1. Transistor (Intrinsic emitter resistance, ) Transconductance, overall gain G , , . , emitter ? G , . Transistor . Dynamic Resistance , .

2. Ebers-Moll Equation Transistor Collector . Transistor Transistor .Collector ,

Ebers-Moll Equation . Exponential -1

. 300k ,

. , .-Ebers-Moll Equation

, Transconductance ,

.

.

3. Grounded Emitter Amplifier

V (triangle wave) ,

, triangle

wave , . .

, . ,

G .Transistor gain .

emitter ,

. . base collector , Negative Feedback .

4. Current Mirror Current Mirror . Q1 Transistor R V

.

Q1, Q2 Base Q2 .Current Mirror , . n, 1/n .

5. Temperature effects

, Transistor ,

. , T exponential

, . exponential . , ~9%/ , 2/ .

-Current Mirror , Q1, Q2 , . Q1 Transistor Transistor . . Q1 Q2 , Q2 , . Q2 Q1 . Current Mirror .

A. Negative Feedback

Transistor Emitter , Negative Feedback . , Transistor . , . G .

B. High Gain in AC

, gain .

, , ,

Transistor . High-pass Filter , 0.1R .

.

6. Early Effect

, current source , . , current source , current source . , Early Effect .Early Effect , . saturation region .

, 0.2V 15V . Q1 Q2 15V Early Effect 1.5 . , , . .

,

.

.

A. Wilson Mirror

Q2 0.6V .B. Negative Feedback

, 0.1V Q2 Negative Feedback . , .

7. Using Early Effects to Estimate , , . Early Effect . 0.1V . 0.1 .

.

1 : Dynamic Curve Tracer

:Tracer Diode, Transistor .

A. Diode Curve

Curve Tracer . /div, V/div , .H,V scope Ebers-Moll's Equation .

Diode , Diode .

B. Transistor Curve

Diode Transistor

.

Transistor Base Emitter , E B Diode

.

: A , 100/decade, B

60/decade .

2 : Grounded Emitter Amplifier : Gain, , .

.Collector , 10 triangle wave, clipping . .15 . 15 function generator . : 15 triangle wave , , .

3 : Current Mirror : Current Mirror , Mirror .A. Simple Mirror1. Discrete Transistors

Current Mirror . P r . Transistor , P r .2. Matched Transistors

2N3906 Transistor .B. Wilson Mirror

Wilson Mirror . current mirror . : mirror , A-2, B .

4 : Ebers-Moll Equation : Collector ( ) Ebers-Moll Equation .

. R . .

: Ebers-Moll Equation ,

60/decade .

5 : Biasing: Good and Bad : Biasing , .A. Biasing with DC Feedback

. DC Feedback , .Collector 11 , , . Transistor .

B. An Example of BADBiasing A , 68 Collector C . clipping , 1000 Diode .Diode , 68 C correct biasing .feedback , DC feedback signal feedback .6.8 .

: A , negative feedback , B .

6 : Push-Pull : .

Crossover distortion . sine wave, 1 . Function Generator offset 0 . , dc offset control . : .

The Art of Electronics, Paul Horowitz, Winfield Hill, Cambridge University Press.http://tcada.iitkgp.ernet.in/netlab/current%20gain.htmlhttp://diranieh.com/Electrenicas/OpAmps1.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_effecthttp://diranieh.com/Electrenicas/BJT_2.htm