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lecture 8 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, focus is on nicotine including history, epidemiology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics
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Drugs & Behavior II: StimulantsBrian J. Piper, Ph.D.
StimulantsStimulants are drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. Examples of stimulants are:
1. Nicotine2. Caffeine3. Amphetamines4. Ecstasy (?)
Prevalence
Drug Distribution
• Nicotine: active ingredient of tobacco leaves– half-life: 2 hours – 1 cigarette = 9 mg
• Cotinine: inactive metabolite of nicotine– half-life: 20 hours
3.2
Nicotiana
Jean Nicot1530-1600
Nicotine by Route of Administration
Blood nicotine after smoking 1.33 cigarettes for 9 minutes (upper left) or 2.5 g oral snuff (upper right), 7.9 g chewing tobacco (lower left), two-2 mg pieces of nicotine gum for 30 minutes Hukkanen, et al. (2005) Pharmacology Reviews, 57: 79-115.
Nicotine over 24 hours
• Cotinine > Nicotine• Steady state during day
Benowitz et al. (1983) Circadian blood concentrations of nicotine and cotinine during unrestricted smoking. Clin Pharmacol Ther 34: 604-611.
Smoking and the Brain: Acetylcholine
• Vagusstoff: Otto Loewi• Function: movement &
cognition• Nicotinic ACh receptor
CH3 O | ||CH3 – N - CH2 - CH2 – O – C - CH3
| CH3
For more details, see: http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/chnt1.html
3.3
Smoking increases nACh
• Smoking increases receptor levels in human post-mortem tissue in hippocampus (top) and thalamus (bottom).
Breese et al. JPET (1997) 282, 7-13. Non-Sm Smoker Ex-smoker
3.3
Why Do People Smoke?
Risks of Smoking: Statistics• There are three types of lies: lies, damn lies, and
statistics (Mark Twain/Leonard Courtney)
• Absolute Risk: Rate of condition/total population studied
• Relative Risk: Rate of condition among exposed divided by rate of condition among unexposed
see Statistics.ppt for additional information
Psychology of Decision Making: Smoking & Lung-Cancer
Non-Smokers Smokers
Death from Lung-Cancer 10 100
Non-Death from
Lung-Cancer99,990 99,900
Total 100,000 100,000
Relative Risk of Death: Smokers Odds of Lung Cancer Death 100/100,000 or .001 Non-Smokers Odds of Lung Cancer Death of 10/100,000 or .0001 .001/.0001 = 10 Fold!
Absolute Risk of Non-Death: Smokers: 99.90% Non-Smokes: 99.99%
Doll, R. et al. BMJ 2004;328:1519
Fig 1 Survival from age 60 for continuing cigarette smokers and lifelong non-smokers among UK male doctors born 1851-1899 (median 1889) and 1900-1930 (median 1915), with percentages alive
at each decade of age
1912-2005
Sir Richard Doll
Pipes & Cigar Cohort
Cigarette Cohort
Why physicians?
But there’s good news!
Doll, R. et al. BMJ 2004;328:1519
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
Smoking & Pregnancy
• Risks of smoking:– Spontaneous abortion: 26 weeks– Small size: SGA– SIDS: 1 month to 1 year– Behavioral issues: ADHD
• Smoking Cessation:– Nicotine Replacement Therapy
NHSDUH, 2011
Dose Related?• Online study with Craigslist volunteers• Behavioral Rating of Executive Function
Piper & Corbett (2012) Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 14, 191-199.
Benefits of Quitting Smoking
• Hypothesis: Smoking during pregnancy, but not quitting, has negative outcomes
• Online study of non-smokers, smokers, quitters
Piper et al. (2012). Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 121, 62-67.
Nicotine by College Plans0.6
Child Endangerment
• Toddler Smoking: 2 min• http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=x4c_wI6kQyE
Insula
Lesions of Insula
• Smoking following brain damage was examined in patients with insula damage.
Naqvi et al. (2007). Science, 315, 531-534.
Lesions of Insula
• Smoking following brain damage was examined in patients with insula damage.
• He quit because his “body forgot the urge to smoke”
Naqvi et al. (2007). Science, 315, 531-534.
Summary
• Neurochemistry: Acetylcholine (& dopamine)
• Public Health Statistics
CocaineCocaine induces immediate euphoria followed by a
crash. Crack, a form of cocaine, can be smoked. Other forms of cocaine can be sniffed or injected.
http://www.ohsinc.com
Nicotine by College Plans
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