11 , 8. , 2008

3 (3 ) , , . . .

0.05 nm : P, V, T, m ( N, n) a P V = N kB T - a a

A 19 (Gay-Lussac Avogadro). : : 22.4 l 0oC 1atm 6.022 x 1023 ( , NA) : (n)

. (): 1 atm 273 K1 mol 22.4 l

PT=P1+P2+P3+.Pn: 6.00g 9.00g 15L 0oC. ?

P V = N kB TP = N/m2 ( Pascal)V = m3N = T = Kk B = = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K: P V N m J (!)

P V = nm R Tnm = R = = NAkB = 8.31 J/(molK)20

( ) 0 ?P V = N kB T

- ( ). , 100 , Clausius 1857. . , . T, T.

: () , , . v . 1 ( . ) 2,7x1022 . . ( ): P T - V - , .... ( ): m v p e -

, , ,

K () .: ?

. . . F = D(mv)/Dt, P=F/S

: (): (. .) N : : (. .) :

Pressure exerted by an ideal gas on its containerpx = -mvx - mvx = -2mvx

() ( ) : N : , 2d x . ( ), 2d/vx.

x N : : :

:F (- ) . () .

: :kB- : . PV = N kBT

( ) y z : (1/2)kBT.

M = m NA . , , , . :

, ( .) , ( ) . :

no

- (0,). , . , , ... James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) : dN (v) v v + dv, N .

- . . 100,000 300 K 900 K: * *

. .

2d . d ( (b)). d, d ( (a)).

v, d2 vt t. t () . n, nV = nd2vt. 1nd 2 = : : l = vtnd 2vt