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South East Europe Airport Infrastructure Forum Zagreb, June 2013 Dr.Thomas Frankl MD, Airport Development Partners, Geneva Principal, Brixton Capital, San Diego

3rd South East Europe Infrastructure FORUM

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Keynote presentation at the 3rd South East Europe Airport Infrastructure FORUM Chairman: Dr.Thomas Frankl

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South  East  Europe  Airport  Infrastructure  Forum  

Zagreb,  June  2013  Dr.Thomas  Frankl  

MD,  Airport  Development  Partners,  Geneva  Principal,  Brixton  Capital,  San  Diego  

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* This  is  the  story  of  an  airport  PPP  told  from  the  perspective  of  a  member  of  the  Firefly  consortium    * A  purely  fictional,  subjective  and  subversive  account    * Any  resemblance  with  real  PPPs  would  be  entirely  coincidental    

 

THE  DOUALA  TRICK  

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* The  CAST:    * The  government  of  Freedonia  (transport  ministry  and  PPP  agency);  * The  head  of  state  of  Azurria;  * Numerous  consultants  (PPP,  traffic  forecast,  …)  *  10  consortia,  two  of  which  are:  * The  Firefly  consortium  made  up  of  a  major  public  airport  operator,  a  leading  construction  firm  and  a  private  equity  fund  * The  Flyover  consortium  made  up  of  a  major  private  airport  operator,  a  leading  construction  firm  (in  which  the  government  of  Azurria  holds  11%)  and  a  finance  institution  

 

THE  DOUALA  TRICK  

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*  It’s  early  2008,  before  the  global  financial  crisis  * Money  is  chasing  infrastructure  assets  *  Infrastructure  PPP’s  are  drawing  record  interest,  achieving  record  prices  * They  have  come  to  be  accepted  as  the  ‘friendlier    face’  of  privatization  * Government  of  Freedonia:  Our  capital  airport  is  a  (shame)  but  we  don’t  have  the  means  to  turn  it  into  what  it  should  be:  ‘Let’s  do  a  PPP  !’  

Chapter  1  –  Early  Days  

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* Traffic  forecasters  tell  the  government  what  it  wants  to  hear:  ‘your  airport  has  the  potential  to  become  the  region’s  hub  before  your  bigger  archrival,  Sylvania,  will  be  able  to  –  ‘build  the  infrastructure,  and  traffic  will  come’  * Freedonian  government  commissions  breath-­‐taking  design  for  a  landmark  airport  terminal  based  on  highly  aggressive  traffic  forecasts  * Heated  public  debate  amid  suspected  corruption  about  rigged  design  selection  process  * 25-­‐year  BOT  tender  documentation  is  drafted  and  airport  PPP  consultants  hired  (on  a  part-­‐success  basis)  

Chapter  1,  cont’d  –  Early  Days  

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* Global  recession  –  now  it’s  assets  chasing  money  and  even  ‘worst  case’  traffic  forecasts  have  been  proven  too  optimistic  * PPP  projects  that  used  to  be  bankable,  aren’t  so  any  longer…  * …while  governments  are  more  in  need  than  ever  to  implement  PPP  pipelines  * Consequence  for  Freedonia’s  capital  airport:  cancel,  adapt  terms  &  conditions,  or  pretend  nothing  has  changed  *  ‘We  stick  with  it  !  –  we  have  gone  through  worse  crisis  than  this  ...’  

Chapter  2:  The  PP  Plot  Thickens…  

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* Consultants  panic:  we  can’t  get  the  minimum  number  of  interested  parties  for  the  PQ    * So  they  tell  candidates:  ‘don’t  worry,    Free-­‐donia  will  finally  ease  up  on  the  conditions’  –  ‘just  pre-­‐qualify  and  you  will  be  ok’  * They  also  make  the  PQ  criteria  fit  to  candidates  who  otherwise  wouldn’t  be  able  to  participate  

Chapter  2,  cont’d  :  The  PP  Plot  thickens…  

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* Government  speaks  to  potential  interested  parties  * ‘We  like  your  project,  there  are  just  one  or  two  problems…’  (aka  show-­‐stoppers)  * Future  bidders  start  high-­‐profile  lobbying  campaigns,  one  head  of  state  * In  the  meantime,  the  global  crisis  has  led  to  a  credit  crunch,  many  banks  are  too  busy  avoiding  bankruptcy  

Chapter  2,  cont’d  :  The  PP  Plot  thickens…  

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* Pre-­‐qualification:  IM  and  supporting  documents  issued  –  full  of  errors,  contradictions  and  ambiguities  * Endless  rounds  of  Q&A’s,  requiring          multiple  deadline  extensions  * Consortia  realize  that  conditions  are  unchanged  –  they  attempt  to  change  them  via  the  Q&A  process  -­‐  unsuccessfully  

 

Chapter  3:  Going  live  

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*  A  number  of  consortia  prequalify,  anyway:  ‘we  are  in  a  better  position  this  way  when  the  tender  conditions  will  be  relaxed’  *  The  short-­‐listed  consortia  analyze  the  tender:  no  change.  ‘We  can’t  make  this  work,  it’s  unbankable’  –  no  point  of  proposing  to  our  investment  committee.  ‘We’ve  had  enough  ,  we  are  out!’  * …except  for  the  Flyover  consortium  

Chapter  3:  Going  live  

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* The  Flyover  consortium  issues  a  valid  bid  * The  other  consortia  are  in  disbelief:    

Chapter  3:  Going  live  

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* They  pulled  the          Douala  trick  !  * How  can  they  get  away  with  it  AGAIN  ?!  

Chapter  4:  The  Douala  Trick  

‘All  we  may  get  out  of  this  is  an  ethics  award  –  but  that  won’t  cover  our  costs…’    

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* Success  –  we  have  a  final  bidder  !  * The  PPP  Agreement  is  signed  with  great  fanfare,  ground-­‐breaking  before  April  11,  2013  * But  nothing  happens…no  crane  in  sight  * The  concessionaire  signals  problems  –  ’we  can’t  get  financing  at  acceptable  term’  –  very  sorry,  but  not  our  fault’…could  it  be  because  the  PPP  is  not  bankable  ?  (now  that  would  be  a  surprise  !)  

Chapter  5:  Catch-­‐22  

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Chapter  5:  Catch  22  

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* The  PPP  agreement  gets  adapted  to  take  account  of  ‘new  realities’  * The  drop-­‐out  consortia  are  too  frustrated  to  sue  –  they  have  moved  on…  * …and  they  won’t  bid  a  again  for  a  PPP  in  Freedonia  

Chapter  5:  Catch-­‐22  

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 1.  Governments  must  build  their  proper  

PPP  capacity  –  consultants  won’t  do  it  for  them.    *  Difficulty  of  reconciling  the  interests  

of  government  and  consultants  *  PPP  capacity  also  helps  select  

competent  consultants  

How  avoid  future  Catch-­‐22  situations?    

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2.  Manage  public  expectations  effectively:  *  Establish  a  communications  strategy  *  Be  (very)  wary  of  traffic  forecasts  –  understand  the  forecast  methodologies    *  Don’t  overestimate  bidder  interest    *  Don’t  raise  unrealistic  expectations  –  even  if  a  future  government  will  have  to  deliver  *  Define,  and  communicate,  what  success  and  what  failure  will  be  like  (e.g.  min.  number  of  final  bids)  *   Have  a  plan  B  in  case  of  failure  

How  Avoid  Future  Catch-­‐22  Situations  ?    

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3.  Re-­‐structure  and  re-­‐organize  projects  in  response  to  a  changing  environment  (e.g.  higher  private  sector  risk  aversion,  interest  rates,  etc.)  * Communicate  early  to  stakeholders  and  the  wider  public  * Consider  conversion  into  a  shorter-­‐duration  management  contract  and  re-­‐issue  when  the  environment  has  improved  

How  Avoid  Future  Catch-­‐22  Situations  ?    

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4.  Creation  of  a  ‘grey  list’  of  bidders  * Successful  non-­‐fair  play  bidders  can  damage  the  reputation  of  governments  –  and  of  PPP  in  general  *  ‘Grey  Listed’  parties  would  flag  warning  signal,  not  mean  exclusion  * World-­‐wide  exchange  of  PPP  practices  and  experience  * Not  only  success  stories,  more  is  often  learned  from  tough  challenges  and  from  failures  

How  Avoid  Future  Catch-­‐22  Situations  ?    

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5  .  Immunize  PPP  projects  from  external  political  influence    * Anticipate  political  influence  for  high-­‐value  and  high-­‐profile  PPPs  * Communicate  policies  and  procedures  clearly  from  the  beginning  * Refer  to  them  and  stick  to  them  

How  avoid  future  Catch-­‐22  Situations  ?