTuli ekonomika da kultura fexs ver moikidebs im
ucxo garemoSi (bolo xanebSi gansakuTrebiT usvamen xazs qarTvelebisa da rusebis
erTmorwmuneobas). garda amisa, mxolod ruseTs SeuZlia moagvaros saqarTvelos
teritoriuli mTlianobis problema. amdenad sxva, ararusuli orientacia saqarT-
velos SeiZleba katastrofad eqces da amaze arc unda ifiqros.
neitraliteti, erTi SexedviT, Zalze mimzidveli da misaRebi ideaa, radgan misi
ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi, qveyanas mSvidobiani ganviTareba da ekonomikuri aR-
mavloba uzrunvelyofili unda hqondes. magram realobaSi saqme gacilebiT rTu-
ladaa. saqme isaa, rom neitralitetis gamocxadeba TavisTavad arafers niSnavs,
Tu es neitraliteti aRiarebuli da garantirebuli ar iqneba (istoriam araerTi
magaliTi icis, roca swored neitraliteti gamxdara qveyanaze Tavdasxmis xelSem-
wyobi faqtori). garantirebuli neitralitetis miRweva ki urTulesi amocanaa.
sakmarisia iTqvas, rom aseTi statusi mxolod erTaderT qveyanas – Sveicarias aqvs.
qveyanam rom aseTi statusi miiRos, is ramdenime pirobas unda akmayofilebdes:
• ar unda Sediodes arc erTi didi qveynis geopolitikur interesebSi,
• unda hqondes Zlieri ekonomika,
• SeeZlos sakuTari Tavis dacva,
• ar unda hqondes teritoriuli mTlianobis problema,
• misi sagareo politika ar unda iyos ideologizirebuli.
rogorc vxedavT, saqarTvelo TiTqmis verc erT pirobas ver akmayofilebs da
romc akmayofilebdes, Zneli saTqmelia ratom daudgebodnen msoflios wamy-
vani saxelmwifoebi mas garantad. yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, XXI saukuneSi,
globalizaciis eraSi, roca mTeli msoflio erT, globalur sazogadoebad iqca,
neitraliteti ubralod anaqronizmia. ase rom, neitraliteti, rogorc politiku-
ri orientaciis forma, saqarTvelosTvis sruli utopiaa.
saqarTvelosa da ruseTis urTierToba: dapirispirebis mizezebi
35
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, dasavleTze orientacia rCeba im gzad, rasac
unda mihyvebodes Cveni qveyana. faqtia, rom xuTas welze metia dasavluri samyaro
warmoadgens kacobriobis progresis da ganviTarebis erTaderT keras. istoriul-
ma avbediTobam saqarTvelo daaSora am samyaros da axla igi cdilobs daubrundes
mas. mxolod am gziT SeiZleba saqarTvelo gaxdes ganviTarebuli, demokratiuli,
ayvavebuli da usafrTxo saxelmwifo, evropuli ojaxis Rirseuli wevri, rac qarT-
veli xalxis absoluturi umravlesobis mizani da ocnebaa. cxadia, amis miRweva ad-
vili ar aris. ruseTis winaaRmdegobas rom Tavi davaneboT, saqarTvelos mTeli
rigi problemis gamo garTulebuli aqvs dasavleTTan integracia (susti ekonomi-
ka, teritoriuli mTlianobis problema, arasakmarisi demokratia, civilizaciu-
ri gansxvavebebi da sxv.), magram sxva alternativa praqtikulad ar aris. qarTveli
xalxis amocanaa yvelaferi gaakeTos, rom saqarTvelo gaxdes mimzidveli saxelm-
wifo dasavluri samyarosaTvis da evropa TviTon gaxdes dainteresebuli Tavis
ojaxis wevrad miiRos es patara qveyana, rogori winaaRmdegobac ar unda Sexvdes
mas ruseTis mxridan. es ar aris axlo momavlis perspeqtiva, magram isic faqtia,
rom dasavluri orientaciidan gadaxveva didi xniT (Tu samudamod ara) Seaferxebs
saqarTvelos progress.
1921 wlis TebervalSi Tbiliss momdgar sabWoTa ruseTis me-11 armias ko-jor-tabaxmelasTan medgari winaaRmdegoba gauwies qarTvelma iunkereb-ma – qarTul iunkerTa skolaSi moswavle 20-23 wlis axalgazrdebma. es iyo gmirobisa da Tavganwirvis saocari magaliTi, Tumca am suliskveTe-bam sasurveli Sedegi ver gamoiRo, iunkerebis umetesoba brZolis velze daeca, saqarTvelos aneqsiis mowinaaRmdegeni damarcxdnen da 1921 wlis 25 Tebervlidan saqarTvelo iqca erT-erT sabWoTa socialistur res-publikad. qarTvel iunkerebTan erTad daiRupa 20 wlis mowyalebis da maro mayaSvili.
25 Tebervali, 1921 weli
Tovda da Tbiliss ebura Talxi,dumda sioni da dumda xalxi,ZilRviZrad iyo qalaqi Cemi,saSinelebas kvlav sWedda grdem-li _isev golgoTa, sisxli da cremli!mSobelo dedav, isev gagyides,isev wamebis jvari agkides,ar Segibrales, kvlav ar dagindes!
Tovda da Tbiliss ebura Talxi,dumda sioni da dumda xalxi.dacxra kojori da tabaxmela,mxolodRa Tovli cvioda nela,efineboda gmirebis gvamebs_gangmirul mkerdebs, dalewil mklavebs,da uZrav iyo Tebervlis Rame…. . .Tovls daefara krwanisis veli,_wiTeli droSiT, moReril yeliT,TeTr cxenze mjdomi, nabijiT neliTSemodioda sikvdili celiT! Tovda da Tbiliss ebura Talxi,dumda sioni da dumda xalxi...
kolau nadiraZe
politika
36
arCevanis dilema: saiT unda wavides saqarTvelo?
rogorc davinaxeT saqarTvelos da ruseTis
erovnuli interesebi diametrulad upirispirdeba
erTmaneTs. Tu saqarTvelos sasicocxlo intere-
sia, moxdes misi integracia evropul da evroatlan-
tikur struqturebSi, rom erTxel da samudamod
uzrunvelyos sakuTari usafrTxoeba, ekonomikuri
winsvla da progresi, ruseTis mTavari mizani impe-
riad darCena da postsabWoTa qveynebze sruli kont-
rolia.
saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobebis mTeli is-
toria imis dadasturebaa, Tu rogor cdilobda
ruseTi ganemtkicebina sakuTari kontroli saqarT-
veloze. amas is axerxebda rogorc Zalis gamoyenebiT
da represiebiT, ise qarTuli elitis mimarT moqnili
politikis gatarebiT da privilegiebis miniWebiT
(ruseTis imperiis periodSi es Tavad-aznaurobas
exeboda, sabWoTa periodSi ki – inteligencias). amis
garda, ruseTi saqarTveloze zemoqmedebis mZlavr
berketebs flobda eTnikuri umciresobebis saxiT.
rogorc ki saqarTveloSi erovnuli damoukideblo-
bis perspeqtiva Cndeboda, maSinve Tavs wamoyofda
ruseTidan inspirirebuli separatizmi eTnikuri
umciresobis mxridan, rac ruseTs aZlevda saSuale-
bas mediatoris sababiT Careuliyo konfliqtSi da
movlenebi Tavis sasargeblod waremarTa (ase iyo
rogorc 1918-1921, ise 1989-1993 wlebSi).
msgavs politikas awarmoebda da awarmoebs ruseTi yvela yofil sabWoTa res-
publikis da gansakuTrebiT ki imaT mimarT, romlebmac miznad evropasTan integra-
cia daisaxes. amis magaliTia ukraina da moldova, sadac yirimis, donbasis da dnes-
trispireTis separatistebis mxardaWeras ruseTis mxridan erTi mizani aqvs – ar
dauSvas am qveynebis mowyveta rusuli orbitidan, radgan icis, rom evropa Tavis
wevrad ar miiRebs Sida konfliqtebSi gaxveul saxelmwifos.
es mTavari mizani hqonda ruseTs saqarTvelos mimarT, roca 2008 wels cxinva-
lis konfliqtisa da ruseT-saqarTvelos omis inspirireba moaxdina. afxazeTisa da
samxreT oseTis okupaciiT ruseTi borkavda saqarTvelos swrafvas dasavleTisken
im gaTvliT, rom evropasTan integracia saqarTvelos daakargvinebda afxazeTisa
da cxinvalis regionis dabrunebis imeds. magram mas Semdeg, rac 2008 wels ruseT-
ma aRiara afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis damoukidebloba, es iluziac gaqra. am
nabijiT ruseTma droSi gawela saqarTvelos evroatlantikuri da evropuli in-
sergo orjonikiZe (1886-1837) – qarTve-li komunisti, romelic meTaurobda bolSe-vikebis SemoWras saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi da saqarTvelos socialistur respublikad gardaqmnas. misi saxe da ko-jor-tabaxmelis tragedia asaxa kolau na-diraZem Tavis cnobil leqsSi `25 Tebervali, 1921 weli~. am antibolSevikuri leqsis gamo-qveyneba 1985 wels Zalian Tamami nabiji iyo da mexiviT gavarda imdroindeli sazogadoebis `mowmendil caze~.
saqarTvelosa da ruseTis urTierToba: dapirispirebis mizezebi
37
tegraciis procesi, magram saqarTveloze zemoqmedebis berketebi dakarga, miT
ufro, rom diplomatiuri urTierTobebi gawyda da ekonomikuri kavSirebi mini-
mumamde davida. Tumca ruseTis mmarTvel wreebSi imedovnebdnen, rom yvelaferi
male mogvardeboda – qarTvelebi dakarguli teritoriebis dasabruneblad arc
partizanul oms daiwyebdnen da arc ruseTze „gabutvis“ poziciaze darCebodnen
didxans – adre Tu gvian isev ruseTisken Semobrundebodnen, rom teritoriuli
mTlianobis problema moegvarebinaT.
bolo wlebSi es tendencia marTlac SeimCneva. ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gaaq-
tiurebiT (rusuli kompaniebis Semosvla, qarTuli Rvinis da citrusebis ruseTSi
gatana, regularuli saaviacio reisebis aRdgena) ruseTi ibrunebs saqarT veloze
zemoqmedebis garkveul berketebs. ufro mniSvnelovania, rom saqarTveloSi
aSkarad gaaqtiurdnen is politikuri partiebi, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi
Tu cnobadi saxeebi, romlebic pirdapir acxadeben, rom saqarTvelom uari unda
Tqvas natosa da evrokavSirisken swrafvaze, dauyovnebliv aRadginos diploma-
tiuri urTierTobebi ruseTTan da daiwyos pirdapiri molaparakebebi afxazeTisa
da samxreT oseTis sakiTxis mosagvareblad. maTi azriT, mxolod am gziT SeiZleba
aRd ges qveynis teritoriuli mTlianoba.
ruseTis pozicia naTelia – saqarTvelom uari unda Tqvas evropasTan integra-
ciaze, daubrundes rusul sivrces, Sevides dsT-Si, Seeguos axal realobas, e.i.
scno s afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis damoukidebloba (faqtobrivad ki, ruseTis
mier maTi aneqsia) da daamyaros maTTan keTilmezobluri urTierTobebi. yovelive
amis sanacvlod saqarTvelos savaraudod hpirdebian, rom axal problemebs ar
Seuqmnian da axali separatizmis safrTxe ar daemuqreba. Tumca bismarkis sityve-
bis perifrazi rom gavakeToT, ruseTis dapirebas mxolod im qaRaldis furclis
fasi aqvs, romelzec es dapirebaa dawerili.
amgvarad, imis Tqma, rom ruseTTan ritorikis Secvla, masTan pirdapiri molapar-
akeba da megobruli urTierTobebis damyareba mas guls moulbobs da afxazeTsa da
samxreT oseTs Tavisi nebiT daabrunebs, sruli iluziaa. ruseTi amas veRar izams,
qarTvelebisgan daclili soxumi afxazeTis omis bolos, 1993 wlis seqtemberi
politika
38
Zalianac rom undodes, radgan es momakvdinebeli dartyma iqneba mis prestiJ ze,
mis winaaRmdeg aamxedrebs mTel CrdiloeT kavkasias da ara Tu imperiis aRdgena,
sakuTari teritoriuli mTlianobis SenarCuneba gauxdeba saeWvo. ase rom, saqarT-
velos SerCeba evropaze uaris Tqma da ruseTis sivrceSi dabruneba afxazeTisa da
samxreT oseTis gareSe.
saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena mxolod didi geopolitiku-
ri cvlilebebis Sedegad aris mosalodneli (rogorc es 80-90-ian wlebSi moxda) da
saqarTvelo iq unda iyos, sadac istoriuli logikaa.
evropuli orientaciis rusuli orientaciiT Secvla saqarTvelos terito
riuli mTlianobis aRdgenas kidev ufro dagvaSorebs.
rasakvirvelia, arCevani, Tu saiT unda wavides saqarTvelo, xalxma unda gaake-
Tos. marTalia, es arCevani ukve gakeTebulia, magram bevri fiqrobs, rom mas Sem-
deg bevri ram Seicvala, „evropam ar gaamarTla“ da Cveni gza isev Cven „mSobliur,
erTmorwmune ruseTisken“ aris. SeiZleba afxazeTi da cxinvalis regioni veRar da-
vibrunoT, magram samagierod Cveni Rvino da mandarini, mineraluri wylebi da vaS-
li daubrkoleblad gava ruseTSi, xalxic Tavisuflad imoZravebs da rusi turis-
tebiT isev gaivseba Cveni kurortebi. rac mTavaria, aRar gveqneba SeiaraRebuli
konfliqtebisa Tu ruseTis mxridan Tavdasxmis SiSi da mSvidoba da usafrTxoebac
garantirebuli iqneba. cxadia, aseT azrebs Tavisi logika da safuZveli aqvs da ve-
ravin gaamtyunebs mosaxleobis am nawils imaSi, Tu ratom urCevniaT maT evropul
demokratias rusuli usafrTxoeba. magram aqve, albaT, mainc upriania gavixsenoT
benjamin franklinis cnobili gamoTqma: „is, vinc Tanaxmaa gacvalos Tavisuf
lebis Tundac mcire nawili usafrTxoebaze, ar imsaxurebs arc Tavisuflebas,
arc usafrTxoebas“.
saqarTvelosa da ruseTis urTierToba: dapirispirebis mizezebi
gori, 2008 wlis agvistos omi
39
Recommended