7(2003.12)

(Vasubandhu)

( )

.

(brahmodya)

(vda) ,

,

.

.

1)

Vdavidhna

.

Nyyastra(=NS) 1 5, Carakasahit(=CaS)

,

.

(vda)

2)

1) Frauwallner Vda-Handbuch .

Vdavidhna

.

,

,

. ,

,

.

,

.

Vdavidhna Vdavidhi

(Vasubandhu, ) .

3)

2) vda .

vda ,

,

.

. (vda)

(vda)

,

. vda

Kang (2002), pp. 17ff. .

3) Frauwallner (1957), p. 121 Tucci (1929),

pp. 482-483 .

(Vasubandhu)

,

E. Frauwallner

.

4)

Vdavidhi Dignga Pramasamuccaya

Uddyotakara Nyyavrttika(=NV)

.

5)

Vdavidhna NV

. Frauwallner , Vdavidhna

Vdavidhi

.

II.

(Vasubandhu)

Vdavidhna .

traividhynabhyupagamd eka evya kathmrgas, tasya prayojana

tattvvabodho lbhdaya ca.

6)

[ vda, jalpa, vita]

(kathmrga)

4) Frauwallner Vidyabhusana (1921), p. 267

Vasubandhu

. Randle (1926) (1930) Vasubandhu

.

5) Frauwallner (1957), p. 105.

6) Frauwallner (1933), p. 300 Fragm. 2 NV, p. 354, 13-14 .

Vdavidhna Frauwallner (1933)

.

. [ ] (tattva)

[]

7)

.

NS NS 1.2.1 /(vda)

(jalpa) (vita) NS 1.2.2 NS 1.2.3

.

NS 1.2.1: pramatarkasdhanoplambha siddhntviruddha pacvayav-

opapanna pakapratipakaparigraho vda.

(vda) (prama)

(tarka) [ ]

(pacvayava) , [] [ ]

.

NS 1.2.2: yathoktopapanna chalajtinigrahasthnasdhanoplambho jalpa.

(jalpa) [ 1.2.1 ] []

(chala), (jti) (nigrahasthna)

[ ] .

NS 1.2.3: sa pratipakasthpanhno vita.

(vita) [] [(jalpa),]

.

7) TSI vol. 2, p. 74a , , lbhdaya das

Erlangen [einer Entscheidung] usw. .

. Frauwallner (1933), pp. 289-290

.

(Vasubandhu)

NS

. (yurveda) CaS

(vda) , Sambhvidhi(CaS Vi. 8.15-26)

Vdamr-gapada(CaS Vi. 8.27-66)

8)

. CaS Vi. CaS Vi. 8.24

vda . vda

(vighyasambh) (sandhyasambh)

.

9)

CaS Vi. 8.28 (vda)

vda

. vighya kathayati

.

10)

CaS Vi. 8.28: tatra vdo nma sa yat parea saha straprvaka vighya

kathayati. sa ca dvividha sagrahea: jalpo vita ca. tatra pakritayor

vacana jalpa jalpaviparyayo vita. yathaikasya paka punarbhavo 'stti

nstty aparasya tau ca svasvapakahetubhi svasvapaka sthpayata

parapakam udbhvayata

11)

ea jalpa. jalpaviparyayo vita. vita

8) CaS Vi. 8 CaS ; CaS Vi. 8.15;

66; 152; 153 Kang (2002), pp. 5-6 .

9) CaS Vi. 8.24 vda

CaS . CaS

(association) CaS Vi.

8.22-23 (loka) .

Kang (2002), pp. 115f. .

10) vda CaS Vi. 8.16 vighyasambh

.

11) udbhvayata parapakadoa parapaka

. ,

(PW

vol. 5, p. 323 s.v. ud-bh; Caus. den Sinn entwickeln, erlutern )

nma parapake doavacanamtram eva.

(machen, da etwas hervorkommt) . TSI

vol. 2, p. 95a .

Beide beweisen ihre jeweils eigene These mit den jeweils eigenen Grnden

[und] stellen sich [damit] gegen die gegnerische Position.

ud-bh

. Tr.1, p. 361; ... own proposition and demolish his antagonists ... Tr.2,

p. 233; ... contradicting the others view point ... . pw

aufs Tapet bringen ( , )

; pw s.v. ud-bh; caus. 2 .

entfalten, zeigen (PW vol. 5, p. 323, s.v. ud-bh; caus.

)

. PW vol. 1, p. 929 udbhvana das sich-entgehen-

Lassen, Ausserachtlassen, Versumniss ud-bh

. Mahbhrata

Mahbhrata

1.129.3 (vol. 1, p. 573).

vaiampyana uvca:

prdhika bhmasena ktavidya dhanajayam /

duryodhano lakayitv paryatapyata durmati//1//

tato vaikartana kara akuni cpi saubala /

anekair abhyupyais t jighsanti sma pavn //2//

pav cpi tat sarva praty ajnann aridam /

udbhvanam akurvanto vidurasya mate sthit //3//

:

. []

.

.

PW aridam amarit(, )

. 3 :

[]

(Vasubandhu)

(vda) []

. ud-bh

udbhvana aufs Tapet bringen(

) Aufdecken() .

Mahbhrata 1.141.20-22 21; abhyupayais te

22; tat sarva prati cakrur yathgatam .

BSBh 2.1.12 ud-bh kepa .

vaidikasya daranasya pratysannatvd, gurutara tarkabalopetatvd, vednus-

ribhi ca kaicic chiai kenacid aena parighitatvd, pradhnakraavda

tvad vyapritya yas tarkanimitta kepo vedntavkyedbhvita sa parih-

ta. idnm avdivdavyaprayepi kaicin mandamatibhir vedntavkyeu

punas tarkanimitta kepa akyeta, ... .

[]

, ,

(pradhna) .

.

ud-bh kepa

; Fragm. 9 .

udbhvana Prasannapad, p. 19,7

.

... kim atrnumnabdhodbhvanay prayojanam.

A. MacDonald (Lausanne) 1999

Prasannapad

Prasannapad, p. 19, 3-6

Prasannapad, p. 19, 3-4

.

... what is the use of bringing out the sublation [of this thesis] by an inference?

A. MacDonald .

.

: (jalpa) (vita). []

(jalpa). (vita) (jalpa)

. []

[] ,

[] [] , (jalpa)

. (jalpa) (vita).

.

(vda) (jalpa) (vita)

. vda

NS (jalpa) (vita)

.

(vda) (jalpa)

(vita) NS (Vtsyyana)

kath NS /(vda)

(jalpa) (vita)

. NBh 1.2.1 (Vtsyyana)

kath() .

12)

tisra kath bhavanti: vdo jalpo viata ceti.

13)

: (vda), (jalpa), (viata).

12) TSI vol. 2, p. 95a .

Erst Pakilasvmin fat die drei vom Nyya gelehrten Arten der Debatte unter

dem allgemeinen berbegriff kath zusammen: ... .

13) NBh, p. 335, 3

(Vasubandhu)

Vdavidhna

Fragm. 2 kath .

(kathmrga)

.

(vda) (jalpa)

(vita) ,

,

.

III. Vdavidhna

, (vda)

(Vasubandhu)

Vdavidhna (vda) .

svaparapakayo siddhyasiddhyartha vacana vda.

14)

(vda) []

.

(siddhi)

(asiddhi) ,

Vdavidhnavtti

15)

.

14) Vdavidhna Fragm. 3 NV, p. 287, 13; 342, 8 .

NV Randle (1926), pp. 54-56 .

15) Vdavidhnavtti Vdavidhna .

yuktyuktatvendhikaraapratyyana siddhyasiddh.

16)

.

Vdavidhna .

te sdhanadaai.

17)

[ ] [].

IV.

.

(hetvbhsa) ?

Frauwallner (1933), p. 289 .

16) Vdavidhna Fragm. 3b NV, p. 348, 17-18; 350, 9; 351, 6-7; 352, 14; 353,

9-10 . Frauwallner (1933), p. 301 Vtti

Fragm. 3e (NV, p. 355, 4-5) .

pakasiddhiviaya pratyyana pakasiddhiabdenopacarita yath nyat-

viaya samdhi nyateti.

(samdhi)

.

adhikaraa adhikara-

a Kang (2002) Appendix iii: adhikaraa, pp.

160ff. .

17) Fragm. 4 NV, p. 345, 7-8; 353, 5 .

(Vasubandhu)

, ,

(hetvbhsa)

.

.

Fragm. 2

tattvvabodha

.

. (lbha)

.

(vda)

.

18)

.

(hetvbhsa)

?

(nigrahasthna)

. (hetvbhsa)

,

(hetvbhsa)

18) , ,

.

CaS Vi. 8.30-32

(sthpan) (pratihpan) .

,

.

.

19)

,

. CaS Vi. 8.65 (nigrahath-

na) [] (anuyojyasya

ananuyoga)

20)

NS 5.2.21 (paryanu-

yojyopekaa)

21)

22)

.

23)

19) ?

(Vtsyyana) (Vcaspati Mira)

. NBh 5.2.1 NVT .

20) CaS Vi. 8.50-53

. [](anuyoga) CaS Vi. 8.50

(ananuyoga) (anuyoga) CaS Vi. 8.52 .

21) (paryanuyojyopekaa) NS 5.2.21

.

nigrahasthnaprptasynigraha paryanuyojyopekaam.

[] [

] .

22) , p. 35c, 26-29 .

. . . .

. . . .

19.

. [ ]

[ ]

? .

.

Tucci(T, pp. 39, 24-40, 2)

.

paryanuyojyopekaa. yadi kacin nigrahasthna prpnuyt tasya

nigrahpattyanudbhvana tad daecchay tu daasthpana. tadarthe ca

hne ki prayojana daena. asiddham etad daam. etad ucyate

paryanuyojyopekaam.

(Vasubandhu)

(vda) (jalpa), NS

, ,

.

, /(tattva)

. Fragm. 2

.

(kathmrga) (eka eva)

.

V. (vda)

NS 1.2.1 (vda)' (jalpa) (vita)

, Vdavidhna Stra Fragm. 3 4

(vda) NS 1.2.1

(vda) .

24)

23) CaS Vi. 8.58 attakla( [])

NS kltta( []) aprptakla(

[]) ,

.

17 (: , 2003)

.

24) Fragam. 3 (svaparapaka) Fragm. 4

(sdhana) (daa) NS 1.2.1

(vda)

Vdavidhna NS .

Fragm. 4 (vda) (sdhana) (daa)

Fragm. 9 (daa)

.

dani nynatvayavottaradokepabhvodbhvanni. ebhir hy asau

parapako dyate.

25)

. Fragm. 2 Frauwallner (1933), p. 289 .

An zweite Stelle mssen wir den Satz ..., der zwar, wie gasagt, vielleicht kein

wrtliches Zitat enthlt, aber jedenfalls die Lehre des Vdavidhnam wiedergibt.

Aus ihm sehen wir, da Vasubandhu nur eine Form der kath anerkannte,

nmlich den vda, whrend er jalpa und vita ablehnte.

Frauwallner kath , vda

jalpa vita

. vda .

Naiyyika vda jalpa

.

25) Frauwallner (1933), p. 301, 30-31. Frauwallner

(1957), p. 121 Frauwallner Vdavidhi

.

Die Widerlegung (daa) besteht darin, da man zeigt, da die Beweisfhrung

des Gegners zu wenig (nynat) oder zu viel enthlt (adhikat), da ihre

Glieder fehlerhaft sind (avayavbhs), da seine Entgegnung falsch ist

(uttaradoa) und da Einwnde mglich sind (kepabhva).

Vdavidhna

. M. T. Much (1991), pp. 212-213

Dignga Nyyapark .

Uddyotakara NV

Much (1991), p. 212

.

To sum up, an attribution to Digngas Nyyapark seems quite reasonable,

but the authorship of Vasubandhu may not be altogether excluded.

(Vasubandhu)

[] , [],

. []

.

(uttaradoa)

. (uttara)

? CaS Vi. 8.36

NS (jti)

.

26)

NS

, Nyya ,

. CaS (uttara)

. CaS

CaS ,

.

27)

Fragm. 9

. Fragm. 9

(uttaradoa)

NS (jti) . Fragm. 9

(uttaradoa)

26) CaS Vi. 8.36 (uttara) NS (jti)

. (uttara)

,

,

(jti) .

27) CaS (uttara)

. NS (jti)

(argument)

.

, NS /(tattva)

(vda)

.

Fragm. 9 (nynat) , CaS

Vi. 8.54 (vkyadoa) CaS Vi. 8.65

(nigrahasthna) . NS 5.2.1

NS 5.2.12

. Vdavidhna (vda)

.

Vdavidhna

(vda)

.

VI.

.

28)

.

.

NS (vda), (jalpa),

28) Fragm. 2 lbhdaya di

.

(Vasubandhu)

(vita) .

NBh 1.2.2 (jalpa) (chala),

(jti) (nigrahasthna)

(vita) . NBh

(chala), (jti)

(nigrahasthna)

. ,

(pratiedhrthat

) .

29)

(Vtsyyana)

. (chala), (jti)

(nigrahasthna)

.

.

30)

(chala) , ,

(jalpa)

. (jalpa) (vda)

29) NBh, p. 358, 2-3: ... pratiedhrthataivai smnyalakae viealakae ca

... .

30) NBh, p. 359, 5-6 : pramai sdhanoplambhayo chalajtinigrahasthnnm

agabhva svapakarakarthatvt.

[] , ,

.

NBh, p. 360, 5-6 : tad evam agbhtn chaldinm updna jalpe, na

svatantr sdhanabhva uplambhe tu svtantryam apy astti.

, [ , ,

], . [ ]

. .

(prama) (tarka)

.

31)

(nigrahasthna)

.

32)

(kath) (vda),

(jalpa) (vita)

.

VII.

NS

33)

? .

,

(Idealtypus) .

Manusmti

,

34)

31) NBh, p. 342, 3-6 .

32) NBh, pp. 339, 4-340, 3 .

33) NS , .

Meuthrath (1996) . Meuthrath

NS

,

.

Kang (2002), p. 37 .

34)

(Vasubandhu)

,

.

35)

vda

jalpa vita

(vda) (veda)

(brahmodya)

jalpa vita

.

36)

,

37)

.

(vda)

.

.

,

.

,

, haituka(

.

38)

. NS,

CaS

.

,

. NS

.

38) (stra) CaS

CaS Vi. 8.16 .

CaS Vi. 8.16: dvividh tu khalu tadvidyasambh bhavati: sandhyasambh-

, vighyasambh ca.

: .

CaS Vi. 8.18 (... vighya-

sambhy jalpet ...) ,

. (pariad)

, (para) ,

(CaS Vi. 8.19),

(CaS Vi. 8.20:... jnavat mhapariac ca ...) ,

, , []

(CaS Vi. 8.20:... suhtpariad udsnapariat pratiniviapariac ceti.)

.

(Vasubandhu)

in, ; 1924-1932(reprint 1983, Shin

Wen Feng Chu Pan; Taipei) vol. 32 No. 1632.

in , ; 1924-1932(reprint 1983, Shin Wen

Feng Chu Pan; Taipei) vol. 32 No. 1633.

BSBh: Brahmastrabhya in Anantaka str (ed.), Bhrgav str (re-eds.),

The Brahmastra akara Bhya with the Commentaries Bhmat, Kalpataru and

Parimala, Niraya Sgar Press; Bombay 1938.

CaS: Carakasahit in Vaidya Jdavaji Trikamji (ed.), Carakasahit by

Agnivea revised by Charaka and Didhabala, with the yurveda-Dpik

Commentary of Chakrapidatta, 3rd ed.; Bombay (reprint 1984; Benares) 1941.

Frauwallner, E. 1933 Zu den Fragmenten buddhistischer Logiker im Nyyavrttikam,

in Wiener Zeitschrift fr die Kunde des Morgenlandes 40 (1933), pp. 281-304. 1957

Vasubandhus Vdavidhi, in Wiener Zeitschrift fr die Kunde Sd- und Ostasiens 1

(1957), pp. 104-146.

Halbfass, W. 1988 India and Europe-An Essay in Understanding, State University of

New York Press; Albany.

Heesterman, J. C. 1968-69 On the Origin of the Nstika, in Wiener Zeitschrift fr die

Kunde Sd- und Ostasiens 12-13 (1968-69), pp. 171-185.

Kang, SungYong 2002 Die Debatte im alten Indien-Untersuchungen zum

Sambhvidhi und verwandten Themen in der Carakasahit Vimnasthna

8.15-28, Dr. Inge Wezler; Reinbek.

Mahbhrata: Sukthankar, Vishnu S. (general editor), The Mahbhrata-for the

first time critically edited, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute; Poona 1933-1958.

Meuthrath, A. 1996 Untersuchungen zur Kompositionsgeschichte der Nyyastras,

Echter Verlag; Wrzburg/Oros Verlag; Altenberge.

Much, M. T. 1991 Fragments from Dignga? Traces of a Pre-Dharmakrti Buddhist

Polemic against the Nyya-Nigrahasthna, in Beitrge zur Kultur- und

Geistesgeschichte Asiens Nr. 8. Studies in the Buddhist Epistemological Tradition, ed.

by Ernst Steinkellner, Verlag der sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften;

Wien, pp. 211-220.

NBh: Nyyabhya in Taranatha Nyya-Tarkatirtha & Amarendramohan

Tarkatirtha (eds.), Nyyadarana with Vtsyyanas Bhya, Uddyotakaras

Vrttika, Vcaspati Miras Ttparyak & Vivanthas Vtti, Calcutta Sanskrit

Series 18-19 (reprint 2nd ed. 1985, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers; New Delhi)

1936-1944.

NS: Nyyastra in Ruben, W.: Die Nyyastras-Text, bersetzung, Erluterung

und Glossar, Deutsche Morgenlndische Gesellschaft; Leipzig 1928.

NV: Nyyavrttika in NBh.

NVT: Nyyavrttikattparyak in NBh.

Prasannapad: La Valle Poussin, Louis de (ed.), Mlamadhyamakakriks(M-

dhyamika stra) de Ngrjuna avec la Prasannapad Commentaire de Candrakrti,

Bibliotheca Buddhica 4; St. Ptersburg 1903-1913.

PW: Bhtlingk, O. &R. Roth: Sanskrit-Wrterbuch, 7 Bde.; St. Petersburg (reprint

1990, Motilal Banarsidass; Delhi) 1855-1875.

pw: Bhtlingk, O.: Sanskrit-Wrterbuch in krzerer Fassung, 3 Bde., Kaiserliche

Akademie der Wissenschaften; St. Petersburg (reprint 1959, Akademische Druck- u.

Verlagsanstalt; Graz) 1883-1886.

Randle, H. N. 1926 Fragments from Dinga, The Royal Asiatic Society;

London(reprint 1981, Motilal Banarsidass; Delhi). 1930, Indian Logic in the Early

Schools - A Study of the Nyyadarana in Its Relation to the Early Logic of Other

Schools, Oxford University Press (reprint 1976, Oriental Books Reprint Corporation;

New Delhi).

Tr.1: Kaviratna, A. Chandra & P. Sharma (tr.), Caraka Sahit, Indian Medical

Science Series 42, Second Revised Edition, Prefaced by Jan Erik Sigdell, Sri Satguru

Publications; Delhi 1996.

Tr.2: Ram Karan Sharma & Vaidya Bhagwan Dash: Agniveas Caraka Sahit -

Text with English Translation & Critical Exposition based on Cakrapi Dattas

yurveda Dpik, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Studies 94, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series

Office; Varanasi 1985.

T: *Tarkastra in Tucci, G.: Pre-Dinga Buddhist Texts on Logic from Chinese

Sources, Oriental Institute Baroda; Baroda 1929.

(Vasubandhu)

TSI: Terminologie der frhen philosophischen Scholastik in Indien - Ein

Begriffswrterbuch zur altindischen Dialektik, Erkenntnislehre und Methodologie, Bd.

I. (1991) von G. Oberhammer unter Mitarbeit von Ernst Prets und Joachim

Prandstetter, Bd. II. (1996) von G. Oberhammer & E. Prets & J. Prandstetter,

Verlag der sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften; Wien.

Tucci, G. 1929 Buddhist Logic before Dinga (Asaga, Vasubandhu, Tarka-stra),

in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society(1929), pp. 451-488.

Vidyabhusana, S. C. 1921 A History of Indian Logic; Calcutta (reprint 1978, Motilal

Banarsidass; Delhi/Varanasi/Patna).

(Vasubandhu, ), Vdavidhna, (vda), (jalpa),

(vita), (Vtsyyana), (kath), (nigrahasth

-na)

Vasubandhus View on Debate

Kang, Sung-yong

In a fragment from Vdavidhna we can find Vasubandhus

rejection of the three kinds of debate, i.e. vda, jalpa and vita,

which we can find in Nyyastra 1.2.1-1.2.3 as a typical example or

in Carakasahit Vi. 8.28. Although there were many different views

over the debate (vda) and related topics, such three-division of

debate had been accepted in broad circle of the early debate tradition

in India. Through the analysis of further fragments I demonstrated

that Vasubandhu used the term, vda in such a neutral way that

both positive and negative kinds of debate can be understood by it.

On the basis of a thinking experiment one can see that an unintended

occurrence of an argumentative failure does not make a large

difference to an intended use of an incorrect argument in a real

debate. This practical inapplicability of such a differentiation was, I

believe, the reason for Vasubandhus rejection of the three kinds of

debate. In this way we can understand the view Vasubandhus that

there is only one way of the discourse (kathmrga). Apparently this

refusal of the three kinds of debate came from the analysis of the

actual debate process. These three kinds of debate were probably

delivered from the ritualistic tradition and accepted as a practical

guideline assistance for the debaters in the days of Vasubandhu in

India