15
膨膢致 臠腄 臍腅 膪臑臞 膩腥 腣腍腊腞 臉腏 膥腷膵腓腕腀 臭膘腥腚腭 腣臇 腔腴腚臂 腄膄膏膆膌腅 腜腞腊腚 膐臜膜 腏至 腗腳臨膦腏 腕腚腁 腱腦腀 腓腥腰腋腢 臨膦腣膯腕腞腓腴腫腟膨 臦臐膺腏 腢腔腴腞腊腢腊腓腠腷腧腫腌腀 臨膦腥 臚腣臕 臦腷臼臲腗腳腠腠腮腣腀 臏臬腣腰腜腞 腶腏臣腣腍腒腳膠膻 膮腥 臨膦腷 腕腀 腙腥 腩腚腁 腙腥臌膞腀 臕 臦腎腱腀 臉腥 腠臒 腮腱腴腚腁 臇腥 腢腡腎腱腀 腓腥 膥腦腀 膄膏膆膌 臸腛 腠腢腲腀 腙腥臗 腒臥腅 臀腥 腣膖 膥腏 腖腞 腕腚腮腥腠 腔腴腚腁 腫腚腀 臏臬腎腱腀 腶腏臣腟腦 腎腱 腫腟腥 膮腣臡臋 臎腥 臨膦腏 腕腞腍腲腀 腞腊腳腓腠腀 腦臅 臑腄 臮臊腅 腠 臮臑 腄 腸膌膇腾腅 腟 腊腓腠腀 臨臶 腭腳腓腠腢腡腀 腓腥 腥臨膦腥 腱腎腣腢腜腚腁 膠膻 腥臨膦腎腱腬腳腠腀 腥臞 膩腥臨膦腦腀 至 腏臧腮 腊臶 腥膕腝腟腉腜腚腁 腻腂膎腂膅 臨膦腀 腥膄膏膆膌腀 膥膽 腀臞 膩腀 臨膦 膨臨膦 膾膝膨膀膏膁腂 膪臱 臁臙 膨膗臺 膝膨臐膺膝 膪臱 臁臙 臕臩 腄自腅 臡膶 臐膺 臨膶 臐膺 臷臱臛 膦腏 腖腚臨膦腷 腆 臨膦腇 腠臖腨腓腠 臤腀 膪臑 腣腗腳 腄 臨膦腥 膷腣腝腊腞腦 腟腮 腄臕膼 臱腅 腥臞 膩腄 腅腥 腴腳腅腁 腣腍腊腞腀 臉腏 膥腷膵腓腕腀 腶腏臣腥 膔腥臮膩 腣腦腀 膛膳腣腮 膥腕腚 膤腥膙 腐腠腢腜腞 膐臜膜 腏至 膣腕腐腱腢腊臘 腕腚臰 腟腉腳 臉腏 腅 腗腳臨膦腏 腕腚腁 腓 臩腕腀 膴 腔腊腮腥腥 腕腊臮膩臈膭腷臒腳 腦腀 臭膘腥腚腭 腣臇 腔腴腚 腓腠腏腟腐腳腁 腓腴腱腥 腥膱腝腎腦腀 腸腼 膄膏膆膌 腥臂 腜腞腊腚腠腓腵腀 膀腾腥 膒腔腎腱 臮膮 膔腥 腢膛膳膭臛臵 臨腕腚腮腥腟腉腳腁 臔腠腕腞膫 腔腴腀 臉腯腙腥 腥臟臮 腟腦腀 腓腥腰腋腢 臉腥 膥臕 腣腰腜腞 腳膭臛膃腸腂腯膭臛腹膈膏膄腏膰膡腔腴腳腪 腡腥 膲腾膉膂膄腠腢腜腞腊腳腁 臞 膩腥臨膦腮 腫腔腣膭臛膚腔腴腚 腣腍腊腞 腕腚腮腥 腟腉腳腁 腓腥腰腋腢臨膦腥 腦腀 膛膳臮膩膍腼 膋腺腂腽膊膏腥 腥腬腢腱腘腀 臣腣腍腒腳膭 臛臵臔腷膫 腕腚臯膿 膾腣 腐腢膘腷 腠腗腓 腠腣腢腲腎腤腢腊腓腠腎腱腀 膹腢膑 臫腥膧 臢膸腀臃臓 臍腣 膪臑臞 膩腟 腕腚 臨膦腥 腠膠膻 膮腥臨膦 膌膧腠膕 腝膧腐腱 腀腖 腾膚 腀腖 腘膙腊 膒腜 腷腁 膣膳 腇膀 膒腜腼 腴腻 腕膟 膣膳 腶腆 膉腹 腴腻 膪腟膭 膷膭 腃膢腴 膉腹 膫膣 腏膚 腽腳 腏腳膚膖 腸膐 膒腜 腙腽 腕膟 膣膳 膒腜 膒腜 腲腢 膬膀 膉腹 腊腁腚 膣膳 腾膚 膝腞 腄膴 腄膴 膁膈腧 腉膥 膣膳 膣膳 膆膏腲腫 腝膧 腐腱 腟腠腴 腴腮 腀腖 腚腬 腘膙腊 膒腜 腀腖 腾膚 膨膎腠 膇膋 腅膲 膊腤膣 膧膹 腃膢 腒膜 腘膀 膨膎腠 膒腜 膒腜 腩腗 腥腭 膺腣 膒腜 膣膳 膝腞 腄腂腅腃 腉腈腇腁腆 ῌῌ * m, ton : Key words: collapse accident of snow patch, snow tunnel, fracture strength of snow, Mt. Arasawa, casualty analysis * : . m , 1+ 0 ,**3 ++ .// .03 + , + ,**. 2 + . - + .* ,,* +/* ,-* +30/ ,**. .* ./ 0, 1* .* ,**. + 3/* ,+2+ , 2*/* , 3/* ,+2+ , 2*/* +2/ 2/.* , 2 -2 ,**. 2 + ++ -* 0 +302 1 . - + . ,**. 2 .* +

,**. 2 ˙˝ ˜ 9 ˝˜ 01 C >KL M 01 {JK ronbun.pdf˘ˇˆ ˙ ˝˛ ˚ ˜ˇˆ ! ˙ "# $ %˜& ’(! )* +,- ./01,2 + 3 +4 /!56 7 " ˇˆ 8 9,2: ;/< ˙=> ?+,@ A %BC&D EF G% HD IJKˇ*4D

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    9

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: ,**. 2 ˙˝ ˜ 9 ˝˜ 01 C >KL M 01 {JK ronbun.pdf˘ˇˆ ˙ ˝˛ ˚ ˜ˇˆ ! ˙ "# $ %˜& ’(! )* +,- ./01,2 + 3 +4 /!56 7 " ˇˆ 8 9,2: ;/< ˙=> ?+,@ A %BC&D EF G% HD IJKˇ*4D

� � �� � � �

� �� �� ���� �� � � ����� ���� � � �! "#�$ �%&'( � )��� *+, �- � - ./01� ��2 34 ��56� � 01�7���#89� � :;<� =�"#�����>�?8@ 01� A�B :�CD./>>E� FG�5)�H�I��J/KL M� � 01� � N� � O�2 N�PQ B :R3�� � 4 S T >U E3#�2 !� �VR3 ��� �4 %&'( � � WX Y >�Z N�[ � � J\ ]��^ �� _� ��E�> "#�28� FGR3H�I94 R389� M�`a b� � 01� ���Z � 0 � ��/�> b4c � � de > d� � f(gh 9 ��> d � d � 0i � b� � /�>�V �� �01� � 3R��)�2 KL �01R3j/>

� ��014 - �kE �i �lm9n)�2

opqpr � 01 � �%&'( �s � 01

� �01 tu�v&wpx �y z{ � � � �|} u�;<ux �y z{ �B~ �� `� ;< 0� ;<x I �y�

1� _�01� � � 01� >���>� � � �� � � �./ � � 01� ��m��4 9E�B� y � � � � #/2

���� �� � � ����� H�I� ��d� �4 ���E��� ��� �>�)� *+, �- ���3��� ��� 9n/ �� =� - ./01� ��2 � ~� � 4 "�E�� ��d����U/

� 4 ���� � �! "#� �>�9�/2 �#3� ��mR4 f�%&'( �$ � )���>�� � vh� �"R3 dM �� ������� � # X 0��E�9n/2 �>��� "# ��N� � d c94 ��56� �� �B �5)� � /��¡fp���¢£&%�¤¥"#/¦

V� §h¨©%>�)��/2 ��01E8"���ª"#� ���� ��E�9n/2 ��56�01� 4 ��d�«�¬­p®¯&� �j�3° I��J/������ ��±² t� ���� >.�>��ZR³���>R3 ´�µ ¶�·

¸ ¹ º » ¼ ½

�� �� �9 �� � 01�C >KL M�01

� � � �� �

� � � �� � � � ��� �� � � � � �� � � � � ���

�� �� � �� ! " #� ��$ %" �&

� � �� '( )* " %"� � � +,- .- , /0% )*� � 1� � 2 3 4 56 3 7 16�7 ,� 89 � �� :5 �& �� � � �� �� � ; � ( ��< = >? @ A B C D! � � ; E # <- F G )* H �� ��< B E

� �� � �� 9 I JK

� � L� MN O

� � � P� MN OQRS TU �J O

; � � ��� � J � A V � �� 5 W

XY>Z V � [� � � � � ,�% %\ ]

� ^ �� � _ � � <B `� � � ��� �� a b� �� � �� � c��d �� � e � f g % hi

J � jP� � ; �k l � /0 mno � � p �! q

� c�� ��

��rs �

l t � �u #v

w x y z

� � �� � ��{ � JK

� �

� �

� ��

���� ����

� � �

*

m , ton

:

Key words: collapse accident of snow patch, snow tunnel, fracture strength of snow, Mt.

Arasawa, casualty analysis

* :

. m

,

1+ 0 ,**3 ++ .// .03

+ , +

,**. 2 +

. - +

.*

,,* +/* ,-*

+30/ ,**.

.* ./ 0,

1* .*

,**.

+

3/* ,+2+ , 2*/*

,

3/* ,+2+ , 2*/*

+2/ 2/.* , 2 -2

,**. 2 + ++ -* 0

+302 1

.

- +

.

,**. 2

.*

+

Page 2: ,**. 2 ˙˝ ˜ 9 ˝˜ 01 C >KL M 01 {JK ronbun.pdf˘ˇˆ ˙ ˝˛ ˚ ˜ˇˆ ! ˙ "# $ %˜& ’(! )* +,- ./01,2 + 3 +4 /!56 7 " ˇˆ 8 9,2: ;/< ˙=> ?+,@ A %BC&D EF G% HD IJKˇ*4D

� � � � � ��

�� � � � �

� �������� �� ������ !"�

�#$ � %&�'() �* + ��,- � � � .��/� -!���0� .� 1 2 � �3,4�5 � 67�89,:�;<!��4�� :=: 001 � � >� ����� ? �@A�BC"��4��D1;E � �� F ? G�HB "��4�4� � I�J K �L � � � ��MN* >��� O:�� � PQ � R�#$ *S � T ��K� #$� UK * EV� ��WX�D!��4� "!� �� Y �* Z � EV� [\�WX�]!�

�4�^01 _1 `a � �b �c *-� d=E,>�,,�� � #$�e� >�0,* ,:� � ��#$ a�f� b ghi*�,-

�� � %&=! !=��� j�k�lm�WX �� � #$� �94 nopq� "� - rs� �K�� T�� *t- uvw� �� 1;��

Y �*x0: ��y >�� � `z�#$1 � #: � b �"� � * � >� 0�{|n !� � }~��4 �A+ ��

�a ]k ���y : �� I� � ��� ��=! 1;E uvw* -�� ]��;�� � l�4� ;� ��� �n�|����� =! ���� � 1;E ^� O>���� �"� 1�4� � �� � ���� rs� �n���� � f��=� �

� � � � � 8 � �� * � � � � �1) "��� � �� 2 � ���� �� � ¡ � 2����3 ,¢� £, 63 ,:� ¤¥� 1 ¦§*f��4 � �¦�¨ � B � � "��4�� §* P�����=! �4 � 0� �� ]�©�ª � � � � � «���Q ���� ¬ �"=! � ����4���­ " 1;� ,�0,1;�� � ��P 1 ® � � � � = �� ¯ � �°"ll�^ ¬ 1!rs� ��D!�� � �1 ;� � � 4± K² � : ±� "��4� - ³=!� �1 � O:�4 � #: �����´I�µ�¶�·w� ¸� �* ��0,�1 ¹ º �1 E»º1¦§*:�lE ¼)� � =!� � ¬ �� 0� ½ ���� � �j ��

� ������ � �

� ��

� ���� � �

� �� �� � �� � � � ! " #

$ " # � �% ��

&� �� ' � ��� (� � ) *+ ( *+,- *

+. / (01� 23 � 4 # � �5 67 8 � �9

: �� ;� /� �< *+= >? @

� A B�C; �� � @

� � � D EF G � �<HI' J %� � ���� K �L

�� E� � �< >? M � �NO

/ 0(P ,-

A B� � Q � � R S ,����� � T R UV R RW�X ) Q Y 0 Z [ � \ R]^ X ���� � _`

�a bbZc 8 de ^fgh i ��j_ k l� ��mn � o 0�5 p � q R ���� � ko

����gh � # = rs t� �uNO v�� wx y6 UV �<.)z {| }O 6) ~ � R �X �� # � � � � � �����c_ �� �

� �] � ��~� � � { o �� � � �� o�� � - & ��

� �� � �� 0 - 8 S R� � P V # � �

��~� -�. � . � &; �� �<

� �������� � �����

456

m.

m m, m,

m

m . m

m

+ /*

1+ 0 ,**3

/*

+3/2

,**/

.*

.

+ , 0 0

,

,**- 2

,

1/* 1 2 -

-*

22* + + /

+***

.

++

,* -* -*

, -

Page 3: ,**. 2 ˙˝ ˜ 9 ˝˜ 01 C >KL M 01 {JK ronbun.pdf˘ˇˆ ˙ ˝˛ ˚ ˜ˇˆ ! ˙ "# $ %˜& ’(! )* +,- ./01,2 + 3 +4 /!56 7 " ˇˆ 8 9,2: ;/< ˙=> ?+,@ A %BC&D EF G% HD IJKˇ*4D

� � � � � �� �� ���

� �� �� ���������� �� � !�" � �#$% &� � ' " ($) * +&�� ' " $, � -"

���./� �0+1 234&�56&� -5 78&�9:;�<�=>$ ?&6 � @2 A �BC2 D�E�"� �$FGHIJH2 ;K -�L�=>2ME�NO6 5P * Q���" %R$ 5 %6 5 *SE�"0+1 � ATE� ��� 7U/�VEK ���DE� ' 2 �WX" % &� $;Y�9Z<K 7D -�[* Q��K;C\�5 �C � -� 7�]^ �_;K$ 2`a���;�" b 6 ) * +&� $ � �cd8 � �(e� * &Kf/6 \� g� -5 h i��E�\�5j;&�9��kl��C" m�6 ) * +&� $ n � mE��6 o5 ;�� �'5Spm* 5EK;�q � r&K;C" \�$6 � A� -5 2s7t<6 'u2v7w\&�\�2x &Kf/6 �*$ -� ]yz�VC%{�|D�Y6 �VC % � %� �}~ 9SC\�5 �C"

��$6 0�1 5� &6 �� A/� 5�L��� � � ��� �

&���\�*SC" / �2ME�" � $6 �&� �� ���� � �� �� � 6 -� : � 6 o

������� ���� 2 �WX" �H����*SC"*$� 5[ �*SC�*6 �����I��5� ��6 ��5 �2w\& ��� �$6 . �5 ��\�5 �C" m�6 ���$0����_� ���D8�9 � m* ��EK� 5 �EKf/6 ��� hXC\�� � �&K;�" \���. ���VEK ��5� *SC\�5|K��C" A�� �DE��$6,9[ � � ���VEK �� -� 7�$ i �*SC �� ��� *SC" \� $656 �d; g ��  ¡/� � -5 ���$ � d*Z � 5i�8� ¢K 7;V��QlC" \�$6 DEKf/6 �� �. ��£¤ &��d;¥g� 56 �¦�5 78 ��� *SE�" �\*6 � �\�,[ �.�8�E�\�6 SC;$ § � ¨� 5� �2 �&K�©Iª«�¬I­®��¯2I�� ° � ¢Ki��E�\�2x &K ;K 2ME�";C± 5SC" � ���&� �� � �VEK&� ��A� $6 �²{2 ��� � 2��³� 6 �W

;D5�96 ´EK;�µ¶©�·¸2¹EK X" \� $ � � ��6 �-2º/) * +&�" »¼�½ $6 � *S/6 � �� / ;�V�D

�� � � �� ��

�� � ��� ��� � � � � �� � � � �

� � ��� � ��� � � ! " # �

� $ %� &' � ()*+� , � -

. � � / �� � � %

� � � 01 � � �

� � 2 / �3 � 4 5

� �� � 6 7 � 8

� 9� � � : 8 �

; � ��� <=

8 &' > ?�

@ � A BCD ,E F G 3E H H (I � �

%J � K0 ��� LM M 8NKO P� � / /

��2 :� �� Q �� H RST� � U

� U VM �� WX 4 YZ5 WX[ �� � � 3 : UJ � � � \ Q � � H

� S$ 3 � � U 7 ] ^_ 4 � � S �: � �` a$ � � � * b :

�� ` � � cP� 2 4 ; # K0d? � � K0

� � � e2 f ! � gh/ / /� � i j �� ^

� � k l VM RST� m 7

� �����

� ��

� �

457

:

A

.

.

m

m

m

m

m m

,

1+ 0 ,**3

,**. 2 + -

-

+

-

2 ,

-

, +

,

-

. ,

,

2 -

- / 2 + -

, ,

+***

+,**

+***

+*+*

+*+*

2 -

2 -

. + - .

3* / -/

. +

.

Page 4: ,**. 2 ˙˝ ˜ 9 ˝˜ 01 C >KL M 01 {JK ronbun.pdf˘ˇˆ ˙ ˝˛ ˚ ˜ˇˆ ! ˙ "# $ %˜& ’(! )* +,- ./01,2 + 3 +4 /!56 7 " ˇˆ 8 9,2: ;/< ˙=> ?+,@ A %BC&D EF G% HD IJKˇ*4D

����� � � �

���� ��������������� ! "#���$% � & '(� )* + '

�, �-./012�� / �& ' 345678 95 � :;<�=>#� �8� ?�@�A� �� ���B C'

�#�D�EF GH �DBIJ�#K L ML NO BPQ#� L8RBSK� �.$�TUVWB��X# Y��Z�[ BPQC\Y��1(K]^� ML�NO�PQ�8?�@�V_`abcd �

eNO f � B S�

�Bg��#��8� YYh� �hi\�jQH�\' ?� + ���GHBkl�-mhPQ#��Yn o � p hi(�'���8qrkl�D!s #K0�� th

gquSD �/ � 8 vHGH g�Twx!i�� Y�8yzh{|\� LB} C\� g�[ �*\'~B��� ����h8�U�W� ��

GH8 o �SEY�hi(�!� Y�8����$%�� +#K����hi\�}���\' ��� p�*�GHB o �C\�� � ����Z�[ 8�?�@�o � o ��Zg��\'

�$�h��#KS�' � 8��9 �� � � � '�(K4;*(K0�� ?��98 o �h �i(�' � "��8� ����8���� '���h �� ¡#u(KS�!� ¢ !£;*(KS\� �¤ h8 ��¥�!(K! �A(K0�� ?�¦ �§q*�U�W!.¨H '�KS�Y�! (�' ?�©ª«��� L� ML� NO ���V

¬­®wWB/ �¯C' L�ML8° ��P ©ª��� ��8vH ±q quS���i�� ?�²8?�@� ohi�� ?� Z8 hi\Y�! � � L � o hi(�' NO

�(�' / �¯#�1E�� ���� 8 o hi(�' NO B} C\�D�����8����� (� )* � + ³u L8 o ´Lhi�� µB#KS\m!¶·�hi�� Y�1E*q¸ �¹º�»¼�1\½� L � B

� �� � �� �

� � ��

� ��

� �� � �

� ��

��� �

� ��

� ��� �

�� � � �

�� � � �

�� �

�� �� �

� � �

� � � � ��

� � � � �� � � � �

� � � � ! � �

��

� ������� � ���

� �����

� �

458

m.

. m

Takeuchi

Kawashima

. . m . m

A m, m,

. m

ton

. m

. m

m ton

m,

m m kg m MPa

kg m

kg m

et al., et al.,

/-

.

-

, -

-

-

1+ 0 ,**3

,**. 2 -

,**.

2 - +*

+ ,

+332

+332

+ 2 - 0 , 1

, - .

, 0

,*

,

+ + /

+ + /

,,*

--* +/* ,-*

,+ ,.

0

,3 00* 1,*

+, ,,* + 0

/ 1 +,

0** 00*

//*

. -

. ,

Page 5: ,**. 2 ˙˝ ˜ 9 ˝˜ 01 C >KL M 01 {JK ronbun.pdf˘ˇˆ ˙ ˝˛ ˚ ˜ˇˆ ! ˙ "# $ %˜& ’(! )* +,- ./01,2 + 3 +4 /!56 7 " ˇˆ 8 9,2: ;/< ˙=> ?+,@ A %BC&D EF G% HD IJKˇ*4D

� � � � � ���� ����� � �

������ �� �� � ������� !"#$

%&'()*+,-./0 1 2 3�456 457(8�49 � :$

;<=>?0$ 2 �?@AB �C� DE�- F0�GB?H� I J-./0K1L��� M#N� ���>C OPQRSTU� V-GB?W/SCQ? � 1 3 4�XYZC�4 �[\;-]�$ ^�� DE�-./0 �J�_`ab Uc��d 6(e- W`fghiST=

j� �_` � 2 � ���H 2 �$ � kl,mb [ n- `�o� � � ST0p� qrs tuvw %&'()*+, �%&'x

yz{0�� p������C�y�|S?0- � 6 � �()*+}~�-�0�� �4�mmWb��j>GB?p�H m0$ p�� �i�ChSTU� ��C��*+�`>?Q?$�H���GB?�?@���� � M#N� �V ^�� 56(8C �STU� ��*+,-.�H� �c��y�������� �ST0$ /0 1 3�456(8� OH �S

T0p�yz{0�� 3 4C�j>68ST=��?{0$ p�p�mb� ��4C��? �H�U�0()��ST=��z{b`0$ � -� E���- ��HK -�0�� �� ���- =>E�� ���H7 ¡0�¢ � �$ ��H=>� £ ¤���-.?>�� � k¥-C ���¦§-�=>E����7 H��b�`>?�¨©LH6?$� � ��ª -«GQ¬N­#H®¯�`�°±P ²³:H´|µ ¶-C� 3 4·¢�I J�()H¸¹�>?0STº@$ »pS%&'()*+,-./0 1 2 3�456 457(8�49 � :y¼ -½¡$

� �� �

� � �

� � �

� � �� � � � � �

�� �

�� � �

� � ��

� �

� �� ��

� �

� �������

� ��������������������

459

kg m

Kawashima,

kgm . km

. MPa Takeuchi

m

.

.

et al.,

0

1

-

-

1+ 0 ,**3

,**. / 1

0** 00*

,**. 2 +

+331

.** /** * *+ 3

* - +332

120

-* 0

,**. 2 ,0 +

2 +

+320

2 +

,**. / 1

1

/ +

/

Page 6: ,**. 2 ˙˝ ˜ 9 ˝˜ 01 C >KL M 01 {JK ronbun.pdf˘ˇˆ ˙ ˝˛ ˚ ˜ˇˆ ! ˙ "# $ %˜& ’(! )* +,- ./01,2 + 3 +4 /!56 7 " ˇˆ 8 9,2: ;/< ˙=> ?+,@ A %BC&D EF G% HD IJKˇ*4D

� ��� � � �

� � � ����� ��� ����� � ���� ������� ! � "#�$ %�&�

'(!� )* +,- �./01 �,2 � � +� 3 +4 /!56 7 "� �� �

8 9,2: ;/< �=> ?+,@� A %BC&D � EF�G% HD � IJK�*4D� L�� � LM� � � &DN� � O�PL/! �1 Q4 R ! STUV4� W� /!� XYV % Z�X[ \ N�]�� � P�! R ^ �^ _ VZ*`W� � a� � +�� bc d ! e � b f . /gh ]Ti � � �jRk N lU�m jR�noU�� p q r �*4D� s � � =>/!��t� � ]T � �]u* >R� [ !vw� <xI�y1VZ*4D� z {W� z |}u/r~ �< � O�V � A � ��*� ��!�� � � f 8 9,2: ; R ]T� L/!� �� J�*! 1� | r~� � �*4D� 4D � �� � a� ]T!�

� oU���NVZ*4D � � p q��P�VDN R ^ �� ��L t� � !� L/! 3 �4

W �,2 �ODN %A �*� �%m � ��*4D�� pR u! � ��� !�� UOW� /! �N ��V�T+,-� oUDzN� 1� 8 9,2: ; ��*4D� L�� � ��/! �OW ���/<+@ �R��� 4*4D� ���&D� �{D� � � �=�]T� � ,2 N�*!� ����A � QV �%t��*4Dz+@ � ]Z�zNNm jR�9 oU�z N%BHDN� � !� i ]T N�{�TUD� T � !� � �� �N� ��� m �  t�OZ�¡¢£ ¤ ��`4*� ¥ : *� ����   VA ¦ � )§&4%¨4� � ���� ¦ ! � ©;/{D< NBHTUD�]T ª� �OD� ]T ��� � h « � %�uD

�¬ � � ���� � � N� gh � 3 �«�v4 ­� « ���®,]T �OZ*<�TlUDN « /{D � �� ¯h« !X�« �*4D� ���Z*� �+@ � ]Z � « �m « /{W� p ° < Q4��zN!� ���� �+@ ®,� &Dz z zN]T� ± �OD %BH�N�OZ*� ����¦ �² ��NBHTUD� z  t!� �����{D ¦ �� ®,� W³w§&1VD´± ��NHµ ��P �`4* �¬ /{Z�/{��� L��� #/!� >R´�! � ¶*+@ �� � U³w� � @��·&D�S

� ¸T� � � P >R!�¹N  t%+S�/{��� zU��H*� mjR�OD �4 !� � N����N V �OZ*�   �����% ºl»�� �{D� =�]T� � ,2 !� �� ]T � %

l»����%¼ _l»D�/½ r/{Z�< N lUD�

� � ��

��� �� �� � �

� � � � ��

� � ��� �� ��� � � � � � ! "� �� � # $ � � �%& '

( � ) �� *+ ���, ! � - . / 01 2 3 04 5 6� 7 � ��� 8 / �

9 4 �: �; � 9 <� � = �� >? 4 / : ���� � @� 3 0A� B �� � �%& C

% � # $ 0DE ��� F G- H � B C ��� 8 /

I J '5 6� 7 K /L ��� � � /M

� �N � OP�: ; F 4� /5 Q � R�� ��� /: ST /M U /

J H # $ I �4VWX N/L YZ /L � [

��6 %& E ; ! \� H 4 ] ��� /L

;^ O _ � F 4�/��`a � b c d� ; ! �

$ � [E ! /L efeg C/ /L ��� h i +j/kBl l ml n op = � � q i

j/kBl L i C i 0� � H i L i e !

n op r� �� `a! s

c) !p

% ,� / t�L �L / / /Lu 4 @X�

4 , vL /L 1i 8w� wx d�1i t YZ��6 %& � E b yz ! {

|}

� �������� ���

���

��

460

m

. mm

mm

2

1+ 0 ,**3

,**1 2 +-

,**. 2 +

,**.

,**.

0 .

,/ 1

1 +*+*

+0 1 +*,*

1 +* 1 ,+

+, 1,0 /

1 +0 +1

, ,2.

2

1

,**.

1 ,,

+310

,**.

1

+33* 1

/ ,

Page 7: ,**. 2 ˙˝ ˜ 9 ˝˜ 01 C >KL M 01 {JK ronbun.pdf˘ˇˆ ˙ ˝˛ ˚ ˜ˇˆ ! ˙ "# $ %˜& ’(! )* +,- ./01,2 + 3 +4 /!56 7 " ˇˆ 8 9,2: ;/< ˙=> ?+,@ A %BC&D EF G% HD IJKˇ*4D

� � � � � �� �� ���

� � �� � � �� ��

�� ��� � ���� ���� ��� � �� �!�"# �$%& � �' ()*��� � + ,- �$./0�/$)1� 2345 � �6 78��� �� �� + ,-6 78 + �6 ()�9: ;!�"#<=�����7� �>?� + � � � $�78@=� �� �� �� � +�-%A�� ���� B C�D�E)� & ��� � �F 9:��� � � �/G H��� I� J+� �� � �K $ :L �M �N�$�� OD��� 0; P�/A�7+$%(�QR)� :L �M +� S �2345

�� �� � T�UVW� � X �>%Y BW����80� B CZ+� [� �M \ ;A/ �A ]B ^0A � 7A _)�/�

)W` �8��QR)�� ���a%Y+b 2345 � :L M �$./ ��7QcW�� � +� F � ?d� � �e �>

%YKf�^�ghi �j �$0 �k��&7 l/ � T�UVW� �mn$ � ��� F �j

� ;opRY� qr��;A/)�/ s i �� F e �j t i � B� u ]�vwxyz;QcW�� W����$� � R1 � �� {%

7 l/^=�� [+|} /| 7+� & �e7+t ]~� �� �(A� ���8./�%=� T � �s ]~ ^0A � -%�e� � 7+ �2345� � �� [� �^=$� |� �Z 7� ��Y%/A��QR)��� � ]~ +��p7 � 78��� A��Z� �� � ;B C��� ; �{- � �� �t ]~ � � -�/ � � () �� �� � ; %�W�$)1� � +� j s i ���W� �� 7+ +�� � J� s ]~ ; R/Z 7F �>%Y>0� �� �/_� �()�;�? Ys ];U�W���$��/%����������M �%=^0A� � � �B C��� ���%Y �/�@�� � () ��,(.Y � ]� vwxyz78�� �(�� ��;�?/^=$M �$.Y%/� �� �+ �H; $% A �80� [�>

�� 7 l/^=�� 2345� � � ?� � $' () u ];s-U+k�� %� �� � <�/� � J� �W ¡¢�; )(��� £ W� �8��Y%/��� (.Y%�� p/� [� p/� � | � ]~ � �i� ¤ � ��¥�+¦32§5¨2�©1 �a%YA $ª � 78����«¥��1�1� ���� A�� 2345�� < �� �/0� ¦32§5¨2�

7 l/^=�� ��p7 ��¬�Y� T � � Z[� ­$#; C�/®¯+E)�°� ��O �+ 78�� ��7��7+� ()p7� ¥���±7 �/

�;²� ; %Yª³ �� �� ;p�_/� ��ª³ ´µ+ $´µ 780 ��Z¥; �//_� ��¶�>%Y� · ¸ ¹ � º���;p�_Y »�Y%� �¼½)� ��

�� � � �� ��

�� � � � � ����

� ��� � � �� � � �� ��� � ! � "# $% &� '� ( � )* � � � +

� ,� � � � � � � � �� �� -. / � � 0/ �� � � ��� � 1 2 3� 4

� � 5 2 3� 4 ���� �- 6 �� � � 7( 8% 9 -.

:; � < � 4=> �; � � $?� � @A; $% 2 3 4 � &

B � '� �/ C $/ /+ �

�B D - 6 �� � � � '�E � �/$/% �7(:; F + �/ /% � G + 9� � �� H IJ KL

B D M� N OP'� Q OP GRS T U6 P � FR P VW $�

-! � X% � � Y O< ! � P'� R P Z [

� � � -. \ � � Q] GR P � �^ � _ ` �� � � � &� '� � F +

�a � bc � � FR P d ! �/$/%7(:; e FR

4 $ -. ` �� �� � bc f� � T

& 4 �� �� 9 ! S � g D h %� � ij= k � ��l a m � a n [ o pq� � � Y OP'� R P � r%

� % st +�u ��= v pqw

h � % � x

g D � �� V �a y �. � m

cz >[ MM M � �

� {| } ~9 b�� ~9 ��� S q �T

� { � �� � ��

� ������� ��

� ��������� ������ ��

��

� � �

461

.

Mellor,

3

1+ 0 ,**3

,**/

/ + ,**.

1 +31/

3

-

+

+30/

,**. .*

.

,**0

/ -

0

Page 8: ,**. 2 ˙˝ ˜ 9 ˝˜ 01 C >KL M 01 {JK ronbun.pdf˘ˇˆ ˙ ˝˛ ˚ ˜ˇˆ ! ˙ "# $ %˜& ’(! )* +,- ./01,2 + 3 +4 /!56 7 " ˇˆ 8 9,2: ;/< ˙=> ?+,@ A %BC&D EF G% HD IJKˇ*4D

� ��� � � �

�� � ���� ��� ������

���� ����� ��� ! "�� � #$%&�� � ' �()�*��� �+ �, ()-�.*) � /# 0� ��� 1�234 5()� ��6789�:;4� < =��� >()2?@A B� � � � )$ .*)�C� DE'F�G�HI'JKL"�MN�"4 O()� PQ R'S () *)� T�UV�

W � X�� YZ ��? .[���� ��� �����' �\(� ] ^ #_`Y4�@��C %��@� � ��=a�"4�bLcdLe f `Y4�) �678B� � R ghY4�)i j� � klL mLn� bLc *)� o& � X678B� � pdLemLqe' ��� bLcdL @ � "��r 1Y@ &.678BsemLqe���]=a� a�t a�euL ' 34 v w()x��*)Z �"4�ya� z{|@I a|}/�~�4bLc )� [x� ����� � 5���r��dLe'� ����p)� h�� a�" � � "� 1"��r � ' 0 �4�� �� >() F'� "4 � )� ��'��`��$ �~�4�678Ba'��� ��� xY&� a��bLc � � �"4��� �� � ��gC@�dLe�`Y4�@�.�. �� �� � �� x��"�� (@<�� ��� 1��."��B7����� ' �4�� �� [� ����4 �"�$ '�� � ��'�3�� @�� ]=a. a.bLcdL "4�0�3��e�`Y4�).�� �#$'�� ��"� � bLcdLe�`Y4�@�.��~�4 � ��%& &%�@3� %&�� x�� ���� � ���4 5() h�� ��< =� 5"��� �.��*)��?x�'� "� �  '�� ' 5   ¡� �h�C�� �����"�� 4� 5���¢ �� 5 ��.��

*)� h�� 5 � £�� #$�#_`Y4�@�$ .*3��C� ¤ �~�4�#$%&¥ "�.��*)� #$%& ¦� �p@�$ ��� £� '§��4¨"�� `&�� �� �� ' X©Z � Xª« ©Z � "4\"4�)�xx� ©��� ��/' �4�4 ¬�� 1"4 �"�­Le'® ()� ¤� ¯ °�� � ��� �±²³�´��� ����p��� 1"4 �"�­Le'ª« ©�µ¶x��"��xY&�� $ %& &%�@3���� � '}v�UV)�

5·¸�¹ ���� � �� 9�· 5"4�)� xY�2) �R�º» ��*0� [� ��R �� �R ��� ��*)� �*�0� 5·¸� �R¸�[Y¼Y ·� ��@)�9 5·¸' �\(� ½ 9 ·

� A9 · � 5·¸ � �x�

� � �

�� � �

� � �� � � � � � �

� � �� � �� � � �� �

� � � �� � � �

!" �� � � #� $ � %

� &' ��() * + , - .

� /0� () + 12 � 3 4 �� ( 5 � 6 �� () � ��

7 8 �� 9 : � ��()

;< =� > <

? 6 � < < � ��5 � < " � �

= � @AB � C� (D E� �

FG � (DH &� � E I� � : + J��� �� �

J��� K L� : M

) N OP Q� FR � :��� > ��

&'�

< �� S� :

FT U :6VW> < �:S �� � XY � & 7

� �� ���

� �� �����������

462

G-Search

G-Search

CD-ROM

. .

+

1+ 0 ,**3

.

+

+3/2

+

,**,

+**

+ +*

+30/ ,**.

.*

/ +* , ,

,

.* + +* ./

0,

-- ,1

, +

+ + + 0

- +-

+,

0 +

0 ,

Page 9: ,**. 2 ˙˝ ˜ 9 ˝˜ 01 C >KL M 01 {JK ronbun.pdf˘ˇˆ ˙ ˝˛ ˚ ˜ˇˆ ! ˙ "# $ %˜& ’(! )* +,- ./01,2 + 3 +4 /!56 7 " ˇˆ 8 9,2: ;/< ˙=> ?+,@ A %BC&D EF G% HD IJKˇ*4D

�� � � � � ���� �����������

��� ���� ������� !"#�� ����$%&�

463

,

1+ 0 ,**3

+30/ ,**. .*

Page 10: ,**. 2 ˙˝ ˜ 9 ˝˜ 01 C >KL M 01 {JK ronbun.pdf˘ˇˆ ˙ ˝˛ ˚ ˜ˇˆ ! ˙ "# $ %˜& ’(! )* +,- ./01,2 + 3 +4 /!56 7 " ˇˆ 8 9,2: ;/< ˙=> ?+,@ A %BC&D EF G% HD IJKˇ*4D

����� � � � �

��� �

���������� �������

���������� � !"������ #$%��&'(�)�*+,�

-.�(�)�/01� � 2 34 � � 2 5� 67 � � � 3 � � � 7��898:;"79< �+ � = 7>?@A��� < �+ � B�� C��� DE�� 4 �F'���-G'� 9<AFAH ���?I<.8� �3<JK<LM7/��NO8PGQ.�7R�S< AF��8PGQT<U38V-.� W?� XY�F',ZI���8 [ �7����LM3��L\ ?I]5� ^_7`aI�����,.LM7b������' [ �7-cI��?I] <8PGQ@�

464

,

-

.

1+ 0 ,**3

+1 +/ 1 +0 2 +.

. +* -

. /

+3 2 +*

/ +*

Page 11: ,**. 2 ˙˝ ˜ 9 ˝˜ 01 C >KL M 01 {JK ronbun.pdf˘ˇˆ ˙ ˝˛ ˚ ˜ˇˆ ! ˙ "# $ %˜& ’(! )* +,- ./01,2 + 3 +4 /!56 7 " ˇˆ 8 9,2: ;/< ˙=> ?+,@ A %BC&D EF G% HD IJKˇ*4D

� � � � � ���� � ���� �

�� � ���� �� � ��� ����

�� � ��� ��� �������

���� !"#$ % &'(�)"*+ ,��� ���&-�./� ,0#" ���� 123 -/4 1523 �6789"#$% ,:#"4 ; ����,<./�* 1=> � ��3* 1 � ��3 �6789"#$% ,:#"+ ?@A)/� ��� 4 ; ��, �)"#$�* BCDEF, ; ����D ����GH*IJ &K."#$�

�LM�7N OP � 4 QRST � ��* UVNW� ��* � ��* XYN � ��* Z[ + , ��� ���*���* ��N � �� \],^_`$Na � ; �&b`� c� � ��� d* �e� ,�f89/��D �)"#$� g 6% � d* �hi d�* jk c� �l m �ana�o� ? p)"* q9 ��� d* �� d� Drs* cD?��GH4� c��Dr$�tu? �`$vwT �G#q�� $� ) )*9$� �ax y4� ? - � �z/s ���4* c�D{?:#"#$�* Nn ,|$�* u{ d* jk c� dDrs* jk cQRSTD4 ; ,* UVNWmXY �G#� q94* cD4I�� �N D4 >Y,GH% �}C)"# ~� �Dr$,')* jk cD4~�$�#�F��r$� �4I�� , -!"#$q�,'7N O ��� � � &|$�*I�� �)"#$� -/* vwTB9�9,:#"� ,z/$ ���N O ��NC, ��& ���D�!/�4* c�4��s����������E<-9"#$� � �hi d,:#"4@A)/�* jkD7N) �)/% Dr$� �N�AD4* N c� Drs* �)/L�,�,�$���s* �* T�w* �J� ��* ���� � 4jk c �P¡#�#u$�& O�)"7N)/% Drs* A¢£¤w >¥)/ ���& ��� ,|$�* jk¦w§¨©,ª«)"#/C¬�� �)/% c ; �­}Ci�®)HyH* jEr$� N��s% 4N�¯* °¯* g± k cI�� &K."#$q��F¯* N¯D�² �|?9* q9?4`³" �ODr$ �+ �� � ´µ,4�GHµ¶, �)"#$� ·�¸¹`$/.º»O\q�4¼u\#�* j

��� k c ; �­}C4* jko�½D

� �� �

�� ��� �� ��

�� ��

� � �� � �

��

�� �

� ��

� ��� �

���� � � � ����

� � � ��� � � ����

��� � �� � ����

� � � �� �� �����

� � ��

� � � � !" � ����

� � � � # � �� �

� � $ � � � ��

� % ��&� ��

� �

��

� ��

� �

465

m

m m .

.

m

m

+* ++

+,

1+ 0 ,**3

.+

++ ,

0 2

, ,

++

0 +2

+* +.

/0

+/

+- - , +,

, ,*** -*** ,1 +-

+0 , +2

,* ++

+** -*** + + +

+ 1

+/** ,*** 2/

+***

/*

.

03 -+ ./

,

0/

+* +.

1+

0 / ++

+* +.

Page 12: ,**. 2 ˙˝ ˜ 9 ˝˜ 01 C >KL M 01 {JK ronbun.pdf˘ˇˆ ˙ ˝˛ ˚ ˜ˇˆ ! ˙ "# $ %˜& ’(! )* +,- ./01,2 + 3 +4 /!56 7 " ˇˆ 8 9,2: ;/< ˙=> ?+,@ A %BC&D EF G% HD IJKˇ*4D

� ��� � � �

�� �� �

������ � ��� ���� � �� ����� ��� !" #$��� %&'�$��( )*� +, &���- � .�/0�1 � � 2 3456) 7 � � *� 8 &9 : �� �; � #$��� : �<��/�34= � �� >? �@*��=A*B��CD�*BEF� GH� () ��� I J � *B,� 2 =) � KL�" #$���( ) ��* 0���;M� N*

O�� �P &Q RS���TU B�� VW P& #H X �� *#$��Y �B�� �/& #$ P Z �� 8 & [\]^ *& _$`a� :�� BD$CF0� bc Z �d � �#H- � @*;Me� �� G* f��P * #$� � �;� � M� � �- *B_H����0S���*a�� GH� ���g hi j *B_H�

�� k �1 *B,� X ��- *� " �� T &lS���*�� *B�� �#H & T /H TmDH

� *B� �� �no#$��� VW g pqr�� *stH+F&u[vP *�� � & ���j # wvxv� yS�+F0 RN/Hj *�

$z,� �/�� �� T .�� # 0�_H� � ��� = �g hi*B_�#� 2 *� �� & R���/$z H��T {|'}����*a0��� ~0,� �� �� & S�� <�1 Z ���N/�j =*��v� ������ *B� & #� ��T S�wvxv� y#� � � TZ� � � ��� & #$ F �" *BEF� wvxv y �\v]��� &� � � �#H���� *�� j � �{ T S��T�<z- Tn<�St$ ��& #$��� �/� � a>�U�� �S������ +F0 �� k � 0 R� �C N/$�� �= � � � &1 ;MS/e2 � � KL�=) �T�#H [\]^ 6v^1 =&�H_$�D���*B,� � �&� T �#Hj *�0<� bc Z �d

�� � T �#H � j � �#H1 *B�� ( ) ���� g=�v� �� � �B�1 ��D�/�� hiT �#Hwvxv y j *B_H= � &+��� =) �& .� ���� �*B_H��CD0�G*1�� � ���� &� � �_ < � *�0�*BEF�H�� � 4 � =�v� i¡T¢}$£¤& m#� &� & #$���� -¥�� ��1¦.H=) §¨*�� 8 & ©ª ( )«¬­ ® B, T�D� * �*a0� * #H �� � ; �*BEF� M &�#$� �� ¯ {°TG�.���

1&� ± O�² � ³� � T8 � ´& #H( �µ#H� GH� �/�&¶·a¸¹ ��T1

)&z}�9 : ���� VW ��- H�#H ± O º»¼½�T #H� N

� � ��

� �� �� �

� � ��� � �� � �

� � �� ������ � �

� � ��! " � ��#$ � �%

& � �� ' (

� � ) �*� +, �� -./ %

� � 0 1 � � )2' 3 ! 4 � � 5 678�

9 : �� ; ) � � � <=> ?@ A 0 � ! B ! % �

� C D/ E� � F -./ � ) G� � � H � � ! , I ! JK � L ! C M� NO P P � ) Q RS E

N� TU� V W D/ C� � � X YZ� � � [D EO 4 E\

P P � L 3 ]^ Q N _) �* P � � L ` a/ J

- P � ! � E Q b_ c d� � � b_ e f

� � F g X h i !� ) �* � % +, 5 678� \

NO j D/ E ; ) ��P ) �* )b kl \ E � �

m C D/ J En N +, V ) o/p� � q� f N �

kl \r � T `

� �� +, s t � � u �3 @ � � v wtx� � � �� ! " !

B y� 8 z� { |

� � } � � �� � 8 z� ~o

� ������� ����������

� ���������

466

m

+-

1+ 0 ,**3

,**.

2/*

+31* 2 - ,

/* 0.

.* ./

+303 +* +/

- +

./

+- . ,

+ 0 -

.* +* ,*

+33* +*

,* +

.* +3

/* +

+33*

,**/ .

+33*

,**.

,**1

+32* ,.

+333 2*

,**. 2 +

- +

,**. 2 + ++ -*

0 -

1

Page 13: ,**. 2 ˙˝ ˜ 9 ˝˜ 01 C >KL M 01 {JK ronbun.pdf˘ˇˆ ˙ ˝˛ ˚ ˜ˇˆ ! ˙ "# $ %˜& ’(! )* +,- ./01,2 + 3 +4 /!56 7 " ˇˆ 8 9,2: ;/< ˙=> ?+,@ A %BC&D EF G% HD IJKˇ*4D

� � � � � � �� ����

��� �� �� �� � � � ����� �� � �� ��� !�" #� $%&� � �� '&( ���)*� ) +,-. /($% � 0 � � 1212 ��&� 0 �3456 7 $

8 9� #�� � �� � '&: �$;� < �, = > �? #� @ � �2�� � �( � � A�� B�� > $%*�� 9C #�D �#� E� � &FG �=8 ,� @ � H $% 1� � , I�J� ;A(� � , $%*�� K#� L $, = � �M#� NO , > $%(� � 1��/P& Q RS�� O T� ���,� �� U

� �2 #A ;�*�� ��� N �� ��V& � , > � R � W X$ � 1 $%*

> � $%(� : � 1& 9 �� ��� Q7 Y�Z12,� , > + D�R&� : �� �=1 Q Y

[\ ��� � ] # ^_` #21��2,� =a � �*�: bc�+ - "d�� !$,� ����efgR�: �%h�R&� � � � #2 �� !� �2 ( V� i�"& 3456j � k l m7���� �� ��n�� '& � :R�] ,� 7 �o#2 +� &: �$;��. �� � @p3456�q r<� :R� +�s�#� tn ) K@p& $u E$%*�D @ �� v�� #� �R� w�x#21R&� A: � $%&� � $D� � �/�� ,� y z �/P& P& 9FG �o'& {7 |} . �� ~ t � � ,��2 $%�d� ���n�"*2� 3456t )� j 8 9 ������� #� �R� �7'1 $%& ���R&� � ���1� 9FG � ���'&: �� 8 9� #� ,� � � D �R&� ������ �%�*2���'& ( ��� ,� !� #2��'�; � � � �� ;)��� �"*2� 345 � �*2;�� ��� Q�/P& 6�j '& Q�,� � � )k ��� 8 9��;�:'���'  �%&� :: i mln ¡� #A �'& �%&� ��� =��� r¢ 8 9,� 3456 9£ �o#2,� :R�$^ X¤� ¥ � )(� �¦ !�)@R21)1 ��%&�� 9�

� P§� L�/P&� ¨ �© '& $:� , P2 R)� � 9£ � ���� #�D 1� @��� Q3456 �/P& @R&� ¨ � ���'&: D $%g�ª$,��� U � > �� &�

«$E¬ � ���#2/(� � � �

� � � � 21&� !� '&�%�(� ��i m$,� Q,� ­ « � ®� ¯ ° °± ²° !² �i« � ³6�¡�� > T$�R´R A� µ� �¶���·¸¹º4»�³¼4½� ��

�� � � �� ��

� �� � � � � � � ���� ��� �� �� � �� � � � �

! " # $�� � % & �'(�� ) � * �

+ ,� � -�.� � +/ � 0 1�2 3 4 � 5 6 � �� 7�0 8 9: � � ; < = >, 4 � +8� � � ?@ ? +AB � C ? D ?E � � F�

�� � : G 7HB� I� J � : ? � ?5 K + � L �� ? MN+�: J L: OP �� Q <R�� 7 ��

S T � U� � �V WX � B Y Z: � �

? 1 [ �� \] 7 ^D % � �

_ `a � �� b c d� eU + 9 f H� �� � �� ghij [ �� �� k� # l

� U mn op # � � ��+ % q rs tuv w g

xy D mn 9Hz { |% }O � � > ~�� �^D�} �� }O � �� w �y �

P� ` + + ,� ! ;� � : � ��+ ,� � H � � !

� ��X mnX � � � k� � �� � + % mn � �

+ mn� ��� s> �� f + ,�� �> H� � � xy �� L

+ ,� %U :B� � :� ��  � � s¡ � � �  � %¡U� ¢ £ sX� ¤ % ! ¥ �� ¢� : ¦ mn §¨ �rs )U £�© ! xy

? ?ª � ��

« � � <� « ¬R�« � 9:�! « ­ � g® H�� � N ¯°� ± � + + '( ²³´µ¶� · 7 �

� �

��

��

467

m m

m

m m

m

MPa

kg m

ton

,

-

1+ 0 ,**3

1*

+*** +*+* 3* +

/ -/

,3 +, +33*

,,*

+ 0

,**. 2 .*

+303

00* 1,* 1

+,

+/* ,-*

,**.

+310

.* +30/ ,**.

+ +* ./

0, --

,1 ,

1 2

Page 14: ,**. 2 ˙˝ ˜ 9 ˝˜ 01 C >KL M 01 {JK ronbun.pdf˘ˇˆ ˙ ˝˛ ˚ ˜ˇˆ ! ˙ "# $ %˜& ’(! )* +,- ./01,2 + 3 +4 /!56 7 " ˇˆ 8 9,2: ;/< ˙=> ?+,@ A %BC&D EF G% HD IJKˇ*4D

� ��� � � �

� � � � � �� �� �

�� � �� � � ������� �� � �� � !" # $���� �% &' � �()� � � * +,- � �. / � () 0 � 1�23 4�

" � 567 89:; �<�"= >?@A B C)� � "= �. � 1� 1 D�

E F G H � I"JKLMN=� � O � � PQ+�R ST� UV W �X��Y� �+� 1� �

Z � @ "�[\/] � "� ^�� "= � _� ",- ��" ( � 1� ` �a � 1� "/� �

bc d � "efg����� � � +hi h,j k �

" l� �� m � nopq rstuv� ) wa x ) " byzs "& � "� 1� "/��0 { | " � ���x � !$ =} ~

" � �� 5� �������; /����y�zs ��� � � ��� ��L�� � 1� �

��> � O}� ! +�� �Q+�L:9�� ���� ������ ��� �� ��h ���� � I �� 89:W �~������� ����� O ���� k� ~�� ���L W������ ¡ � ¢�£¤� ~¥�T }¦�� ��� §¨���© ª O§¨« >¬ 5"= �

� ­[ �® / � >? ¯ °�±;� ²³ ! + +4� Q+§¨Q ´Pµ ¶+· ,-§¨ ¸ 5 ´P µ���¹ºµ µ»� ! ¶� ���§¨; ��� W �� ¼�½��

� � ��

�� � ���� �� � �� � �� ��� ��

� � �� � ��� � ! " #$% &

'� � () *�� ��+ () '� ,-. / 0 1

2 34 � 56�789 :� ;< = >? @ABCDE 56 F 0 0 �GHIJ � . >? " K L "

� M � N (OPQ K RA S T UV0 WLHIXYZ [ �\ S ]�^_`a 56 b \ c9defK � K/ 0 g1h_ ij/ 0 ^k

l m �? n o p9 q� �r�@ sH �� �t���� C

q u &-v � w S�� xyz {| X}~ �

\ #C1 ��\ 0 ^� : x� 9 - � �kX � � � �� �Z?�= � ��� �� ��

� ��� 0 ��k

�� � M � q ����� U

� � k � � ��� �

� �� �� � � B� S �� �

c � �� �t ����� M � �� �   � �� � � �

� q q ¡ "¢ " £ ¤� " ¢¥ ¦� � " ��

¤� § �

� �

��

��

��

� � ��

� � �

� � � �� � �

� �

�� � � �� � � � �

468

Takeuchi, Y., Nohguchi, Y., Kawashima, K. and Izumi,

K., : Measurement of snow hardness distribu-

tion. Annals of Glaciology, , .

body revealed by the internal structure of peren-

nial snow patches in Japan. Bulletin of Glacier

Research, , .

Kawashima, K., Endo, T. and Takeuchi, Y., : A

portable calorimeter for measuring liquid-water

content of wet snow. Annals of Glaciology, ,

.

:

pp.

:

.

:

.

Mellor, M., : A review of basic snow mechanics.

IAHS Publ., , .:

:.

:.

pp.:

:.

.

:

.:

.:

:.

pp.Kawashima, K., : Formation processes of ice

+332

,1 -*

1+ 0 ,**3

+ +*

+332

+*-

+*0

,**. 0 2

+0 3 + ++

,**0

.* +

// 0*

+320

+/0 +32

+31/

+.. ,/+ ,3+,**1

+310+/ -,

+310,**/

+.1 +0,+-1

,**.+3/2

.- /,+1, +2.

+33*

,

+*-,**/

1. 11,**, ,*** 0

,**/-3 .1

,,++331

,

+1 +2

,0

+/

,0

,,

-.

0.

Page 15: ,**. 2 ˙˝ ˜ 9 ˝˜ 01 C >KL M 01 {JK ronbun.pdf˘ˇˆ ˙ ˝˛ ˚ ˜ˇˆ ! ˙ "# $ %˜& ’(! )* +,- ./01,2 + 3 +4 /!56 7 " ˇˆ 8 9,2: ;/< ˙=> ?+,@ A %BC&D EF G% HD IJKˇ*4D

� �

�� � � � � ���� �����������

� � � ���� � � ������ � � ����� !" � � ��

469

)*AWASHIMA URIHARA ZUMIKatsuhisa K , Yasushi K and Kaoru I

: A collapse accident of a snow patch occurred at Mt. Arasawa, Niigata Prefecture, on

August , . This accident claimed the lives of amateur photographers who were taking

photographs within a large snow tunnel formed by the snow melting underneath the snow patch.

Since such accidents have not been studied thus far, we carried out firsthand observations at the

accident site on Mt. Arasawa on August , . In addition, data and information related to collapse

accidents of snow patches in Japan were collected from national and local newspaper articles. We

then carried out a statistical analysis of data for the past years from to to reveal the

characteristics of this type of accident. A survey of the snow patch on Mt. Arasawa indicated that

the collapsed snow area was as large as m , and the mass of the collapsed snow was estimated to

be ton. Since the roof of the snow tunnel may have become a cantilever structure

immediately before the accident, this type of large-scale collapse was presumed to be caused by

tensile fracture at the fixed end of the roof because of its weight. From the casualty analysis, data

for accidents and casualties of snow patch collapses were compiled for the past years. It was

clarified that there were many accidents and casualties in the Gunma Prefecture (Mt. Tanigawa) and

Toyama Prefecture (Northern Japanese Alps). As compared to accidents over the last years, the

accident at Mt. Arasawa in is characterized by the largest number of fatalities.

) Research Center for Natural Hazards and Disaster Recovery, Niigata University,

Nishi-ku, Niigata

) Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University,

Nishi-ku, Niigata

* Present address : Disaster Prevention Technology Division,

Railway Technical Research Institute, Kokubunji, Tokyo

Abstract

Investigation of collapse accidents of snow patches in Japan :

report on an accident at Mt. Arasawa on August , ,

and casualty analysis for the past years

+ , +

,

1+ 0 ,**3

+ ,**. -

- ,**.

.* +30/ ,**.

,,*

+/* ,-*

./ 0, .*

.*

,**.

,**3 / . ,**3 1 ,3 ,**3 2 ,1

,*+* / +/

+

3/* ,+2+

,

3/* ,+2+

+2/ 2/.*

+ ,**.

.*