Íàóêîâî-ïðàêòè÷íèéæóðíàë 3 (77) 2014ndiiv.org.ua/Files2/0314.comp.pdf · 2016. 11. 13. · УДК347.(77+78) 3 (77) 2014 ©Науковоgдосліднийінститутінтелектуальноївласності

УДК 347.(77+78)

3 (77) 2014

© Науковоgдослідний інститут інтелектуальної власностіНаціональної академії правових наук України, 2014

ÇÌ²ÑÒ

Ïðàâî ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³

Ðàáîòÿãîâà Ë. Ñèñòåìàòèçàö³ÿ çàêîíîäàâñòâàÏîðòóãàë³¿ ó ñôåð³ ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿âëàñíîñò³ ................................................5

Çàõèñò ïðàâ

Øòåôàí Î. Ïîçîâ ó ñïðàâàõ, ÿê³ âèíèêàþòüç àâòîðñüêèõ ïðàâîâ³äíîñèí ..................... 12

Øòåôàí À. Çì³íà àáî ïðèïèíåííÿïðàâîâ³äíîøåííÿ ÿê ñïîñ³á çàõèñòóàâòîðñüêîãî ïðàâà ................................... 26

Áóòí³ê-Ñ³âåðñüêèé Î. Äîêóìåíòàëüí³ äîêàçè,ïîâ’ÿçàí³ ç³ çáèòêàìè â³ä íåïðàâîì³ðíîãîâèêîðèñòàííÿ îá’ºêò³â ïðàâà ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿âëàñíîñò³ ............................................... 33

Çàñîáè ³íäèâ³äóàë³çàö³¿

Ìàöêåâè÷ Î. Ñï³ââ³äíîøåííÿ êîìåðö³éíîãîíàéìåíóâàííÿ òà äîìåííîãî ³ìåí³ ............. 45

ßìïîëüñüêà Î. Trademark law issues relatedto repackaging of pharmaceutical productsin the European Union ..............................54

Íàóêîâî-ïðàêòè÷íèé æóðíàë

ÇÀÑÍÎÂÍÈÊÍàóêîâî-äîñë³äíèé ³íñòèòóò³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³Íàö³îíàëüíî¿ àêàäåì³¿ïðàâîâèõ íàóê Óêðà¿íè

Ñâ³äîöòâî ïðî äåðæàâíó ðåºñòðàö³þÊÂ ¹ 10573 â³ä 07.11.2005 ðîêó.

Ðåêîìåíäîâàíî äî äðóêó â÷åíîþðàäîþ ÍÄ² ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿âëàñíîñò³ ÍÀÏðÍ Óêðà¿íè(ïðîòîêîë¹5 â³ä 27.05.2014 ðîêó).

Ðåäàêö³ÿ:Îðëþê Î. Ï. — ãîëîâíèé ðåäàêòîð,Ïåòðåíêî Ñ. À.— çàñòóïíèê ãîëîâíîãîðåäàêòîðà,Ìàöêåâè÷ Î. Î. — ðåäàêòîð,Îñèïîâà À. Î. — ë³òåðàòóðíèéðåäàêòîð,Ïåòðåíêî ². ². — â³äïîâ³äàëüíèéñåêðåòàð.

Àäðåñà ðåäàêö³¿:03680, ÌÑÏ, ì. Êè¿â-150,âóë. Áîæåíêà, 11, êîðï. 4Òåë.: 228-21-37, 228-22-16Òåë./ôàêñ: 200-08-76www.ndiiv.org.uae-mail: [email protected]

Íàäðóêîâàíî ç îðèã³íàë-ìàêåòà âÒÎÂ «ÍÂÏ “²íòåðñåðâ³ñ”»,âóë. Áîðèñï³ëüñüêà, 9.Ñâ³äîöòâî: ñåð³ÿ ÄÊ ¹ 3534 â³ä24.07.2009 ðîêó

Çäàíî äî íàáîðó 05.06.2014 ðîêó.Ï³äïèñàíî äî äðóêó 20.06.2014 ðîêó.Ôîðìàò 70õ108/16. Ïàï³ð îôñåòíèé.Äðóê îôñåòíèé.Íàêëàä 300 ïðèì³ðíèê³â.

ISSN 2308g0361

Ì³øåâ Ì. Defend the Flag. Protectionof Foreign State Emblems, Official Hallmarks,Names and Emblems of IntergovernmentalOrganizations in the United States ............. 64

Íàóêîâà ðàäà æóðíàëó:

Äîâãåðò À. Ñ., ÷ë.-êîð. ÍÀÏðÍÓ,ä.þ.í., ïðîô; Êóçíºöîâà Í. Ñ.,àêàä. ÍÀÏðÍÓ, ä.þ.í., ïðîô.;Ìàéäàíèê Ð. À., ÷ë.-êîð. ÍÀÏðÍÓ,ä.þ.í., ïðîô.; Ìàëèøåâà Í. Ð.,ä.þ.í., ïðîô.; Ïàòîí Á. ª., ïðåç.ÍÀÍÓ, ä.ò.í.; Ïðèòèêà Ä. Ì., àêàä.ÍÀÏðÍÓ, ä.þ.í.; Ðåäüêî Â. Â., ä. ñ.-ã. í.; Ñòåôàí÷óê Ð. Î., ÷ë.-êîð.ÍÀÏðÍÓ, ä.þ.í.; Òàö³é Â. ß.,ïðåç. ÍÀÏðÍÓ, ä.þ.í.; Øåìøó-÷åíêî Þ. Ñ., àêàä. ÍÀÍÓ, àêàä.ÍÀÏðÍÓ, ä.þ.í.

Ðåäàêö³éíà êîëåã³ÿ æóðíàëó:

Ìèðîíåíêî Í. Ì. (ãîëîâàðåäàêö³éíî¿ êîëåã³¿),Äîðîøåíêî Î. Ô. (çàñòóïíèêãîëîâè ðåäàêö³éíî¿ êîëåã³¿),Àíäðîùóê Ã. Î., Áóòí³ê-Ñ³âåðñüêèé Î. Á., Âàñèëüºâà Â. À.,Ãàëèöÿ ². Î., Ãåòìàíöåâ Ä. Î.,Äðîá’ÿçêî Â. Ñ., Çàõàð÷åíêî Ò. Ã.,Êàíçàôàðîâà ². Ñ.,Êîïèëåíêî Î. Ë., Êîññàê Â. Ì.,Êðóï÷àí Î. Ä., Ìîñêàëåíêî Â. Ñ.,Íåæèáîðåöü Â. ²., Ïàíîâ Ì. ².,Ïåòðèøèí Î. Â., Ï³÷êóð Î. Â.,Ñâÿòîöüêèé Î. Ä., Ñåì÷èê Â. ².,Ñèäîðîâ ². Ô., Ñîëîùóê Ì. Ì.,Òåïëþê Ì. Î., Òèõèé Â. Ï.,Þð÷åíêî Î. Ì.,Å. Õ. Àðìàçà-Àðìàçà (²ñïàí³ÿ),ß. Ïåë³îâà (Ñëîâà÷÷èíà),Ë. Öâ³êëà (Ïîëüùà).

Теорія і практика інтелектуальної власності g 3/20142

Журнал засновано в лютому 2002 року,перейменовано у листопаді 2005 року,

внесено до переліку фахових виданьВАК України з юридичних наук

© The Scientific and Research Institute of Intellectual Property of the NationalAcademy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine, 2014

UDC 347.(77+78)

3 (77) 2014

CONTENT

Intellectual property rights

Rabotiagova L. Systematization of the legislationof intellectual property rights in Portugal …...5

Defense and Remedies

Shtefan O. The lawsuit in cases arising fromauthor’s legal relations. ............................ 12

Shtefan A. Modification or terminationof the legal relationship as a meanof copyright protecting .............................26

Butnik-Siversky O. Documentary evidencesrelated to the losses incurred by illegal usageof intellectual property objects .................. 33

Designations

Matskevych O. Correlation between commercialname and domain name .............................45

Yampolska O. Trademark law issues relatedto repackaging of pharmaceutical productsin the European Union .........................….. 54

Scientific and practical journal

FOUNDERThe Scientific and ResearchInstitute of Intellectual Propertyof the NALS of Ukraine

Certificate of state registrationÊÂ ¹ 10573 issued 07.11.2005.

The issue is recommended by theScientific Council of the S&R IIP ofthe NALS of Ukraine (Minutes ¹ 5of the 27.05.2014).

Editorial:O. Orlyuk — Chief Editor,S. Petrenko — Deputy Chief Editor,O. Matskevych — Editor andLayout Designer,A. Osypova — Proofreader,I. Petrenko — AdministrativeSecretary.

Editorial address:11 Bozhenka Str., 13th floor, Kyiv,Ukraine, 03680Tel./fax: 200-08-76Tel.: 228-21-36www.ndiiv.org.uae-mail: [email protected]

Printed at “Interservis”. 9 Boryspilska Str.Certificate DK ¹ 3534 issued24.07.2009.

Sended to the printer 05.06.2014.Passed for printing 20.06.2014. Format70õ108/16. Offset paper. Offset print-ing.Circulaion 300 ex.

ISSN 2308g0361

Mishev M. Defend the Flag. Protectionof Foreign State Emblems, Official Hallmarks,Names and Emblems of IntergovernmentalOrganizations in the United States .........…..64

Scientific CouncilA. Dovgert, associate memberof the NALSU, PhD hab., prof.;N. Kuznetsova, academicianof the NALSU, PhD hab., prof.;R. Maydanyk, associate memberof the NALSU, PhD hab., prof.;N. Malysheva, PhD hab., prof.;B. Paton, the President of NASU,PhD hab.; D. Prytyka, academicianof the NALSU, PhD hab.; V. Redko,PhD hab.; R. Stefanchuk, associatemember of the NALSU, PhD hab.;V. Tatsiy, the President of theNALSU, PhD hab.;Y. Shemshuchenko, academicianof the NANU and NALSU, PhD hab.

Editorial boardN. Myronenko (head of the editori-al board), O. Doroshenko (deputyof the head of the editorial board),G. Androschuk, O. Butnik-Siverskyi, V. Vasylyeva,I. Halytsya, D. Hetmantsev,V. Drobyazko, I. Kanzafarova,O. Kopylenko, V. Kossak,O. Krupchan, V. Moskalenko,V. Nezhyborets, M. Panov,O. Petryshyn, O. Pichkur,V. Semchyk, I. Sydorov,M. Soloschuk, M. Teplyuk,B. Tykhyi, O. Yurchenko,E. J. Armaza-Armaza, PhD(Spain), Ing. J. Péliová, PhD(Slovak Republic), L. Ćwikła,Ph.D. hab. (Poland).

The magazine is founded in February 2002,renamed in November 2005,

included in the list of specialized publicagtions on legal sciences of HAC of Ukraine

4 Theory and practice of intellectual property g 3/2014

Ó ñòàòò³ ðîçãëÿíóòà ñèñòåìàòèçàö³ÿ çàêîíîäàâñòâà Ïîðòóãàë³¿ ó ñôåð³ ³íòåëåêòó-àëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³. Íàéá³ëüøå óâàãà ïðèä³ëåíà ñèñòåìàòèçàö³¿ ñôåðè ïðîìèñëîâî¿ âëàñ-íîñò³ ÿê îêðåìîãî êîìïëåêñíîãî íîðìàòèâíî-ïðàâîâîãî àêòà — Êîäåêñó ïðîìèñëîâî¿âëàñíîñò³, ùî ì³ñòèòü ï’ÿòü êíèã. Äåòàëüíî ïðîàíàë³çîâàíî ñòðóêòóðó òà çì³ñò êíèã,ÿê³ ðåãóëþþòü ïðàâîâó îõîðîíó âèíàõîä³â, êîðèñíèõ ìîäåëåé, ïðîìèñëîâèõ çðàçê³â,òîðãîâåëüíèõ ìàðîê, íàãîðîä, ô³ðìîâèõ íàéìåíóâàíü ³ åìáëåì, íàéìåíóâàíü ïîõîä-æåííÿ òà ãåîãðàô³÷íèõ çàçíà÷åíü, òîïîãðàô³é íàï³âïðîâ³äíèêîâèõ ïðîäóêò³â, àòàêîæ êíèã, ïðèñâÿ÷åíèõ çàãàëüíèì ïèòàííÿì àäì³í³ñòðàòèâíèõ ïðîöåäóð, ïîâ’ÿçà-íèõ ç íàáóòòÿì ïðàâ íà îá’ºêòè ïðîìèñëîâî¿ âëàñíîñò³ òà ¿õí³ì çàõèñòîì.

Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: ³íòåëåêòóàëüíà âëàñí³ñòü, çàêîíîäàâñòâî Ïîðòóãàë³¿

ISSN 2308-0361

Ëþäìèëà Ðàáîòÿãîâà,çàâ³äóâà÷ ñåêòîðà ïàòåíòíîãî ïðàâà ÍÄ²³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ ÍÀÏðÍ Óêðà¿íè

ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀÒÈÇÀÖ²ßÇÀÊÎÍÎÄÀÂÑÒÂÀ ÏÎÐÒÓÃÀË²¯Ó ÑÔÅÐ² ²ÍÒÅËÅÊÒÓÀËÜÍÎ¯

ÂËÀÑÍÎÑÒ²

5

ПРАВО ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЇ ВЛАСНОСТІ


Çâàæàþ÷è íà òå, ùî ïèòàííÿ ïðîíåîáõ³äí³ñòü êîäèô³êàö³¿ ³íòåëåêòó-àëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ â Óêðà¿í³ îáãîâî-ðþºòüñÿ â íàóêîâèõ êîëàõ ³ ç ìåòîþïðîàíàë³çóâàòè äîñâ³ä çàðóá³æíèõêðà¿í ó ö³é ñôåð³, ÿêèé ìîæå áóòè êî-ðèñíèì äëÿ Óêðà¿íè, áóëî ïðîâåäåíîäîñë³äæåííÿ ñèñòåìàòèçàö³¿ ³íòåëåê-òóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ â Ïîðòóãàë³¿.Ó Ïîðòóãàë³¿ ñôåðà ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿

âëàñíîñò³ ìàº êîíñòèòóö³éíî-ïðàâîâóðåãëàìåíòàö³þ [1]. Òàê, ó ðîçä³ë³ 1«Îñîáèñò³ ïðàâà, ñâîáîäè ³ ãàðàíò³¿»Êîíñòèòóö³¿ Ïîðòóãàë³¿ â ï. 1 ñò. 42ïðîãîëîøóºòüñÿ ïðàâî ³ ñâîáîäà òâîð-÷î¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³: «³íòåëåêòóàëüíà, õó-äîæíÿ ³ íàóêîâî òâîð÷³ñòü º â³ëüíîþ».Ïðè öüîìó ï. 2 ö³º¿ ñòàòò³ ðîç’ÿñ-íþºòüñÿ, ùî «öÿ ñâîáîäà ïåðåäáà÷àºïðàâà íà âèíàõ³ä, âèðîáíèöòâî òà ïî-øèðåííÿ íàóêîâîãî, ë³òåðàòóðíîãî ÷èõóäîæíüîãî òâîðó, çîêðåìà é çàõèñòçàêîíîì àâòîðñüêèõ ïðàâ».Ó ðîçä³ë³ 3 «Ïðàâà ³ îáîâ’ÿçêè â

îáëàñò³ êóëüòóðè» Êîíñòèòóö³¿ Ïîðòó-ãàë³¿ â ñò. 73 çàêð³ïëåíèé îáîâ’ÿçîêäåðæàâè çàîõî÷óâàòè òà ñòèìóëþâàòè

òâîð÷ó ä³ÿëüí³ñòü: «Íàóêîâà òâîð÷³ñòü³ â³äêðèòòÿ, à òàêîæ òåõíîëîã³÷í³ ³í-íîâàö³¿ ñòèìóëþþòüñÿ é ï³äòðèìóþòü-ñÿ äåðæàâîþ òàêèì ÷èíîì, ùîáè çà-áåçïå÷èòè â³äïîâ³äíó ñâîáîäó é àâòî-íîì³þ, çðîñòàííÿ êîíêóðåíòîçäàòíîñò³³ âçàºìîä³þ ì³æ íàóêîâèìè óñòàíîâà-ìè ³ ï³äïðèºìñòâàìè».Öèâ³ëüíèé êîäåêñ Ïîðòóãàë³¿ [2],

ÿêèé áóâ çàòâåðäæåíèé 25.11.1966ðîêó ³ íàáóâ ÷èííîñò³ 01.06.1967ðîêó, ñêëàäàºòüñÿ ç ï’ÿòè êíèã:1. Çàãàëüíà;2. Çîáîâ’ÿçàëüíå ïðàâî;3. Ïðàâî âëàñíîñò³;4. Ñ³ìåéíå ïðàâî;5. Ñïàäêîâå ïðàâî.Îäíàê Öèâ³ëüíèé êîäåêñ Ïîðòóãàë³¿

íå ì³ñòèòü ïîëîæåíü, ÿê³ ñòîñóþòüñÿïðàâà ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³. Òàêòðåòÿ êíèãà Öèâ³ëüíîãî êîäåêñó Ïîðòó-ãàë³¿ ïðèñâÿ÷åíà ò³ëüêè ïðàâó âëàñíîñò³é ³íøèì ðå÷îâèì ïðàâàì, çîêðåìà: íà-ëåæíîñò³ ðå÷åé (ðóõîìîãî òà íåðóõîìî-ãî ìàéíà, ìàòåð³àëüíèõ áëàã) ó÷àñíè-êàì öèâ³ëüíèõ â³äíîñèí; ñïîñîáàì ïå-ðåäàííÿ ïðàâ, ìàéíîâîìó îáîðîòó.

Ñôåðà ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ âÏîðòóãàë³¿ ðåãóëþºòüñÿ Êîäåêñîì ïðîàâòîðñüêå ïðàâî ³ ñóì³æí³ ïðàâà [3],çàòâåðäæåíèì Äåêðåòîì-çàêîíîì â³ä14.03.1985 ðîêó ¹ 63/85 (ç³ çì³íàìè)³ Êîäåêñîì ïðîìèñëîâî¿ âëàñíîñò³(Codigo da Propriedade Industrial) [4],çàòâåðäæåíèì Äåêðåòîì-çàêîíîì â³ä05.03.2003 ðîêó ¹ 36/2003 (ç³ çì³íà-ìè, âíåñåíèìè ó 2007 ³ 2008 ðîêàõ).Ðîçãëÿíåìî ÿê ðîçâèâàëîñü çàêîíî-

äàâñòâî Ïîðòóãàë³¿ â ñôåð³ ³íòåëåêòó-àëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³. Ïåðøèé çàêîí, ÿêèéñòîñóâàâñÿ ïðîìèñëîâî¿ âëàñíîñò³, áóâïðèéíÿòèé 16.01.1837 ðîêó. Öèì çà-êîíîì îõîðîíÿëèñÿ ò³ëüêè âèíàõîäè,ïîò³ì 04.06.1883 ðîêó íàáóâ ÷èííîñò³çàêîí, ÿêèì íàäàâàëàñÿ ïðàâîâà îõî-ðîíà òîðãîâåëüíèì ìàðêàì.Ïåðøèé Êîäåêñ ïðîìèñëîâî¿ âëàñíî-

ñò³ Ïîðòóãàë³¿ áóâ ïðèéíÿòèé ó 1940ðîö³. Á³ëüø í³æ 50 ðîê³â ïîòîìó éîãîáóëî ïåðåãëÿíóòî é íîâà ðåäàêö³ÿ Êî-äåêñó áóëà çàòâåðäæåíà Äåêðåòîì-çàêî-íîì â³ä 24.01.1995 ðîêó ¹ 16/95.Ïðîòå çì³íè â ïîë³òèö³ ªâðîïåé-

ñüêîãî Ñï³âòîâàðèñòâà ó ñôåð³ ïðàâî-âîãî ðåãóëþâàííÿ ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿âëàñíîñò³, à òàêîæ øâèäêèé ðîçâèòîêòåõí³êè çóìîâèëè íåîáõ³äí³ñòü äîêî-ð³ííî¿ ïåðåðîáêè ³ ö³º¿ ðåäàêö³¿ Êî-äåêñó. Ï³ñëÿ 5 ðîê³â ðîáîòè êîì³ñ³¿,ñòâîðåíî¿ Ïàðëàìåíòîì, ó 2003 ðîö³ç’ÿâèëàñü íîâà ðåäàêö³ÿ Êîäåêñó ïðî-ìèñëîâî¿ âëàñíîñò³ Ïîðòóãàë³¿, êîòðàáóëà çàòâåðäæåíà Äåêðåòîì-çàêîíîìâ³ä 05.03.2003 ðîêó ¹ 36/2003 (äàë³ —Êîäåêñ).Íîâà ðåäàêö³ÿ Êîäåêñó çì³íèëà ïî-

ïåðåäí³é Êîäåêñ ïðîìèñëîâî¿ âëàñíî-ñò³, ïåðåäóñ³ì, çà ðàõóíîê ³ìïëåìåíòà-ö³¿ â íàö³îíàëüíå çàêîíîäàâñòâî ïðà-âîâèõ ³íñòðóìåíò³â ªÑ, çîêðåìà;•Äèðåêòèâè ªâðîïåéñüêîãî ïàðëà-ìåíòó òà Ðàäè ªÑ ïðî ïðàâîâó îõî-ðîíó á³îòåõíîëîã³÷íèõ âèíàõîä³â â³ä06.07.1998 ðîêó ¹ 98/44/ªÑ [5];•Äèðåêòèâè ªâðîïåéñüêîãî ïàðëà-ìåíòó òà Ðàäè ªÑ ïðî ïðàâîâóîõîðîíó ïðîìèñëîâèõ çðàçê³â â³ä13.10.1998 ðîêó ¹ 98/71/ªÅÑ [6].

•Ðåãëàìåíòó Ðàäè ªÑ ïðî çàïðîâàä-æåííÿ äîäàòêîâîãî îõîðîííîãîñåðòèô³êàòà ùîäî ìåäè÷íèõ ïðî-äóêò³â â³ä 18.06.1992 ðîêó¹ 1768/92 [7];•Ðåãëàìåíòó Ðàäè ªÑ ïðî çàïðîâàä-æåííÿ äîäàòêîâîãî îõîðîííîãîñåðòèô³êàòà íà çàñîáè çàõèñòóðîñëèí â³ä 23.07.1996 ðîêó¹ 1610/96 [8].Êð³ì öüîãî, ïðèéíÿòîþ ðåäàêö³ºþ

Êîäåêñó ðåãóëþºòüñÿ ïðàâîâà îõîðîíàòîïîãðàô³é íàï³âïðîâ³äíèêîâèõ ïðî-äóêò³â, äî öüîãî ÷àñó âîíà ðåãëàìåíòó-âàëàñÿ Çàêîíîì â³ä 30.06.1989 ðîêó¹ 16/89.Êîäåêñ àäàïòîâàíèé äî âñ³õ ì³æíà-

ðîäíèõ óãîä, ðàòèô³êîâàíèõ Ïàðëà-ìåíòîì Ïîðòóãàë³¿, àäì³í³ñòðóâàííÿÿêèõ çä³éñíþº Âñåñâ³òíÿ îðãàí³çàö³ÿ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ (ÂÎ²Â). Ç îã-ëÿäó íà òå, ùî Ïîðòóãàë³ÿ â 1996 ðîö³íàáóëà ÷ëåíñòâà â Ñâ³òîâ³é îðãàí³çàö³¿òîðã³âë³ (ÑÎÒ), Êîäåêñ ãàðìîí³çîâàíî çïîëîæåííÿìè Óãîäè TRIPS, ùî ä³º ï³äåã³äîþ ö³º¿ îðãàí³çàö³¿. Ï³ä ÷àñ ðîáîòèíàä íîâîþ ðåäàêö³ºþ Êîäåêñó çàêîíî-äàâöÿìè áóëî âèïðàâëåíî î÷åâèäí³ ïî-ìèëêè é óñóíóòî íåäîë³êè, íàÿâí³ âïîïåðåäíüîìó Êîäåêñ³ 1995 ðîêó.Íà â³äì³íó â³ä Êîäåêñó ïðîìèñëî-

âî¿ âëàñíîñò³ ²òàë³¿, â Êîäåêñ³ ïðîìè-ñëîâî¿ âëàñíîñò³ Ïîðòóãàë³¿ â³äñóòíÿãëàâà, ïðèñâÿ÷åíà ä³ÿëüíîñò³ Íàö³î-íàëüíîãî ³íñòèòóòó ïðîìèñëîâî¿ âëàñ-íîñò³ Ïîðòóãàë³¿ (Instituto Nacional dePropriedade Industrial — INPI), ÿêèéáóâ ñòâîðåíèé â 1976 ðîö³ â ðåçóëüòàò³ðåôîðìóâàííÿ Áþðî ïðîìèñëîâî¿âëàñíîñò³.Íàòåïåð öåé ²íñòèòóò, íàä³ëåíèé

ñòàòóñîì þðèäè÷íî¿ îñîáè ç àäì³í³-ñòðàòèâíîþ ³ ô³íàíñîâîþ ñàìîñò³éí³-ñòþ, çä³éñíþº ñâîþ ä³ÿëüí³ñòü ó ñôåð³ïðîìèñëîâî¿ âëàñíîñò³ ï³ä êåð³âíèöò-âîì ì³í³ñòðà þñòèö³¿. ²íñòèòóò â³äïî-â³äàº çà ðåàë³çàö³þ íàö³îíàëüíîãî çà-êîíîäàâñòâà, çîêðåìà é Êîäåêñó ïðî-ìèñëîâî¿ âëàñíîñò³, ÿêèé ì³ñòèòüêëþ÷îâ³ ïîëîæåííÿ ïðàâîâî¿ îõîðîíèïðîìèñëîâî¿ âëàñíîñò³ â Ïîðòóãàë³¿.


6 Теорія і практика інтелектуальної власності g 3/2014

Ë. Ðàáîòÿãîâà

Ä³ÿëüí³ñòü ²íñòèòóòó ñïðÿìîâàíà íà:•îõîðîíó ïðàâ ïðîìèñëîâî¿ âëàñíî-ñò³ â Ïîðòóãàë³¿ òà ïîçà ¿¿ ìåæàìè;•ñï³âïðàöþ ç ì³æíàðîäíèìè îðãà-í³çàö³ÿìè, ÷ëåíîì ÿêèõ º Ïîðòó-ãàë³ÿ;•ïîøèðåííÿ íàóêîâî-òåõí³÷íî¿ ³í-ôîðìàö³¿ ïðî ïðîìèñëîâó âëàñí³ñòü;•ñïðèÿííÿ âèêîðèñòàííþ ïðîìè-ñëîâî¿ âëàñíîñò³ äëÿ çì³öíåííÿ ³í-íîâàö³éíîãî ïîòåíö³àëó òà êîíêó-ðåíòîçäàòíîñò³ êðà¿íè;•ðîçâèòîê äîáðîñîâ³ñíî¿ êîíêóðåí-ö³¿ ³ áîðîòüá³ ç êîíòðàôàêòíîþïðîäóêö³ºþ [9].Çà ñâîºþ ñòðóêòóðîþ Êîäåêñ — öå

çàêîí, ó ÿêîìó îá’ºäíàí³ íîðìè, ùîðåãóëþþòü ïðàâîâó îõîðîíó âèíàõî-ä³â, êîðèñíèõ ìîäåëåé, ïðîìèñëîâèõçðàçê³â, òîðãîâåëüíèõ ìàðîê, íàãî-ðîä, ô³ðìîâèõ íàéìåíóâàíü òà åìá-ëåì, íàéìåíóâàíü ïîõîäæåííÿ òàãåîãðàô³÷íèõ çàçíà÷åíü, òîïîãðàô³éíàï³âïðîâ³äíèêîâèõ ïðîäóêò³â. Îêðå-ì³ êíèãè Êîäåêñó ïðèñâÿ÷åí³ çàãàëü-íèì ïèòàííÿì àäì³í³ñòðàòèâíèõïðîöåäóð, ïîâ’ÿçàíèõ ç íàáóòòÿìïðàâ íà îá’ºêòè ïðîìèñëîâî¿ âëàñíî-ñò³, à òàêîæ çàõèñòó íàáóòèõ ïðàâ.Óñóïåðå÷ ïîëîæåííÿì Ïàðèçüêî¿

êîíâåíö³¿ ïðî îõîðîíó ïðîìèñëîâî¿âëàñíîñò³ â Êîäåêñ³ äî îá’ºêò³â ïðîìè-ñëîâî¿ âëàñíîñò³ â³äíåñåíî òîïîãðàô³¿íàï³âïðîâ³äíèêîâèõ ïðîäóêò³â, òîìóá³ëüø ïðàâèëüíèì äëÿ öüîãî Êîäåêñóº íàçâà «Êîäåêñ ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñ-íîñò³». Îäíàê äëÿ çä³éñíåííÿ àíàë³çóöüîãî íîðìàòèâíî-ïðàâîâîãî àêòà, ìèáóäåìî âèêîðèñòîâóâàòè òåðì³íè çàîðèã³íàëüíèì òåêñòîì.Êîäåêñ ì³ñòèòü 358 ñòàòåé, ÿê³

îá’ºäíàí³ â ï’ÿòü êíèã:Êíèãà I. Çàãàëüíà ÷àñòèíà (ñòàò-

ò³ 1–50);Êíèãà II. Ïðàâîâ³ ñèñòåìè ïðîìè-

ñëîâî¿ âëàñíîñò³ (ñòàòò³ 51–315),Êíèãà III. Çàõèñò ïðàâ (ñòàò-

ò³ 316–345);Êíèãà IV. Çáîðè (ñòàòò³ 346–354);Êíèãà V. Áþëåòåíü ïðîìèñëîâî¿

âëàñíîñò³ (ñòàòò³ 355–358).

Êíèãà ² ñêëàäàºòüñÿ ç ï’ÿòè ãëàâ,ÿê³ ì³ñòÿòü íàéá³ëüø çàãàëüí³ ïîëî-æåííÿ, à òàêîæ àäì³í³ñòðàòèâíî-ïðîöå-ñóàëüí³ ä³¿, ùî ñòîñóþòüñÿ âñ³õ îá’ºêò³âïðàâà ïðîìèñëîâî¿ âëàñíîñò³, çîêðåìà:•ïîäàííÿ çàÿâîê;•âñòàíîâëåííÿ ïð³îðèòåòó;•ïîäàííÿ çàïåðå÷åíü ïðîòè âèäà÷³îõîðîííîãî äîêóìåíòà;•â³äìîâè â íàáóòò³ ïðàâ;•âèïðàâëåííÿ íåñóòòºâèõ ïîìèëîê;•ïåðåäàííÿ ïðàâ ³ ë³öåíçóâàííÿ;•âèçíàííÿ îõîðîííèõ äîêóìåíò³âíåä³éñíèìè,•ñóäîâîãî é àðá³òðàæíîãî ðîçãëÿäóàïåëÿö³é.Ñòàòòÿ 1 Êîäåêñó âèçíà÷àº ñîö³-

àëüíå çíà÷åííÿ ïðîìèñëîâî¿ âëàñíî-ñò³: «Ïðîìèñëîâà âëàñí³ñòü ìàº ñîö³-àëüíó ôóíêö³þ çàáåçïå÷åííÿ ñïðàâåä-ëèâî¿ êîíêóðåíö³¿ øëÿõîì íàäàííÿïðèâàòíîãî ïðàâà, à òàêîæ äëÿ çàïî-á³ãàííÿ íåäîáðîñîâ³ñí³é êîíêóðåí-ö³¿». Ïðè öüîìó, çã³äíî ç³ ñò. 2 Êî-äåêñó, ñôåðà ïðîìèñëîâî¿ âëàñíîñò³îõîïëþº íå ò³ëüêè ïðîìèñëîâ³ñòü ³òîðã³âëþ ó ïðÿìîìó çíà÷åíí³ ñëîâà,àëå òàêîæ ðèáàëüñòâî, ñ³ëüñüêå òà ë³-ñîâå ãîñïîäàðñòâî, ñêîòàðñòâî, âèäî-áóâíó ïðî-ìèñëîâ³ñòü ³ âñ³ ïðîäóêòèïðèðîäíîãî é ïðîìèñëîâîãî ïîõîä-æåííÿ òà ïîñëóãè.Â Êîäåêñ³ âñòàíîâëþºòüñÿ íàö³î-

íàëüíèé ðåæèì äëÿ âñ³õ çàÿâíèê³â ³çêðà¿í Ïàðèçüêîãî Ñîþçó òà êðà¿í-ó÷àñíèöü ÑÎÒ (ñò. 3), òîáòî âîíèìàþòü âñ³ ïðàâà ùîäî ïðîìèñëîâî¿âëàñíîñò³ ÿê ô³çè÷í³ ÷è þðèäè÷í³îñîáè, ùî ìàþòü ïîðòóãàëüñüêå ãðîìà-äÿíñòâî àáî çä³éñíþþòü ñâîþ ä³ÿëü-í³ñòü íà òåðèòîð³¿ Ïîðòóãàë³¿. Ïîëî-æåííÿ ùîäî ïðàâà ïð³îðèòåòó, ïîä³ëóçàÿâêè â³äïîâ³äàþòü ñò. 4À Ïàðèçüêî¿êîíâåíö³¿ ïðî îõîðîíó ïðàâ ïðîìèñëî-âî¿ âëàñíîñò³.Àíàë³ç ³íøèõ ïîëîæåíü Êíèãè ²

äàº ï³äñòàâè äî âèñíîâêó, ùî Êîäåêñì³ñòèòü íèçêó çàãàëüíèõ ïîëîæåíü,ÿê³ îá’ºäíóþòü ðîçð³çíåí³ ðåæèìèïðàâîâî¿ îõîðîíè îá’ºêò³â ïðîìèñëîâî¿âëàñíîñò³ â ºäèíó ñèñòåìó.



7


Êíèãà ²² Êîäåêñó ïîä³ëåíà íà â³ñ³ìðîçä³ë³â, êîæíèé ç ÿêèõ ïðèñâÿ÷åíèéïåâíîìó îá’ºêòó ïðàâà ïðîìèñëîâî¿âëàñíîñò³: âèíàõîäàì, êîðèñíèì ìîäå-ëÿì, ïðîìèñëîâèì çðàçêàì, òîðãîâåëü-íèì ìàðêàì, íàãîðîäàì, ô³ðìîâèìíàéìåíóâàííÿì ³ åìáëåìàì, íàéìåíó-âàííÿì ïîõîäæåííÿ òà ãåîãðàô³÷íèìçàçíà÷åííÿì, òîïîãðàô³ÿì íàï³âïðî-â³äíèêîâèõ ïðîäóêò³â.Êîæåí ç âîñüìè ðîçä³ë³â ì³ñòèòü

ãëàâè, ùî ñòîñóþòüñÿ:•âèçíà÷åííÿ îá’ºêòà ïðàâà;•óìîâ íàäàííÿ ïðàâîâî¿ îõîðîíè;•ïðîöåäóðè íàáóòòÿ ïðàâ;•óìîâ âèêîðèñòàííÿ ïðàâ, âè÷åðïàí-íÿ ïðàâ, ïðèìóñîâîãî ë³öåíçóâàííÿ;•âèçíàííÿ íåä³éñíèì îõîðîííîãîäîêóìåíòà.Ç îãëÿäó íà òå, ùî Ïîðòóãàë³ÿ ïðè-

ºäíàëàñü 24.11.1992 ðîêó äî Äîãîâîðóïðî ïàòåíòíå ñï³âðîá³òíèöòâî à òàêîæº Ó÷àñíèöåþ ªâðîïåéñüêî¿ ïàòåíòíî¿êîíâåíö³¿, ãëàâà «Ïðîöåäóðè ïàòåíòó-âàííÿ» ðîçä³ëó ²² «Âèíàõîäè» ïîä³ëå-íà íà òðè ï³äãëàâè: ïåðøà ñòîñóºòüñÿîòðèìàííÿ íàö³îíàëüíîãî ïàòåíòó;äðóãà — ïîäàííÿ ºâðîïåéñüêî¿ ïàòåíò-íî¿ çàÿâêè; òðåòÿ — ì³æíàðîäíî¿ çà-ÿâêè â³äïîâ³äíî äî Äîãîâîðó ïðî ïà-òåíòíó êîîïåðàö³þ (ÐÑÒ).Ãëàâè «Ïðîöåäóðè ðåºñòðàö³¿» äëÿ

ðîçä³ë³â, ïîâ’ÿçàíèõ ç ïðàâîâîþ îõî-ðîíîþ òîðãîâåëüíèõ ìàðîê, íàéìåíó-âàíü ïîõîäæåííÿ òà ãåîãðàô³÷íèõ çà-çíà÷åíü òàêîæ ìàþòü ï³äãëàâè, ùîðåãëàìåíòóþòü íàáóòòÿ ïðàâ íà ö³îá’ºêòè çà íàö³îíàëüíîþ ïðîöåäóðîþòà â³äïîâ³äíî äî ì³æíàðîäíèõ óãîä.Òàê, äëÿ òîðãîâåëüíèõ ìàðîê öå ï³ä-ãëàâè, ùî ñòîñóþòüñÿ ì³æíàðîäíî¿ ðå-ºñòðàö³¿ â³äïîâ³äíî äî Ìàäðèäñüêî¿óãîäè ïðî ì³æíàðîäíó ðåºñòðàö³þ çíà-ê³â ³ Ïðîòîêîëó äî ö³º¿ óãîäè òà Òîð-ãîâåëüíî¿ ìàðêè Ñï³âòîâàðèñòâà. Äëÿíàéìåíóâàíü ïîõîäæåííÿ — ï³äãëàâà,ùî ðåãëàìåíòóº ì³æíàðîäíó ðåºñòðà-ö³þ íàéìåíóâàíü ïîõîäæåííÿ â³äïî-â³äíî äî Ë³ñàáîíñüêî¿ óãîäè ïðî îõîðî-íó íàéìåíóâàíü ì³ñöü ïîõîäæåííÿ òà¿õíüî¿ ì³æíàðîäíî¿ ðåºñòðàö³¿.

Â Êíèç³ ²² Êîäåêñó ïðèâåðòàþòüóâàãó ò³ ïîëîæåííÿ, êîòð³ â³äð³çíÿþòü-ñÿ â³ä ïîëîæåíü óêðà¿íñüêîãî çàêîíî-äàâñòâà ó ñôåð³ ïðàâîâî¿ îõîðîíè ïðî-ìèñëîâî¿ âëàñíîñò³. Ïî-ïåðøå, öå ñòî-ñóºòüñÿ ïðàâîâî¿ îõîðîíè ïðîìèñëîâèõçðàçê³â. Òàê, çã³äíî ç ñò. 200 Êîäåêñóáóäü-ÿêèé çàðåºñòðîâàíèé ïðîìèñëî-âèé çðàçîê àáî ìîäåëü îõîðîíÿºòüñÿ àâ-òîðñüêèì ïðàâîì ç ìîìåíòó ¿õ ñòâî-ðåííÿ â îá’ºêòèâí³é ôîðì³. Â Óêðà¿í³ïðîìèñëîâèé çðàçîê îõîðîíÿºòüñÿ Öè-â³ëüíèì êîäåêñîì Óêðà¿íè òà ñïåö³-àëüíèì Çàêîíîì Óêðà¿íè «Ïðî îõîðî-íó ïðàâ íà ïðîìèñëîâ³ çðàçêè» ÿêîá’ºêò ïðîìèñëîâî¿ âëàñíîñò³. Àâòîð-ñüêî-ïðàâîâà îõîðîíà ïðîìèñëîâèõçðàçê³â óêðà¿íñüêèì çàêîíîäàâñòâîì íåïåðåäáà÷åíà.Ïî-äðóãå, Êîäåêñîì ðåãëàìåíòó-

ºòüñÿ ïðàâîâà îõîðîíà òàêèõ ïîçíà-÷åíü, ÿê íàãîðîäè, åìáëåìè, ëîãîòèïè.Çà óêðà¿íñüêèì çàêîíîäàâñòâîì âëàñíåíàãîðîäè ³ åìáëåìè íå îõîðîíÿþòüñÿ.Ö³ îá’ºêòè îõîðîíÿþòüñÿ ÿê òîðãîâåëü-í³ ìàðêè â³äïîâ³äíî äî Öèâ³ëüíîãî êî-äåêñó Óêðà¿íè òà Çàêîíó Óêðà¿íè«Ïðî îõîðîíó ïðàâ íà çíàêè äëÿ òîâà-ð³â ³ ïîñëóã». Ëîãîòèïàì â Óêðà¿í³òàêîæ íàäàºòüñÿ ïðàâîâà îõîðîíà ÿêòîðãîâåëüíèì ìàðêàì (ñëîâåñíèì).Ïðîöåäóðà íàäàííÿ ïðèìóñîâî¿ ë³-

öåíç³¿ äåòàëüíî ðåãëàìåíòîâàíà âñò. 107–112 Êíèãè ²² Êîäåêñó, à ñàìå:âèçíà÷åíî âèäè ïðèìóñîâèõ ë³öåíç³é;îáñòàâèíè, çà ÿêèõ âîíè âèäàþòüñÿ;ïîäàííÿ êëîïîòàííÿ äî Íàö³îíàëüíîãî³íñòèòóòó ïðîìèñëîâî¿ âëàñíîñò³ Ïîð-òóãàë³¿. Òàê, ïðèìóñîâ³ ë³öåíç³¿ íà-äàþòüñÿ, ÿêùî âèíàõ³ä íå âèêîðèñòî-âóºòüñÿ, íà âèíàõ³ä, ÿêèé íåìîæëèâîâèêîðèñòîâóâàòè áåç ³íøîãî âèíàõîäó,à äîìîâëåíîñò³ ùîäî ë³öåíç³¿ íà íüîãîíå áóëî äîñÿãíóòî, à òàêîæ äëÿ çàáåç-ïå÷åííÿ ñóñï³ëüíèõ ³íòåðåñ³â. Ïðî íà-äàííÿ ïðèìóñîâî¿ ë³öåíç³¿ ÷è â³äìîâóâ ¿¿ íàäàíí³ ïóáë³êóºòüñÿ ñïîâ³ùåííÿâ «Áþëåòåí³ ïðîìèñëîâî¿ âëàñíîñò³».Îñîáëèâó óâàãó ïðèâåðòàº Êíèãà

²²², ÿêà ïðèñâÿ÷åíà çàõèñòó ïðàâ ïðî-ìèñëîâî¿ âëàñíîñò³. Ðîçä³ë ² «Çàãàëüí³




ïîëîæåííÿ» ö³º¿ êíèãè, çîêðåìà, ì³-ñòèòü ñòàòò³, ÿêèìè âèçíà÷àºòüñÿ ïî-íÿòòÿ «íåðîçêðèòà ³íôîðìàö³ÿ», ðåã-ëàìåíòóºòüñÿ çàõèñò ïðàâ ïðîìèñëîâî¿âëàñíîñò³ ìèòíèìè îðãàíàìè. Ïîíÿòòÿ«íåðîçêðèòà ³íôîðìàö³ÿ» íàäàºòüñÿâ³äïîâ³äíî äî ñò. 39 Óãîäè TRIPS.Ðîçä³ë ²² «Àäì³í³ñòðàòèâí³ òà êðè-

ì³íàëüí³ ïðàâîïîðóøåííÿ» Êîäåêñóì³ñòèòü ñòàòò³, â ÿêèõ îõàðàêòåðèçî-âàíî ä³¿, ùî êâàë³ô³êóþòüñÿ ÿê àäì³-í³ñòðàòèâí³ ÷è êðèì³íàëüí³ ïðàâîïî-ðóøåííÿ. Òàê, çîêðåìà, äî êðèì³-íàëüíèõ ïðàâîïîðóøåíü â³äíåñåíî:ïîðóøåííÿ âèêëþ÷íèõ ïðàâ íà âèíà-õ³ä, êîðèñíó ìîäåëü, ïðîìèñëîâèéçðàçîê àáî òîïîëîã³þ íàï³âïðîâ³äíè-êîâèõ âèðîá³â; ï³äðîáêó, ³ì³òàö³þ àáîíåçàêîííå âèêîðèñòàííÿ òîðãîâåëüíî¿ìàðêè; ïîðóøåííÿ ïðàâ ³ íåçàêîííåâèêîðèñòàííÿ íàéìåíóâàíü ïîõîäæåí-íÿ òà ãåîãðàô³÷íèõ çàçíà÷åíü. Íà â³ä-ì³íó â³ä óêðà¿íñüêîãî çàêîíîäàâñòâà,êðèì³íàëüíèìè ïîðóøåííÿìè º íåäîá-ðîñîâ³ñíå íàáóòòÿ ïðàâ íà îá’ºêòè ïðî-ìèñëîâî¿ âëàñíîñò³, ðåºñòðàö³ÿ îá’ºê-òà, êîòðîãî íå ³ñíóº, ÷è ç óòàþâàííÿì³ñòèíè, à òàêîæ çëîâæèâàííÿ ïðàâîìíà ðåºñòðàö³þ.Ñòàòò³ 317 ³ 331 Êíèãè ²²² Êîäåêñó

ïðèñâÿ÷åí³ íåäîáðîñîâ³ñí³é êîíêóðåí-ö³¿. Òàê, ó ñò. 317 âèçíà÷àºòüñÿ ïîíÿò-òÿ «íåäîáðîñîâ³ñíà êîíêóðåíö³ÿ», õà-ðàêòåðèçóþòüñÿ ä³¿, ùî º àêòàìè íå-äîáðîñîâ³ñíî¿ êîíêóðåíö³¿, â ñò. 331ðåãëàìåíòóºòüñÿ àäì³í³ñòðàòèâíà â³ä-ïîâ³äàëüí³ñòü çà íåäîáðîñîâ³ñíó êîí-êóðåíö³þ.Àäì³í³ñòðàòèâíà â³äïîâ³äàëüí³ñòü

çàñòîñîâóºòüñÿ ÿê çà ïðîòèïðàâíå âè-êîðèñòàííÿ íàãîðîä, ïîðóøåííÿ ïðàâàíà ô³ðìîâå íàéìåíóâàííÿ, åìáëåìè,ëîãîòèï, òàê ³ çà íåíàëåæíå âèêîðè-ñòàííÿ ô³ðìîâîãî íàéìåíóâàííÿ, åìá-ëåìè ÷è ëîãîòèïà.Ïðè öüîìó â³äïîâ³äíî äî ñò. 320 Êî-

äåêñó ïîëîæåííÿ ³íøîãî çàêîíó (Äåê-ðåòó-çàêîíó â³ä 20 ñ³÷íÿ ¹ 28/84)ùîäî êðèì³íàëüíî¿ â³äïîâ³äàëüíîñò³òà àäì³í³ñòðàòèâíèõ ïðàâîïîðóøåíüþðèäè÷íèõ îñ³á çàñòîñîâóþòüñÿ ñóáñè-

ä³àðíî ùîðàçó, ÿêùî çàçíà÷åí³ ïîëî-æåííÿ íå ñóïåðå÷àòü Êîäåêñó.Ó Ðîçä³ë³ ²²² Êîäåêñó îõàðàêòåðèçî-

âàíî çàñîáè òà ïðîöåäóðè äëÿ çàáåçïå-÷åííÿ äîòðèìàííÿ ïðàâ ïðîìèñëîâî¿âëàñíîñò³, àäì³í³ñòðàòèâíèé ³ êðèì³-íàëüíèé ïîðÿäîê çàõèñòó ïðàâ ïðîìè-ñëîâî¿ âëàñíîñò³. Ïîëîæåííÿ öüîãîðîçä³ëó ãàðìîí³çîâàíî ç Äèðåêòèâîþªâðîïåéñüêîãî ïàðëàìåíòó òà Ðàäè ªÑïðî çàáåçïå÷åííÿ äîòðèìàííÿ ïðàâ ³í-òåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ â³ä 29.04.2004ðîêó ¹ 2004/48/ªÑ [10]. Âàðòî çà-çíà÷èòè, ùî â³äïîâ³äíî äî ö³º¿ Äèðåê-òèâè òåðì³í «ïðàâà ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿âëàñíîñò³» îõîïëþº ïðàâà ïðîìèñëîâî¿âëàñíîñò³.Íàñàìïåðåä öå ñòîñóºòüñÿ çàõîä³â ç

çàáåçïå÷åííÿ äîêàç³â ³ çàñòåðåæíèõçàõîä³â, ïðàâà íà ³íôîðìàö³þ äëÿ ñó-äîâèõ îðãàí³â, çàõîä³â, ÿê³ âèïëè-âàþòü ç ð³øåííÿ ñïðàâè ïî ñóò³, îïóá-ë³êóâàííÿ ñóäîâèõ ð³øåíü.Íåîáõ³äíî çàçíà÷èòè, ùî ñò. 338-Ð

Êîäåêñó ïåðåäáà÷àºòüñÿ ñóáñèä³àðíåçàñòîñóâàííÿ Öèâ³ëüíîãî ïðîöåñóàëü-íîãî êîäåêñó Ïîðòóãàë³¿, ÿêùî äåÿê³ïðîöåäóðí³ ïèòàííÿ íå âðåãóëüîâàíî âöüîìó Ðîçä³ë³ Êîäåêñó.Êíèãà IV Êîäåêñó ì³ñòèòü ïîëîæåí-

íÿ. ùî ñòîñóþòüñÿ âèçíà÷åííÿ çáîð³â;ïîðÿäêó, ôîðì ³ ñòðîê³â ñïëàòè ïëàòå-æ³â; ï³ëüã, ÿê³ íàäàþòüñÿ çàÿâíèêàì;ïîâåðíåííÿ çáîð³â.Êíèãà V Êîäåêñó ïðèñâÿ÷åíà «Áþ-

ëåòåíþ ïðîìèñëîâî¿ âëàñíîñò³», ùî ºîô³ö³éíèì äæåðåëîì ³íôîðìàö³¿ ïðîïðàâà ïðîìèñëîâî¿ âëàñíîñò³ â Ïîðòó-ãàë³¿ òà âèäàºòüñÿ Íàö³îíàëüíèì ³í-ñòèòóòîì ïðîìèñëîâî¿ âëàñíîñò³.Ç ìîìåíòó ïðèéíÿòòÿ Êîäåêñ ïðî-

ìèñëîâî¿ âëàñíîñò³ Ïîðòóãàë³¿ íåîäíî-ðàçîâî ïåðåãëÿäàâñÿ. Íàéá³ëüø ñóòòº-â³ çì³íè äî íüîãî áóëè âíåñåí³ Äåêðå-òîì-çàêîíîì â³ä 25.06.2008 ðîêó¹ 143/2008.Ï³äñóìîâóþ÷è âèùåâèêëàäåíå ìîæ-

íà ä³éòè âèñíîâêó, ùî, ç ïîãëÿäó þðè-äè÷íî¿ íàóêè, Êîäåêñ ïðîìèñëîâî¿âëàñíîñò³ Ïîðòóãàë³¿ º êîìïëåêñíèìíîðìàòèâíî-ïðàâîâèì àêòîì ³ ì³ñòèòü



9


Cïèñîê âèêîðèñòàíèõ äæåðåë

1. Êîíñòèòóöèè ãîñóäàðñòâ Åâðîïåéñêîãî Ñîþçà / ïîä îáù. ðåä.Ë. À. Îêóíüêîâà. — Ì. : Èíôðà-Íîðìà, 2004. — Ñ. 413, 572.

2. Código Civil Portugals. Actualizado atii a Lei n.e 61/2008, de 31 de ouvubro [[Recursoeletrônico]. — Modo de acesso : http://www.porto gal.com/CodigoCivil. html.

3. Codigo do Direito de Autor e Direitos Conexos (aprovado pelo Decreto-Lein. 63/85, de 14 de Março, e alterado pelas Leis n. s 45/85, de 17 de Setembro,e 114/91, de 3 de Setembro, e Decretos-Leis n.s 332/97 e 334/97, ambos de 27de Novembro, pela Lei n. 50/2004, de 24 de Agosto e pela Lei n. 24/2006 de 30de Junhottp) [Recurso eletrônico]. — Modo de acesso:http://www.spautores.pt/document/CodigodoDireitodeAutorCDADC.doc.

4. Codigo da Propriedade Industrial (aprovado pelo Decreto — Lei, n. 36/2003, de 5 deMarco, e alterado pelos Decretos — Leis, n. s 318/2007, de 26 de Setembro, n 360/2007,2 de Novembro, 143/2008, de 25 de Julho, e pela Lei n. 16/2008, de 1 de Abril). — Abril2009, Edicao: Instituto National de Propriedade Industrial [Recurso eletrônico]. —Modo de acesso : http://www.marcasepatentes.pt/index.php?section=30.

5. Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 1998on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions. [Electronic resource]. — OJ L213.-30.07.1998. — P. 13–21. — Access mode : http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1998:213:0013:0021:EN:PDF.

6. Directive 98/71/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 1998on the legal protection of designs.[Electronic resource]. — OJ L 289, 28,10.94. —P. 28–37. — Access mode : http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do-?uri=CELEX:31998L0071:EN:HTML

7. Council Regulation (EEC) № 1768/92 of 18 June 1992 concerning the creation of asupplementary protection certificate for medicinal products. — OJ L 182. -02.07.1992. — P. 1–5. [Electronic resource]. — Access mode :http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1992:182:0001:0005:EN:PDF.

8. Council Regulation (EC) No 1610/96 of 23 July 1996 concerning the creation of asupplementary protection certificate for plant protection products[Electronic re-source]. — OJ L 198, 8.8.1996. — P. 30–35. — Access mode : http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31996R1610:EN:HTML.

íîðìè öèâ³ëüíî¿, àäì³í³ñòðàòèâíî¿òà êðèì³íàëüíî¿ ãàëóçåé ïðàâà, ùîïîâ’ÿçàí³ ç ðåãóëþâàííÿì â³äíîñèíó ñôåð³ ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³.Ñôåðà ïðîìèñëîâî¿ âëàñíîñò³ â

Ïîðòóãàë³¿ ðåãóëþºòüñÿ íà äâîõ ð³â-íÿõ: ïåðøèé — öå Êîäåêñ ïðîìèñëî-âî¿ âëàñíîñò³; äðóãèé — ñïåö³àëüí³ çà-êîíè òà â³äîì÷³ íîðìàòèâíî-ïðàâîâ³àêòè, ùî äåòàëüíî ðåãëàìåíòóþòü ïî-ëîæåííÿ, íàâåäåí³ â Êîäåêñ³. Öå, ïå-ðåäóñ³ì, ñòîñóºòüñÿ àäì³í³ñòðàòèâíî-ïðàâîâîãî ðåãóëþâàííÿ ïðîöåäóð íà-áóòòÿ ïðàâ íà îá’ºêòè ïðîìèñëîâî¿âëàñíîñò³. Çîêðåìà, òàêèì àêòîì º,Íîðìàòèâí³ âèìîãè äî äîêóìåíò³â çà-

ÿâîê íà íàáóòòÿ ïðàâ ïðîìèñëîâî¿âëàñíîñò³, ÿê³ ââåäåí³ â ä³þ ÓêàçîìÏðåçèäåíòà â³ä 19.09.2008 ðîêó¹ 24743/2008 [11]. Ïîòð³áíî òàêîæ çà-çíà÷èòè, ùî äîñâ³ä ñèñòåìàòèçàö³¿ çà-êîíîäàâñòâà Ïîðòóãàë³¿ ó ñôåð³ ïðîìè-ñëîâî¿ âëàñíîñò³ ó ôîðì³ îêðåìîãî àêòàìîæå áóòè êîðèñíèì äëÿ Óêðà¿íè.






11


9. O INPI — Apresentação [Recurso eletrônico]. — Modo de acesso:http://www.marcasepatentes.pt/index.php?section=55

10.Directive 2004/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004on the enforcement of intellectual property rights[Electronic resource]. — OJ L 157,30.4.2004. — P. 45–86. — Access mode : http://eur-ex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:157:0045:0086:EN:PDF.

11.Regulamentação dos requisitos formais dos requerimentos e dos documentos de in-strução dos pedidos de concessão de direitos de propriedade industrial / Despachon.º 24743/2008, de 3 de Outubro [Recurso eletrônico]. — Modo de acesso :http://www.portugalglobal.pt/PT/InvestirPortugal/GuiadoInvestidor/IndiceLegislacao/Paginas/Despacho_247432008.aspx.

Íàä³éøëà äî ðåäàêö³¿ 26.05.2014 ðîêó

Ðàáîòÿãîâà Ë. Ñèñòåìàòèçàöèÿ çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà Ïîðòóãàëèè â ñôåðå èíòåë-ëåêòóàëüíîé ñîáñòâåííîñòè. Ðàññìîòðåíà ñèñòåìàòèçàöèÿ çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà Ïîðòó-ãàëèè â ñôåðå èíòåëëåêòóàëüíîé ñîáñòâåííîñòè. Îñíîâíîå âíèìàíèå óäåëåíî ñèñòå-ìàòèçàöèè ïðîìûøëåííîé ñîáñòâåííîñòè â âèäå îòäåëüíîãî íîðìàòèâíî-ïðàâîâîãîàêòà — Êîäåêñà ïðîìûøëåííîé ñîáñòâåííîñòè, ñîñòîÿùåãî èç ïÿòè êíèã. Ïîäðîáíîïðîàíàëèçèðîâàíà ñòðóêòóðà è ñîäåðæàíèå êíèã, êîòîðûìè ðåãóëèðóåòñÿ ïðàâîâàÿîõðàíà èçîáðåòåíèé, ïîëåçíûõ ìîäåëåé, ïðîìûøëåííûõ îáðàçöîâ, òîâàðíûõ çíà-êîâ, íàãðàä, ôèðìåííûõ íàèìåíîâàíèé è ýìáëåì, íàèìåíîâàíèé ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ èãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ óêàçàíèé, òîïîëîãèè ïîëóïðîâîäíèêîâûõ ïðîäóêòîâ, à òàêæå êíèã,ïîñâÿùåííûõ îáùèì âîïðîñàì àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ïðîöåäóð, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ ïðèîáðå-òåíèåì ïðàâ íà îáúåêòû ïðîìûøëåííîé ñîáñòâåííîñòè è èõ çàùèòîé.

Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: èíòåëëåêòóàëüíàÿ ñîáñòâåííîñòü, çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâî Ïîðòóãàëèè

Rabotiagova L. Systematization of the legislation of intellectual property rights inPortugal. The article describes the systematization of the legislation of intellectualproperty in Portugal, which has a constitutional and legal regulation. The country hasthe Code of Copyright and Related Rights (approved by Law No. 45/85 of September17, 1985) and the Industrial Property Code (approved by Decree-Law 36/2003 of 5March, 2003).Industrial Property Code contains 358 articles combined into five books: Title I

«General part» (Art. 1–50); Title II «Industrial property law» (Art. 51–315), Title III«Infringements» (Art. 316–345); Title IV «Fees» (Art. 346–354); Title V «IndustrialProperty Bulletin» (Art. 355–358).It is analysed in detail the structure and content of the books that regulate the legal

protection of inventions, utility models, topography of semiconductor products, designsor models, trademarks, awards, trade name and insignia, logotypes, appellations of ori-gin and geographic indications and books dealing with general issues of administrativeprocedures related to obtaining rights to industrial property and their protection.It was concluded that the Industrial Property Code is a complex legal act containing

norms of civil, administrative and criminal areas of law that are associated withthe sphere of intellectual property. The industrial property is regulated at two levels:the first — the Industrial Property Code; the second — special Laws and departmentalRules, which regulate in detail the provisions contained in the Code. This primarilyrefers to the administrative and legal regulation procedures for acquiring rights to in-dustrial property.

Key words: intellectual property, legislation of Portugal

Íàóêîâà ñòàòòÿ ïðèñâÿ÷åíà ðîçêðèòòþ ñïåöèô³êè ïîçîâó ó ñïðàâàõ, ÿê³ âèíè-êàþòü ç àâòîðñüêèõ ïðàâîâ³äíîñèí. Àâòîð ïðèä³ëÿº óâàãó íå ëèøå öèâ³ëüí³é ïðîöå-ñóàëüí³é ïðèðîä³ ïîçîâó â öèâ³ëüíèõ ñïðàâàõ, à é çâåðòàº óâàãó íà äåÿê³ éîãî îñîá-ëèâîñò³, ïîâ’ÿçàí³ ç êîíêðåòíèì âèäîì ñïðàâè.

Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: â÷åííÿ ïðî ïîçîâ, ïîíÿòòÿ ïîçîâó, çàõèñò ïîðóøåíèõ ³ îñïîðåíèõïðàâ ³ çàêîííèõ ³íòåðåñ³â, ïîçîâíå ïðîâàäæåííÿ, öèâ³ëüíèé ïðîöåñ

ISSN 2308-0361

Îëåíà Øòåôàí,çàâ³äóâà÷ â³ää³ëó àâòîðñüêîãî ïðàâà ³ ñóì³æíèõ ïðàâÍÄ² ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ ÍÀÏðÍ Óêðà¿íè,êàíäèäàò þðèäè÷íèõ íàóê, äîöåíò

ÏÎÇÎÂ Ó ÑÏÐÀÂÀÕ,ßÊ² ÂÈÍÈÊÀÞÒÜÇ ÀÂÒÎÐÑÜÊÈÕÏÐÀÂÎÂ²ÄÍÎÑÈÍ


ЗАХИСТ ПРАВ

Àêòóàëüí³ñòü òåìè. Çàõèñò àâòîð-ñüêîãî ïðàâà é îõîðîíþâàíèõ çàêîíîì³íòåðåñ³â ó öèâ³ëüíîìó ñóäî÷èíñòâ³ çäå-á³ëüøîãî ìîæå çä³éñíþâàòèñü ó ïîçîâ-íîìó ïðîâàäæåíí³.Öèâ³ëüíèì ïðîöåñóàëüíèì çàñîáîì,

ÿêèé çàáåçïå÷óº ðåàë³çàö³þ ïðàâà íàçâåðíåííÿ äî ñóäó òà ìîæå ³í³ö³þâàòèéîãî ä³ÿëüí³ñòü ç ìåòîþ çä³éñíåííÿ çà-õèñòó ïîðóøåíîãî, íåâèçíàíîãî ÷è îñïî-ðþâàíîãî ïðàâà àáî ³íòåðåñ³â ó ñïðàâàõ,ùî âèíèêàþòü ç àâòîðñüêèõ ïðàâîâ³äíî-ñèí (ñòàòò³ 1, 3, 4, 15, 118 ÖÏÊ Óêðà¿-íè) º ïîçîâ (ïîçîâíà âèìîãà).Ð³âåíü äîñë³äæåííÿ òåìè. Ó â³ò÷èç-

íÿí³é òà ³íîçåìí³é öèâ³ëüí³é ïðîöåñó-àëüí³é ë³òåðàòóð³ íàÿâí³ ÷èñëåíí³ äî-ñë³äæåííÿ, ïðèñâÿ÷åí³ ïîçîâó òà ïî-çîâí³é ôîðì³ çàõèñòó ïðàâ, â ÿêèõâ³äîáðàæàºòüñÿ øèðîêèé ñïåêòð ð³ç-íîìàí³òíèõ ï³äõîä³â äî âèçíà÷åííÿïîçîâó, éîãî ñêëàäîâèõ ÷àñòèí, âèä³âïîçîâó, ïðàâà íà ïîçîâ, óìîâ ³ ïðîöå-ñóàëüíèõ çàñîá³â éîãî ðåàë³çàö³¿.Ïðîáëåìà ³íñòèòóòó ïîçîâó â öè-

â³ëüíîìó ïðîöåñóàëüíîìó ïðàâ³ áóëàîá’ºêòîì äîñë³äæåíü áàãàòüîõ ïîêî-ë³íü ó÷åíèõ öèâ³ë³ñò³â-ïðîöåñóàë³ñò³â.Òàê, íà çàãàëüíîòåîðåòè÷íîìó ð³âí³

â÷åííÿ ïðî ïîçîâ äîñë³äæóâàëîñÿ â ðîáî-òàõ Ì. Ãóðâè÷à, Í. Çåéäåð, Â. Ãîðäîíà,

À. Äîáðîâîëüñüêîãî, Ñ. ²âàíîâî¿, Ï. Ô³-ë³ïïîâà, Ì. Â³êóò, Ð. Ãóêàñÿí, Ï. Åë³ñåé-ê³íà, Ì. Øàêàðÿí, Î. ²âàíîâà, À. Êëåéí-ìàíà, Ê. Þäåëüñîíà, Ê. Êîì³ñàðîâà,Ñ. Êóðèëåâà, Ä. ×å÷îò, Ã. Îñîê³íà,Â. Ùåãëîâà, Í. ×å÷³íî¿, À. Ìåëüíèêîâà,Å. Êðàøåí³íí³êîâà, Ì. Øòåôàíà òà ³í.,à òàêîæ òåîðåòèê³â ïðàâà — Í. Â³òðóê,Â. Êó÷èíñüêîãî, Í. Ìàòóçîâà, Î. Êðàñàâ-÷³êîâà, Ë. ßâ³÷à, Â. Ãóë³ºâà, Ô. Ðóäèí-ñüêîãî, Ä. Êàð³ìîâà, Ð. Õàëô³í òà ³í.Ïîñòàíîâêà ïðîáëåìè. Íå çâàæàþ-

÷è íà ÷èñëåíí³ íàóêîâ³ äîñë³äæåííÿùîäî â÷åííÿ ïðî ïîçîâ, ïðîáëåìà ïîçî-âó ÿê ó òåîðåòè÷íîìó, òàê ³ â ïðàêòè÷-íîìó ïëàí³ íå âòðà÷àº ñâîº¿ àêòóàëüíî-ñò³ íà ñüîãîäí³øí³é äåíü òà ïðèâåðòàºóâàãó ñó÷àñíèõ äîñë³äíèê³â. Öÿ íàóêî-âà ñòàòòÿ ìàº íà ìåò³ äîñë³äèòè îñíîâ-í³ ³ñòîðè÷í³ åòàïè ðîçâèòêó â÷åííÿïðî ïîçîâ, ïðîàíàë³çóâàòè ñó÷àñíèé ð³-âåíü ðîçðîáêè òåîð³¿ ïîçîâó ùîäî éîãîâ³äïîâ³äíîñò³ éîãî òåíäåíö³ÿì öèâ³ëü-íîãî ñóäî÷èíñòâà.Ïîçîâ — öå ñêëàäíå ïðàâîâå

ÿâèùå, ùî º îäíèì ç öåíòðàëüíèõ öè-â³ëüíèõ ïðîöåñóàëüíèõ ³íñòèòóò³â,ÿêèé áóâ çàïî÷àòêîâàíèé ³ ðîçâèíó-òèé ùå â ÷àñè Ñòàðîäàâíüîãî Ðèìó.Îñíîâíà ³äåÿ ðèìñüêèõ þðèñò³â îòðè-ìàëà ñâîº âèðàæåííÿ ó âèñëîâ³: çàñîáè

Î. Øòåôàí

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çàõèñòó ïåðåäóþòü ïðàâàì. Ñàìå öåéïîñòóëàò áóâ çàêëàäåíèé â îñíîâó ïî-äàëüøîãî ðîçâèòêó ïðîöåñóàëüíèõíîðì. Ïèòàííÿ ùîäî ïðîöåñóàëüíèõçàñîá³â çàõèñòó ïðàâà ïîçîâîì (actio)ðèìñüêèìè þðèñòàìè áóëî ðîçðîáëå-íèé äîñèòü äåòàëüíî. Áóäü-ÿêà îñîáà,ùî áàæàëà ðåàë³çóâàòè ñâî¿ âèìîãè,ìàëà çíàòè, ÷è ìîæå âîíà ñêîðèñòàòè-ñÿ ïîçîâîì ³ ÿêèì ñàìå [47, 35]. Âëàñ-íå ïðàâî íå ï³äëÿãàëî çàõèñòó, àäæåâîíî áóëî ïðàâîì. Íàäàííÿ ìîæëèâî-ñò³ äëÿ ñóäîâîãî çàõèñòó çàëåæàëî â³äâèêîíàííÿ âèìîã ïðè ïîäà÷³ ïîçîâó, àïðåòåíç³¿ ñòîð³í îá´ðóíòîâóâàëèñü íàîñíîâ³ çàêîíó. Ïðè ïîçèòèâíîìó âèð³-øåíí³ ïèòàííÿ ïîçîâ ï³äëÿãàâ çàñâ³ä-÷åííþ ïðè äîáðîâ³ëüíîìó âðåãóëþâàí-í³ ñïîðó (âèçíàííÿ â³äïîâ³äà÷åì ïðå-òåíç³é àáî ïðèñÿãà ïîçèâà÷à ïðîâ³äñóòí³ñòü âèìîã çàì³íþâàëè ð³øåí-íÿ ñóäó).ßêùî ïîçîâ çàñâ³ä÷óâàâñÿ, àëå ïîçè-

âà÷ íå äîâîäèâ ñïðàâó äî ê³íöÿ, íå îò-ðèìóâàâ ñóäîâå ð³øåííÿ òà ñòÿãíåííÿâ³ä áîðæíèêà, ïîçîâ ââàæàâñÿ âòðà÷å-íèì, ïîçèâà÷ âòðà÷àâ ìîæëèâ³ñòü ùåðàç çâåðíóòèñÿ çà çàõèñòîì. Ï³ñëÿ çà-ñâ³ä÷åííÿ ïîçîâ ïåðåõîäèâ ó íàñòóïíóñòàä³þ — ðîçãëÿäó ïî ñóò³.Öèâ³ëüíå ñóäî÷èíñòâî ³ñíóâàëî ó

òðüîõ ôîðìàõ: ëåãèñàêö³éí³é, ôîðìó-ëÿðí³é, åêñòðàîðäèíàðí³é, ùî â³äïîâ³-äàëî òðüîì ïåð³îäàì ðîçâèòêó Ðèì-ñüêî¿ äåðæàâè: öàð³â, ðåñïóáë³êè òà³ìïåð³¿. Â ïåð³îä ä³¿ ôîðìóëÿðíîãîïðîöåñó ñóòòºâèõ çì³í çàçíàâ ³íñòèòóòïîçîâó. Öå áóëà ôàêòè÷íî ³íñòðóêö³ÿìàã³ñòðàòó ñóää³, ùî âêëþ÷àëà â ñåáåñóòí³ñòü ïîçîâíèõ ïðåòåíç³é (äåìîíñò-ðàö³þ), ïðåäìåò ³ ï³äñòàâè ïîçîâó (³í-òåíö³þ), ïðîöåäóðó ðîçãëÿäó ïîçîâó(êîíäåìíàö³þ) òà ïîñòàíîâëåííÿ ð³-øåííÿ ïðî ïðèñóäæåííÿ ðå÷³ ÷èãðîøåé (àäüþíêö³þ). Òàêîæ ç’ÿâèâñÿçàêîííèé çàñ³á (åêñöåíö³ÿ), ÿêèì ïî-çèâà÷ çàõèùàâñÿ â³ä ïîçîâó ÷è íàìà-ãàâñÿ â³äâåñòè â³ä ñåáå ïðåòåíç³¿ ïîçè-âà÷à. Ï³äñòàâîþ äëÿ åêñöåíö³¿ áóëè â³-äîì³ ôàêòè, ùî çíèùóâàëè ïîçîâ àáîéîãî îáìåæóâàëè [47, 56].

Ïîçèâà÷åâ³ òà â³äïîâ³äà÷ó íå íàäà-âàëîñü ïðàâî íà îñêàðæåííÿ ñóäîâîãîð³øåííÿ, ïðîòå âîíè ìîãëè âèìàãàòèðåñòèòóö³¿ (veto), ïîâåðíåííÿ ó ñòàíî-âèùå, ùî ³ñíóâàëî ðàí³øå. Ðåñòèòóö³ÿââàæàëàñÿ íàäçâè÷àéíèì çàñîáîì çà-õèñòó, òîìó ùî ïðåòîð ä³ÿâ íå â³äïî-â³äíî äî âèìîã ïðàâà, à çàñíîâóâàâñâîº ð³øåííÿ íà ïðàâ³ ñïðàâåäëèâîñò³.Ïðè åêñòðàîðäèíàðíîìó ïðîöåñ³

ïîçîâ ó âèãëÿä³ ôîðìóëè çàì³íþâàâñêàðãó, ùî çàïèñóâàëàñü ó ñóäîâèéïðîòîêîë. Ïðîâàäæåííÿ áóëî ñêîðî÷å-íå, îäíàê ìîãëî áóòè ïåðåâåäåíå óçâè÷àéíèé ïðîöåñ. Ó öüîìó ïðîöåñ³,ÿêùî ð³øåííÿ ó ñïðàâ³ íå âèêîíóâàëî-ñÿ, ïîçèâà÷ ì³ã ïðåä’ÿâèòè öåé æåïîçîâ çíîâó. Ñêàðãà ìàëà ôîðìó ïèñü-ìîâî¿ çàÿâè, ùî ï³äòâåðäæóâàëà íà-ÿâí³ñòü ñïîðó.Òàê, íàïðèêëàä, ðèìñüêèé þðèñò

Öåëüñ âèçíà÷àâ ïîçîâ, ÿê ïðàâî â ñóä³âèìàãàòè òå, ùî ïîòð³áíî. Çàãàëüíåïîíÿòòÿ ïîçîâó äàâíüîðèìñüê³ þðèñòèñôîðìóëþâàëè â Äèãåñò³: Nihil aliudest action guam ius, guod sibi debeatur,iudicio perseguendi (D. 44. 7. 51; 1. 4.6. pr.) — ïîçîâîì º ïðàâî îñîáè çä³é-ñíþâàòè ó ñóäîâîìó ïîðÿäêó íàëåæíóé âèìîãó [26]. Òîæ, ðèìñüê³ þðèñòèâèçíà÷àëè ïîçîâ ÿê âèìîãó, çâåðíåíóâ ñóäîâîìó ïîðÿäêó.Ïîçîâ ó ðèìñüêîìó ïðàâ³ öå, ç îäíî-

ãî áîêó, ïðîöåñóàëüíèé çàñ³á, ÿêèé äîç-âîëÿº çä³éñíèòè ïðàâîâèé çàõèñò, à çäðóãîãî, — ìàòåð³àëüíå ïðàâî, ùî ðåà-ë³çóºòüñÿ ïîçèâà÷åì ó ñïîð³ [47, 75].Ó ðèìñüêîìó ïðàâ³ ³ñíóâàëî ïîíàä

200 ïîçîâ³â, êîæíèé ç ÿêèõ ìàâ ñâîþñôåðó çàñòîñóâàííÿ, ïðîòå âñ³ âîíèáóëè âçàºìîïîâ’ÿçàí³ òà ñòàíîâèëèºäèíó ñèñòåìó. Ðîçâèòîê ðèìñüêîãîïðîöåñóàëüíîãî ïðàâà éøîâ øëÿõîìñòâîðåííÿ íîâèõ ïîçîâ³â.Äîñë³äíèê ðèìñüêîãî ïðàâà Ã. Ïóõòà

äàâ òàêå âèçíà÷åííÿ ïîçîâó ó ðèì-ñüêîìó ïðàâ³: ç ïðîöåñóàëüíîãî áîêó,ïîçîâ — öå ïðîöåñóàëüíà ä³ÿ, çàâäÿêèÿê³é ñï³ð âèíîñèòüñÿ íà ðîçãëÿä ñóäó;ä³ÿ, â ÿê³é îñîáà (ïîçèâà÷), çàõèùàþ-÷è ñâîº ïðàâî íàâîäèòü óñ³ ôàêòè÷í³

Î. Øòåôàí



òà þðèäè÷í³ ï³äñòàâè ³ íà ¿õã³é îñíîâ³âèêëàäàº âèìîãó ñâîºìó ñóïðîòèâíè-êîâ³ (â³äïîâ³äà÷ó), ôîðìóëþþ÷è ¿¿ ÿêïðîõàííÿ äî ñóää³ (petitum) [36, 223].Ïîçîâ ó ðèìñüêîìó ïðàâ³ îõîïëþ-

âàâ âñå ïðàâî ç íàÿâíèìè òà ìàéáóòí³-ìè âèìîãàìè. Ïðàâî íà ïîçîâ íå áóëîíàñë³äêîì ïîðóøåíîãî ïðàâà, à âèíè-êàëî ëèøå òîä³, êîëè ç’ ïåðåäáà÷åíèéçàêîíîì ïîçîâ, ÿêèé áóâ ñïðÿìîâàíèéíà çàõèñò ñàìå öüîãî ïîðóøåíîãîïðàâà [47, 76]. Òîæ ó ðèìñüêîìó ïðàâ³íàäàííÿ ñóäîâîãî çàõèñòó ïîðîäæóâà-ëî ïðàâî, ðèìñüêå action áóëî ñàìî-ñò³éíèì âèðàæåííÿì ïðàâà, à íå çàñî-áîì çàõèñòó ïðàâà [40].Âàðòî çàçíà÷èòè, ùî â ðèìñüêîìó

ïðàâ³ òåðì³í «ïîçîâ» íå ëèøå ïîçíà-÷àâñÿ ñëîâîì action, à é condictio, dica,persecution, vindication òîùî [3, 437].Ðèìñüêå ïðàâî íàéá³ëüø ñóòòºâî

âïëèíóëî íà ïðîöåñóàëüíå ïðàâî Çà-õ³äíî¿ ªâðîïè, äå â íàâ÷àëüíèõ çàêëà-äàõ þðèñïðóäåíö³ÿ áóëà îáîâ’ÿçêîâîþäèñöèïë³íîþ, ïîðÿä ³ç áîãîñëîâ’ÿì ³ô³ëîñîô³ºþ.Çàãàëüíîâ³äîìî, ÿñêðàâèì ïðèêëà-

äîì ðåöåïö³¿ ðèìñüêîãî ïðàâà ó ñôåð³öèâ³ëüíîãî ïðîöåñó áóëà Ôðàíö³ÿ ³çÊîäåêñîì Íàïîëåîíà (Code Civil —1804 ð³ê). Ôðàíöóçüêà êîäèô³êàö³ÿöèâ³ëüíîãî ïðîöåñó â³ä³ãðàëà ñóòòºâåçíà÷åííÿ â ðîçâèòêó í³ìåöüêîãî öè-â³ëüíîãî ïðîöåñóàëüíîãî ïðàâà. Óí³ô³-êàö³ÿ ïîëîæåíü öèâ³ëüíîãî ïðîöåñó-àëüíîãî ïðàâà â³äáóëàñÿ ï³ñëÿ ñòâî-ðåííÿ Í³ìåöüêî¿ ³ìïåð³¿ â 1871 ðîö³,ó ðåçóëüòàò³ ïðèéíÿòòÿ Öèâ³ëüíîãîïðîöåñóàëüíîãî êîäåêñó (1877 ð³ê) [27].Ôîðìóâàííÿ ï³äõîä³â äî âèçíà÷åííÿ

ïîçîâó, éîãî çì³ñòó â í³ìåöüêîìó öè-â³ëüíîìó ïðîöåñóàëüíîìó ïðàâ³ áåçïî-ñåðåäíüî ïîâ’ÿçóþòü ³ç òàêèìè âèäàò-íèìè ïðîöåñóàë³ñòàìè, ÿê Ô. Ñàâ³íü¿,Ô. Ïóõòà, Ê. Àðíäòñ òà ³í. Âàðòî çà-çíà÷èòè, ùî âèçíà÷åííÿ ïîçîâó â í³-ìåöüêîìó öèâ³ëüíîìó ïðîöåñóàëüíîìóïðàâ³ ïåðåáóâàëî ï³ä óïëèâîì â÷åííÿïðî ïðàâî íà ïîçîâ ³ ÿê ñàìîñò³éíàïðàâîâà êàòåãîð³ÿ ïðàêòè÷íî íå ðîç-ãëÿäàëàñÿ. Íà äóìêó Þ. Ïëàíêà,

ïîçîâ º åëåìåíòîì ïðîöåñó, ï³ä ÿêèìðîçóì³ºòüñÿ âèìîãà ñóäîâîãî çàõèñòóïðîòè íåïðàâà [31].Ïîçîâ í³ìåöüêèìè þðèñòàìè ðîç-

ãëÿäàâñÿ ÿê ïðîöåñóàëüíèé àêò, ñïðÿ-ìîâàíèé íà ïîðóøåííÿ ïðîâàäæåííÿïî ç’ÿñóâàííþ óñ³õ îáñòàâèí ñïðàâè ³íà äîñÿãíåííÿ ð³øåííÿ ïî ñïîðó [21,66] àáî ÿê çâåðíåííÿ îñîáè ïðî íàäàí-íÿ ¿é ïðàâîâîãî çàõèñòó [17, 130; 34].Ó ïåð³îä, êîëè ïàí³âíîþ áóëà òåîð³ÿ

ìàòåð³àëüíîãî ïðàâà, ïîçîâ ðîçãëÿäàâñÿó äâîõ çíà÷åííÿ: ÿê ïðîöåñóàëüíà ä³ÿ,ïîâ’ÿçàíà ³ç ïîäàííÿì ïîçîâíî¿ çàÿâè;ÿê ìàòåð³àëüíå ïðàâî íà ïîçîâ. Ïîçîâ óïåðøîìó çíà÷åíí³ íàëåæàâ äî ñôåðèïðîöåñó òà íå ìàâ ñàìîñò³éíîãî òåîðå-òè÷íîãî çíà÷åííÿ, â òîé ÷àñ ÿê ïîçîâ óçíà÷åíí³ ïðàâà íà ïîçîâ ââàæàâñÿ ÷à-ñòèíîþ ìàòåð³àëüíîãî ïðàâà ³ ñàìåéîìó ïðèä³ëÿëàñü óâàãà äîñë³äíèê³â,ÿê³ ðîçãëÿäàëè éîãî ÿê ïîâíîâàæåííÿîñîáè, ùî ïðåä’ÿâëÿº ïîçîâ ³ äîçâîëÿº¿é âèìàãàòè çàäîâîëüíèòè ¿¿ êëîïîòàí-íÿ. Ïîçîâ ó çíà÷åíí³ ïðàâà íà ïîçîâ áóâçâåðíåíèé äî â³äïîâ³äà÷à ÿê äî ïîðóø-íèêà ïðàâ ïîçèâà÷à [41; 37; 2].Áåçïîñåðåäíüî çàïî÷àòêóâàâ òåîð³þ

ïðàâà íà ïîçîâ ó ìàòåð³àëüíîìó òðàê-òóâàíí³ ïðåäñòàâíèê ³ñòîðè÷íî¿ øêîëèïðàâà Ô. Ñàâ³íü¿. Ïîçîâ ÿê ïðàâîâó êà-òåãîð³þ â³í ñàìîñò³éíî íå ðîçãëÿäàâ, àïðàâî íà ïîçîâ ðîçãëÿäàâ ÿê çì³ñò ïðà-âîìî÷íîñòåé, ùî âèíèêàþòü óíàñë³äîêïîðóøåííÿ ïðàâà òà ñïðÿìîâàí³ íàóñóíåííÿ öèõ ïîðóøåíü. Îäíî÷àñíîâ³í âêàçóâàâ íà íåäîïóñòèì³ñòü çì³-øàííÿ ïðàâà íà ïîçîâ ³ç ä³ÿìè, ïîâ’ÿçà-íèìè ç ïîäàííÿì ïîçîâó, ùî º ôîðìàë³-çîâàíèìè òà íàëåæàòü äî ñôåðè ïðîöå-ñóàëüíîãî ïðàâà. Òîáòî ïðàâî íà ïîçîâÔ. Ñàâ³íü¿ ðîçãëÿäàâ ÿê ñòàä³þ ìàòåð³-àëüíîãî ïðàâà, ùî âèíèêàº ïðè ïðîöå-ñóàëüí³é ¿¿ ðåàë³çàö³¿ [14, 9].Òàêèé ï³äõ³ä ïîä³ëÿâ ³ Äåðíáóðã,

ÿêèé çàçíà÷àâ, ùî ïîçîâ º åëåìåíòîìàáî âëàñòèâ³ñòþ ìàòåð³àëüíîãî ïðàâà,ÿêå, ñâîºþ ÷åðãîþ, íèì íå âè÷åðïó-ºòüñÿ [14, 140].Íà äóìêó Ì. Ãóðâè÷à, çàâäÿêè òàêî-

ìó ïîãëèíàííþ ìàòåð³àëüíèì ïðàâîì

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ïðîöåñóàëüíîãî, çã³äíî ç â÷åííÿìÔ. Ñàâ³íü¿, â³äáóâñÿ ñóòòºâèé ðîçâèòîêñàìå òåîð³¿ öèâ³ëüíîãî ïðîöåñóàëüíîãîïðàâà. Òàê, òåîð³ÿ Ô. Ñàâ³íü¿ ïðî ïðàâîíà ïîçîâ áóëà â³äòâîðåíà â Ïðóñüêîìóñóäîâîìó ñòàòóò³ (1793 ð³ê, äîïîâíå-íèé çàêîíàìè 1833 ³ 1846 ðîê³â) ÿêï³äñòàâà äëÿ ïîïåðåäíüîãî ïðîâàäæåí-íÿ ç äîñë³äæåííÿ ñóääåþ íàÿâíîñò³â ïîçèâà÷à ïðàâà íà ïîçîâ. ßêùîñóääÿ çà ìàòåð³àëàìè ñïðàâè âñòàíî-âèâ, ùî ó ïîçèâà÷à â³äñóòíº ïðàâî íàïîçîâ, â³í ñâî¿ì ðîçïîðÿäæåííÿì ïðè-ïèíÿâ ïðîâàäæåííÿ (ðåã decretum) ³ïîçèâà÷ «âòðà÷àâ» çàõèñò [14, 9].Íàñòóïíèì çà òåîð³ºþ Ô. Ñàâ³íü¿

áóëî â÷åííÿ ïðî âèìîãó, çàïî÷àòêîâà-íå Á. Â³íäøåéòîì, îñíîâí³ ïîñòóëàòèêîòðîãî âèêëàäåíî ó ðîáîò³ «Die Actiodes römischen rechts vom Standpunktdes heutigen Rechts» (1856 ð³ê). Ó ñâîº-ìó â÷åíí³ Á. Â³íäøåéä äîâîäèâ, ùî,íà â³äì³íó â³ä ðèìñüêî¿ êîíöåïö³¿, çàÿêîþ ñóäîâèé çàõèñò ïîðîäæóâàâïðàâî, â ä³éñíîñò³ ïîçîâ º íàñë³äêîì(posterius) ìàòåð³àëüíî-ïðàâîâèõ â³ä-íîñèí, ùî º ïåðâèííèìè (ðrius) [4].Çãîäîì êðèòèêè â÷åííÿ Á. Â³íäøåé-

äà íàãîëîøóâàëè, ùî òåîð³ÿ âèìîãè ïî-áóäîâàíà âèêëþ÷íî íà òåðì³íîëîã³÷í³éçàì³í³ îäíîãî òåðì³íà (actio) ³íøèì(ïðàâî) [14, 11]. Íàéá³ëüøèé êðèòèêòåîð³¿ Á. Â³íäøòåéíà Ìóòåð (Muthår) óñâî¿é ðîáîò³ «Zur Lehre von der römis-chen actio» (1857 ðîêó) âèçíà÷èâ ïîäâ³é-íó ïðèðîäó ïîçîâó — ìàòåð³àëüíî-ïðà-âîâó òà ïóáë³÷íî-ïðàâîâó. Ñàìå Ìóòåð,íà äóìêó Ì. Ãóðâè÷à çàïî÷àòêóâàâ äóà-ë³ñòè÷íó òåîð³þ ïðèðîäè ïîçîâó òàïðàâà íà ïîçîâ ÿê öèâ³ëüíó ìàòåð³àëü-íó âèìîãó ³ ÿê ïóáë³÷íó âèìîãó íà çà-õèñò ïðàâà [14, 12].Ç âèíèêíåííÿì àáñòðàêòíîãî ïðàâà

ïîçîâ ïî÷àëè ðîçãëÿäàòè ÿê àäðåñîâà-íó ñóäó âèìîãó òà íàäàëè éîìó ïóá-ë³÷íîãî õàðàêòåðó, íåçàëåæíîãî â³äìàòåð³àëüíîãî ïðàâà. Â÷åííÿ ïðîïðàâî âèìîãè íà ïðàâîâèé çàõèñò, ðîç-ðîáëåíå À. Âàõîì, âèçíà÷àëî ïîçîâ ÿêîäíî÷àñíå çâåðíåííÿ äî ñóäó òà â³äïî-â³äà÷à [59]. Ïðîòå çãîäîì âèìîãà íà

ïðàâîâèé çàõèñò âòðàòèëà ñâ³é óí³âåð-ñàëüíèé õàðàêòåð, ÿêèé âèçíàâàâñÿÀ. Âàõîì, ³ ïåðåñòàëà îòîòîæíþâàòèñÿç ïðåäìåòîì ñïîðó.Íàïðèê³íö³ XIX — íà ïî÷àòêó XX

ñòîë³òü àáñòðàêòíà òåîð³ÿ ïðî ïîçîâïî÷àëà àêòèâíî çàçíàâàòè êðèòèêè,òîìó ùî ïðàâî âèìîãè áóëî â³ä³ðâàíåâ³ä ìàòåð³àëüíèõ ïðàâîâ³äíîñèí ³ ïå-ðåíåñåíî â ïóáë³÷íå ïðàâî, ùî íå â³ä-ïîâ³äàëî ðåàëüíèì ïðàâîâ³äíîñèíàì[60]. Ñïðîáà çíàéòè êîìïðîì³ñ ì³æöèâ³ëüíîþ ìàòåð³àëüíîþ âèìîãîþ òà ¿¿ïðèìóñîâîþ (÷åðåç ñóä) ðåàë³çàö³ºþñòàëî ï³ä´ðóíòÿì äëÿ ïîÿâè òåîð³¿êîíêðåòíîãî ïðàâà.Ó òåîð³¿ êîíêðåòíîãî ïðàâà îíàáóëà

ðîçâèòêó ³äåÿ Ìóòåðà, ùî îòðèìàòèñóäîâèé çàõèñò ìîæå ëèøå òîé, õòîìàº â³äïîâ³äíå ïðàâî. Çã³äíî ç òåîð³ºþêîíêðåòíîãî ïðàâà, ïîçîâ º çàñîáîìäîñÿãíåííÿ ìåòè ìàòåð³àëüíîãî ïðàâà,àëå íå âëàñíå ìàòåð³àëüíå ïðàâî, íåéîãî ôóíêö³ÿ àáî ïóáë³÷íî-ïðàâîâèéïðîÿâ, â³í º âèìîãîþ äî äåðæàâè íàçàäîâîëåííÿ ³íòåðåñó, çàõèñò â³ä â³ä-ïîâ³äà÷à â ïðîöåñóàëüí³é ôîðì³,ïîâ’ÿçàíèé ç ïîçàïðîöåñóàëüíèì ôàê-òè÷íèì ñêëàäîì [14, 16]. Òåîð³ÿ êîí-êðåòíîãî ïðàâà ñâîãî ÷àñó îòðèìàëàâåëèêó ï³äòðèìêó ó ïðîöåñóàë³ñò³â ³áóëà äîñèòü ïîøèðåíà â Àâñòð³¿ òàÔðàíö³¿.Ðîçâèòîê òåîð³¿ öèâ³ëüíîãî ïðîöå-

ñóàëüíîãî ïðàâà â öàðñüê³é Ðîñ³¿ ïåðå-áóâàâ ï³ä äîñèòü ñèëüíèì óïëèâîìíàóêîâèõ ðîçðîáîê í³ìåöüêèõ ó÷åíèõó ö³é ñôåð³ [6; 55; 57]. Äî òîãî æ, ÿêçàçíà÷àâ Å. Âàñüêîâñüêèé, ðîñ³éñüêàìîíîãðàô³÷íà ë³òåðàòóðà ç öèâ³ëüíîãîïðîöåñó áóëà á³äíîþ [8, 17]. Òîæ óñ³îñíîâí³ â÷åííÿ í³ìåöüêèõ íàóêîâö³âùîäî ðîçóì³ííÿ ñóòíîñò³ ïîçîâó îòðè-ìóâàëè ï³äòðèìêó òà ðîçâèòîê íà òå-ðèòîð³¿ Ðîñ³éñüêî¿ ³ìïåð³¿.Íàïðèê³íö³ Õ²Õ — íà ïî÷àòêó ÕÕ

ñòîë³òü ó öèâ³ëüíîìó ïðîöåñóàëüíîìóïðàâ³ òåðì³í «ïîçîâ» òðàêòóâàâñÿ ó äâîõçíà÷åííÿõ. Òàê, íà äóìêó Ì. Áðóíà,ÿêèé äàâ âèçíà÷åííÿ ïîçîâó â åíöèê-ëîïåä³¿ Áðîêãàóçà é Åôðîíà, ïî-ïåðøå,

Î. Øòåôàí



º þðèäè÷íà ìîæëèâ³ñòü çàõèñòèòèñâîº öèâ³ëüíå ïðàâî â ñóäîâîìó ïîðÿä-êó, à ïî-äðóãå, — öå ñóäîâ³ (ïðîöåñó-àëüí³) ä³¿ ïîçèâà÷à, ùî çâåðíóâñÿ çàäîïîìîãîþ äî ñóäó, ùîá çîáîâ’ÿçàòèâ³äïîâ³äà÷à âèçíàòè éîãî ïðàâî ÷è âè-êîíàòè òå, ùî â³í ïîâèíåí. Ïåðøå âè-çíà÷åííÿ ïîçîâó ì³ñòèòü îçíàêó, çà-âäÿêè ÿê³é ìîæíà â³äìåæóâàòè öè-â³ëüíå ïðàâî â³ä ïóáë³÷íîãî. Íà äóìêóÌ. Áðóíà, ïîçîâ º ñóïóòíèêîì öèâ³ëü-íîãî ïðàâà, åëåìåíòîì éîãî âëàñòèâî-ñò³ [56, 163]. ßê áà÷èìî, íàâåäåíå âè-çíà÷åííÿ ïîçîâó º ÿñêðàâèì ïðèêëà-äîì ïðîÿâó òåîð³¿ êîíêðåòíîãî ïðàâà.Òåîð³þ êîíêðåòíîãî ïðàâà ï³äòðè-

ìàâ ³ ðîçâèíóâ Ò. ßáëî÷êîâ, ÿêèé ââà-æàâ, ùî ïîçîâ º îäíèì ç âèä³â âèìîãíà çàõèñò ïðàâà é òîìó ñòàíîâèòü â³ä-ì³ííó â³ä ñóá’ºêòèâíîãî ïðèâàòíîãîïðàâà ïóáë³÷íî-ïðàâîâó âèìîãó, ñïðÿ-ìîâàíó ïðîòè äåðæàâè, çì³ñò ÿêî¿ ïî-ëÿãàº â îòðèìàíí³ ïîçèòèâíîãî äëÿóïîâíîâàæåíî¿ îñîáè ñóäîâîãî ð³øåí-íÿ [57, 9]. Ïîä³áíó ³äåþ ï³äòðèìàâ³ Â. Ãîðäîí, ÿêèé ïîçîâ âèçíà÷àâ ÿêïóáë³÷íî-ïðàâîâó âèìîãó äî äåðæàâèùîäî ïîñòàíîâëåííÿ ñóäîâîãî ð³øåííÿ[11, 92, 109–115].Íà ïðîòèâàãó çàçíà÷åí³é êîíöåïö³¿

êîíêðåòíîãî ïðàâà, ïîçèö³þ àáñòðàêòíî-ãî ïðàâà ï³äòðèìóâàâ Ï. Êî÷åðã³í, ÿêèéðîçãëÿäàâ ïîçîâ ÿê þðèäè÷íó âèìîãó,çàÿâëåíó ïîçèâà÷åì, ÿêà ñòàíîâèòüïðåäìåò ñïîðó ì³æ ñòîðîíàìè [28, 36].Âîäíî÷àñ ïîò³áíî âçÿòè äî óâàãè,

ùî ó äîðåâîëþö³éí³é Ðîñ³éñüê³é ³ìïå-ð³¿ çàêîíîäàâñòâî íå âèêîðèñòîâóâàëîòàêîãî îêðåìîãî òåðì³íà, ÿê «ïîçîâ».Íàòîì³ñòü, Ñòàòóò öèâ³ëüíîãî ñóäî-÷èíñòâà òà Ñâîä çàêîí³â Ðîñ³éñüêî¿ ³ì-ïåð³¿ âèêîðèñòîâóâàëè òåðì³íè:«ïðàâî íà ïîçîâ», «ïðàâî â³äøóêîâó-âàòè», «ïðàâî ïîäàâàòè ïîçîâ». Îêð³ìöüîãî, Ñòàòóò öèâ³ëüíîãî ñóäî÷èíñòâàì³ñòèâ òåðì³í «âèìîãà» â ïîëîæåí-íÿõ,ïðèñâÿ÷åíèõ ïîçîâó (ñòàòò³ 442,445, 570, 574, 632) [29]. Òîæ ïðèâåð-òàº óâàãó ö³êàâèé ôàêò, ùî «âèìîãà»ÿê âèçíà÷àëüíèé òåðì³í ïîíÿòòÿ ïîçî-âó áóâ ââåäåíèé ó öèâ³ëüíèé ïðîöåñ

í³ìåöüêèì ó÷åíèì Á. Â³íäøåéäîì óXIX ñòîë³òò³.Ñïèðàþ÷èñü íà òåðì³íîëîã³÷íóñïå-

öèô³êó äîðåâîëþö³éíîãî öèâ³ëüíîãîïðîöåñóàëüíîãî çàêîíîäàâñòâà, Å. Âàñü-êîâñüêèé çä³éñíèâ ðîçìåæóâàííÿ òåð-ì³í³â «âèìîãà» òà «ïîçîâ». Òàê, âèìî-ãó â³í òëóìà÷èâ ÿê äîìàãàííÿ, ùîïðèïóñêàº ïðèìóñîâå éîãî çä³éñíåííÿáóäü-ÿêèì äîçâîëåíèì ñïîñîáîì, âñâîþ ÷åðãó ïîçîâ â³í âèçíà÷àâ ÿê äî-ìàãàííÿ, ùî çä³éñíþºòüñÿ çà äîïîìî-ãîþ ñóäîâî¿ âëàäè [7, 598; 30, 146].Çàâåðøóþ÷è íåâåëè÷êèé åêñêóðñ â

³ñòîð³þ ðîçâèòêó òåîð³¿ ïðî ïîçîâ ó äî-ðåâîëþö³éíèé ïåð³îä õîò³ëîñÿ á ïðè-âåðíóòè óâàãó, ùî âæå ó 1917 ðîö³Å. Âàñüêîâñüêèì áóëà çðîáëåíà ñïðîáàñôîðìóëþâàòè óí³âåðñàëüíå âèçíà÷åí-íÿ ïîçîâó, êîòðå á â³äîáðàæàëî âñþéîãî áàãàòîãðàíí³ñòü, ÷èì ïî ñóò³ é áóâçàïî÷àòêîâàíèé íàïðÿì óí³âåðñàëüíî-ñò³ âèçíà÷åíü ïîçîâó. Òàê, ó ïðîöåñó-àëüíîìó ñåíñ³, íà äóìêó äîñë³äíèêà,ïîçîâ º âèìîãîþ ó ôîðì³ ïðîõàííÿ(êëîïîòàííÿ) ïðî ïîñòàíîâëåííÿ ñóäîìïåâíîãî ð³øåííÿ. Ó ìàòåð³àëüíîìó,òîáòî çà çì³ñòîì ³ ñóòòþ, ñåíñ³ ïîçîâ ºâëàñíå âèìîãà, çàÿâëåíà â ïîçîâíîìóêëîïîòàíí³. À â çàêîíîäàâñòâ³ — öåâñÿ ä³ÿëüí³ñòü ïîçèâà÷à âïðîäîâæ óñü-îãî ïðîöåñó [7, 592, 603].Ó ñåðåäèí³ ÕÕ ñòîë³òòÿ â³äáóâñÿ

áóðõëèâèé ðîçâèòîê ðàäÿíñüêî¿ íàóêè,íå ñòàëî âèíÿòêîì ³ öèâ³ëüíå ïðîöåñó-àëüíå ïðàâî, ïðîòå îñíîâîþ òåîðåòè÷-íèõ äîñë³äæåííÿ áóëè äîñÿãíåííÿ öè-â³ëüíî-ïðîöåñóàëüíî¿ òåîð³¿ òà ô³ëîñî-ô³¿ ïîïåðåäíüîãî ñòîë³òòÿ, à òàêîæðîçðîáêè í³ìåöüêèõ ó÷åíèõ.²ñíóâàëî áàãàòî ï³äõîä³â ùîäî âè-

çíà÷åííÿ ïîçîâó, ïðîòå îñê³ëüêè öå íåº ïðåäìåòîì ïðîïîíîâàíî¿ ñòàòò³, òîìóíå áóäåìî äîñèòü ñèëüíî àêöåíòóâàòèóâàãó íà ð³çíîìàí³òíèõ òå÷³ÿõ ³ â÷åí-íÿõ ïðî ïîçîâ, à âèñâ³òëèìî ëèøåíàéá³ëüø ïîøèðåí³.Òðèâàëèé ÷àñ ïàí³âíîþ â ðàäÿíñü-

ê³é ïðîöåñóàëüí³é íàóö³ áóëà ïîçèö³ÿ,â³äïîâ³äíî äî ÿêî¿ ïîçîâ ðîçãëÿäàëèÿê ºäèíå ïîíÿòòÿ, ùî ìàº ïðîöåñóàëü-

Î. Øòåôàí

17



íèé ³ ìàòåð³àëüíî-ïðàâîâèé àñïåêò(À. Äîáðîâîëüñüêèé, Ñ. ²âàíîâ, Ä. ×å÷îòòà ³í.), ïðè öüîìó âèìîãà äî ñóäó ïðîçàõèñò ïðàâà ðîçãëÿäàëàñü ÿê ïðîöå-ñóàëüíèé á³ê ïîçîâó, à âèìîãà ïîçèâà-÷à äî â³äïîâ³äà÷à — ìàòåð³àëüíî-ïðàâî-âèé. Â ºäíîñò³ ïîíÿòòÿ ïîçîâó àêöåí-òóºòüñÿ ìàòåð³àëüíî-ïðàâîâèé àñïåêò.Òàê, íà äóìêó À. Äîáðîâîëüñüêîãî,ñóòí³ñòü áóäü-ÿêîãî ïîçîâó ÿê çàñîáóçàõèñòó ïîëÿãàº ñàìå â òîìó, ùî ñóäïîâèíåí ïåðåâ³ðèòè çàêîíí³ñòü ³ îá-´ðóíòîâàí³ñòü ìàòåð³àëüíî-ïðàâîâî¿âèìîãè ïîçèâà÷à äî â³äïîâ³äà÷à. Ëèøåíàÿâí³ñòü ìàòåð³àëüíî-ïðàâîâîãî àñ-ïåêòó ïîçîâó, òîáòî ïðàâîâî¿ âèìîãèïîçèâà÷à äî â³äïîâ³äà÷à, ìîæíà ïî-ÿñíèòè ³ñíóâàííÿ òàêèõ ³íñòèòóò³âïðîöåñó, ÿê âèçíàííÿ ïîçîâó, â³äìîâàâ³ä ïîçîâó, ìèðîâà óãîäà. Â³äïîâ³äíî,ìàòåð³àëüíî-ïðàâîâèé á³ê ïîçîâó — öåíåîäì³ííà îçíàêà äëÿ âèçíà÷åííÿ ñóò-íîñò³ áóäü-ÿêîãî ïîçîâó. Òîæ, ïîçîâ —öå ºäèíå ïîíÿòòÿ, ùî ìàº äâà àñïåêòè:ìàòåð³àëüíî-ïðàâîâèé ³ ïðîöåñóàëü-íèé, äå ïåðåâàãà â³ääàºòüñÿ ìàòåð³àëü-íî-ïðàâîâîìó, ùî âèçíà÷àº ïðèðîäóïîçîâó [19, 10].²íøèé ïðèõèëüíèê ö³º¿ êîíöåïö³¿,

Â. ×àïóðñüêèé, äåùî óòî÷íèâ ìàòåð³-àëüíî-ïðàâîâèé àñïåêò ïîçîâó ÿê çà-õèñò öèâ³ëüíîãî ïðàâà. Ïîçîâ º çâåðíå-íà äî ñóäó âèìîãà ïîñòàíîâèòè ð³øåí-íÿ ïðî âèçíàííÿ ñóäîì ñóá’ºêòèâíîãîöèâ³ëüíîãî ïðàâà ïîçèâà÷à òà ïðèñóä-æåííÿ â³äïîâ³äà÷à äî âèêîíàííÿ ïåâ-íèõ ä³é àáî ï³äòâåðäæåííÿ ñóäîì íà-ÿâíîñò³ ÷è â³äñóòíîñò³ ì³æ ïîçèâà÷åì ³â³äïîâ³äà÷åì ïåâíèõ öèâ³ëüíèõ ïðàâî-â³äíîñèí. Ó ìàòåð³àëüíîìó ñåíñ³ — öåçâåðíåíà ÷åðåç ñóä ìàòåð³àëüíî ïðàâî-âà âèìîãà, ÿêîþ º âëàñíå öèâ³ëüíåïðàâî, ùî ï³äëÿãàº çàõèñòó ñóäîì [50,158–159]. Òàêå âèçíà÷åííÿ ïîçîâó áóëîñïðèéíÿòî ß. Øòóòèíèì, ç äåÿêèìóòî÷íåííÿì, ùî ïîçîâîì ó ïðîöåñóàëü-íîìó ñåíñ³ º çâåðíåííÿ äî ñóäó çà çàõè-ñòîì îõîðîíþâàíîãî öèâ³ëüíîãî ñóá’ºê-òèâíîãî ïðàâà [53, 136].Íå çâàæàþ÷è íà òå, ùî íàâåäåíèé

ï³äõ³ä äî òàðêòóâàííÿ ïîçîâó áóâ äî-

ñèòü ïîøèðåíèì, â³í çàçíàâàâ êðèòè-êè ç ïîçèö³¿ òîãî, ùî â³í íå â³äïîâ³äàºâèìîç³ ºäíîñò³ ³ óí³âåðñàëüíîñò³ïîíÿòòÿ ïîçîâó. Òàê, íàïðèêëàä,Â. ßðêîâ âêàçóâàâ íà òå, ùî ïîíÿòòÿïîçîâó ì³ñòèòü ìàòåð³àëüíî-ïðàâîâèé ³ïðîöåñóàëüí³ åëåìåíòè, çà ñâî¿ì çì³-ñòîì âîíî øèðøå òà áàãàòøå, í³æ ïî-íÿòòÿ ïîçîâó â ìàòåð³àëüíî-ïðàâîâîìó÷è ïðîöåñóàëüíîìó çíà÷åííÿõ, îñê³ëü-êè ïîðÿä ³ç âèìîãîþ äî ñóäó, ³ñíóº ÿêîáîâ’ÿçêîâèé, íåâ³ä’ºìíèé ñêëàäîâèéåëåìåíò, ³ñíóº ³ ìàòåð³àëüíî-ïðàâîâàâèìîãà ïîçèâà÷à äî â³äïîâ³äà÷à. ßêùîâèõîäèòè ç òîãî, ùî ìàòåð³àëüíî-ïðà-âîâà âèìîãà ïîçèâà÷à äî â³äïîâ³äà÷àðîçãëÿäàºòüñÿ ÿê ãîëîâíà, â³äì³ííàðèñà áóäü-ÿêîãî ïîçîâó, çà òàêèõ óìîââèìîãà îñîáè, ÿêà âèñòóïàº â³ä ñâîãî³ìåí³ íà çàõèñò ïðàâ òà ³íòåðåñ³â òðå-ò³õ îñ³á, íå ìîæíà íàçâàòè ïîçîâîì,îñê³ëüêè òàêà âèìîãà íå ì³ñòèòü ³ íåìîæå ì³ñòèòè òàêî¿ ñóòòºâî¿ îçíàêèáóäü-ÿêîãî ïîçîâó, ÿê ìàòåð³àëüíî-ïðàâîâ³ âèìîãè ïîçèâà÷à äî â³äïîâ³äà-÷à. Òàêèé âèñíîâîê ñóïåðå÷èòü ïîëî-æåííÿì öèâ³ëüíî-ïðîöåñóàëüíîãî çà-êîíîäàâñòâà, ÿêå âèêîðèñòîâóº òåðì³í«ïîçîâ» ³ äî îñ³á, ÿê³ çàõèùàþòüïðàâà òà ³íòåðåñè ³íøèõ îñ³á [58, 96].Âàðòî çàçíà÷èòè, ùî òåîð³ÿ äîì³íàí-

òíî¿ ìàòåð³àëüíî-ïðàâîâî¿ àñïåêòó ïîçî-âó ï³ääàâàëàñÿ êðèòèö³ ùå çà ðàäÿíñü-êèõ ÷àñ³â, íàïðèêëàä, À. Êëåéíìàíîì³ Ì. Øòåôàíîì [25, 25–26; 51, 3–8].Ïîâí³ñòþ ï³äòðèìóþ÷è âèñëîâëåí³

çàóâàæåííÿ âèíèêàº ïîòðåáà çâåðíóòèóâàãó é íà òó îáñòàâèíó, ùî ïîçîâñïðÿìîâóºòüñÿ íà çàõèñò ñóá’ºêòèâíî-ãî öèâ³ëüíîãî ïðàâà, â³äïîâ³äíî â³í íåìîæå áóòè òàêèì ïðàâîì. Â³äïîâ³äíîäî çàïðîïîíîâàíîãî Â. ×àïóðñüêèì ³ß. Øòóò³íèì âèçíà÷åííÿ ïîçîâó, âïðîöåñóàëüíîìó ñåíñ³ â³í îòîòîæ-íþºòüñÿ ç ïðîöåñóàëüíîþ ä³ºþ, ùî íåóçãîäæóºòüñÿ ç ïîëîæåííÿìè öèâ³ëü-íîãî ïðîöåñóàëüíîãî çàêîíîäàâñòâà, âÿêîìó ì³ñòÿòüñÿ ïîíÿòòÿ «ïîçîâ» ³«ïðåä’ÿâëåííÿ ïîçîâó», çîêðåìà «ïî-çîâè ïðåä’ÿâëÿþòüñÿ» (ñòàòò³ 109, 118ÖÏÊ Óêðà¿íè). Ïðè âèçíà÷åíí³ ïîçî-

Î. Øòåôàí



âó çàñîáîì çàõèñòó ïîðóøåíîãî ÷èîñïîðåíîãî ïðàâà íå âðàõîâóºòüñÿ äóæåâàæëèâå ïîëîæåííÿ çàêîíîäàâñòâàÓêðà¿íè, çà ÿêèì çàõèñò ïðàâà ïîêëà-äåíî íà îðãàíè ñóäîâî¿ âëàäè òà ³íø³þðèñäèêö³éí³ îðãàíè ³ òàêèì ÷èíîì¿õí³ ð³øåííÿ, óõâàëè, ïîñòàíîâè º ïðî-öåñóàëüíèìè çàñîáàìè çàõèñòó.Ðîçãëÿäàþ÷è ïîçîâ ÿê âèìîãó äî

ñóäó ïîðóøèòè ñïðàâó, àâòîðè —ñóá’ºêòè àâòîðñüêèõ ïðàâîâ³äíîñèí,íå çàçíà÷àþòü, ÿêà ìåòà òàêîãî ïîðó-øåííÿ ñïðàâè, ùî ìàº âàæëèâå çíà-÷åííÿ äëÿ âèçíà÷åííÿ ïîçîâó. Òàêîþìåòîþ ïîðóøåííÿ ñïðàâè º çàõèñòïðàâ ³ îõîðîíþâàíèõ çàêîíîì ³íòåðå-ñ³â ñóá’ºêò³â àâòîðñüêîãî ïðàâà,³íøèõ ìàòåð³àëüíèõ ïðàâîâ³äíîñèí ³çàõèñò âñòàíîâëåíîãî äåðæàâîþ ïî-ðÿäêó. Ïðè âèçíà÷åíí³ ïîçîâó ÷åðåçìàòåð³àëüíî-ïðàâîâó âèìîãó ïîçèâà÷àäî â³äïîâ³äà÷à íå âðàõîâóºòüñÿ, ùîòàêà âèìîãà âëàñòèâà é äîñóäîâèì âè-ìîãàì ñóá’ºêò³â ñï³ðíèõ ïðàâîâ³äíî-ñèí, à òàêîæ òå, ùî ïðîöåñóàëüíî¿ïðàâîñóá’ºêòíîñò³ ïîçèâà÷à ÷è â³äïî-â³äà÷à âîíè íàáóâàþòü ò³ëüêè ç ïðè-éíÿòòÿì ñóäîì ñï³ðíî¿ ñïðàâè äî ïðî-âàäæåííÿ, à íå äî ¿¿ ïîðóøåííÿ âñóä³.Ðàí³øå ³ñíóâàâ äåùî ³íøèé ï³äõ³ä

äî âèçíà÷åííÿ ñóòíîñò³ ïîçîâó, ùîáðàâ ïî÷àòîê ³ç ïðàöü í³ìåöüêèõþðèñò³â ñåðåäèíè Õ²Õ ñòîë³òòÿ. Â³ä-ïîâ³äíî äî äðóãîãî ï³äõîäó, ïîçîâðîçãëÿäàâñü ó äâîõ ñàìîñò³éíèõ êàòå-ãîð³ÿõ: ïîçîâó ó ìàòåð³àëüíî-ïðàâîâî-ìó òà ïîçîâ ó ïðîöåñóàëüíî-ïðàâîâî-ìó çíà÷åííÿõ (Ì. Ãóðâè÷, Ð. Ãóêàñÿí,Ï. ªë³ñåéê³í, Ñ. Øàêàðÿí, À. Áîííåð,². Ïÿò³ëåòîâ òà ³í.). Ïðèõèëüíèêè ö³º¿ïîçèö³¿ ââàæàëè, ùî ï³ä ïîçîâîì â ìà-òåð³àëüíî-ïðàâîâîìó ðîçóì³íí³ ñë³äðîçóì³òè âèìîãó ïîçèâà÷à äî â³äïîâ³-äà÷à, ó òàêîìó ðàç³ ïîçîâ º ³íñòèòóòìàòåð³àëüíîãî ïðàâà; ï³ä ïîçîâîì âïðîöåñóàëüíî-ïðàâîâîìó çíà÷åíí³ ïî-òð³áíî ðîçóì³òè çâåðíåííÿ ïîçèâà÷àäî ñóäó çà çàõèñòîì ïðàâà, òà ïðèöüîìó ïîçîâ º ³íñòèòóòîì ïðîöåñóàëü-íîãî ïðàâà.

Òàê, íà äóìêó Ì. Ãóðâè÷à, ïîçîâó öèâ³ëüíîìó ïðîöåñóàëüíîìó ïðàâ³º çâåðíåííÿ äî ñóäó ïåðøî¿ ³íñòàíö³¿ç âèìîãîþ ïðî çàõèñò ñï³ðíîãî öèâ³ëü-íîãî (ñ³ìåéíîãî, òðóäîâîãî, êîîïåðà-òèâíîãî — Ð. Ãóêàñÿí) ñóá’ºêòèâíîãîïðàâà ÷è îõîðîíþâàíîãî çàêîíîì ³íòå-ðåñó [15, 5]. Êåðóþ÷èñü íàâåäåíèìòëóìà÷åííÿì, ïîçîâ ïîòð³áíî ðîçóì³òèÿê ïðîöåñóàëüíó ä³þ, òîáòî äàºòüñÿâèçíà÷åííÿ ïîçîâó ó ïðîöåñóàëüíîìóçíà÷åíí³. Ïîçîâîì ó ìàòåð³àëüíîìóçíà÷åíí³ º öèâ³ëüíå ñóá’ºêòèâíå ïðàâîíà ïðèìóñîâå çä³éñíåííÿ îáîâ’ÿçêóáîðæíèêà âèêîíàòè áóäü-ÿê³ ä³¿ ÷è óò-ðèìàòèñÿ â³ä ïåâíî¿ ä³¿ [44, 191; 45,101, 104; 22, 9, 14; 24, 6]. Áåçïîñå-ðåäí³é àêöåíò ò³ëüêè íà ìàòåð³àëüíî-ïðàâîâîìó àñïåêò³ ó âèçíà÷åíí³ ïîçî-âó çðîáèëà Î. ²ñàºíêîâà: ïîçîâ — öåçàñ³á çàõèñòó ïðàâà îñîáè, ùî çâåðíó-ëàñÿ äî ñóäó, ÷èº ïðàâî ââàæàºòüñÿ ïî-ðóøåíèì àáî îñïîðåíèì, òàêèé ñïîñ³áçàõèñòó ñïðÿìîâàíèé ïðîòè óÿâíîãîïîðóøíèêà ³ çàñíîâàíèé íà çàçíà÷å-íèõ ïîçèâà÷åì ñï³ðíèõ öèâ³ëüíèõ(â øèðîêîìó çíà÷åíí³) ïðàâîâ³äíîñèí[23, 58].Âèõîäÿ÷è ç íàâåäåíîãî ðîçóì³ííÿ

ïîçîâó, âèíèêàº ïîòðåáà çàóâàæèòè,ùî çà òàêèì ï³äõîäîì ñóä ìàº ðîçãëÿ-äàòè íå îäèí, à äâà ñàìîñò³éíèõ ïîçî-âè — ó ìàòåð³àëüíîìó òà ïðîöåñóàëü-íîìó çíà÷åíí³, ùî íå â³äïîâ³äàº ä³é-ñíîñò³ — í³ çàêîíîäàâñòâó, í³ ïðàêòèö³éîãî çàñòîñóâàííÿ. ßêùî ïîçîâ º ëèøåçâåðíåííÿ äî ñóäó çà çàõèñòîì ïðàâà,òî ï³ñëÿ éîãî ïðåä’ÿâëåííÿ â³í çíèêàºøëÿõîì òðàíñôîðìàö³¿ â ñïðàâó, ùîðîçãëÿäàºòüñÿ ñóäîì. Âèçíà÷åííÿ ïîçî-âó ÷åðåç ïðîöåñóàëüíó ä³þ íå â³äïîâ³-äàº Öèâ³ëüíîìó ïðîöåñóàëüíîìó êî-äåêñ³ Óêðà¿íè, ÿêèì âñòàíîâëåí³ êàòå-ãîð³¿ «ïîçîâ» ³ «ïðåä’ÿâëåííÿ ïîçîâó».Òàêîæ ìîæíà ïîâí³ñòþ ïîãîäèòèñü ³ççàóâàæåííÿìè ². Ðåøåòíèêîâî¿, êîòðàçàçíà÷àëà, ùî âèçíàþ÷è ³ñíóâàííÿäâîõ ñàìîñò³éíèõ ïîíÿòü ïîçîâó, àâòî-ðè òàêîãî ï³äõîäó ïðîòèñòàâëÿþòüîäèí îäíîìó äâ³ êàòåãîð³¿ ñóá’ºêò³â,ÿêèì çàêîíîì íàäàºòüñÿ ïðàâî íà

Î. Øòåôàí

19



çâåðíåííÿ äî ñóäó ç âèìîãîþ ïðî çà-õèñò. Äëÿ îñ³á, ÿê³ çàõèùàþòü ÷óæåïðàâî ÷è îõîðîíþâàíèé çàêîíîì ³íòå-ðåñ, ïîçîâ ÿê ñàìîñò³éíà êàòåãîð³ÿ³ñíóº ëèøå â ïðîöåñóàëüíîìó ñåíñ³.Äëÿ îñ³á, ÿê³ çàõèùàþòü âëàñí³ ïðàâàòà çàêîíí³ ³íòåðåñè, ïîçîâ ÿê ñàìî-ñò³éíà êàòåãîð³ÿ ³ñíóº ó äâîõ ð³çíîâè-äàõ — ÿê ³íñòèòóò ïðîöåñóàëüíîãîïðàâà ³ ÿê ³íñòèòóò ìàòåð³àëüíîãîïðàâà [38, 116]. Òîæ, ðîçãëÿäóâàíàêîíöåïö³ÿ ñóòíîñò³ ïîçîâó òàêîæ íåâ³äïîâ³äàº âèìîç³ ºäíîñò³ é óí³âåð-ñàëüíîñò³ ïîçîâó ÿê çàñîáó ñóäîâîãîçàõèñòó ïðàâ ³ çàêîííèõ ³íòåðåñ³â.Òðåò³é ï³äõ³ä ùîäî âèçíà÷åííÿ ñóò-

íîñò³ ïîçîâó º íàéá³ëüø ï³çí³ì ³ óâ³á-ðàâ ó ñåáå ÿê êðèòèêó ïîïåðåäí³õ äâîõêîíöåïö³é, òàê ³ ïîçèòèâí³ ï³äõîäèâèñëîâëåí³ äîñë³äíèêàìè öèâ³ëüíîãîïðîöåñóàëüíîãî ïðàâà. Ó öüîìó êîí-òåêñò³ íå ìîæíà íå ïîãîäèòèñÿ ³ç äóì-êîþ Ã. Îñîê³íîþ, ùî çáåð³ãàºòüñÿîäíà ëîã³÷íà ë³í³ÿ äâîõ ãðóï ó÷åíèõ,ÿêà çì³ñòîâíî ïîâí³ñòþ çá³ãàºòüñÿ,àäæå é ò³ é ò³ òëóìà÷àòü ïîçîâ ÿê ìà-òåð³àëüíî-ïðàâîâó âèìîãó ïîçèâà÷à äîâ³äïîâ³äà÷à, à òàêîæ äî ñóäó îäíî÷àñ-íî. Òå, ùî äâîì ñàìîñò³éíèì ïîíÿò-òÿì ïîçîâó ïðîòèñòàâèòüñÿ îäíå, ùîñêëàäàºòüñÿ ç äâîõ ÷àñòèí — ìàòåð³-àëüíî-ïðàâîâî¿ òà ïðîöåñóàëüíî¿ —ñâ³ä÷èòü ïðî íåñóòòºâ³ñòü ðîçõîäæåíüòåðì³íîëîã³÷íîãî õàðàêòåðó [32, 11].Öåé òðåò³é ï³äõ³ä îòðèìàâ íàçâó «óí³-âåðñàëüíîãî âèçíà÷åííÿ ïîíÿòòÿ ïîçî-âó». Ìåòîþ óí³âåðñàëüíîãî âèçíà÷åííÿïîçîâó º óíèêíåííÿ ñóïåðå÷íîñòåé óðàí³øå âèñëîâëåíèõ òëóìà÷åííÿõ ïî-çîâó, à òàêîæ ïðàãíåííÿ ïîâ’ÿçàòèòåîð³þ öèâ³ëüíîãî ïðîöåñóàëüíîãîïðàâà ³ç ñóäîâîþ ïðàêòèêîþ òà öè-â³ëüíèì ïðîöåñóàëüíèì çàêîíîäàâ-ñòâîì. Ïðåäñòàâíèêàìè êîíöåïö³¿ óí³-âåðñàëüíîãî âèçíà÷åííÿ ïîçîâó ºÃ. Îñîê³íà, Â. Ìóñ³í, Ì. Øòåôàí,Ì. Â³êóò, ². Çàéöåâ òà ³í.Òàê, íà äóìêó Â. Ùåãëîâà ïîçîâ º

çàñ³á ñóäîâîãî çàõèñòó, òîáòî çâåðíåí-íÿì çà³íòåðåñîâàíî¿ îñîáè äî þðèñ-äèêö³éíîãî îðãàíó, áåçïîñåðåäíüî äî

ñóäó ç êëîïîòàííÿì ïðî âèð³øåííÿïðàâîâîãî êîíôë³êòó ç ìåòîþ çàõèñòóñóá’ºêòèâíîãî ïðàâà ÷è îõîðîíþâàíî-ãî çàêîíîì ³íòåðåñó ñóá’ºêòà çâåðíåí-íÿ àáî ³íøî¿ îñîáè, ÿêùî çà çàêîíîì¿é íàäàíî ïðàâî çàõèùàòè ³íòåðåñè³íøèõ îñ³á [54, 16].Îòæå, ïîçîâ — öå ºäèíå ïîíÿòòÿ,

ùî ìàº äâà àñïåêòè: ïðîöåñóàëüíó ³ ìà-òåð³àëüíó. Çâåðíåííÿ äî ñóäó ïðî çà-õèñò ïðàâà, ïðî çä³éñíåííÿ ïðàâîñóääÿç³ ñï³ðíèõ àâòîðñüêèõ ³ ñóì³æíèõ ïðà-âîâ³äíîñèí ìàº ñóïðîâîäæóâàòèñÿ ìà-òåð³àëüíî-ïðàâîâîþ âèìîãîþ äî â³äïî-â³äà÷à. ×àñòêîâî öå ïîëîæåííÿ áóëîâ³äòâîðåíå Ì. Ãóðâè÷åì ó âèçíà÷åíí³ïîçîâó, â îñíîâó ÿêîãî áóâ ïîêëàäåíèéñôîðìóëüîâàíèé íèì çì³ñò åëåìåíò³âïîçîâó [15, 5]. Í. Çåéäåð íàçèâàº ïî-çîâîì âèìîãó äî ñóäó îñîáè, çà³íòåðå-ñîâàíî¿ â çàõèñò³ ïðàâà, à Ê. Þäåëüñîíäîäàº äî öüîãî ³ «ïîðóøåííÿ ñóäîâî¿ä³ÿëüíîñò³», òîáòî àâòîðè íå âêëþ-÷àþòü äî âèçíà÷åííÿ ïîçîâó ìàòåð³-àëüíî-ïðàâîâ³ àñïåêòè, õî÷à âîíè çãà-äàí³ ó ñëîâîñïîëó÷åíí³ «âèìîãîþ äîñóäó îñîáè, çà³íòåðåñîâàíî¿ â çàõèñò³ïðàâà» [20, 123; 42, 188].Âèìîãà äî ñóäó ïðî âèð³øåííÿ ïðà-

âîâîãî ñïîðó ç àâòîðñüêèõ, ñóì³æíèõ,³íøèõ ìàòåð³àëüíèõ ïðàâîâ³äíîñèí çà-âæäè ïîºäíóºòüñÿ ç ïåâíèìè ìàòåð³-àëüíî-ïðàâîâèìè âèìîãàìè äî â³äïîâ³-äà÷à, ïîçàÿê ó òàêîìó ðàç³ ïðåäìåòîìñóäîâîãî ðîçãëÿäó º ñï³ð ïðî ïðàâîì³æ ñòîðîíàìè. Ñóä çàâæäè ïåðåâ³ðÿºïðàâîì³ðí³ñòü ìàòåð³àëüíî-ïðàâîâî¿âèìîãè îäí³º¿ ñòîðîíè äî äðóãî¿, òîìóÀ. Äîáðîâîëüñêèé ñëóøíî çâåðíóâóâàãó íà öþ âëàñòèâ³ñòü ïîçîâó, âêëþ-÷èâøè ¿¿ ó ñôîðìóëüîâàíó íèì äåô³í³-ö³þ, â ÿê³é ïîñòàâèâ íà ïåðøå ì³ñöåâèìîãó ïðî óñóíåííÿ ïîðóøåíîãîïðàâà, ïðåä’ÿâëåíó îäí³ºþ îñîáîþäðóã³é [19, 29]. Ïîçîâíîþ âèìîãà ñòàºòîä³, êîëè âîíà ñïðÿìîâóºòüñÿ íà ïî-ðóøåííÿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³ êîìïåòåíòíîãîþðèäè÷íîãî îðãàíó, ÿêèé óïîâíîâàæå-íèé çä³éñíþâàòè çàõèñò ïîðóøåíîãî÷è îñïîðåíîãî ïðàâà, ÷è îõîðîíþâàíî-ãî çàêîíîì ³íòåðåñó. Òàêà âëàñòèâ³ñòü

Î. Øòåôàí



âèìîãè ïðÿìî â³äîáðàæåíà ó ñò. 3ÖÏÊ Óêðà¿íè. Âàðòî çâåðíóòè óâàãó,ùî äåùî ï³çí³øå À. Äîáðîâîëüñêèéäàâ çíà÷íî ðîçãîðíóò³øå âèçíà÷åííÿïîçîâó ÿê ïðåä’ÿâëåííÿ â ñóä àáî³íøèé þðèñäèêö³éíèé îðãàí äëÿ ðîç-ãëÿäó òà âèð³øåííÿ â ïåâíîìó ïðîöå-ñóàëüíîìó ïîðÿäêó ìàòåð³àëüíî-ïðà-âîâî¿ âèìîãè îäí³º¿ îñîáè äî äðóãî¿,ùî âèíèêàº ³ç ñï³ðíèõ ìàòåð³àëüíî-ïðàâîâèõ â³äíîñèí, îñíîâàíèõ íà ïåâ-íèõ þðèäè÷íèõ ôàêòàõ [18, 19].Àíàëîã³÷íå âèçíà÷åííÿì ïîçîâó

ñôîðìóëüîâàíî Ì. Òðåóøí³êîâèì,Ñ. ²âàíîâîþ [43, 194–194; 1, 78], ç íå-çíà÷íèìè ìîäóëÿö³ÿìè — Å. Ïóøêà-ðåì, À. Ïàøóêîì [49, 188; 33, 5; 52,278; 46, 113].Íà äóìêó Ã. Îñîê³íî¿, ïîçîâ ÿê âè-

ìîãà çà³íòåðåñîâàíî¿ îñîáè ïðî çàõèñòñâîãî àáî ÷óæîãî ïðàâà ÷è îñïîðþâàíî-ãî çàêîíîì ³íòåðåñó õàðàêòåðèçóºòüñÿºäí³ñòþ òà íå ìîæå ³ñíóâàòè ó äâîõñâî¿õ ³ïîñòàñÿõ — ïðîöåñóàëüí³é ³ ìà-òåð³àëüíî-ïðàâîâ³é, — àëå ó çàïðîïîíî-âàíîìó íåþ âèçíà÷åíí³ âîíè ïðîãëÿ-äàþòüñÿ [32; 28].Âàðòî çàóâàæèòè, ùî ïðè âèçíà-

÷åíí³ ïîçîâó ïîòð³áíî âèõîäèòè ç íîð-ìàòèâíèõ ïîëîæåíü ñòàòåé 3, 4 ÖÏÊÓêðà¿íè, â³äïîâ³äíî äî ÿêèõ ïîçîâìàº âò³ëþâàòè ïðàâî çà³íòåðåñîâàíî¿îñîáè íà çâåðíåííÿ äî ñóäó çà çàõè-ñòîì, ïðàâî íà ïîðóøåííÿ öèâ³ëüíî¿ñïðàâè â ñóä³ òà íà ¿¿ ðîçãëÿä. Îòæå,íà äóìêó Ì. Øòåôàíà, ïîçîâ â öèâ³ëü-íîìó ñóäî÷èíñòâ³ — öå âèìîãà äî ñóäóçà³íòåðåñîâàíî¿ îñîáè ïðî çä³éñíåííÿïðàâîñóääÿ â öèâ³ëüíèõ ñïðàâàõ íà çà-õèñò ïðàâ òà ³íòåðåñ³â, ïîðóøåíèõ àáîîñïîðåíèõ ³íøîþ îñîáîþ [52, 278].Ï³äâîäÿ÷è ï³äñóìîê íàâåäåíèì ³

ïðîàíàë³çîâàíèì êîíöåïö³ÿì âèçíà-÷åííÿ ïîçîâó íå ìîæíà íå ïîãîäèòèñÿç äóìêîþ Ì. Â³êóòà òà ². Çàéöåâà, ùîð³çí³ ï³äõîäè ïðè âèçíà÷åíí³ ïîíÿòòÿïîçîâó, ïîÿñíþþòüñÿ íå ëèøå ñêëàä-í³ñòþ äîñë³äæóâàíî¿ êàòåãîð³¿, à éïåâíîþ ì³ðîþ, íåäîñêîíàë³ñòþ þðè-äè÷íî¿ òåõí³êè, êîëè îäèí ³ òîé æåòåðì³í â öèâ³ëüíîìó ïðîöåñóàëüíîìó

çàêîíîäàâñòâ³ âèêîðèñòîâóºòüñÿ äëÿïîçíà÷åííÿ ð³çíèõ ïîíÿòü [9, 173].ßêùî çâåðíóòèñÿ äî ñó÷àñíî¿ öè-

â³ëüíî¿ ïðîöåñóàëüíî¿ ë³òåðàòóðè, òîìîæíà ïîáà÷èòè, ùî âñ³ òðè êîíöåïö³¿ùîäî âèçíà÷åííÿ ïîíÿòòÿ ïîçîâó çáå-ðåãëèñü ³ ïðîäîâæóþòü ñâîº ³ñíóâàí-íÿ. Âîäíî÷àñ íåîáõ³äíî êîíñòàòóâàòè,ùî ïåðåâàæíîþ òî÷êîþ çîðó íèí³ ºóí³âåðñàëüíå âèçíà÷åííÿ ïîçîâó.Òàê, íàïðèêëàä, ïðèõèëüíèêîì äî-

ì³íàíòíîãî ìàòåð³àëüíî-ïðàâîâîãî àñ-ïåêòó ïîçîâó º Ñ. ²âàíîâà, ÿêà âèçíà-÷àº ïîçîâ, ÿê ìàòåð³àëüíî-ïðàâîâó âè-ìîãó îäí³º¿ îñîáè äî ³íøî¿, ùîï³äëÿãàº ðîçãëÿäó â ïåâíîìó ïðîöåñó-àëüíîìó ïîðÿäêó [13, 228].Äî ïðèõèëüíèê³â äâîõ ñàìîñò³éíèõ

ïîíÿòü ïîçîâó (â ìàòåð³àëüíî-ïðàâîâî-ìó òà ïðîöåñóàëüíîìó çíà÷åííÿõ)º Â. ßðêîâ, ÿêèé âèçíà÷àº ïîçîâÿê çâåðíåíó äî ñóäó ïåðøî¿ ³íñòàíö³¿âèìîãó ïîçèâà÷à äî â³äïîâ³äà÷à ïðîçàõèñò ñâîãî ïðàâà ÷è îõîðîíþâàíîãîçàêîíîì ³íòåðåñó. Ïîçîâ — öå ïðîöå-ñóàëüíèé çàñ³á çàõèñòó ³íòåðåñ³â ïîçè-âà÷à, ïîçîâ ïîðóøóº ïîçîâíå ïðîâàä-æåííÿ, â ðåçóëüòàò³ ÷îãî ñï³ð ïåðåäà-ºòüñÿ íà ðîçãëÿä ñóäó [58, 257].Ïîçèö³þ ùîäî óí³âåðñàëüíîãî âè-

çíà÷åííÿ ïîçîâó îáñòîþº, íàïðèêëàä,Â. Âàñ³í, ÿêèé âèçíà÷àº ïîçîâ ÿê âè-ìîãó þðèäè÷íî çà³íòåðåñîâàíî¿ îñîáè,çâåðíåíó äî ñóäó ïåðøî¿ ³íñòàíö³¿, ïðîçàõèñò ïîðóøåíîãî ÷è îñïîðþâàíîãîñóá’ºêòèâíîãî ïðàâà àáî îõîðîíþâàíî-ãî çàêîíîì ³íòåðåñó âñòàíîâëåíèì çà-êîíîì ñïîñîáîì íà ï³äñòàâ³ âêàçàíèõôàêò³â, ç ÿêèìè âîíà ïîâ’ÿçóº íåïðà-âîì³ðí³ ä³¿ ïîçèâà÷à [5, 106].Àíàë³ç ñó÷àñíî¿ ë³òåðàòóðè ñâ³ä-

÷èòü ³ ïðî ïðàãíåííÿ äîñë³äíèê³â äà-âàòè âèçíà÷åííÿ ïîçîâó â øèðîêîìóçíà÷åíí³, âêëþ÷àþ÷è äî íüîãî ÿêîìî-ãà á³ëüøå îçíàê. Ç îäíîãî áîêó íåìîæíà íå ïîä³ëÿòè òàêîãî ï³äõîäó, àç ³íøî¿ — ³íêîëè âèçíà÷åííÿ ïåðåòâî-ðþþòüñÿ íà äîñèòü ñêëàäí³ êîíñòðóê-ö³¿, ùî âàæê³ äëÿ ñïðèéíÿòòÿ. Íà-ïðèêëàä, Ò. Ñòåïàíåíêî, çàïðîïîíóâà-ëà òàêå âèçíà÷åííÿ ïîíÿòòÿ ïîçîâó

Î. Øòåôàí

21



ÿê ïðåä’ÿâëåíî¿ ó âñòàíîâëåí³é çàêî-íîì ïðîöåñóàëüí³é ôîðì³ ç ìåòîþ çà-õèñòó íåïåðñîí³ô³êîâàíîãî ñóñï³ëüíî-ãî ³íòåðåñó âèìîãà çà³íòåðåñîâàíî¿îñîáè äî ñóäó ïðî ðîçãëÿä ³ âèð³øåí-íÿ ïðàâîâîãî ñïîðó ì³æ íåþ òà â³äïî-â³äà÷åì ç ïðèâîäó ïîðóøåííÿ ä³ÿìè(áåçä³ÿëüí³ñòþ) îñòàííüîãî ïðàâ òà ³í-òåðåñ³â ÷èñëåííî¿, ê³ëüê³ñíî é ïåðñî-íàëüíî íå âñòàíîâëåíî¿ ãðóïè îñ³á,ñï³ëüí³ñòü ÿêî¿ çóìîâëåíà ºäí³ñòþ ³í-òåðåñ³â ³ ñïîñîáó çàõèñòó ïîðóøåíèõïðàâ [48, 10].Ïðîòå, ÿê³ á íå áóëè âèçíà÷åííÿ ïî-

çîâó, ³ äîñë³äíèêè, ³ çàêîíîäàâåöüºäèí³ â îäíîìó: ïîçîâ º òàì, äå º ïîçîâ-íå ïðîâàäæåííÿ, à ïîäàííÿ ïîçîâó ºï³äñòàâîþ äëÿ â³äêðèòòÿ ïîçîâíîãîïðîâàäæåííÿ [9, 173]. Ïðèâåðòàº óâàãóé òîé ôàêò, ùî òàêèé ï³äõ³ä âèñëîâëå-íèé â òåîð³¿ öèâ³ëüíîãî ïðîöåñóàëüíîãîïðàâà ³íîçåìíèõ êðà¿í. Òàê, íàïðèê-ëàä, óãîðñüê³ äîñë³äíèêè ââàæàþòü,ùî ïîçîâíå ïðîâàäæåííÿ áóäå òàì, äåáóäå ïîäàíèé ïîçîâ. Ïîçîâ íàÿâíèéòîä³, êîëè º äâ³ ñòîðîíè (ïîçèâà÷ ³ â³ä-ïîâ³äà÷) ç ïðîòèëåæíèìè ïîçèö³ÿìèùîäî ïðåäìåòó ïîçîâó (íàÿâí³ñòüñïîðó), ÷è ïðèíàéìí³ íåîáõ³äíà â³äïî-â³äíà íîðìà çàêîíó, ÿêà á äîçâîëèëàçà³íòåðåñîâàí³é çâåðíóòèñÿ äî ñóäó çïîçîâîì [39; 16].Ó í³ìåöüêîìó öèâ³ëüíîìó ïðîöå-

ñóàëüíîìó ïðàâ³ ïîçîâ âèçíà÷àþòü ÿêçâåðíåííÿ ïîçèâà÷à ïðî íàäàííÿéîìó ïðàâîâîãî çàõèñòó, òîáòî ïîçîâº çàñîáîì ïðàâîâîãî çàõèñòó, à òàêîæïåðåäóìîâîþ äëÿ óõâàëåííÿ ñóäîìâ³äïîâ³äíîãî ð³øåííÿ ïî ñïðàâ³.×åðåç ð³øåííÿ ñóäó ïîçèâà÷ îòðèìóºâ³äïîâ³äíèé ïðàâîâèé çàõèñò, çàóìîâè çàäîâîëåííÿ ïîçîâó, ÷è â³äìî-âó ó ïðàâîâîìó çàõèñò³, â ðàç³ â³äìî-âè â³ä ïîçîâó [35].Âèñíîâîê. Çâàæàþ÷è íà ïðîàíàë³-

çîâàí³ ïîëîæåííÿ òà ïðåäìåò öüîãîäîñë³äæåííÿ, ïîçîâîì º çâåðíåííÿ äîñóäó çà³íòåðåñîâàíî¿ îñîáè ïðî çä³é-ñíåííÿ ïðàâîñóääÿ ó ñïðàâ³ íà çàõèñòïðàâ ³ îõîðîíþâàíèõ çàêîíîì ³íòåðå-ñ³â ç àâòîðñüêèõ ³ ñóì³æíèõ ïðàâîâ³ä-

íîñèí, ïîðóøåíèõ ÷è îñïîðåíèõ³íøîþ îñîáîþ.Öå çâåðíåííÿ (âèìîãà, çàÿâà) çà-

³íòåðåñîâàíî¿ îñîáè (ïîçèâà÷à ÷è³íøî¿ óïîâíîâàæåíî¿ íåþ àáî çàêîíîìîñîáè) äî ñóäó ïðî ïðèéíÿòòÿ íèì äîñâîãî ïðîâàäæåííÿ íà ðîçãëÿä ³ âèð³-øåííÿ ìàòåð³àëüíî-ïðàâîâî¿ âèìîãè(ïðî ïîðóøåííÿ öèâ³ëüíî¿ ñïðàâè òà ¿¿ðîçãëÿä), ïðåä’ÿâëåíî¿ íåþ äî äðóãî¿îñîáè (â³äïîâ³äà÷à) ç ìåòîþ çàõèñòóñï³ðíèõ àáî ïîðóøåíèõ àâòîðñüêèõïðàâ âñòàíîâëåíèì ñïîñîáîì ³ íà çà-çíà÷åí³é ï³äñòàâ³.Ó öüîìó âèçíà÷åíí³ ïîíÿòòÿ ïîçîâó

çàêëàäåí³ éîãî ³ñòîòí³ îçíàêè é îçíà-êè ïîçîâíîãî ïðîâàäæåííÿ (ïîçîâíî¿ôîðìè) öèâ³ëüíîãî ïðîöåñó, çîêðåìà:1) ïîçîâ ñïðÿìîâóºòüñÿ íà çàõèñò ïî-ðóøåíèõ ÷è îñïîðåíèõ àâòîðñüêèõ àáîñóì³æíèõ ïðàâ, òîìó â ïîçîâíîìó ïðî-âàäæåíí³ ðîçãëÿäàþòüñÿ òà âèð³-øóþòüñÿ ñïîðè çà³íòåðåñîâàíèõ îñ³á —ñóá’ºêò³â àâòîðñüêèõ ÷è ñóì³æíèõ ïðà-âîâ³äíîñèí ïðî ¿õí³ ïðàâà ³ îáîâ’ÿçêèòà çàêîíí³ ³íòåðåñè; 2) ó ïîçîâíîìóïðîâàäæåíí³ áåðóòü ó÷àñòü äâ³ ñï³ðí³ñòîðîíè ç ïðîòèëåæíèìè (ìàéíîâèìè÷è îñîáèñòèìè) ³íòåðåñàìè; 3) ïîçîâñïðÿìîâóºòüñÿ íà ðîçãëÿä äî ñóäó,ÿêèì º òåðèòîð³àëüíèé ñóä çàãàëüíî¿þðèñäèêö³¿, ä³ÿëüí³ñòü êîòðîãî ïîáóäî-âàíà íà ïðèíöèï³ íåçàëåæíîñò³ ñóää³â ³ï³äêîðåííÿ ¿õ ò³ëüêè çàêîíó; 4) â ïîçîâ-íèé ñï³ð ì³æ ñòîðîíàìè òàêîæ ìîæëè-âå âòðó÷àííÿ ³íøèõ çà³íòåðåñîâàíèõîñ³á äëÿ çàõèñòó ñâî¿õ ïðàâ, ïðàâ ³íøèõîñ³á ³ äåðæàâè; 5) ïðîöåñóàëüíå ñòàíî-âèùå ñòîð³í, ³íøèõ îñ³á, ÿê³ áåðóòüó÷àñòü ó ñïðàâ³ ïîçîâíîãî ïðîâàäæåííÿáàçóºòüñÿ íà ïðèíöèïàõ äèñïîçèòèòâ-íîñò³, ð³âíîïðàâíîñò³ òà çìàãàëüíîñò³ñòîð³í òîùî. Çìàãàëüíà ôîðìà öèâ³ëü-íîãî ïðîöåñó íàéá³ëüø ïîâíî âèðàæåíàâ ïîçîâíîìó ïðîâàäæåíí³.


1. Àðáèòðàæíûé ïðîöåññ : ó÷åáíèê äëÿ þðèä. ÂÓÇîâ è ôàê. / ïîä ðåä.Ì. Ê. Òðèóøíèêîâà. — 3-å èçä., äîï. — Ì. : Ñïàðòàê, Ãîðîäåö, 1997. — 454 ñ.

2. Arndts K. Lefirbuch der Pandekten / K. Arndts. — 5. Aufl. — 1865. — S. 134.3. Áàðòîøåê Ì. Ðèìñêîå ïðàâî. (Ïîíÿòèå, òåðìèíû, îïðåäåëåíèÿ) : ïåð. ñ÷åøñê. / Ì. Áàðòîøåê. — Ì. : Þðèäè÷åñêàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà, 1989. — 448 ñ.

4. Áåðíõàðò (Áåðíãàðä) Âèíäøåéä. [Ýëåêòðîííûé ðåñóðñ]. — Ðåæèì äîñòó-ïà : http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Âèíäøåéä,_Áåðíõàðä.

5. Âàñèí Â. Í. Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ: ó÷åáíèê äëÿ ñòóä. ñðåä. ïðîô. ó÷åá. çàâå-äåíèé / Â. Í. Âàñèí, Â. È. Êàçàíöåâ. — 3-å èçä., ñòåð. — Ì. : Àêàäåìèÿ,2008. — 288 ñ.

6. Âàñüêîâñêèé Å. Â. Êóðñ ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðîöåññà / Å. Â. Âàñüêîâñêèé. — Ì. :Áð. Áàøìàêîâû, 1913. — Ò. 1 : Ñóáúåêòû è îáúåêòû ïðîöåññà, ïðîöåññóàëü-íûå îòíîøåíèÿ è äåéñòâèÿ. — 1913. — 572 ñ.

7. Âàñüêîâñêèé Å.Â. Ó÷åáíèê ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðîöåññà / Å. Â. Âàñüêîâñêèé. —Ì. : Èçä. áð. Áàøìàêîâûõ, 1914. — Ñ. 598.

8. Âàñüêîâñêèé Å. Â. Ó÷åáíèê ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðîöåññà / Å. Â. Âàñüêîâñêèé ; ïîäðåä., ñ ïðåäèñë. Â. À. Òîìñèíîâà. — Ì. : Çåðöàëî, 2003. — 464 c.

9. Âèêóò Ì. À. Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ : êóðñ ëåêöèé / Ì. À. Âèêóò, È.Ì. Çàé-öåâ. — Ñàðàòîâ : ÑÃÀÏ, 1998. — 336 ñ.

10.Ãîðäîí Â. Ì. Îñíîâàíèå èñêà â ñîñòàâå èçìåíåíèÿ èñêîâûõ òðåíîâàíèé /Â. Ì. Ãîðäîí. — ßðîñëàâëü : Òèï. Ãóá. Ïðàâëåíèÿ, 1902. — 316 ñ.

11.Ãîðäîí Â. Ì. Èñêè î ïðèçíàíèè. / Â. Ì. Ãîðäîí. — ßðîñëàâëü: Òèï. Ãóá.çåìñê. óïðàâû, 1906. — 370 ñ.

12.Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ : ó÷åáíèê / ïîä ðåä. Ì. Ñ. Øàêàðÿíà. — Ì. : Þðèä.ëèò-ðà, 1993. — 560 ñ.

13.Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ : ó÷åá. äëÿ âóçîâ / ïîä ðåä. Ì. Ê. Òðåóøíèêîâà. — 2-åèçä., ïåðåðàá. è äîï. — Ì. : Ãîðîäåö, 2007. — 783 ñ.

14.Ãóðâè÷ Ì. À. Ïðàâî íà èñê / Ì. À. Ãóðâè÷ ; ïîä ðåä. Êëåéìàí À. Ô. — Ì. :Èçä-âî Àêàäåìèè íàóê ÑÑÑÐ, 1949. — 216 ñ.

15.Ãóðâè÷ Ì. À. Ó÷åíèå îá èñêå (ñîñòàâ, âèäû) : ó÷åáí. ïîñîáèå / Ì. À. Ãóðâè÷. —Ì. : ÐÈÎ ÂÞÇÈ, 1981. — 34 ñ.

16.Gyekiczky Tamás: V. Előadás: Szinguláris és társas peralakzatok In: Előadások apolgári eljárások köréből Kossuth Egyetemi Kiadó Debrecen 2006. 49-59. o.o. [Елек-тронний ресурс]. — Режим доступу : http://www.fvszemle.hu/aktualis_szam.

17.Äàâòÿí À. Ã. Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðîöåññóàëüíîå ïðàâî Ãåðìàíèè / À. Ã. Äàâòÿí. —Ì. : Ãîðîäåö, 2000. — 320 ñ.

18.Äîáðîâîëüñêèé À. À. Îñíîâíûå ïðîáëåìû èñêîâîé ôîðìû çàùèòû ïðàâà /À. À. Äîáðîâîëüñêèé, Ñ. À. Èâàíîâà. — Ì. : Èçä-âî ÌÃÓ, 1979. — 160 ñ.

19.Äîáðîâîëüñêèé À. À. Èñêîâàÿ ôîðìà çàùèòû ïðàâà: (Îñíîâíûå âîïð. ó÷åíèÿîá èñêå) / À. À. Äîáðîâîëüñêèé. — Ì. : ÌÃÓ, 1965. — 109 ñ.

20.Çåéäåð Í. Á. Ýëåìåíòû èñêà â ñîâåòñêîì ãðàæäàíñêîì ïðîöåñ ñå : ó÷åá. ïîñîá. /Çåéäåð Í. Á. — Ñàðàòîâ : Èçä-âî Ñàðàò. óí-òà, þð. èíñò-òà, 1956. — 74 ñ.

21.Åëèñååâ Í. Ã. Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ ÔÐÃ: ó÷åá. ïîñîá. / Åëèñååâ Í. Ã. ; ïîäðåä. Àáîâîé Ò. Å. — Ì. : Èçä-âî èí-òà ãîñóäàðñòâà è ïðàâà, 1989. — 152 ñ.

22.Åëèñåéêèí Ï. Ô. Ïðåäìåò ñóäåáíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè â ñîâåòñêîì ãðàæäàí-ñêîì ïðîöåññå (åãî ïîíÿòèå, ìåñòî, çíà÷åíèå) : àâòîðåô. äèñ... ä-ðà. þð.íàóê: 12.00.03 / ËÃÓ èì. À.À. Æäàíîâà. — Ë., 1974. — 32 ñ.

Î. Øòåôàí



23.Èñàåíêîâà Î. Â. Èñê â ãðàæäàíñêîì ñóäîïðîèçâîäñòâå : ó÷åá. ïîñîáèå /Î. Â. Èñàåíêîâà. — Ñàðàòîâ, 1998. — 130 ñ.

24.Êëåéí Í. É. Âñòðå÷íûé èñê â ñóäå è àðáèòðàæå / Í. É. Êëåéí. — Ì. :Þðèä. ëèò-ðà, 1964. — 80ñ.

25.Êëåéíìàí À. Ô. Íîâåéøèå òå÷åíèÿ â ñîâåòñêîé íàóêå ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðîöåñ-ñóàëüíîãî ïðàâà / À. Ô. Êëåéíìàí // Î÷åðêè ïî èñòîðèè. — Ì. : Èçä-âîÌÃÓ, 1967. — 119 ñ.

26.Êëû÷êîâ Â. Â. Èñê, êàê ýôôåêòèâíûé èíñòðóìåíò çàùèòû íàðóøåííûõãðàæäàíñêèõ ïðàâ [Ýëåêòðîííûé ðåñóðñ] / Â. Â. Êëû÷êîâ. — [Ðåæèì äî-ñòóïà]: http://www.yurclub.ru/docs/arbitration/article116.html.

27.Êîëåñîâ Ï. Ï. Ïðîöåññóàëüíûå ñðåäñòâà çàùèòû ïðàâà [Ýëåêòðîííûé ðå-ñóðñ] / Ï. Ï. Êîëåñîâ ; ÍîâÃÓ èìåíè ßðîñëàâà Ìóäðîãî. — Âåëèêèé Íîâãî-ðîä, 2004. — 220 ñ. — (Ìîíîãðàôèè). — Ðåæèì äîñòóïà :http://www.pravo.vuzlib.org/book_z140_page_1.html.

28.Êî÷åðãèíú Ï. Êðàòê³é êóðñú ðóññêàãî ãðàæäàíñêàãî ïðîöåññà / Ï. Êî÷åð-ãèíú. — Ê. : Èçäàí³å êíèæíîãî ìàãàçèíà «Êíèæíûé ì³ð» Ê.Ñ. Ñåðìèíñêîãî,1915. — 38 ñ.

29.Êîëåñîâ Ï. Ï. Ïðîöåññóàëüíûå ñðåäñòâà çàùèòû ïðàâà [Ýëåêòðîííûé ðå-ñóðñ] / Ï. Ï. Êîëåñîâ ; ÍîâÃÓ èìåíè ßðîñëàâà Ìóäðîãî. — Âåëèêèé Íîâãî-ðîä, 2004. — 220 ñ. — (Ìîíîãðàôèè). — Ðåæèì äîñòóïà :http://www.pravo.vuzlib.org/book_z140_page_1.html;

30.Ëîãèíîâ Ï. Â. Èñê — ñðåäñòâî ðåàëèçàöèè ïðàâà íà îáðàùåíèå â ãîñó-äàðñòâåííûé àðáèòðàæ äëÿ çàùèòû ïðàâ è îõðàíÿåìûõ çàêîíîì èíòåðå-ñîâ ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêèõ îðãàíèçàöèé / Ï. Â. Ëîãèíîâ // Ïðîöåññóàëüíûåñðåäñòâà ðåàëèçàöèè êîíñòèòóöèîííîãî ïðàâà íà ñóäåáíóþ è àðáèòðàæ-íóþ çàùèòó : ìåæâóç. òåì. ñá. / ïîä ðåä. Ð. Å. Ãóêàñÿí è äð. — Êàëèíèí,1982. — Ñ. 146.

31.Ìàêàðîâ Â. Â. Òåîðèÿ èñêà ãðàæäàíñêîì ïðîöåññóàëüíîì ïðàâå Ðîññèè è Ãåð-ìàíèè : àâòîðåô. äèñ... êàíä. þðèä. íàóê [Ýëåêòðîííûé ðåñóðñ] / Â. Â. Ìàêà-ðîâ. — Ì., 2006. — Ñ. 10. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïà : http://hghltd.yandex.net/yandbtm.

32.Îñîêèíà Ã. Ë. Èñê (òåîðèÿ è ïðàêòèêà) / Ã. Ë. Îñîêèíà. — Ì. : Ãîðîäåö,2000. — 179 ñ.

33.Ïàøóê À. É. Ïîçîâ ó ðàäÿíñüêîìó öèâ³ëüíîìó ïðîöåñóàëüíîìîìó ïðàâ³ /À. É. Ïàøóê. — Ëüâ³â, 1971. — 95 ñ.

34.Planck J. W. Lehrbuch des deutschen Civilprozessrechts / J. W. Planck. —Bd. 2. — 1896. — S. 2.

35.Ïîíÿòèå è êëàññèôèêàöèÿ èñêîâ â ãðàæäàíñêîì ïðîöåññå Ãåðìàíèè. -[Ýëåêòðîííûé ðåñóðñ]. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïà : http://spb5.ru/ponyatie-i-klassi-fikaciya-iskov-v-grazhdanskom-processe-germanii.

36.Ïóõòà Ã. Ô. Êóðñú Ðèìñêàãî Ãðàæäàíñêàãî Ïðàâà / Ã. Ô. Ïóõòà. — Ò. 1. —Ì. : Ñîâðåìåííûå èçâåñòèÿ, 1874. — 550 ñ.

37.Puchta G. F. Pandckten / G. F. Puchta. — 9. Aufl. — IS63 — SS. 125–126.38.Ðåøåòíèêîâà È. Â. Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ : ó÷åáíèê äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ /È. Â. Ðåøåòíèêîâà, Â. Â. ßðêîâ. — Ì. : Þðèñïðóäåíöèÿ, 2007. — 363 ñ.

39.Ribai Csilla. Az alanytöbbség problémája a polgári perben [Електронний ресурс]. —Режим доступу : http://www.fvszemle.hu/aktualis_szam/2012_majus/paragrafus/alanytobbseg.

40.Ðóäåíêî Å. Âçàèìîñâÿçü äâóõ ïðàâîìî÷èé: ïðîöåññóàëüíîé ñòîðîíû è ìàòå-ðèàëüíî-ïðàâîâîé ñòîðîíû ïðàâà íà èñê è ìàòåðèàëüíî-ïðàâîâîé ñòîðîíû

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ïðàâà íà èñê [Ýëåêòðîííûé ðåñóðñ] / Å. Ðóäåíêî // Àðáèòðàæíûé è ãðàæ-äàíñêèé ïðîöåññ, 2005. — ¹ 8. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïà :http://www.zonazakona.ru/law/comments/485.

41.Savigny F. C. System des heutigen Romischen Rechts / F. C. Savigny. — 5. Bd. —Berlin: Bei Veit und Comp., 1841. — S. 4–5.

42.Ñîâåòñêîå ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðîöåññóàëüíîå ïðàâî : ó÷åáíèê äëÿ þðèä. èí-òîâ èôàêóëüòåòîâ / ïîä ðåä. ïðîô. Ê. Ñ. Þäåëüñîíà. — Ì. : Þðèä. ëèò-ðà, 1965. —471 ñ.

43.Ñîâåòñêèé ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ : ó÷åáíèê / ïîä ðåä. Ì. Ê. Òðåóøíèêîâà. —Ì. : Èçä-âî ÌÃÓ, 1989. — 468 ñ.

44.Ñîâåòñêèé ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ: ó÷åáíèê äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ âóçîâ, îáó÷. ïîñïåö. «Ïðàâîâåäåíèå» / ïîä ðåä. Ì. Ñ. Øàêàðÿíà. — Ì. : Èçä-âî Þðèä. ëèò-ðà, 1985. — 528 ñ.

45.Ñîâåòñêèé ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ: ó÷åáíèê / ïîä. ðåä. Ì. À. Ãóðâè÷à. — 2-åèçä., äîï. — Ì. : Âûñø. øêîëà, 1976. — 536 ñ.

46.Ñîâåòñêèé ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ: ó÷åáíèê äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ þðèä. èí-òîâè ôàê. / ïîä ðåä. ïðîô. Ñ. Þ. Êàöà, äîö. Ë. ß. Íîñêî. — Ê. : Âûñø. øêîëà,1982. — 424 ñ.

47.Ñîëîãóáîâà Å. Â. Ðèìñêèé ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ / Å. Â. Ñîëîãóáîâà. — Ì. :Ãîðîäåö, 1997. — 144 ñ.

48.Ñòåïàíåíêî Ò. Â. Ñóäî÷èíñòâî ó ñïðàâàõ çà ïîçîâàìè ïðî çàõèñò ïðàâ òà³íòåðåñ³â íåâèçíà÷åíîãî êîëà îñ³á: àâòîðåô. äèñ... êàíä. þðèä. íàóê /Ò. Â. Ñòåïàíåíêî. — Õ., 2008. — 20 ñ.

49.Öèâ³ëüíå ïðîöåñóàëüíå ïðàâî Óêðà¿íè: ï³äðó÷íèê äëÿ þðèä. ÂÓÇ³â ³ ôàê. /Êîìàðîâ Â. Â., Á³ãóí Â. À., Ðàä÷åíêî Ï. ². ³ ³íø. / ï³ä ðåä. Â. Â. Êîìàðîâà. —Õ. : Îñíîâà, 1992. — 416 ñ.

50.×àïóðñêèé Â. Ï. Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ / Â. Ï. ×àïóðñêèé. — Ì.: èçä-âîÌèí. þñòèöèè ÑÑÑÐ, 1948. — 484 ñ.

51.Øòåôàí Ì. É. Ïðîöåñóàëüí³ çàñîáè ïîðóøåííÿ öèâ³ëüíîãî ñóäî÷èíñòâà /Ì. É. Øòåôàí // Çàõèñò ñîö³àë³ñòè÷íèõ îðãàí³çàö³é â ñóä³. — Âèï. 1. —Ê. : Ëàáîðàòîð³ÿ äðóêó ÊÄÓ, 1970. — Ñ. 1–27;

52.Øòåôàí Ì. É. Öèâ³ëüíèé ïðîöåñ : ï³äðó÷íèê äëÿ þðèä. ñïåö³àëüíîñòåéâèùèõ çàêëàä³â îñâ³òè / Ì. É. Øòåôàí. — Ê. : ²í Þðå, 1997. — 608 ñ.

53.Øòóò³í ß. ß. Ëåêö³é ç ðàäÿíñüêîãî öèâ³ëüíîãî ïðîöåñó / ß. ß. Øòóò³í. —Ê. : Âèä-âî ÊÄÓ ³ì. Ò.Øåâ÷åíêà, 1954. — 334 ñ.

54.Ùåãëîâ Â. Í. Èñê î ñóäåáíîé çàùèòå ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðàâà / Â. Í. Ùåãëîâ //Ëåêöèè äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ. — Òîìñê : Êðàñíîå çíàìÿ, 1987. — 221 ñ.

55.Ýíãåëüìàí È. Å. Êóðñ ðóññêîãî ãðàæäàíñêîãî ñóäîïðîèçâîäñòâà /È. Å. Ýíãåëüìàí. — 3-å èçä. — Þðüåâ : Òèïîãðàôèÿ Ê. Ìàòòèñåíà, 1912. —646 ñ.

56.Ýíöèêëîïåäè÷åñêèé ñëîâàðü Áðîêãàóçà è Åôðîíà. [Ýëåêòðîííûé ðåñóðñ]. —Ðåæèì äîñòóïà : http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/46265/Èñê.

57.ßáëî÷êîâ Ò. Ì. Ó÷åáíèê ðóññêîãî ãðàæäàíñêîãî ñóäîïðîèçâîäñòâà /Ò. Ì. ßáëî÷êîâ. — 2-å èçä. äîïîëíåííîå). — ßðîñëàâëü : ÊíèãîèçäàòåëüñòâîÈ. Ê. Ãàññàíîâà, òèïîëèòîãðàôèÿ Åëëèÿ Âàõðàìååâà, 1912. — 326 c.

58.ßðêîâ Â. Â. Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ: ó÷åáíèê / Â. Â. ßðêîâ. — 5 èçä., ïåðåðàá.è äîï. — Ì. : Âîëòåðñ Êëóâåð, 2004. — 720 ñ.

59.Wach A. Handbuch des deutschen CivilprozeBrechts / A. Wach. — Bd.l. —1885. — S. 38.

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60.Wach À. Defensionspflicht u. Klagerecht, Zeitschrift für das private u. ÖffentlicheRecht der Gegenwart / A. Wach. — Bd. VI (1877). — S. 538. — Note 1.


Øòåôàí Å. Èñê ïî äåëàì, âîçíèêàþùèì èç àâòîðñêî-ïðàâîâûõ îòíîøåíèé. Íà-ó÷íàÿ ñòàòüÿ ïîñâÿùåíà âîïðîñàì èñêà ïî äåëàì, âîçíèêàþùèì èç àâòîðñêî-ïðà-âîâûõ îòíîøåíèéì. Â ñòàòüå àâòîð óäåëÿåò âíèìàíèå íå òîëüêî ðàñêðûòèþ ãðàæ-äàíñêîé ïðîöåññóàëüíîé ïðèðîäû èñêà, íî è ïîêàçûâàåò åãî ñïåöèôèêó â ñâÿçè ñîïðåäåëåííûì âèäîì ãðàæäàíñêèõ äåë.

Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ó÷åíèå îá èñêå, ïîíÿòèå èñêà, èñê, çàùèòà íàðóøåííûõ è îñïî-ðåííûõ ïðàâ è çàêîííûõ èíòåðåñîâ, èñêîâîå ïðîèçâîäñòâî, ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ

Shtefan O. The lawsuit in cases arising from author’s legal relations. This articlefocuses on the scientific doctrine of a lawsuit. Using the method of comparative histori-cal analysis the author traces the path of the development of the lawsuit doctrine sinceRoman times up to the present day. The author stops directly on the most importantperiods of development of the theory of lawsuit, namely: Ancient Rome, NapoleonicFrance, achievements of the German philosophers of the XIX century, pre-revolutiona-ry researches of legal process specialists, soviet period and modern researches.The paper shows the influence of German philosophical idea on the formation of the

doctrine of lawsuit on the territory of the Russian Empire, in turn, was influenced bypre-revolutionary legal process specialists on the development of the doctrine of thelawsuit in the Soviet period. It is concluded that the basic approaches to the determina-tion of the lawsuit can be seen in recent studies of this problem.Taking into account the conducted study it was offered to understand the lawsuit

as a recourse (requirement, petitions) of the concerned person (the plaintiff or otherauthorized person, or by law) to the court of its acceptance of the proceedings to con-sider and resolve the substantive requirements (on a civil case and its consideration)brought by them to another person (the defendant) with the aim of the protection ofcontroversial or violated copyrights in established way and on that basis.

Keywords: doctrine about the lawsuit, the concept of lawsuit, lawsuit, defense of vio-lated and controversial rights and legitimate interests, action proceedings, civil proceed-ings

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Ïîñòàíîâêà ïðîáëåìè. Çì³íà òàïðèïèíåííÿ ïðàâîâ³äíîøåííÿ (ï. ï. 6,7 ÷. 2 ñò. 16 ÖÊ Óêðà¿íè) â³äáóâàþòüñÿøëÿõîì òðàíñôîðìàö³¿ îäíèõ ïðàâî-â³äíîñèí â ³íø³, ïåðåòâîðåííÿ îäíîãîîáîâ’ÿçêó â ³íøèé, ïîêëàäåííÿ íà ñòî-ð³í ïðàâîâ³äíîñèí íîâèõ îáîâ’ÿçê³âàáî øëÿõîì ïðèïèíåííÿ ïðàâîâ³äíî-ñèí. Íå çâàæàþ÷è íà î÷åâèäíó åôåê-òèâí³ñòü öèõ ñïîñîá³â çàõèñòó ³ øèðî-êå çàñòîñóâàííÿ ¿õ â ñóäîâ³é ïðàêòèö³ïðè ðîçãëÿä³ öèâ³ëüíèõ ñïðàâ, â öèâ³-ë³ñòè÷í³é äîêòðèí³ ïîêè ùî íå ïðîâå-äåíå îêðåìå äîñë³äæåííÿ ïîðÿäêóçì³íè òà ïðèïèíåííÿ ïðàâîâ³äíîøåííÿÿê ñïîñîá³â çàõèñòó àâòîðñüêîãî ïðàâà,à ïèòàííÿ ïðàâîâî¿ ïðèðîäè ïðàâîâ³ä-íîøåíü çàëèøàþòüñÿ äèñêóñ³éíèìè.Àíàë³ç îñòàíí³õ äîñë³äæåíü ³ ïóáë³-

êàö³é. Ïðàâîâ³äíîøåííÿ, ï³äñòàâè éîãîâèíèêíåííÿ, çì³íè òà ïðèïèíåííÿ º òèìíàïðÿìêîì íàóêîâèõ ïîøóê³â, ÿêèéòðàäèö³éíî ïðèâåðòàº óâàãó áàãàòüîõó÷åíèõ. Çà îñòàíí³ ðîêè îïóáë³êîâàíî÷èìàëî íàóêîâèõ ïðàöü, ïðèñâÿ÷åíèõòèì ÷è ³íøèì àñïåêòàì ïðàâîâ³äíîøåí-íÿ. Ïðè ðîáîò³ íàä ö³ºþ ñòàòòåþ âðàõî-

âàíî äîñë³äæåííÿ Ê. ª. ×èñòÿêîâà,Ä. Â. Ëîðåíöà, Þ. Ã. Áóÿíîâà.Ìåòîþ äîñë³äæåííÿ ó ö³é ñòàòò³ º

ðîçêðèòòÿ çì³ñòó ïðàâîâ³äíîøåííÿ òàçì³íè ³ ïðèïèíåííÿ ïðàâîâ³äíîøåííÿÿê ñïîñîá³â çàõèñòó àâòîðñüêîãî ïðàâàâ ìåæàõ äîãîâ³ðíèõ â³äíîñèí, ÿê³ ìî-æóòü áóòè çì³íåí³ àáî ïðèïèíåí³ íàâèìîãó îäí³º¿ ³ç ñòîð³í ó ðàç³ ³ñòîòíîãîïîðóøåííÿ äîãîâîðó äðóãîþ ñòîðîíîþòà ó ðàç³ ³ñòîòíî¿ çì³íè îáñòàâèí,ÿêèìè ñòîðîíè êåðóâàëèñÿ ïðè óêëà-äåíí³ äîãîâîðó.

Âèêëàä îñíîâíîãî ìàòåð³àëó äî-ñë³äæåííÿ. Íîðìàòèâíå âðåãóëþâàííÿäîãîâ³ðíèõ çîáîâ’ÿçàíü, äî ÿêèõ â³ä-íîñÿòüñÿ ³ äîãîâîðè ó ñôåð³ àâòîðñüêî-ãî ïðàâà, ñïðÿìîâàíå íà çàáåçïå÷åííÿñòàá³ëüíîñò³ êîæíîãî îêðåìîãî äîãîâî-ðó ³ âñüîãî öèâ³ëüíîãî îáîðîòó â ö³ëî-ìó. Îäíî÷àñíî ç öèì çàêîíîì ïåðåä-áà÷åí³ ð³çí³ ïðàâîâ³ ³íñòðóìåíòè, ïî-êëèêàí³ çàáåçïå÷èòè çàäîâîëåííÿ³íòåðåñ³â ó÷àñíèê³â îáîðîòó ç óðàõó-âàííÿì êîíêðåòíî¿ ñèòóàö³¿, â òîìó÷èñë³, ìîæëèâ³ñòü çì³íèòè ÷è ðîç³ðâà-òè äîãîâ³ð [1, c. 3] ³ òàêèì ÷èíîì çì³-

Ó ñòàòò³ ðîçêðèâàºòüñÿ çì³ñò ïðàâîâ³äíîøåííÿ, çì³íà òà ïðèïèíåííÿïðàâîâ³äíîøåííÿ ÿê ñïîñîáó çàõèñòó àâòîðñüêîãî ïðàâà â ìåæàõ äîãîâ³ðíèõ â³ä-íîñèí, ÿê³ ìîæóòü áóòè çì³íåí³ àáî ïðèïèíåí³ íà âèìîãó îäí³º¿ ³ç ñòîð³í ó ðàç³ ³ñ-òîòíîãî ïîðóøåííÿ äîãîâîðó äðóãîþ ñòîðîíîþ ³ â ðàç³ ³ñòîòíî¿ çì³íè îáñòàâèí,ÿêèìè ñòîðîíè êåðóâàëèñÿ ïðè óêëàäåíí³ äîãîâîðó.

Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: ïðàâîâ³äíîøåííÿ, ïîðóøåííÿ äîãîâîðó, çàõèñò àâòîðñüêîãî ïðàâà

* Ñòàòòÿ äðóêóºòüñÿ â àâòîðñüê³é ðåäàêö³¿

ISSN 2308-0361

Àííà Øòåôàí,çàâ³äóâà÷ ñåêòîðó àâòîðñüêîãî ïðàâà â³ää³ëó àâòîðñüêî-ãî ïðàâà ³ ñóì³æíèõ ïðàâ ÍÄ² ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿âëàñíîñò³ ÍÀÏðÍ Óêðà¿íè, êàíäèäàò þðèäè÷íèõ íàóê

ÇÌ²ÍÀ ÀÁÎ ÏÐÈÏÈÍÅÍÍßÏÐÀÂÎÂ²ÄÍÎØÅÍÍßßÊ ÑÏÎÑ²Á ÇÀÕÈÑÒÓÀÂÒÎÐÑÜÊÎÃÎ ÏÐÀÂÀ*



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íèòè ÷è ïðèïèíèòè ïðàâîâ³äíîøåííÿ,ùî âèíèêëè íà ï³äñòàâ³ äîãîâîðó ÷è³íøîãî ïðàâî÷èíó.Ïðàâîâ³äíîøåííÿ âèíèêàº òà ðîçâè-

âàºòüñÿ ò³ëüêè íà îñíîâ³ ÷èííèõ íîðìïðàâà. Ñóñï³ëüí³ çâ’ÿçêè ìîæóòü íàáó-âàòè ïðàâîâî¿ ôîðìè ò³ëüêè çà íàÿâíî-ñò³ â³äïîâ³äíî¿ íîðìè ïðàâà, ÿêîþ âè-çíà÷àþòüñÿ âñ³ íàéâàæëèâ³ø³ ïàðàìåò-ðè ïðàâîâ³äíîøåííÿ. Çâ'ÿçîê ñóá’ºêò³â,ÿêèé ñóïåðå÷èòü ïðàâó ÷è íå ´ðóíòó-ºòüñÿ íà ÷èííîìó ïðàâ³, º àáî ïðàâîïî-ðóøåííÿì, àáî ñóñï³ëüíèì â³äíîøåí-íÿì, ÿêå íå ïðåäñòàâëÿº ³íòåðåñó äëÿçàêîíîäàâöÿ ³ çàëèøàºòüñÿ ïîçà ñôå-ðîþ ïðàâîâîãî ðåãóëþâàííÿ [2, c. 29].Ïðàâîâ³äíîøåííÿ º íàñë³äêîì ñïå-

ö³àëüíî-þðèäè÷íî¿ ôîðìè ïðàâîâîãîâïëèâó – ïðàâîâîãî ðåãóëþâàííÿ, ³ñâ³ä÷èòü ïðî ðåàëüíî ³ñíóþ÷èé ïðàâî-ïîðÿäîê, îñê³ëüêè âèðàæàºòüñÿ ó ôàê-òè÷í³é ïðàâîì³ðí³é ïîâåä³íö³ [3,c. 38]. Öå ñâ³äîìà âçàºìíà ïîâåä³íêàêîíêðåòíèõ ñóá’ºêò³â, îáóìîâëåíà íà-ÿâí³ñòþ òàêèõ, ùî ñï³âïàäàþòü çà çì³-ñòîì, ñóá’ºêòèâíîãî ïðàâà òà þðèäè÷-íîãî îáîâ’ÿçêó [4, c. 53].Ñóá’ºêòèâí³ ïðàâà îçíà÷àþòü ãàðàí-

òîâàíó ìîæëèâ³ñòü çä³éñíþâàòè ïåâí³ä³¿, â ÿêèõ þðèäè÷íî ìîæëèâà ïîâå-ä³íêà ìàº òðè ôîðìè âèðàæåííÿ:1) ìîæëèâ³ñòü óïðàâîìî÷åíî¿ îñîáèïîâîäèòèñÿ àêòèâíî, çä³éñíþâàòèáóäü-ÿê³ ä³¿, ÿê ïåðåäáà÷åí³ þðè-äè÷íèìè íîðìàìè, òàê ³ íå çàáî-ðîíåí³ çàêîíîì;

2) ìîæëèâ³ñòü âèìàãàòè â³ä çîáîâ’ÿçà-íî¿ îñîáè â÷èíåííÿ àêòèâíèõ ä³é÷è óòðèìàííÿ â³ä ¿õ â÷èíåííÿ;

3) ìîæëèâ³ñòü çâåðíóòèñÿ çà çàõè-ñòîì ñâîãî ïîðóøåíîãî ïðàâà øëÿ-õîì ïðèâåäåííÿ â ä³þ îõîðîíþâà-íîãî ìåõàí³çìó äåðæàâè [5, c. 114].Ñóá’ºêòèâí³ ìàéíîâ³ àâòîðñüê³

ïðàâà, âèõîäÿ÷è ç âèêëàäåíîãî, ìî-æóòü âèðàæàòèñÿ ó âèêîðèñòàíí³òâîðó àâòîðîì ÷è ³íøîþ îñîáîþ, ÿêàìàº àâòîðñüêå ïðàâî, ó íàäàíí³ äîçâî-ëó íà âèêîðèñòàííÿ òâîðó ³íø³é îñîá³;ïðè óêëàäåíí³ äîãîâîðó ïðî âèêîðè-ñòàííÿ òâîðó – ó ìîæëèâîñò³ âèìàãàòè

â³ä êîðèñòóâà÷à â÷èíåííÿ ïåðåäáà÷å-íèõ äîãîâîðîì ä³é; ó âèïàäêó ïîðó-øåííÿ ïðàâ – ó ìîæëèâîñò³ çâåðíóòè-ñÿ äî ñóäó ç ïîçîâîì ïðî çàõèñò àâòî-ðñüêîãî ïðàâà.Þðèäè÷íèé îáîâ’ÿçîê º âèì³ðîì íà-

ëåæíî¿ ïîâåä³íêè, çì³ñò ÿêî¿ âèçíà÷à-ºòüñÿ ñóá’ºêòèâíèì ïðàâîì. Îñê³ëüêèçîáîâ’ÿçàíà îñîáà íå ìàº ³íøî¿ ìåòè,í³æ íàëåæíå çàäîâîëåííÿ ³íòåðåñ³âóïðàâîìî÷åíî¿ îñîáè, þðèäè÷íèéîáîâ’ÿçîê ó ïðàâîâ³äíîøåíí³ ïîâèíåíáóòè âèêîíàíèé íàëåæíèì ÷èíîì òà óâñòàíîâëåí³ ñòðîêè [2, c. 34].Ïðàâîâ³äíîøåííÿ, ùî âèïëèâàþòü

ç àâòîðñüêîãî ïðàâà, â ïåðøó ÷åðãóâèíèêàþòü ó çâ’ÿçêó ç³ ñòâîðåííÿìòâîð³â (ï. 2 ÷. 2 ñò. 11 ÖÊ Óêðà¿íè),êîëè îäí³ºþ ñòîðîíîþ ïðàâîâ³äíîøåí-íÿ âèñòóïàº àâòîð, à ³íøîþ – âñå ñó-ñï³ëüñòâî â ö³ëîìó ³ êîæåí éîãî ÷ëåíçîêðåìà, ÿê³ çîáîâ’ÿçóþòüñÿ íå ïåðå-øêîäæàòè àâòîðîâ³ ó çä³éñíåíí³ éîãîïðàâà òà óòðèìóâàòèñÿ â³ä ïîðóøåííÿàâòîðñüêîãî ïðàâà. Òàêîæ ï³äñòàâàìèâèíèêíåííÿ ïðàâîâ³äíîøåíü â ãàëóç³àâòîðñüêîãî ïðàâà º äîãîâîðè òà ³íø³ïðàâî÷èíè (ï. 1 ÷. 2 ñò. 11 ÖÊ Óêðà¿-íè), çàâäàííÿ ìàéíîâî¿ òà ìîðàëüíî¿øêîäè (ï. 3 ÷. 2 ñò. 11), ³íø³ þðèäè÷-í³ ôàêòè (ï. 4 ÷. 2 ñò. 11).Â ðàìêàõ öüîãî äîñë³äæåííÿ ðîç-

ãëÿíåìî äåòàëüíî çì³íó òà ïðèïèíåí-íÿ ïðàâîâ³äíîøåííÿ ÿê ñïîñîá³â çàõè-ñòó àâòîðñüêîãî ïðàâà â ìåæàõ äîãî-â³ðíèõ â³äíîñèí, ÿê³ ìîæóòü áóòèçì³íåí³ àáî ïðèïèíåí³ íà âèìîãó îäí³º¿³ç ñòîð³í ó ðàç³ ³ñòîòíîãî ïîðóøåííÿäîãîâîðó äðóãîþ ñòîðîíîþ òà ó ðàç³ ³ñ-òîòíî¿ çì³íè îáñòàâèí, ÿêèìè ñòîðîíèêåðóâàëèñÿ ïðè óêëàäåíí³ äîãîâîðó.Â³äïîâ³äíî äî ÷. 2 ñò. 651 ÖÊ

Óêðà¿íè, äîãîâ³ð ìîæå áóòè çì³íåíîàáî ðîç³ðâàíî çà ð³øåííÿì ñóäó íà âè-ìîãó îäí³º¿ ³ç ñòîð³í ó ðàç³ ³ñòîòíîãîïîðóøåííÿ äîãîâîðó äðóãîþ ñòîðîíîþòà â ³íøèõ âèïàäêàõ, âñòàíîâëåíèõäîãîâîðîì àáî çàêîíîì. ²ñòîòíèì ââà-æàºòüñÿ òàêå ïîðóøåííÿ ñòîðîíîþ äî-ãîâîðó, êîëè âíàñë³äîê çàâäàíî¿ öèìøêîäè äðóãà ñòîðîíà çíà÷íîþ ì³ðîþ

À. Øòåôàí



ïîçáàâëÿºòüñÿ òîãî, íà ùî âîíà ðîçðà-õîâóâàëà ïðè óêëàäåíí³ äîãîâîðó.Ïðè çì³í³ àáî ïðèïèíåíí³ äîãîâîðó

ó çâ’ÿçêó ç ³ñòîòíèì ïîðóøåííÿì âöèâ³ë³ñòè÷í³é äîêòðèí³ ïðîïîíóºòüñÿâðàõîâóâàòè íàñòóïí³ êðèòåð³¿:1) õàðàêòåð ïîðóøåííÿ äîãîâîðó.Ïîðóøåííÿ óìîâ äîãîâîðó ïîâèí-íî áóòè ãðóáèì, êîëè áîðæíèê íåïðèñòóïèâ äî âèêîíàííÿ çî-áîâ’ÿçàííÿ ó âñòàíîâëåíèé ñòðîê ³ìàº ì³ñöå òðèâàëå ïðîñòðî÷åííÿ;

2) ñï³ââ³äíîøåííÿ âèêîíàíèõ òà íå-âèêîíàíèõ çîáîâ’ÿçàíü. ²ñòîòíåïîðóøåííÿ ÷àñòî âèÿâëÿºòüñÿòîä³, êîëè îá’ºì ôàêòè÷íîãî âèêî-íàííÿ ñòàíîâèòü ìåíøå ïîëîâèíèâñòàíîâëåíèõ äîãîâîðîì çî-áîâ’ÿçàíü;

3) äîö³ëüí³ñòü çáåðåæåííÿ äîãîâîðó,âðàõîâóþ÷è õàðàêòåð ïîðóøåííÿ.ßê ïðàâèëî, çáåðåæåííÿ äîãîâîðóº íåäîö³ëüíèì, êîëè áîðæíèê íåóñóâàº ïîðóøåííÿ ÷è íå â çìîç³âèêîíàòè çîáîâ’ÿçàííÿ àáî êðåäè-òîð âòðàòèâ ³íòåðåñ äî âèêîíàííÿçîáîâ’ÿçàííÿ [1, c. 17].Àíàë³ç ìàòåð³àë³â ñóäîâî¿ ïðàêòèêè

ïîêàçóº, ùî ó ñïðàâàõ ïðî çàõèñò àâ-òîðñüêîãî ïðàâà ïðè ðîçãëÿä³ ïîçîâ-íèõ âèìîã ïðî çì³íó àáî ïðèïèíåííÿïðàâîâ³äíîøåííÿ ó ðàç³ ³ñòîòíîãî ïî-ðóøåííÿ äîãîâîðó íàé÷àñò³øå ìàºì³ñöå íåâèêîíàííÿ êîðèñòóâà÷åìòâîðó âèìîã ùîäî âèïëàòè àâòîðñüêî¿âèíàãîðîäè.Òàê, Î. ³ Ê. çâåðíóëèñÿ äî ñóäó ç

ïîçîâîì ïðî ðîç³ðâàííÿ àâòîðñüêîãîäîãîâîðó, óêëàäåíîãî ó 2004 ðîö³ çÒÎÂ «Ë²ÐÀ ñîôò». Ïîçîâí³ âèìîãè îá-´ðóíòóâàëè òèì, ùî â³äïîâ³äà÷ óõè-ëÿºòüñÿ â³ä âèêîíàííÿ óìîâ äîãîâîðó,íå ñïëà÷óþ÷è ïîçèâà÷àì àâòîðñüêóâèíàãîðîäó ïðîòÿãîì 2009 òà 2010ðîê³â, ÷èì ³ñòîòíî ïîðóøèâ óìîâè äî-ãîâîðó. Ïðåäñòàâíèê â³äïîâ³äà÷à, ââà-æàþ÷è ïîçîâí³ âèìîãè íàäóìàíèìè òàíåîá´ðóíòîâàíèìè, íàäàëà ñóäó ïî-ÿñíåííÿ, ùî â³äïîâ³äà÷ íå ìàâ çìîãèïåðåðàõóâàòè âèíàãîðîäó çà 2009 ð³êíà áàíê³âñüê³ ðàõóíêè ïîçèâà÷³â, îñ-

ê³ëüêè íå ìàº ³íôîðìàö³¿ ïðî òàê³ ðà-õóíêè. Âèíàãîðîäà çà 2009 ð³ê íàðà-õîâàíà ïîçèâà÷àì, àëå íå îòðèìàíàíèìè ó çâ’ÿçêó ç â³äñóòí³ñòþ â³äïîâ³ä-íèõ çâåðíåíü ç áîêó ïîçèâà÷³â. Âèíà-ãîðîäà çà 2010 ð³ê íå ìîæå áóòè âè-ïëà÷åíà, îñê³ëüêè ô³íàíñîâèì ðåçóëü-òàòîì ä³ÿëüíîñò³ â³äïîâ³äà÷à ó 2010ðîö³ º çáèòêè, à ó â³äïîâ³äíîñò³ äî ïî-ëîæåíü äîãîâîðó, âèíàãîðîäà íàðàõî-âóºòüñÿ ³ç ñóìè ÷èñòîãî äîõîäó, îòðè-ìàíîãî â³äïîâ³äà÷åì çà ðåçóëüòàòàìèô³íàíñîâîãî ðîêó.Ñóäîì áóëî âñòàíîâëåíî, ùî ì³æ

ïîçèâà÷àìè òà â³äïîâ³äà÷åì áóâ óêëà-äåíèé àâòîðñüêèé äîãîâ³ð ïðî ïåðåäà-÷ó âèêëþ÷íîãî ïðàâà íà âèêîðèñòàííÿïðîãðàìíîãî çàáåçïå÷åííÿ. Ïîçèâà÷³âèêîíàëè óìîâè äîãîâîðó â ïîâíîìóîáñÿç³, à ñàìå, ïåðåäàëè ïðîãðàìó óâèãëÿä³ çàïèñó ôàéë³â ïðîãðàìè íàêîìïàêò-äèñêó, ùî ï³äòâåðäæóºòüñÿàêòîì ïðèéîìó-ïåðåäà÷³ ³ âèçíàíå ñòî-ðîíàìè ó ñóäîâîìó çàñ³äàíí³. Òâåðä-æåííÿ ïðåäñòàâíèêà â³äïîâ³äà÷à ïðîòå, ùî â³äñóòí³ñòü âèìîãè ïîçèâà÷³âïðî ñïëàòó âèíàãîðîäè ïåðåøêîäæàëîâèïëàò³ ö³º¿ âèíàãîðîäè, ñóäîì áóëîâ³äõèëåíå, îñê³ëüêè âîíî ñóïåðå÷èòüóìîâàì äîãîâîðó. Â³äïîâ³äíî äî äîãî-âîðó, âèíàãîðîäà çà âèêîðèñòàííÿ â³ä-ïîâ³äà÷åì ïðîãðàìè ñòàíîâèòü 10%â³ä ÷èñòîãî (ï³ñëÿ ñïëàòè âñ³õ íåîáõ³ä-íèõ ïîäàòê³â ³ çáîð³â) äîõîäó, îòðèìà-íîãî ÒÎÂ «Ë²ÐÀ ñîôò» â³ä ïåðåäà÷³òðåò³ì îñîáàì íåâèêëþ÷íèõ ïðàâ íàâèêîðèñòàííÿ ïðîãðàìè ïðîòÿãîì ô³-íàíñîâîãî ðîêó, ³ ñïëà÷óºòüñÿ ïðîòÿ-ãîì 30 êàëåíäàðíèõ äí³â ç ìîìåíòóçàòâåðäæåííÿ ÒÎÂ «Ë²ÐÀ ñîôò» ð³÷-íèõ çâ³ò³â òà áàëàíñó çà ïîïåðåäí³éô³íàíñîâèé ð³ê øëÿõîì âèäà÷³ ãîò³â-êîâèõ êîøò³â ç êàñè ï³äïðèºìñòâà.Ñóäîì áóëî âñòàíîâëåíî, ùî ð³÷í³çâ³òè â³äïîâ³äà÷à çàòâåðäæóâàëèñÿ íåï³çí³øå ëþòîãî ì³ñÿöÿ ðîêó, íàñòóï-íîãî çà çâ³òíèì, ïðîòå àâòîðñüêà âèíà-ãîðîäà çà 2004-2007 ðîêè âèïëà÷åíàïîçèâà÷àì ó ëèñòîïàä³ ì³ñÿö³ 2008ðîêó, òîáòî, ³ç ïîðóøåííÿì âñòàíîâëå-íèõ ó äîãîâîð³ ñòðîê³â.

À. Øòåôàí

29



Òàêîæ ñóäîì âñòàíîâëåíî, ùî â³ä-ïîâ³äíî äî âèñíîâêó àóäèòîðñüêî¿ ïå-ðåâ³ðêè â³äïîâ³äà÷à, çà ðåçóëüòàòàìèä³ÿëüíîñò³ ï³äïðèºìñòâà ó 2010 ðîö³ñóìà éîãî äîõîäó ñêëàäàº 971500 ãðè-âåíü, ùî ñâ³ä÷èòü ïðî íåîá´ðóíòîâà-í³ñòü çàïåðå÷åíü â³äïîâ³äà÷à ùîäîïðè÷èí íåâèïëàòè âèíàãîðîäè ïîçèâà-÷àì çà 2010 ð³ê ó çâ’ÿçêó ç³ çáèòêàìèï³äïðèºìñòâà. Îö³íþþ÷³ âñ³ ö³ îáñòà-âèíè, ñóä ä³éøîâ âèñíîâêó ïðî íåâè-êîíàííÿ â³äïîâ³äà÷åì óìîâ äîãîâîðó,ùî ïîðóøåííÿ äîãîâîðó ç áîêó â³äïî-â³äà÷à º ³ñòîòíèì, òîìó ïîçîâí³ âèìî-ãè ïðî ðîç³ðâàííÿ äîãîâîðó áóëè çàäî-âîëåí³ [6].² íàâïàêè, ÿêùî ñóäîì áóäå âñòà-

íîâëåíî, ùî ïîðóøåííÿ óìîâ äîãîâîðóíå â³äáóëîñÿ ÷è ïîðóøåííÿ íå áóëî ³ñ-òîòíèì, ó çàäîâîëåíí³ âèìîãè ïðî ðî-ç³ðâàííÿ äîãîâîðó áóäå â³äìîâëåíî.Òàê, Ïå÷åðñüêèé ðàéîííèé ñóä ì.Êèºâà ðîçãëÿíóâ ñïðàâó çà ïîçîâîì Ì.äî ÒÎÂ «Ìåä³à-Àãåíòñòâî «Ìåíòàëñ»ïðî ðîç³ðâàííÿ äîãîâîðó ïðî ïåðåäà÷ó(â³ä÷óæåííÿ) ìàéíîâèõ ïðàâ. Íà îá-´ðóíòóâàííÿ ïîçîâíèõ âèìîã ïîçèâà÷çàçíà÷èâ, ùî ó 2011 ðîö³ ì³æ ñòîðîíà-ìè áóâ óêëàäåíèé äîãîâ³ð ïðî ïåðåäà-÷ó (â³ä÷óæåííÿ) ìàéíîâèõ ïðàâ íà ³ã-ðîâó ïðîãðàìó ï³ä íàçâîþ Tap The-Frog, ùî ïðèçíà÷åíà äëÿ ðîáîòè íàìîá³ëüí³é ïëàòôîðì³ Apple iOS. Çã³äíîç óìîâàìè äîãîâîðó, ïîçèâà÷ ðîçðîáèâïðîãðàìó òà ïåðåäàâ ¿¿ â³äïîâ³äà÷åâ³,à â³äïîâ³äà÷ ïîâèíåí áóâ ñïëà÷óâàòèàâòîðñüêó âèíàãîðîäó ùîì³ñÿ÷íî,ïðîòå â³äïîâ³äà÷, çä³éñíþþ÷è ïðîäàæãðè çà äîïîìîãîþ ³íòåðàêòèâíîãî ìà-ãàçèíó iTunes, óìîâè äîãîâîðó íå âè-êîíóº.Ïðè öüîìó ïðåäñòàâíèêîì ïîçèâà÷à

áóëî çàçíà÷åíî, ùî âñòàíîâëåííÿôàêòó ïðîäàæó ïðîãðàìè ÷åðåç ³íòå-ðàêòèâíèé ìàãàçèí iTunes ïîòðåáóºñïåö³àëüíèõ çíàíü, ïðîòå ïðåäñòàâíèêïîçèâà÷à íå çàÿâëÿëà êëîïîòàííÿ ïðîïðèçíà÷åííÿ åêñïåðòèçè, õî÷à â³äïî-â³äíå ïðàâî áóëî ¿é ðîç’ÿñíåíå. Ñóää³éøîâ âèñíîâêó ïðî â³äñóòí³ñòü ï³ä-ñòàâ äëÿ çàäîâîëåííÿ ïîçîâó, îñê³ëüêè

äîêàç³â ïîðóøåííÿ ïðàâ ïîçèâà÷à íà-äàíî íå áóëî. Ó ìàòåð³àëàõ ñïðàâè ºëèñò ïîçèâà÷à äî â³äïîâ³äà÷à ç âèìî-ãîþ íàäàòè äîñòóï äî ñèñòåìè çâ³òíîñò³ïðîãðàìè òà ³íøèõ ïðîäóêò³â, äî ñêëà-äó ÿêèõ óâ³éøëî â³ä÷óæåíå ïîçèâà÷åììàéíîâå ïðàâî, íàïðàâëåíèé íà þðè-äè÷íó àäðåñó â³äïîâ³äà÷à, ÿêèé ïîâåð-íóâñÿ ïîçèâà÷åâ³ ç â³äì³òêîþ «çà çàê³í-÷åííÿì òåðì³íó çáåð³ãàííÿ». Â³äñóò-í³ñòü â³äïîâ³ä³ íà çàçíà÷åíèé ëèñò íåìîæå ñâ³ä÷èòè, íà äóìêó ñóäó, ïðî íå-âèêîíàííÿ â³äïîâ³äà÷åì ñâî¿õ äîãîâ³ð-íèõ çîáîâ’ÿçàíü, îñê³ëüêè íèì íå áóëàîäåðæàíà âèìîãà â³äïîâ³äà÷à. Êð³ìòîãî, â³äïîâ³äíî äî óêëàäåíîãî ì³æ ïî-çèâà÷åì òà â³äïîâ³äà÷åì äîãîâîðó,ëèøå ïîâòîðíå ïîðóøåííÿ â³äïîâ³äà-÷åì îáîâ’ÿçêó âèïëà÷óâàòè àâòîðñüêóâèíàãîðîäó º ï³äñòàâîþ äëÿ ðîç³ðâàííÿäîãîâîðó â îäíîñòîðîííüîìó ïîðÿäêó,ïðîòå ôàêò ïåðâèííîãî ³ ïîâòîðíîãî ïî-ðóøåííÿ â³äïîâ³äà÷åì ñâî¿õ îáîâ’ÿçê³âçà äîãîâîðîì äîâåäåíèé íå áóâ. Çàòàêèõ îáñòàâèí ñóä ïåðøî¿ ³íñòàíö³¿â³äìîâèâ ó çàäîâîëåíí³ ïîçîâó, à ñóäàïåëÿö³éíî¿ ³íñòàíö³¿ ä³éøîâ âèñíîâ-êó, ùî ä³éñí³ îáñòàâèíè ñïðàâè áóëèç’ÿñîâàí³ ïîâíî ³ îá’ºêòèâíî, íàÿâíèìó ñïðàâ³ äîêàçàì äàíî íàëåæíó ïðàâîâóîö³íêó, à ð³øåííÿ ïîñòàíîâëåíå ³ç äî-äåðæàííÿì âèìîã ìàòåð³àëüíîãî ³ ïðî-öåñóàëüíîãî ïðàâà [7].²íøîþ ï³äñòàâîþ äëÿ çì³íè àáî

ïðèïèíåííÿ ïðàâîâ³äíîøåííÿ ÿê ñïî-ñîáó çàõèñòó àâòîðñüêîãî ïðàâà º ³ñ-òîòíà çì³íà îáñòàâèí äîãîâîðó. Çì³íàîáñòàâèí º ³ñòîòíîþ, ÿêùî âîíè çì³-íèëèñÿ íàñò³ëüêè, ùî, ÿêáè ñòîðîíèìîãëè öå ïåðåäáà÷èòè, âîíè íå óêëàëèá äîãîâ³ð àáî óêëàëè á éîãî íà ³íøèõóìîâàõ (÷. 1 ñò. 652 ÖÊ Óêðà¿íè).Çì³íà äîãîâîðó ó çâ’ÿçêó ç ³ñòîòíîþ

çì³íîþ îáñòàâèí äîïóñêàºòüñÿ çà ð³-øåííÿì ñóäó ó âèíÿòêîâèõ âèïàäêàõ,êîëè ðîç³ðâàííÿ äîãîâîðó ñóïåðå÷èòüñóñï³ëüíèì ³íòåðåñàì àáî ïîòÿãíåäëÿ ñòîð³í øêîäó, ÿêà çíà÷íî ïåðåâè-ùóº çàòðàòè, íåîáõ³äí³ äëÿ âèêîíàííÿäîãîâîðó íà óìîâàõ, çì³íåíèõ ñóäîì(÷. 4 ñò. 652 ÖÊ Óêðà¿íè). ßêùî ñòî-

À. Øòåôàí



ðîíè íå äîñÿãëè çãîäè ùîäî ïðèâåäåí-íÿ äîãîâîðó ó â³äïîâ³äí³ñòü ç îáñòàâè-íàìè, ÿê³ ³ñòîòíî çì³íèëèñÿ, àáî ùîäîéîãî ðîç³ðâàííÿ, äîãîâ³ð ìîæå áóòèðîç³ðâàíèé çà ð³øåííÿì ñóäó íà âèìî-ãó çà³íòåðåñîâàíî¿ ñòîðîíè çà íàÿâíî-ñò³ îäíî÷àñíî íàñòóïíèõ óìîâ, âñòà-íîâëåíèõ ÷. 2 ñò. 652 ÖÊ Óêðà¿íè:1) â ìîìåíò óêëàäåííÿ äîãîâîðó ñòî-ðîíè âèõîäèëè ç òîãî, ùî òàêàçì³íà îáñòàâèí íå íàñòàíå;

2) çì³íà îáñòàâèí çóìîâëåíà ïðè÷èíà-ìè, ÿê³ çà³íòåðåñîâàíà ñòîðîíà íåìîãëà óñóíóòè ï³ñëÿ ¿õ âèíèêíåí-íÿ ïðè âñ³é òóðáîòëèâîñò³³ îáà÷íîñò³, ÿê³ â³ä íå¿ âèìàãàëèñÿ;

3) âèêîíàííÿ äîãîâîðó ïîðóøèëî áñï³ââ³äíîøåííÿ ìàéíîâèõ ³íòåðå-ñ³â ñòîð³í ³ ïîçáàâèëî á çà³íòåðå-ñîâàíó ñòîðîíó òîãî, íà ùî âîíàðîçðàõîâóâàëà ïðè óêëàäåíí³ äî-ãîâîðó;

4) ³ç ñóò³ äîãîâîðó àáî çâè÷à¿â ä³ëî-âîãî îáîðîòó íå âèïëèâàº, ùîðèçèê çì³íè îáñòàâèí íåñå çà³íòå-ðåñîâàíà ñòîðîíà.Äîñë³äíèêè ïèòàíü çì³íè òà ðîç³ð-

âàííÿ äîãîâîð³â âèçíà÷àþòü, ùî íàâ³äì³íó â³ä óêëàäåííÿ äîãîâîðó íà íå-âèã³äíèõ óìîâàõ, â ñèòóàö³¿ çì³íè îá-ñòàâèí â³äñóòíº ñïîòâîðåííÿ ä³éñíî¿âîë³ ñòîð³í ó ìîìåíò óêëàäåííÿ äîãî-âîðó, à äî îçíàê ³ñòîòíî¿ çì³íè îáñòà-âèí íå íàëåæàòü çì³íè îáñòàâèí, ä³¿òà áåçä³ÿëüí³ñòü ñàìèõ ó÷àñíèê³â, íå-ïðàâèëüíå âðàõóâàííÿ îáñòàâèí ïðèóêëàäåíí³ äîãîâîðó, çì³íà ô³íàíñîâîãîñòàíîâèùà, ïðèéíÿòòÿ íîâèõ ïðàâî-âèõ íîðì, ÿê³ íå çà÷³ïàþòü óìîâ äîãî-âîðó [1, c. 22–23].Ó ðàç³ ðîç³ðâàííÿ äîãîâîðó âíàñë³-

äîê ³ñòîòíî¿ çì³íè îáñòàâèí ñóä, íà âè-ìîãó áóäü-ÿêî¿ ³ç ñòîð³í, âèçíà÷àº íà-ñë³äêè ðîç³ðâàííÿ äîãîâîðó, âèõîäÿ÷èç íåîáõ³äíîñò³ ñïðàâåäëèâîãî ðîçïîä³-ëó ì³æ ñòîðîíàìè âèòðàò, ïîíåñåíèõíèìè ó çâ’ÿçêó ç âèêîíàííÿì öüîãî äî-ãîâîðó (÷. 3 ñò. 652 ÖÊ Óêðà¿íè).ÂèñíîâêèÏðàâîâ³äíîøåííÿì º íàñë³äîê ñïå-

ö³àëüíî-þðèäè÷íî¿ ôîðìè ïðàâîâîãî

ðåãóëþâàííÿ, ÿêèé âèðàæàºòüñÿ ó ñâ³-äîì³é âçàºìí³é ïîâåä³íö³ êîíêðåòíèõñóá’ºêò³â, ÿêà îáóìîâëåíà íàÿâí³ñòþòàêèõ, ùî ñï³âïàäàþòü çà çì³ñòîì,ñóá’ºêòèâíîãî ïðàâà òà þðèäè÷íîãîîáîâ’ÿçêó.Ïðàâîâ³äíîøåííÿ, ùî âèïëèâàþòü

ç àâòîðñüêîãî ïðàâà, â ïåðøó ÷åðãóâèíèêàþòü ó çâ’ÿçêó ç³ ñòâîðåííÿìòâîð³â (ï. 2 ÷. 2 ñò. 11 ÖÊ Óêðà¿íè),êîëè îäí³ºþ ñòîðîíîþ ïðàâîâ³äíîøåí-íÿ âèñòóïàº àâòîð, à ³íøîþ – âñå ñó-ñï³ëüñòâî â ö³ëîìó ³ êîæåí éîãî ÷ëåíçîêðåìà, ÿê³ çîáîâ’ÿçóþòüñÿ íå ïåðå-øêîäæàòè àâòîðîâ³ ó çä³éñíåíí³ éîãîïðàâà òà óòðèìóâàòèñÿ â³ä ïîðóøåííÿàâòîðñüêîãî ïðàâà. Òàêîæ ï³äñòàâàìèâèíèêíåííÿ ïðàâîâ³äíîøåíü â ãàëóç³àâòîðñüêîãî ïðàâà º äîãîâîðè òà ³íø³ïðàâî÷èíè (ï. 1 ÷. 2 ñò. 11 ÖÊ Óêðà¿-íè), çàâäàííÿ ìàéíîâî¿ òà ìîðàëüíî¿øêîäè (ï. 3 ÷. 2 ñò. 11), ³íø³ þðèäè÷-í³ ôàêòè (ï. 4 ÷. 2 ñò. 11).Ïðè çì³í³ àáî ïðèïèíåíí³ äîãîâîðó

ó çâ’ÿçêó ç ³ñòîòíèì ïîðóøåííÿì ñë³äâðàõîâóâàòè õàðàêòåð ïîðóøåííÿ äî-ãîâîðó, ñï³ââ³äíîøåííÿ âèêîíàíèõ òàíåâèêîíàíèõ çîáîâ’ÿçàíü ³ äîö³ëüí³ñòüçáåðåæåííÿ äîãîâîðó, âðàõîâóþ÷è õà-ðàêòåð ïîðóøåííÿ.Çì³íà äîãîâîðó ó çâ’ÿçêó ç ³ñòîòíîþ

çì³íîþ îáñòàâèí äîïóñêàºòüñÿ çà ð³-øåííÿì ñóäó çà íàÿâíîñò³ óìîâ, âñòà-íîâëåíèõ ÷. 2 ñò. 652 ÖÊ Óêðà¿íè, âñèòóàö³¿ çì³íè îáñòàâèí â³äñóòíº ñïî-òâîðåííÿ ä³éñíî¿ âîë³ ñòîð³í ó ìîìåíòóêëàäåííÿ äîãîâîðó, à äî îçíàê ³ñòîò-íî¿ çì³íè îáñòàâèí íå íàëåæàòü çì³íèîáñòàâèí, ä³¿ òà áåçä³ÿëüí³ñòü ñàìèõó÷àñíèê³â, íåïðàâèëüíå âðàõóâàííÿîáñòàâèí ïðè óêëàäåíí³ äîãîâîðó,çì³íà ô³íàíñîâîãî ñòàíîâèùà, ïðè-éíÿòòÿ íîâèõ ïðàâîâèõ íîðì, ÿê³ íåçà÷³ïàþòü óìîâ äîãîâîðó.

À. Øòåôàí

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1. ×èñòÿêîâ Ê. Å. Èçìåíåíèå è ðàñòîðæåíèå ãðàæäàíñêî-ïðàâîâîãî äîãîâîðà:àâòîðåô. äèññ. … êàíä. þðèä. íàóê: 12.00.03 / Ê. Å. ×èñòÿêîâ ; Òîìñêèé ãîñóä.óí-ò. – Òîìñê, 2002.

2. Ñûðûõ Â. Ì. Òåîðèÿ ïðàâà î ïîíÿòèè è ñîñòàâå ïðàâîîòíîøåíèé // Ïðàâî èîáðàçîâàíèå. – 2002. – ¹ 5.

3. Èâàíîâ Ð. Ë. Ïðàâîîòíîøåíèå êàê ôîðìà ðåàëèçàöèè ïðàâà // Âåñòíèê Îì-ñêîãî óí-òà. Ñåðèÿ Ïðàâî. – 2009. – ¹ 4 (21).

4. Ëîðåíö Ä. Â. Ê ïðîáëåìå «àáñîëþòíîãî ïðàâîîòíîøåíèÿ» // ÂåñòíèêÓÞðÃÓ. Ñåðèÿ Ïðàâî, âûï. 17. – 2009. – ¹ 6.

5. Áóÿíîâ Þ. Ã. Ïðàâîâàÿ ïðèðîäà ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðàâîîòíîøåíèÿ êàê ðàçíîâèä-íîñòè ïðàâîâîãî îòíîøåíèÿ // Âåñòíèê ×åáîêñàðñêîãî êîîïåðàòèâíîãî èí-ñòèòóòà. – 2010. – ¹ 1.

6. Ð³øåííÿ Ñîëîì’ÿíñüêîãî ðàéîííîãî ñóäó ì. Êèºâà â³ä 14 ëèñòîïàäà 2011 ð. –Ñïðàâà ¹ 2-5656/11.

7. Óõâàëà Àïåëÿö³éíîãî ñóäó ì. Êèºâà â³ä 15 æîâòíÿ 2013 ð. – Ñïðàâà ¹ 22-ö-796/11994/2013.


À. Øòåôàí. Èçìåíåíèå èëè ïðåêðàùåíèå ïðàâîòíîøåíèÿ êàê ñïîñîá çàùèòûàâòîðñêîãî ïðàâà. Â ñòàòüå ðàñêðûâàåòñÿ ñîäåðæàíèå ïðàâîîòíîøåíèÿ, èçìåíåíèåè ïðåêðàùåíèå ïðàâîîòíîøåíèÿ êàê ñïîñîáîâ çàùèòû àâòîðñêîãî ïðàâà â ðàìêàõäîãîâîðíûõ îòíîøåíèé, êîòîðûå ìîãóò áûòü èçìåíåíû èëè ïðåêðàùåíû ïî òðåáîâà-íèþ îäíîé èç ñòîðîí â ñëó÷àå ñóùåñòâåííîãî íàðóøåíèÿ äîãîâîðà âòîðîé ñòîðîíîé èâ ñëó÷àå ñóùåñòâåííîãî èçìåíåíèÿ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ, êîòîðûìè ñòîðîíû ðóêîâîäñòâî-âàëèñü ïðè çàêëþ÷åíèè äîãîâîðà.

Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ïðàâîòíîøåíèå, íàðóøåíèå äîãîâîðà, çàùèòà àâòîðñêîãî ïðàâà

A. Shtefan. Modification or termination of the legal relationship as a meanof copyright protecting . Legal relation is the result of specially-legal forms of regula-tion and is expressed in conscious mutual behavior of specific subjects, caused bymatching by the content of subjective rights and legal responsibilities.Legal relation arising from copyright, primarily appearing from the creation of the

work (Section 2 Part 2 of Art. 11 CC of Ukraine), when one party of relations is an au-thor, and the second is the whole society in general and each of its members in particu-lar who undertake not to interfere in the implementation of the author's rights andto refrain from copyright infringement. As bases of relations in the sphere of copy-right are contracts and other transactions (Section 1 Part 2 of Art. 11 CC of Ukraine),causing of material and moral damage (Section 3 Part 2 of Art. 11), and other legalfacts (paragraph 4 Part 2 of Art. 11).When one change or terminate the contract due to a substantial breach of the con-

tract one should be aware that such a violation is considered essential, in which subse-quently harm caused by violation of the second party is largely deprived of what one ex-pected signing the contract. The doctrine has criteria of fundamental breach of contract:

À. Øòåôàí

1) the nature of the breach of contract — breach of conditions must be rough whenthe debtor has not commenced the implementation of the commitments on time andholds a long overdue;2) the correlation of performed and non-performed obligations - substantial breach

often manifests when the volume of actual performance is less than half in contractualobligations;3) the desirability of maintaining the treaty, taking into account the nature of the

infringement — preservation of the contract is usually not advisable, if the debtor doesnot eliminate the violation or fails to fulfill the obligation to the creditor or lost inter-est in the undertaking.Change of the contract in connection with a significant change in circumstances

permitted by the court under the conditions stipulated by Part 2 of Art. 652 CCof Ukraine. In a situation of the change of circumstances no distortion will of the par-ties at the conclusion of the contract, and to signs of significant change in circum-stances does not include a change in circumstances, the acts and omissions of the par-ticipants incorrectly recorded in the contract circumstances, changes in financial condi-tion, the adoption of new regulations do not affect the terms of the contract.

Keywords: legal relations, breach of a contract, copyright protection



ISSN 2308-0361

Îëåêñàíäð Áóòí³ê-Ñ³âåðñüêèé,çàâ³äóâà÷ åêîíîì³êî-ïðàâîâîãî â³ää³ëó ÍÄ²³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ ÍÀÏðÍ Óêðà¿íè,äîêòîð åêîíîì³÷íèõ íàóê, ïðîôåñîð, ÷ëåí-êîðåñïîíäåíòÀÒÍ Óêðà¿íè, ñóäîâèé åêñïåðò

ÄÎÊÓÌÅÍÒÀËÜÍ² ÄÎÊÀÇÈ,ÏÎÂ’ßÇÀÍ² Ç² ÇÁÈÒÊÀÌÈ Â²ÄÍÅÏÐÀÂÎÌ²ÐÍÎÃÎ ÂÈÊÎÐÈÑÒÀÍÍß

ÎÁ’ªÊÒ²Â ÏÐÀÂÀ²ÍÒÅËÅÊÒÓÀËÜÍÎ¯ ÂËÀÑÍÎÑÒ²

33



Ïîñòàíîâêà ïðîáëåìè. Åêîíîì³÷í³äîñë³äæåííÿ ó ñôåð³ ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿âëàñíîñò³, ïîâ’ÿçàí³ ç³ çáèòêàìè â³ä íå-ïðàâîì³ðíîãî âèêîðèñòàííÿ îá’ºêò³âïðàâà ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ (äàë³ —ÎÏ²Â), ìàþòü ñïèðàòèñÿ íà äîêóìåí-òàëüí³ ìàòåð³àëè, ùî ñòàþòü äîêóìåí-òàëüíèìè äîêàçàìè ùîäî ÎÏ²Â ³ ï³äò-âåðäæóþòü îáîâ’ÿçêîâó îçíàêó îá’ºê-òèâíîãî áîêó çëî÷èíó.Äîñâ³ä ñâ³ä÷èòü ïðî ïðîáëåìó îòðè-

ìàííÿ äîêàçîâèõ ìàòåð³àë³â ó ïðîöåñ³äîñóäîâîãî òà ñóäîâîãî ñë³äñòâà, çîêðå-ìà ç íåäîäåðæàííÿì ñòîðîíàìè êîí-ôë³êòó çàêîíîäàâñòâà ùîäî âåäåííÿàáî íå ÿê³ñíîãî âåäåííÿ ïåðâèííèõ äî-êóìåíò³â ó ñèñòåì³ áóõãàëòåðñüêîãî òàñòàòèñòè÷íîãî îáë³êó, íàÿâí³ñòü íåäî-ñêîíàëèõ ô³íàíñîâî-ïðàâîâèõ â³äíîñèíùîäî ÎÏ²Â. Â³äñóòí³ñòü àáî ó íåïîâíî-ìó îáñÿç³ îôîðìëåí³ ïåðâèíí³ äîêó-ìåíòè â ñèñòåì³ áóõãàëòåðñüêîãî òàñòàòèñòè÷íîãî îáë³êó ÎÏ²Â ó ñêëàä³

íåìàòåð³àëüíèõ àêòèâ³â îáìåæóþòüâèçíà÷åííÿ ðîçì³ðó ðåàëüíèõ çáèòê³ââ³ä íåïðàâîì³ðíîãî âèêîðèñòàííÿÎÏ²Â. Ïîñèëåííÿ äîäåðæàííÿ íîðìà-òèâíèõ àêò³â ïðè âèêîðèñòàíí³ ÎÏ²Âòà ï³äâèùåííÿ â³äïîâ³äàëüíîñò³ ùîäî¿õ äîòðèìàííÿ, à òàêîæ äîäåðæàííÿïîñë³äîâíîñò³ ¿õ ôîðìóâàííÿ â³äïîâ³ä-íî äî âèìîã íîðìàòèâíî-ïðàâîâèõàêò³â ñïðèÿòèìóòü óñòàíîâëåííþ ðîç-ì³ðó ðåàëüíèõ çáèòê³â â³ä íåïðàâîì³ð-íîãî âèêîðèñòàííÿ ÎÏ²Â.Àíàë³ç îñòàíí³õ äîñë³äæåíü ³ ïóáë³-

êàö³é. ßê çàçíà÷àº Î. Äîðîøåíêî, äî-êàçóâàííÿ º ñêëàäíå ïîíÿòòÿì, ÿêåîõîïëþº ðîçóìîâó òà ïðîöåñóàëüíó ä³-ÿëüí³ñòü ñóá’ºêò³â, ùî îá´ðóíòîâóþòüò³ ÷è ³íø³ ïîëîæåííÿ òà âèâîäÿòü íàï³äñòàâ³ öüîãî íîâ³ çíàííÿ. Ñóòü äîêàçó-âàííÿ ïîëÿãàº ó çáèðàíí³, äîñë³äæåí-í³, îö³íö³ òà âèêîðèñòàíí³ äîêàç³â; óä³ºâîìó àñïåêò³ äîêàçóâàííÿ ñòàíîâèòüºäí³ñòü ï³çíàâàëüíîãî òà ïåðåêîíó-

Ñòàòòÿ ïðèñâÿ÷åíà ïèòàííÿì äîêóìåíòàëüíèõ äîêàç³â ó ñôåð³ ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿âëàñíîñò³ ïðè åêîíîì³÷íèõ äîñë³äæåííÿõ, ÿê³ ïîâ’ÿçàí³ ç³ çáèòêàìè â³ä íåïðàâî-ì³ðíîãî âèêîðèñòàííÿ îá’ºêò³â ïðàâà ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³, ç äîòðèìàííÿì ïî-ñë³äîâíîñò³ ¿õ ôîðìóâàííÿ â³äïîâ³äíî äî âèìîã íîðìàòèâíî-ïðàâîâèõ àêò³â Óêðà¿íè.Íàâîäÿòüñÿ ïåðâèíí³ äîêóìåíòè, ðåã³ñòðè áóõãàëòåðñüêîãî îáë³êó, ôîðìè áóõãàë-òåðñüêî¿, ïîäàòêîâî¿ òà ñòàòèñòè÷íî¿ çâ³òíîñò³, ùî ì³ñòÿòü äàí³ ïðî ìàéíîâ³ ïðàâà³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ òà/àáî äàí³ ïðî îá’ºêòè ïðàâà ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ óñêëàä³ íåìàòåð³àëüíèõ àêòèâ³â, ÿê³ ïîâèíí³ âðàõîâóâàòè ñóäîâ³ åêñïåðòè, ñïåö³àë³ñ-òè òà ñë³ä÷³ ïðè îá´ðóíòóâàíí³ çâèíóâà÷åííÿ ùîäî íåïðàâîì³ðíîãî âèêîðèñòàííÿîá’ºêò³â ïðàâà ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³.

Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: äîêóìåíòàëüí³ äîêàçè, íåïðàâîì³ðíå âèêîðèñòàííÿ îá’ºêò³â ïðàâà³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³, ïåðâèíí³ äîêóìåíòè

âàëüíîãî åëåìåíò³â [1, 34–35]. Ñóòòº-âèì ìîìåíòîì ïðè öüîìó º òå, ùî äî-êàçóâàííÿ íå ìîæå ´ðóíòóâàòèñÿ íàïðèïóùåííÿõ (÷. 4 ñò. 60 ÖÏÊ Óêðà¿-íè [2]). ßê çàçíà÷àþòü Ã. Àíäðîùóêòà Î. Îðëþê, êëàñèô³êàö³ÿ ñóäîâèõäîêàç³â ïðîâàäèòüñÿ, ïåðåâàæíî, çàòðüîìà îçíàêàìè. Òàê, çà õàðàêòåðîìçâ’ÿçêó çì³ñòó äîêàç³â ç ôàêòàìè, ùîï³äëÿãàþòü âñòàíîâëåííþ, ñóäîâ³ äî-êàçè ïîä³ëÿþòüñÿ íà ïðÿì³ òà ïîá³÷í³.Ïåðåâàãà ïðÿìèõ äîêàç³â ïîëÿãàº âòîìó, ùî âîíè áåçïîñåðåäíüî âêàçóþòüíà þðèäè÷íèé ôàêò, ÿêèé ìàº çíà÷åí-íÿ äëÿ ñïðàâè ç ïðàâîâ³äíîñèí ïðîìè-ñëîâî¿ âëàñíîñò³, òà ï³äëÿãàþòü âñòà-íîâëåííþ. Çà ñïîñîáîì óòâîðåííÿ äî-êàç³â (ïðîöåñ ôîðìóâàííÿ äàíèõ ïðîôàêòè) âîíè ïîä³ëÿþòüñÿ íà ïåðâèíí³òà ïîõ³äí³. Ïåðâèíí³ äîêàçè îäåð-æóþòüñÿ ç ïåðøîäæåðåë, òîáòî ôîð-ìóþòüñÿ ï³ä áåçïîñåðåäí³ì óïëèâîìôàêò³â, ÿê³ ï³äëÿãàþòü âñòàíîâëåííþ,â³ä íîñ³ÿ ³íôîðìàö³¿ (íàïðèêëàä ë³öåí-ç³éíèé äîãîâ³ð). Çà äæåðåëîì îäåðæàí-íÿ (òîáòî çàëåæíî â³ä ïðîöåñóàëüíèõôîðì îäåðæàííÿ äîêàç³â (çàñîá³â äîêà-çóâàííÿ) äîêàçè ïîä³ëÿþòüñÿ íà îñîáè-ñò³, ðå÷îâ³ òà çì³øàí³ [3, 31]. Íàäóìêó Ã. Àâäººâà, çàêîí äîñòàòíüî¿ï³äñòàâè ñòâåðäæóº, ùî áóäü-ÿêàäóìêà (òåçà) äëÿ òîãî, ùîá ìàòè ñèëó,îáîâ’ÿçêîâî ìàº áóòè äîâåäåíà (îá´ðóí-òîâàíà) ïåâíèìè àðãóìåíòàìè (ï³äñòà-âàìè), é ö³ àðãóìåíòè ïîâèíí³ áóòè äî-ñòàòí³ìè äëÿ äîêàçóâàííÿ ïî÷àòêîâî¿äóìêè [4, 396]. Ïðè öüîìó àâòîðè çà-çíà÷åíèõ òà ³íøèõ äîñë³äæåíü íå ïðè-ä³ëÿþòü äîñòàòíüî¿ óâàãè âèêîðèñòàí-íþ ïåðâèííèõ äîêóìåíò³â ç åêîíîì³÷-íèì çì³ñòîì, ÿê³ äàþòü çìîãóíàáëèçèòèñÿ äî âñòàíîâëåííÿ ðîçì³ðóðåàëüíèõ çáèòê³â â³ä íåïðàâîì³ðíîãîâèêîðèñòàííÿ ÎÏ²Â.Ìåòîþ ñòàòò³ º ðîçãëÿä ïåðâèííèõ

äîêóìåíò³â, ÿê³ ñòàþòü äîêóìåíòàëü-íèìè äîêàçàìè ùîäî ÎÏ²Â ïðè çä³é-ñíåíí³ åêîíîì³÷íèõ äîñë³äæåíü,ïîâ’ÿçàíèõ ç íåïðàâîì³ðíèì âèêîðè-ñòàííÿì ÎÏ²Â, ç äîäåðæàííÿì ïîñë³-äîâíîñò³ ¿õ ôîðìóâàííÿ â³äïîâ³äíî äî

âèìîã íîðìàòèâíî-ïðàâîâèõ àêò³âÓêðà¿íè.Ðåçóëüòàòè äîñë³äæåííÿ. Ç ðîçâèò-

êîì ðèíêîâèõ â³äíîñèí ôîðìóºòüñÿíîâèé, ñóòî åêîíîì³êî-ô³íàíñîâèé ï³ä-õ³ä äî ÎÏ²Â, ÿê³ â óìîâàõ òîâàðíî-ãðîøîâèõ â³äíîñèí íàáóâàþòü îçíàêòîâàðó ÷è êàï³òàëó. Àêòèâ³çàö³ÿ öüîãîíàïðÿìó º âàæëèâèì ôàêòîðîì åêîíî-ì³÷íîãî çðîñòàííÿ êðà¿íè.Åêîíîì³÷íà ïðèðîäà âèêîðèñòàííÿ

ÎÏ²Â ó ãîñïîäàðñüê³é ä³ÿëüíîñò³ (çåêîíîì³êî-ô³íàíñîâèõ ïîçèö³é ³ííîâà-ö³éíîãî ï³äïðèºìíèöòâà) ïðîÿâëÿºòüñÿ÷åðåç ¿õ êîìåðö³àë³çàö³þ, ÿêà âèíèêàºâ óìîâàõ äîãîâ³ðíèõ â³äíîñèí. Àäæåñàìå ïðè âèêîðèñòàíí³ ñòâîðåíîãî ³íòå-ëåêòóàëüíîãî ïðîäóêòó áåçïîñåðåäíüîíà ñàìîìó ï³äïðèºìñòâ³, äå äîäàòêîâàâàðò³ñòü (ïðèáóòîê) ñêëàäàºòüñÿ ç äâîõ÷àñòèí: ç ÷àñòèíè äîäàòêîâî¿ âàðòîñò³,íàëåæíî¿ äî ñêëàäó ³íòåëåêòóàëüíîãîêàï³òàëó, îäåðæàíîãî â ÷èñòîìó âèãëÿ-ä³, òà ç ðåøòè äîäàòêîâî¿ âàðòîñò³, îäåð-æàíî¿ ïðè ðåàë³çàö³¿ ïðîäóêö³¿ ç âèêî-ðèñòàííÿì âæå îíîâëåíèõ àáî âäîñêî-íàëåíèõ çàñîá³â ³ ïðåäìåò³â ïðàö³,íàéìàíî¿ ðîáî÷î¿ ñèëè, ùî º îñíîâîþïîäàëüøîãî ¿õ ðå³íâåñòóâàííÿ. Îòðèìà-íà äîäàòêîâà âàðò³ñòü ñïðÿìîâóºòüñÿ íàâ³äíîâëåííÿ ëþäñüêîãî êàï³òàëó ÷åðåççàðîá³òíó ïëàòó òà âèíàãîðîäó, à òàêîæíà â³äíîâëåííÿ ³íòåëåêòóàëüíèõ àêòè-â³â ó ñêëàä³ íåìàòåð³àëüíèõ àêòèâ³â,ùî º äæåðåëîì ³ííîâàö³éíîãî êîíâåºðà,ÿê íîâîãî ÿâèùà â åêîíîì³ö³ ³íòåíñèâ-íîãî òèïó ðîçâèòêó.Êîíêðåòíå âèêîðèñòàííÿ ³ííîâàö³é

ó ôîðì³ ÎÏ²Â ó ñêëàä³ íåìàòåð³àëüíèõàêòèâ³â çä³éñíþºòüñÿ áåçïîñåðåäíüî íàï³äïðèºìñòâàõ ³ â îðãàí³çàö³ÿõ ð³çíî¿ïðàâîâî¿ ôîðìè âëàñíîñò³. Ñàìå íàöüîìó ð³âí³ îôîðìëþþòüñÿ ìàéíîâ³ïðàâà íà ³íòåëåêòóàëüíó âëàñí³ñòü,çä³éñíþþòüñÿ çàõîäè, ïîâ’ÿçàí³ ç îõî-ðîíîþ ïðàâ ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ó âñòàíîâëåíîìó ÷èííèì çàêîíîäàâ-ñòâîì Óêðà¿íè ïîðÿäêó. Ïðè öüîìó íå-îáõ³äíî çâåðòàòè óâàãó íà îñîáëèâîñò³ÎÏ²Â, ÿê³ ìàþòü ð³çíó ïðèðîäó ïîõîä-æåííÿ. Òàê, çì³ñò ïðàâà ³íòåëåêòóàëü-



Î. Áóòí³ê-Ñ³âåðñüêèé

íî¿ âëàñíîñò³ ñòàíîâëÿòü îñîáèñò³ íå-ìàéíîâ³ ïðàâà òà (àáî) ìàéíîâ³ ïðàâà³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ (ï. 2 ñò. 418ÖÊ Óêðà¿íè) [5].Ó ðåçóëüòàò³ ñòâîðåííÿ ÎÏ²Â

ñóá’ºêò öüîãî ïðàâà íàáóâàº íèçêèñóá’ºêòèâíèõ ïðàâ ÿê îñîáèñòîãî íå-ìàéíîâîãî, òàê ³ ìàéíîâîãî õàðàêòåðó.Ï³ä îñîáèñòèìè íåìàéíîâèìè ïðà-

âàìè ðîçóì³þòü ð³çíîâèä öèâ³ëüíèõïðàâ, ÿê³ âèíèêàþòü ³ç ïðèâîäó íåìà-òåð³àëüíèõ áëàã, º íåâ³ä’ºìíèìè â³äîñîáè òà íàáóâàþòü åêîíîì³÷íîãî çì³-ñòó (ãë. 15 ÖÊ Óêðà¿íè). Ï³ä ìàéíîâè-ìè ïðàâàìè ðîçóì³þòü ñóá’ºêòèâí³ïðàâà, ùî ïîâ’ÿçàí³ ç âèêîðèñòàííÿìÎÏ²Â, à òàêîæ ³ç òèìè ìàòåð³àëüíèìè(ìàéíîâèìè) âèìîãàìè, ÿê³ âèíèêàþòüì³æ ó÷àñíèêàìè ïðàâîâ³äíîñèí ³ç ïðè-âîäó âèêîðèñòàííÿ ÎÏ²Â (íàïðèêëàä,ïðàâî àâòîð³â ³ âèíàõ³äíèê³â íà âèíà-ãîðîäó — ñòàòò³ 424, 426 ÖÊ Óêðà¿íè).Òàêà êëàñèô³êàö³ÿ ïðàâ, ÿê³ ñòà-

íîâëÿòü çì³ñò ïðàâà ³íòåëåêòóàëü-íî¿ âëàñíîñò³, ìàº ïðàêòè÷íå çíà÷åí-íÿ. Ïîëîæåííÿ ÖÊ Óêðà¿íè, ´ðóí-òóþòüñÿ íà òîìó, ùî çà çàãàëüíèìïðàâèëîì îñîáèñò³ íåìàéíîâ³ ïðàâàìîæóòü íàëåæàòè ëèøå áåçïîñåðåäíüîòâîðöåâ³ ÎÏ²Â. Âîíè º íåâ³ä÷óæóâàíè-ìè â³ä îñîáè òâîðöÿ òà, çàçâè÷àé, íåìîæóòü ïåðåäàâàòèñÿ ³íøèì îñîáàì.Ìàéíîâ³ ïðàâà íà ÎÏ²Â ìîæóòü ïåðå-õîäèòè äî ³íøèõ îñ³á ó ñïîñ³á, ïåðåä-áà÷åíèé çàêîíîì. Çì³ñò çàçíà÷åíèõïðàâ ùîäî êîíêðåòíèõ ÎÏ²Â ðîçêðè-âàºòüñÿ ó â³äïîâ³äíèõ ãëàâàõ ÖÊÓêðà¿íè òà ñïåö³àëüíîìó çàêîíîäàâ-ñòâ³ — çàêîíàõ Óêðà¿íè, ÿê³ ðåãóëþ-þòü ñóñï³ëüí³ â³äíîñèíè ùîäî ïðàâî-âî¿ îõîðîíè äåÿêèõ ÎÏ²Â.Çà ïåðâèííèì ñóá’ºêòîì ïðàâà ³íòå-

ëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ çàêð³ïëåíîïðàâî íà âèêîðèñòàííÿ ñòâîðåíîãî íèìÎÏ²Â òà îòðèìàííÿ ìàêñèìàëüíîãî ðå-çóëüòàòó â³ä âèêîðèñòàííÿ éîãî êîðèñ-íèõ âëàñòèâîñòåé (ïï. 1–4 ï. 1 ñò. 424ÖÊ Óêðà¿íè). Òàêèé ðåçóëüòàò ìîæåïðèíîñèòè òâîðöåâ³ â³äïîâ³äíó ìàòåð³-àëüíó êîðèñòü, ùî, îêð³ì ïðàâîâî¿, º ³åêîíîì³÷íîþ ñêëàäîâîþ ÎÏ²Â.

Äî âèêëþ÷íèõ ïðàâ ïåðâèííîãîñóá’ºêòà ïðàâà ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñ-íîñò³ íàëåæèòü íàäàííÿ äîçâîëó íàâèêîðèñòàííÿ öüîãî îá’ºêòà ³íøèìîñîáàì (ïï. 2 ï. 1 ñò. 424, ñò. 426 ÖÊÓêðà¿íè). Öå ïðàâî ìàº àáñîëþòíèéõàðàêòåð ³ ìîæå áóòè îáìåæåíå ëèøåíà ï³äñòàâ³ é ó ñïîñ³á, ïåðåäáà÷åíèéçàêîíîì.Àâòîð (òâîðåöü) íàáóâàº ïðàâà ïåðå-

äàâàòè ÎÏ²Â íà âèêîðèñòàííÿ ³íø³éîñîá³ íà ï³äñòàâ³ äîãîâîðó, â ÿêîìó ïå-ðåäáà÷àþòüñÿ óìîâè òàêîãî âèêîðè-ñòàííÿ. Â³ä òàêîãî âèêîðèñòàííÿ ÎÏ²Âìîæëèâî îòðèìàòè ìàòåð³àëüí³ âèãî-äè, ùî òàêîæ îêð³ì ïðàâîâî¿ º ³ éîãîåêîíîì³÷íîþ ñêëàäîâîþ.Âàðòî çàçíà÷èòè, ùî ìàéíîâ³ ïðàâà

³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ íå îáìå-æóþòüñÿ ò³ëüêè âèêîðèñòàííÿì ³ íà-äàííÿì äîçâîëó íà âèêîðèñòàííÿÎÏ²Â, à é ïåðåäáà÷àþòü âèêëþ÷íåïðàâî ñóá’ºêòà ïðàâà ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿âëàñíîñò³ ïåðåøêîäæàòè íåïðàâîì³ð-íîìó âèêîðèñòàííþ öüîãî îá’ºêòà(ïï. 3 ï. 1 ñò. 424 ÖÊ Óêðà¿íè).Áåçóìîâíî, çàçíà÷åíèé åêîíîì³êî-

ïðàâîâèé ìåõàí³çì ñïèðàºòüñÿ íàáóõãàëòåðñüêèé ³ ïîäàòêîâèé îáë³ê,åêîíîì³êî-ïðàâîâ³ òà ô³íàíñîâ³ â³äíî-ñèíè ì³æ êîíòðàãåíòàìè ðèíêó òîùî.Íàñàìïåðåä, â³äîáðàæåííÿ â áóõ-

ãàëòåðñüêîìó îáë³êó îïåðàö³é ç âèêî-ðèñòàííÿ ÎÏ²Â ó ñêëàä³ íåìàòåð³àëü-íèõ àêòèâ³â ó ãîñïîäàðñüê³é ä³ÿëüíîñò³ñóá’ºêò³â ãîñïîäàðþâàííÿ äîçâîëÿº:•äîêóìåíòàëüíî ï³äòâåðäæóâàòè äî-âãîñòðîêîâ³ ìàéíîâ³ ïðàâà íà ï³ä-ñòàâ³ ¿õ îáë³êó íà áàëàíñ³ ï³äïðè-ºìñòâà;•çä³éñíþâàòè àìîðòèçàö³þ íåìàòå-ð³àëüíèõ àêòèâ³â (ÎÏ²Â) ó âñòà-íîâëåíîìó ïîðÿäêó çàëåæíî â³ä¿õíüîãî êîðèñíîãî âèêîðèñòàííÿ;•îòðèìóâàòè äîäàòêîâèé ïðèáóòîêâ³ä ïåðåäà÷³ ïðàâ âèêîðèñòàííÿÎÏ²Â;•ñïëà÷óâàòè ô³çè÷íèì ³ þðèäè÷-íèì îñîáàì àâòîðñüêó âèíàãîðîäó,îòðèìóâàòè äîõ³ä (ïðèáóòîê) òàïðè ë³öåíç³éíèõ óãîäàõ âèíàãîðî-



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äó ó ôîðì³ ïàóøàëüíîãî ïëàòåæóòà ðîÿëò³;•îíîâëþâàòè òåõí³÷íèé ñòàí âèðîá-íèöòâà ³ òåõíîëîã³é øëÿõîì âïðî-âàäæåííÿ ÎÏ²Â â ãîñïîäàðñüêèéîáîðîò ï³äïðèºìñòâ.Ãîñòðîòà çàçíà÷åíèõ ïåðåâàã âèêîðè-

ñòàííÿ ÎÏ²Â ó ãîñïîäàðñüêèé ä³ÿëüíî-ñò³ ñóá’ºêò³â ãîñïîäàðþâàííÿ ïîâ’ÿçàíà,ïî-ïåðøå, ç îáîâ’ÿçêîâèì âåäåííÿì àíà-ë³òè÷íîãî îáë³êó ÎÏ²Â ó ñêëàä³ íåìàòå-ð³àëüíèõ àêòèâ³â áåçïîñåðåäíüî â ¿õíüî-ãî âëàñíèêà òà, ïî-äðóãå, ñóòòºâî ïîñè-ëþºòüñÿ â óìîâàõ íåäîáðîñîâ³ñíî¿êîíêóðåíö³¿, êîëè íà ðèíêó ç’ÿâëÿºòü-ñÿ ïðîäóêö³ÿ çà îçíàêàìè ôàëüñèô³êà-ö³¿, ÿêà âèãîòîâëåíà ç âèêîðèñòàííÿìÎÏ²Â, ÿê³ íå íàëåæàòü ¿¿ ðîçðîáíèêó,òà íåìîæëèâ³ñòþ îòðèìàòè ³íôîðìàö³þç àíàë³òè÷íîãî îáë³êó ÎÏ²Â ó ïîðóøíè-êà, àäæå â³í ç³ çðîçóì³ëèõ ïðè÷èí, âåäå¿¿ ç ïîðóøåííÿì ÷è ïðàêòè÷íî éîãî íåçä³éñíþº.Ïðè ïðîâåäåíí³ åêîíîì³÷íîãî äî-

ñë³äæåííÿ íåïðàâîì³ðíîãî âèêîðè-ñòàííÿ ÎÏ²Â, ñóäîâèé åêñïåðò (ñïåö³à-ë³ñò) íàìàãàºòüñÿ çàëó÷èòè â³äïîâ³äí³äîêóìåíòàëüí³ äîêàçè äëÿ âèçíà÷åííÿðîçì³ðó çàâäàíèõ çáèòê³â (ìàòåð³àëü-íî¿ øêîäè), ùî äîçâîëÿþòü ï³äòâåðäè-òè íåäîîòðèìàíèé äîõ³ä (ïðèáóòîê )ñóá’ºêòîì ãîñïîäàðþâàííÿ — âëàñíè-êîì ÎÏ²Â.Çàçíà÷èìî, ùî åêîíîì³÷íå äîñë³-

äæåííÿ ó ñôåð³ ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñ-íîñò³ — öå äîñë³äæåííÿ ³ç çàñòîñó-âàííÿì ìåòîäó åêîíîì³÷íîãî àíàë³çó³äåíòèô³êîâàíèõ ³ ô³êñîâàíèõ åêîíî-ì³÷íèõ ïîêàçíèê³â íà äàòó äîñë³äæåí-íÿ, ùî õàðàêòåðèçóþòü ìàéíîâ³ ïðàâàñóá’ºêòà ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³òà ÎÏ²Â ó ñêëàä³ íåìàòåð³àëüíèõ àê-òèâ³â ñóá’ºêò³â ãîñïîäàðþâàííÿ: âëàñ-íèêà ìàéíîâèõ ïðàâ ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿âëàñíîñò³; ë³öåíç³àðà; ë³öåíç³àòà; ïðà-âîïîðóøíèêà ìàéíîâèõ ïðàâ ³íòåëåê-òóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³.Îá’ºêòàìè åêîíîì³÷íîãî äîñë³äæåí-

íÿ òóò ñòàþòü ïåðâèíí³ äîêóìåíòè, ðå-ã³ñòðè áóõãàëòåðñüêîãî îáë³êó, ôîðìèáóõãàëòåðñüêî¿, ïîäàòêîâî¿ òà ñòàòè-

ñòè÷íî¿ çâ³òíîñò³, ùî ì³ñòÿòü äàí³ ïðîìàéíîâ³ ïðàâà ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíî-ñò³ òà/àáî äàí³ ïðî ÎÏ²Â ó ñêëàä³ íå-ìàòåð³àëüíèõ àêòèâ³â.Äîêóìåíòàëüíèìè äîêàçàìè ùîäî

ÎÏ²Â ñòàþòü äîêóìåíòàëüí³ ìàòåð³à-ëè, ùî ï³äòâåðäæóþòü îáîâ’ÿçêîâóîçíàêó îá’ºêòèâíîãî áîêó çëî÷èíó —íàñòàííÿ íàñë³äê³â ó âèãëÿä³ ìàòåð³-àëüíî¿ øêîäè çàâäàíîþ â çíà÷íîìóðîçì³ð³, ó âåëèêîìó, îñîáëèâî âåëèêî-ìó ðîçì³ð³ çã³äíî ñòàòåé 176, 177, 229ÊÊ Óêðà¿íè [6].Åêîíîì³÷íå äîñë³äæåííÿ ó ñôåð³ ³í-

òåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³, ïîâ’ÿçàíå ç³çáèòêàìè â³ä íåïðàâîì³ðíîãî âèêîðè-ñòàííÿ ÎÏ²Â, ïðîâîäèòüñÿ çà â³äïîâ³ä-íîþ ñõåìîþ, ÷è ìåòîäèêîþ, ÿêà âè-çíà÷àºòüñÿ ñàìîñò³éíî íà ðîçñóä äî-ñë³äíèêà â³äïîâ³äíî äî ñïåöèô³êèñïðàâè òà ¿¿ ñêëàäíîñò³ çâàæàþ÷è íàíàÿâíó ³íôîðìàö³þ. Ïðè öüîìó äî-ñë³äíèê ìîæå çàñòîñîâóâàòè íàáóòèéïðàêòè÷íèé äîñâ³ä. Îäíàê ïðè öüîìóñóäîâèé åêñïåðò (ñïåö³àë³ñò) ìàº ñïè-ðàòèñÿ íà ïîñë³äîâí³ñòü ôîðìóâàííÿïåðâèííî¿ äîêóìåíòàö³¿ â ñèñòåì³ áóõ-ãàëòåðñüêî-ïîäàòêîâîãî òà ñòàòèñòè÷-íîãî îáë³êó â³äïîâ³äíî äî âèìîã íîðìà-òèâíî-ïðàâîâèõ àêò³â Óêðà¿íè. Òàêóïîñë³äîâí³ñòü ôîðìóâàííÿ ïåðâèííî¿äîêóìåíòàö³¿ â ñèñòåì³ áóõãàëòåðñüêî-ãî òà ñòàòèñòè÷íîãî îáë³êó ïîâèíí³âðàõîâóâàòè ³ ñë³ä÷³, ³ ñóää³, ÿê³ îá-´ðóíòîâóþòü çâèíóâà÷åííÿ ùîäî íå-ïðàâîì³ðíîãî âèêîðèñòàííÿ ÎÏ²Â òàïðèéìàþòü ð³øåííÿ ó ñïðàâ³. ×àñò³øåòàê³ çíàííÿ ó ñë³ä÷èõ òà ñóää³â â³äñóò-í³, ùî ïðèçâîäèòü äî çàòðèìêè ïðîâå-äåííÿ åêîíîì³÷íî¿ åêñïåðòèçè, ó çâ’ÿç-êó íåâèëó÷åííÿì íàÿâíî¿ ïåðâèííî¿ ³í-ôîðìàö³¿ (äîêóìåíòàö³¿) ³ ïîòðåáîþ ¿¿ïîäàëüøîãî îòðèìàííÿ íà çàïèò ñóäîâî-ãî åêñïåðòà, à ïðè ¿¿ â³äñóòíîñò³ — äîíåìîæëèâîñò³ âèçíà÷åííÿ ðîçì³ðó çà-âäàíèõ çáèòê³â (ìàòåð³àëüíî¿ øêîäè),ùî íå äîçâîëÿº ï³äòâåðäèòè íåäîîòðè-ìàíèé äîõ³ä (ïðèáóòîê) ñóá’ºêòîì ãîñ-ïîäàðþâàííÿ — âëàñíèêîì ÎÏ²Â. Ïî-òð³áíî òàêîæ çâåðíóòè óâàãó íà òå, ùîîñíîâíîþ ïðîáëåìîþ, ç ÿêîþ ñòèñ-




êàþòüñÿ åêñïåðòè ç ïèòàíü ³íòåëåêòó-àëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³, îòðèìóþ÷è óõâàëóñóäó, ÿê ñïðàâåäëèâî çàóâàæóº Ï. Äà-íèëåíêî, ïîëÿãàº ó òîìó, ùî, íàæàëü, íå çàâæäè ñóääÿ îá³çíàíèé ³ âîñîáëèâîñòÿõ ÎÏ²Â ò³ºþ ì³ðîþ, êîòðàíåîáõ³äíà äëÿ òîãî, ùîáè ïðàâèëüíîâèçíà÷èòè çàâäàííÿ äëÿ åêñïåðòà òàñôîðìóëþâàòè íàëåæí³ çàïèòàííÿ, ùîéîãî â³äîáðàæàòèìóòü [4, 394].Åêîíîì³÷íå äîñë³äæåííÿ ó ñôåð³ ³í-

òåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ ñüîãîäí³ ºíàéá³ëüø ñêëàäíèìè. Òóò íàïðÿìàìèäîñë³äæåííÿ ìîæóòü áóòè:•âñòàíîâëåííÿ ðîçì³ðó (ñóìè) ïðè-äáàííÿ ÎÏ²Â çà ãðîøåâ³ êîøòèï³äïðèºìñòâîì, áþäæåòíîþ óñòà-íîâîþ, áàíêîì;•âñòàíîâëåííÿ ðîçìèðó (ñóìè) ïðè-äáàííÿ ÎÏ²Â çà îáì³íîì íà ïîä³á-íèé ³ íåïîä³áíèé àêòèâ ï³äïðèºì-ñòâîì, áþäæåòíîþ óñòàíîâîþ,áàíêîì;•âñòàíîâëåííÿ ðîçì³ðó (ñóìè) îäåð-æàííÿ ÎÏ²Â, ÿê âíåñêó çàñíîâíèêàäî ñòàòóòíîãî êàï³òàëó òîâàðèñòâà;•âñòàíîâëåííÿ ðîçì³ðó (ñóìè) âèò-ðàò ïðè ñàìîñò³éí³é ðîçðîáö³,ñòâîðåíí³, âèãîòîâëåíí³ ÎÏ²Â³ç çàëó÷åííÿì áóõãàëòåðñüêèõ äî-êàçîâèõ äîêóìåíò³â;•âñòàíîâëåííÿ ðîçì³ðó (ñóìè) äîêó-ìåíòàëüíî ï³äòâåðäæåíîãî åêâ³âà-ëåíòíîãî áåçîïëàòíîãî îäåðæàííÿÎÏ²Â;•âñòàíîâëåííÿ ðîçì³ðó (ñóìè) îäåð-æàííÿ ÎÏ²Â çà ðåçóëüòàòàìèçä³éñíåííÿ óãîäè êóï³âë³-ïðîäà-æó ç äîòðèìàííÿì ÷èííîãî çàêî-íîäàâñòâà;•âñòàíîâëåííÿ ðîçì³ðó (ñóìè) äîêó-ìåíòàëüíî äîâåäåíèõ âèòðàò ñóá’ºê-òà ãîñïîäàðþâàííÿ Óêðà¿íè ïðèñòâîðåíí³ ïðîäóêö³¿, òîâàð³â, ðîá³ò,ïîñëóã, ó ñêëàä ÿêèõ âõîäèòü ÎÏ²Â,âèêîðèñòàí³ (çà îçíàêàìè) ó êîíòðà-ôàêòíèõ ïðèì³ðíèêàõ òà/àáî âèò-ðàò íà ÎÏ²Â, ÿê³ ðîçãëÿäàþòüñÿâ ñóä³ ÿê òàê³ ùî îñêàðæóþòüñÿ;•âñòàíîâëåííÿ ðîçì³ðó (ñóìè) äîêó-ìåíòàëüíî äîâåäåíîãî íàñòàííÿ

íàñë³äê³â ó âèãëÿä³ ìàòåð³àëüíî¿øêîäè âëàñíèêîâ³ ïðàâ ³íòåëåêòó-àëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³, çàâäàíî¿ îñîáîþ,êîòðà íå ìàº ìàéíîâèõ ïðàâ íàÎÏ²Â.Çàãàëüí³ âèçíà÷åííÿ ñôåðè åêîíî-

ì³÷íèõ äîñë³äæåíü ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿âëàñíîñò³ íå º âè÷åðïàíèìè òà ïîòðå-áóþòü ïîäàëüøèõ äîñë³äæåíü, îá´ðóí-òóâàíü ùîäî ïîðÿäêó äîñë³äæåííÿ òàçàñòîñóâàííÿ ¿õ ó ñóäîâ³é ïðàêòèö³.Á³ëüø ñêëàäí³ äîñë³äæåííÿ, ÿê³

ïîâ’ÿçàí³ ç íåïðàâîì³ðíèì âèêîðè-ñòàííÿì ÎÏ²Â, ïîòðåáóþòü, íà íàøóäóìêó, ïðîâåäåííÿ êîìïëåêñíîãî äî-ñë³äæåííÿ ³ç çàëó÷åííÿì, îêð³ì ñóäî-âèõ åêñïåðò³â ç ïðàâà ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿âëàñíîñò³, ³ ñïåö³àë³ñò³â ç³ çíàííÿìèåêîíîì³êè, îáë³êó òà ô³íàíñ³â, àòàêîæ ñïåö³àëüíèõ òåõí³÷íèõ òà òåõ-íîëîã³÷íèõ çíàíü. Ïðè öüîìó ïîòð³áíîáðàòè äî óâàãè âèìîãè ùîäî êîìïå-òåíòíîñò³ òà ïðîôåñ³éíîñò³ ÿê ñóäîâîãîåêñïåðòà, òàê ³ ñïåö³àë³ñòà. ßê çàçíà-÷àº Ï. Äàíèëåíêî, åêñïåðò ÿê ïðîöå-ñóàëüíà ô³ãóðà º ñàìîñò³éíèì ³ â³ëü-íèì ó âèçíà÷åíí³ òà âèáîð³ íàóêîâèõïîëîæåíü, âèä³â òà ìåòîä³â äîñë³äæåí-íÿ, òåõí³÷íèõ ïðèéîì³â ³ çàñîá³â ïðèïðîâåäåíí³ åêñïåðòèç, ñêëàäàíí³ ïëàíóäîñë³äæåííÿ òà ôîðìóâàíí³ âèñíîâê³â.Ñóä ïðè öüîìó ò³ëüêè çä³éñíþº êîíò-ðîëü çà çàêîíí³ñòþ ïðîâåäåííÿ äîñë³ä-æåííÿ òà äîòðèìàííÿì åêñïåðòîì ïðî-öåñóàëüíèõ âèìîã [4, 395].Çà íàäàíèìè íà äîñë³äæåííÿ ïåð-

âèííèìè åêîíîì³÷íèìè é ³íøèìè äî-êóìåíòàìè ñóäîâèé åêñïåðò (ñïåö³à-ë³ñò) ìîæå ðîçðîáèòè ïîòð³áíó ³íôîð-ìàö³þ äëÿ ðîçðàõóíêó âàðò³ñíîãî(ãðîøîâîãî) ðîçì³ðó çáèòê³â, çàâäàíèõç íåïðàâîì³ðíèì âèêîðèñòàííÿìÎÏ²Â. Ïðè öüîìó âàðòî çàóâàæèòè,çàçíà÷àº Ã. Àâäººâ, ñüîãîäí³ (çà â³ä-ñóòíîñò³ çàòâåðäæåíèõ çàãàëüíî¿ òàîêðåìèõ ìåòîäèê äîñë³äæåííÿ ð³çíèõÎÏ²Â) ìåòîäàìè ñóäîâî-åêñïåðòíîãîäîñë³äæåííÿ ÎÏ²Â º ñèñòåìà ëîã³÷íèõ³ çàãàëüíîíàóêîâèõ ìåòîä³â (îïåðàö³é,ïðèéîì³â), ÿê³ âèêîðèñòîâóþòüñÿ â³íøèõ âèäàõ ñóäîâî¿ åêñïåðòèçè. Óñ³



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ìåòîäè ñóäîâî¿ åêñïåðòèçè ìàþòüïðàâî íà ³ñíóâàííÿ ò³ëüêè çà óìîâè ¿õâ³äïîâ³äíîñò³ íîðìàì ïðîöåñóàëüíîãîïðàâà, åòèêè, íàóêîâî¿ îá´ðóíòîâàíî-ñò³ é âèñîêîìó ð³âíþ îòðèìàííÿîá’ºêòèâíèõ ðåçóëüòàò³â, ïðîñòîò³ éáåçïåö³, åôåêòèâíîñò³ òà ³íøèì îçíà-êàì [4, 395–396].Ñàìå òóò âàðòî íàãîëîñèòè, ùî ñó-

äîâèé åêñïåðò (ñïåö³àë³ñò) îòðèìóº ïî-òð³áíó ³íôîðìàö³þ, ùî º ðåçóëüòàòîìñë³ä÷èõ ä³é, òà ó ïîäàëüøîìó çà ð³øå-ííÿì ñóää³. Ñêëàäí³ñòü ïðîáëåìè ïî-ëÿãàº ó òîìó, ùî ïîòð³áíà ³íôîðìàö³ÿáóâàº íåïîâíîþ ÷è ç ³íôîðìàö³éíèìè«ïðîâàëàìè», áåç äîäåðæàííÿ âñòà-íîâëåíîãî íîðìàòèâíèìè àêòàìè ïî-ðÿäêó ùîäî ¿¿ îôîðìëåííÿ.Äëÿ ïðîâåäåííÿ åêîíîì³÷íèõ äî-

ñë³äæåíü, ïîâ’ÿçàíèõ ç ÎÏ²Â ó ñêëàä³íåìàòåð³àëüíèõ àêòèâ³â, ïåðåäáà÷à-ºòüñÿ âèêîðèñòàííÿ äîêóìåíò³â, ÿê³ì³ñòÿòü âèõ³äí³ äàí³ — åêîíîì³÷í³ïîêàçíèêè ùîäî ÎÏ²Â ç óðàõóâàííÿìïîñë³äîâíîñò³ ôîðìóâàííÿ ïåðâèííî¿äîêóìåíòàö³¿:1) äîãîâîðè òà äîäàòêè äî íèõ,

àêòè â³äïîâ³äíî äî ÷. 1 ñò. 1107 ÖÊÓêðà¿íè, à ñàìå: à) ë³öåíç³¿ íà âèêîðè-ñòàííÿ îá’ºêòà ïðàâà ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿âëàñíîñò³; á) ë³öåíç³éíèé äîãîâ³ð;â) äîãîâ³ð ïðî ñòâîðåííÿ çà çàìîâëåí-íÿì ³ âèêîðèñòàííÿ ÎÏ²Â; ã) äîãîâ³ðïðî ïåðåäàííÿ âèêëþ÷íèõ ìàéíîâèõïðàâ ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³;´) ³íø³ äîãîâîðè ùîäî ðîçïîðÿäæàííÿìàéíîâèìè ïðàâàìè ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿âëàñíîñò³. Àêòè ïðèéìàííÿ-ïåðåäà÷³ÎÏ²Â, ÿê ðåçóëüòàò çàâåðøåííÿ íà-äàííÿ ïîñëóã íà â³äïîâ³äíó äàòó ³ç çà-çíà÷åííÿì ðîçì³ðó âàðòîñò³ ÎÏ²Â òàðîçì³ðó âèíàãîðîäè ïðè çä³éñíåíí³ ë³-öåíç³éíèõ óãîä, ÿê³ âñòàíîâëþþòüñÿñòîðîíàìè äîãîâîðó íà ï³äñòàâ³ óçãîä-æåíî¿ ñòîðîíàìè âàðòîñò³ çà ðåçóëüòà-òàìè îö³íêè âàðòîñò³ (çâ³ò (àêò) ïðîîö³íêó âàðòîñò³ ìàéíîâèõ ïðàâ) ñåðòè-ô³êîâàíèìè ñóá’ºêòàìè îö³íî÷íî¿ ä³-ÿëüíîñò³. ²íîä³ àêòè ïðèéìàííÿ-ïåðå-äà÷³ ÎÏ²Â â³äñóòí³, ùî íå äîçâîëÿºâèçíà÷èòè äàòó ïåðøî¿ ïîä³¿, âñòàíî-

âèòè ïðèéíÿòèé ñóá’ºêòàìè óãîäè ðîç-ì³ð âàðòîñò³ ïåðåäàíèõ ìàéíîâèõ ïðàâíà ÎÏ²Â, ðîçì³ð âèíàãîðîäè çà ë³öåí-ç³éíîþ óãîäîþ. Ïðè öüîìó çàçíà÷èìî,ùî êîëè îòðèìàíèé îõîðîííèé äîêó-ìåíò íà ïåðåäàíèé ÎÏ²Â, àëå â³äñóò-í³é çíà÷åíèé àêò ïðèéìàííÿ-ïåðåäà÷³ÎÏ²Â, ãîñïîäàðñüêå ïðàâî äëÿ ñóá’ºê-òà ãîñïîäàðþâàííÿ íå âñòóïèëî âñèëó, ùî ðîáèòü ïîäàëüø³ ä³¿ âëàñíè-êà ÎÏ²Â «ñóìí³âíèìè» òà íå â³äïîâ³-äàº âèìîãàì ï. 137.1 ñò. 137 Ïîäàòêî-âîãî êîäåêñó Óêðà¿íè (äàë³ — ÏÊÓêðà¿íè) [7].2) òèïîâ³ ôîðìè ïåðâèííîãî îáë³êó

ÎÏ²Â ó ñêëàä³ íåìàòåð³àëüíèõ àêòèâ³â,ÿê³ çàòâåðäæåí³ Íàêàçîì Ì³í³ñòåðñòâàô³íàíñ³â Óêðà¿íè â³ä «Ïðî çàòâåðäæåí-íÿ òèïîâèõ ôîðì ïåðâèííîãî îáë³êóîá’ºêò³â ïðàâà ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíî-ñò³ ó ñêëàä³ íåìàòåð³àëüíèõ àêòèâ³â»22.11.2004 ðîêó ¹ 732 [8]: à) ¹ ÍÀ-1«Àêò ââåäåííÿ â ãîñïîäàðñüêèé îáîðîòîá’ºêòà ïðàâà ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíî-ñò³»; á) ¹ ÍÀ-2 «²íâåíòàðíà êàðòêàîáë³êó îá’ºêòà ïðàâà ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿âëàñíîñò³»; â) ¹ ÍÀ-3 «Àêò âèáóòòÿ(ë³êâ³äàö³¿) îá’ºêòà ïðàâà ³íòåëåêòóàëü-íî¿ âëàñíîñò³ ó ñêëàä³ íåìàòåð³àëüíèõàêòèâ³â»; ã) ¹ ÍÀ-4 «²íâåíòàðèçàö³é-íèé îïèñ îá’ºêòà ïðàâà ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿âëàñíîñò³».Áåðó÷è äî óâàãè ïîñë³äîâí³ñòü ôîð-

ìóâàííÿ ïåðâèííî¿ äîêóìåíòàö³¿, çà-çíà÷èìî, ùî ïåðåäóº âèêîðèñòàííþ íà-âåäåíèõ òèïîâèõ ôîðì íàÿâí³ñòü íàêàçóñóá’ºêòà ãîñïîäàðþâàííÿ ïðî îáë³êîâóïîë³òèêó, ùî º ñóêóïí³ñòü ïðèíöèï³â,ìåòîä³â ³ ïðîöåäóð, ÿê³ âèêîðèñòî-âóþòüñÿ ï³äïðèºìñòâîì äëÿ ñêëàäàí-íÿ òà ïîäàííÿ ô³íàíñîâî¿ çâ³òíîñò³â³äïîâ³äíî äî ñò. 1 Çàêîíó Óêðà¿íè«Ïðî áóõãàëòåðñüêèé îáë³ê òà ô³íàíñî-âó çâ³òí³ñòü» [9] ³ ï. 3 Ï(Ñ)ÁÎ 1 «Çà-ãàëüí³ âèìîãè äî ô³íàíñîâî¿ çâ³òíîñò³»[10], çàòâåðäæåíèé êåð³âíèêîì ïðîòî-êîë êîì³ñ³¿ ïðî ïðèéíÿòòÿ äî îáë³êóÎÏ²Â ³ íàêàç êåð³âíèêà ïðî ïðèéíÿòòÿíà áàëàíñ ÎÏ²Â ó ñêëàä³ íåìàòåð³àëü-íèõ àêòèâ³â ãîëîâíèì áóõãàëòåðîì òàïîðÿäîê âïðîâàäæåííÿ ÎÏ²Â â³äïîâ³ä-




íèìè ï³äðîçä³ëàìè, ùî äîçâîëÿº ôîð-ìóâàòè òèïîâó ôîðìó ¹ ÍÀ-1«Àêòââåäåííÿ â ãîñïîäàðñüêèé îáîðîò îá’ºê-òà ïðàâà ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³».Ïðè öüîìó òóò ³ äàë³ ïîòð³áíî äîäåðæó-âàòèñü âèìîã Ï(Ñ)ÁÎ 8 «Íåìàòåð³àëüí³àêòèâè» [11] òà Ìåòîäè÷íèõ ðåêîìåí-äàö³ÿõ ç áóõãàëòåðñüêîãî îáë³êó íåìà-òåð³àëüíèõ àêòèâ³â, çàòâåðäæåíèõ íà-êàçîì Ì³í³ñòåðñòâà ô³íàíñ³â Óêðà¿íèâ³ä 16.11.2009 ðîêó ¹ 1327 [12]. ²íîä³òèïîâà ôîðìà ¹ ÍÀ-1«Àêò ââåäåííÿ âãîñïîäàðñüêèé îáîðîò îá’ºêòà ïðàâà ³í-òåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³» â³äñóòíÿ, ùîíå äîçâîëÿº îòðèìàòè îá’ºêòèâíó ³í-ôîðìàö³þ ïðî ââåäåííÿ ÎÏ²Â ó ãîñïî-äàðñüêèé îáîðîò éîãî âëàñíèêîì.Íàäõîäæåííÿ òà îïðèáóòêóâàííÿ

áóäü-ÿêîãî ÎÏ²Â íà ï³äïðèºìñòâ³ ï³ä-òâåðäæóºòüñÿ â³äïîâ³äíèìè ïåðâèííè-ìè äîêóìåíòàìè, â ÿêèõ âêàçóºòüñÿäîêëàäíà õàðàêòåðèñòèêà îá’ºêòà,éîãî ïåðâèííà âàðò³ñòü, ñòðîê êîðèñ-íîãî âèêîðèñòàííÿ òà íîðìà çíîñó(àìîðòèçàö³¿), ï³äðîçä³ë, ó ÿêîìó âè-êîðèñòîâóºòüñÿ ÎÏ²Â, ï³äïèñè ïîñàäî-âèõ îñ³á, ÿê³ ïðèéíÿëè ÎÏ²Â, ç äîäà-âàííÿì äîêóìåíò³â, ó ÿêèõ îïèñóþòüñÿâëàñíå ÎÏ²Â ó ñêëàä³ íåìàòåð³àëüíèõàêòèâ³â òà ïîðÿäîê éîãî âèêîðèñòàííÿ,â³äîìîñò³ ïðî íàÿâí³ñòü îõîðîííèõ äî-êóìåíò³â.Ðóõ íåìàòåð³àëüíèõ àêòèâ³â ³ ô³-

íàíñîâ³ ðåçóëüòàòè ùîäî ¿õ âèêîðè-ñòàííÿ ìîæíà ïðîñòåæèòè íà ï³äñòàâ³òèïîâèõ ôîðì ô³íàíñîâî¿ çâ³òîñò³: Áà-ëàíñ (òèïîâà ôîðìà ¹ 1); çâ³ò ïðî ô³-íàíñîâ³ ðåçóëüòàòè (òèïîâà ôîðìà¹ 2) òà ïðèì³òêè äî ô³íàíñîâèõ çâ³ò³â(òèïîâà ôîðìà ¹ 5), à òàêîæ íà ï³ä-ñòàâ³ ïîäàòêîâèõ çâ³ò³â, ñêëàäåíèõâ³äïîâ³äíî äî âèìîã ÏÊ Óêðà¿íè òàíîðìàòèâíèõ àêò³â äî íüîãî.3) ôîðìè ïåðâèííî¿ îáë³êîâî¿ äîêó-

ìåíòàö³¿ ç³ ñòàòèñòè÷íîãî îáë³êóÎÏ²Â, çàòâåðäæåí³ Íàêàçîì Äåðæêîì-ñòàòó Óêðà¿íè â³ä 10.08.2004 ðîêó¹ 469 [13]: à) ¹ ²Â-1 «Æóðíàë ðå-ºñòðàö³¿ çàÿâîê íà âèíàõîäè, êîðèñí³ìîäåë³, ïðîìèñëîâ³ çðàçêè, êîìïîíó-âàííÿ (òîïîãðàô³¿) ³íòåãðàëüíèõ ì³êðî-

ñõåì, ùî ïîäàí³ â Óêðà¿í³»; á) ¹ ²Â-2«Æóðíàë ðåºñòðàö³¿ çàÿâîê íà âèíàõî-äè, êîðèñí³ ìîäåë³, ïðîìèñëîâ³ çðàç-êè, êîìïîíóâàííÿ (òîïîãðàô³¿) ³íòåã-ðàëüíèõ ì³êðîñõåì, ùî ïîäàí³ äî êîì-ïåòåíòíèõ îðãàí³â ³íîçåìíèõ äåðæàâ»;â) ¹ ²Â-3 «Æóðíàë ðåºñòðàö³¿ âèêîðè-ñòàíèõ âèíàõîä³â, êîðèñíèõ ìîäåëåé,ïðîìèñëîâèõ çðàçê³â, êîìïîíóâàíü(òîïîãðàô³é) ³íòåãðàëüíèõ ì³êðî-ñõåì»; ã) ¹ ²Â-4 «Æóðíàë ðåºñòðàö³¿ðàö³îíàë³çàòîðñüêèõ ïðîïîçèö³é»;´) ¹ ²Â-5 «Çàÿâà ïðî ðàö³îíàë³çàòîðñü-êó ïðîïîçèö³þ»; ä) ¹ ²Â-6 «Àêò ïðîâèêîðèñòàííÿ îá’ºêòà ïðàâà ³íòåëåêòó-àëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³». Ïðè öüîìó íåîáõ³ä-íî äîòðèìóâàòèñÿ ²íñòðóêö³¿ ùîäî çà-ïîâíåííÿ ôîðì ïåðâèííî¿ îáë³êîâî¿ äî-êóìåíòàö³¿ ç îáë³êó ÎÏ²Â (âèíàõîä³â,êîðèñíèõ ìîäåëåé, ïðîìèñëîâèõ çðàç-ê³â, êîìïîíóâàíü (òîïîãðàô³é) ³íòåã-ðàëüíèõ ì³êðîñõåì ³ ðàö³îíàë³çàòîðñü-êèõ ïðîïîçèö³é äî çàçíà÷åíèõ ôîðìñòàòèñòè÷íîãî îáë³êó;4) Äîêóìåíòàëüí³ ìàòåð³àëè

(çâ³òè), ÿê³ ï³äòâåðäæóþòü ïîíåñåí³âèòðàòè (ó ãðîøîâîìó âèðàç³),ïîâ’ÿçàí³ ç ïðèäáàííÿì (ñòâîðåííÿì) ³â³äîáðàæåííÿì íà ñóáðàõóíêó äðóãîãîïîðÿäêó 154 «Ïðèäáàííÿ (ñòâîðåííÿ)íåìàòåð³àëüíèõ àêòèâ³â» äî ìîìåíòóâ³äíåñåííÿ íà ðàõóíîê 12 «Íåìàòåð³-àëüí³ àêòèâè» àáî ³íø³ âèòðàòè áåçïî-ñåðåäíüî ïîâ’ÿçàí³ ç éîãî ïðèäáàííÿìòà äîâåäåííÿì äî ñòàíó, â ÿêîìó öåéîá’ºêò ïðèäàòíèé äëÿ âèêîðèñòàííÿçà ïðèçíà÷åííÿì, ùî â³äïîâ³äàº ï. 5Ï(Ñ)ÁÎ 8 «Íåìàòåð³àëüí³ àêòèâè»;5) ðåºñòðè áóõãàëòåðñüêîãî îáë³êó

ùîäî ÎÏ²Â, à ñàìå: Ðîçä³ë I Æóðíàëó 4«Îáë³ê îñíîâíèõ çàñîá³â, ³íøèõ íåîáî-ðîòíèõ ìàòåð³àëüíèõ àêòèâ³â, íåìàòå-ð³àëüíèõ àêòèâ³â òà çíîñó íåîáîðîò-íèõ àêòèâ³â (çà êðåäèòîì ðàõóíêó 12«Íåìàòåð³àëüí³ àêòèâè») òà â³äîì³ñòüäî íüîãî. Çàçíà÷èìî, ùî êîæíå ï³ä-ïðèºìñòâî ìàº ïðàâî ñàìîñò³éíî îáè-ðàòè ôîðìó âåäåííÿ áóõãàëòåðñüêîãîîáë³êó òà äëÿ öüîãî ìîæå ñòâîðèòèîáë³êîâ³ ðåºñòðè, â³äïîâ³äíî äî ñïåöè-ô³êè éîãî ä³ÿëüíîñò³. Ïðîòå, ÿê ïîêà-



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çóº ïðàêòèêà, òàêèõ ï³äïðèºìñòâ äî-ñèòü ìàëî ³ á³ëüø³ñòü ââàæàþòü çàêðàùå âèêîðèñòîâóâàòè îäíó ç ôîðìáóõãàëòåðñüêîãî îáë³êó, çàïðîïîíîâà-íèõ â ìåòîäè÷íèõ ðåêîìåíäàö³ÿõ, ðîç-ðîáëåíèõ Ì³í³ñòåðñòâîì ô³íàíñ³âÓêðà¿íè, êîòð³, çàóâàæèìî, ìàþòü ðå-êîìåíäàö³éíèé õàðàêòåð. Ñüîãîäí³³ñíóº äâà äîêóìåíòè, ùî ðåãóëþòü ïî-ðÿäîê çàñòîñóâàííÿ ðåã³ñòð³â áóõãàë-òåðñüêîãî îáë³êó:•Ìåòîäè÷í³ ðåêîìåíäàö³¿ ³ç çàñòî-ñóâàííÿ ðåã³ñòð³â áóõãàëòåðñüêîãîîáë³êó, çàòâåðäæåí³ Íàêàçîì Ì³-í³ñòåðñòâà ô³íàíñ³â Óêðà¿íè â³ä29.12.2000 ðîêó ¹ 356 [14] (Ìå-òîäðåêîìåíäàö³¿ ¹ 356);•Ìåòîäè÷í³ ðåêîìåíäàö³¿ ³ç çàñòî-ñóâàííÿ ðåã³ñòð³â áóõãàëòåðñüêîãîîáë³êó ìàëèìè ï³äïðèºìñòâàìè,çàòâåðäæåí³ Íàêàçîì Ì³í³ñòåðñòâàô³íàíñ³â Óêðà¿íè â³ä 25.06.2003ðîêó ¹ 422 [15] (Ìåòîäðåêîìåíäà-ö³¿ ¹ 422).Ìåòîäðåêîìåíäàö³¿ ¹ 356 ïðè-

çíà÷åí³ äëÿ ï³äïðèºìñòâ ³ îðãàí³çàö³é(êð³ì áàíê³â òêà áþäæåòíèõ óñòàíîâ),¿õí³õ ô³ë³é, â³ää³ëåíü, ïðåäñòàâíèöòâíåçàëåæíî â³ä ôîðì âëàñíîñò³, îðãàí³-çàö³éíî-ïðàâîâèõ ôîðì ³ âèä³â ä³ÿëü-íîñò³ (çîêðåìà é äëÿ ìàëèõ ï³äïðè-ºìñòâ). Ìåòîäðåêîìåíäàö³¿ ¹ 422 ïðè-çíà÷åí³ äëÿ þðèäè÷íèõ îñ³á áóäü-ÿêî¿îðãàí³çàö³éíî-ïðàâîâî¿ ôîðìè ³ ôîðìèâëàñíîñò³ (êð³ì áàíê³â ³ áþäæåòíèõóñòàíîâ) ç îçíàêàìè ìàëèõ ï³äïðè-ºìñòâ.Ïðè âèáîð³ ôîðìè áóõãàëòåðñüêîãî

îáë³êó ïîòð³áíî âðàõóâàòè, ùî ðåã³-ñòðè áóõãàëòåðñüêîãî îáë³êó, ïåðåä-áà÷åí³ Ìåòîäðåêîìåíäàö³ÿìè ¹ 422,ïîáóäîâàí³ íà çàñòîñóâàíí³ ñïðîùåíî-ãî ïëàíó ðàõóíê³â áóõãàëòåðñüêîãîîáë³êó, à ðåã³ñòðè áóõãàëòåðñüêîãîîáë³êó, ïåðåäáà÷åí³ Ìåòîäðåêîìåíäà-ö³ÿìè ¹ 356, íà çàñòîñóâàíí³ çàãàëü-íîãî ïëàíó ðàõóíê³â áóõãàëòåðñüêîãîîáë³êó.Çàïèñ ó ðåã³ñòðàõ áóõãàëòåðñüêîãî

îáë³êó íåìàòåð³àëüíèõ àêòèâ³â ïðî-âîäèòüñÿ íà ï³äñòàâ³ ïåðâèííèõ îáë³-

êîâèõ äîêóìåíò³â, ÿê³ ô³êñóþòüôàêòè çä³éñíåííÿ ãîñïîäàðñüêî¿ îïå-ðàö³¿ òà ðîçïîðÿäæåííÿ (äîçâîëó) íà¿õ ïðîâåäåííÿ.6) ³íø³ äîêóìåíòè — àêòè ïåðåâ³-

ðîê îðãàí³â êîíòðîëþ (ô³íàíñîâî¿ ³í-ñïåêö³¿, ïîäàòêîâèõ ñëóæá) ùîäî âè-êîíàííÿ âèìîã áóõãàëòåðñüêîãî òà ïî-äàòêîâîãî çàêîíîäàâñòâà ùîäî ÎÏ²Â;äîâ³äêè ïðî ñîá³âàðò³ñòü, ðåíòàáåëü-í³ñòü, ÷èñòèé ïðèáóòîê â³ä âèêîðè-ñòàííÿ ÎÏ²Â, äîãîâîðè â³äïîâ³äàëüíî-ãî çáåð³ãàííÿ, ðåºñòðè, íàêëàäí³, ïëà-òåæ³, ³íâåíòàðèçàö³éí³ â³äîìîñò³, ÿê³ñêëàäàþòüñÿ ùîð³÷íî, òîùî.Äëÿ âèêîíàííÿ åêîíîì³÷íîãî äî-

ñë³äæåííÿ ó ñôåð³ ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿âëàñíîñò³ áþäæåòíèõ óñòàíîâ âèêî-ðèñòîâóþòüñÿ àíàëîã³÷í³ äîêóìåíòè,êîòð³ ì³ñòÿòü âèõ³äí³ äàí³ — åêîíîì³÷-í³ ïîêàçíèêè ùîäî ÎÏ²Â ó ñêëàä³ íå-ìàòåð³àëüíèõ àêòèâ³â ç óðàõóâàííÿìñïåöèô³êè ¿õíüî¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³ òà âåäåí-íÿ áóõãàëòåðñüêîãî îáë³êó. Çàçíà÷èìî,ùî Äåðæàâíîþ êàçíà÷åéñüêîþ ñëóæ-áîþ Óêðà¿íè ñâ³é íàêàç «Ïðî çàòâåðä-æåííÿ ²íñòðóêö³¿ ç áóõãàëòåðñüêîãîîáë³êó íåîáîðîòíèõ àêòèâ³â áþäæåò-íèõ óñòàíîâ» â³ä 17.07.2000 ðîêó¹ 64 [16] äîïîâíèëî Íàêàçîì â³ä22.12.2009 ðîêó ¹ 526 [17], ÿêèì ïå-ðåäáà÷åíî ç ìåòîþ ñâîº÷àñíîãî â³äîáðà-æåííÿ ââåäåííÿ â ãîñïîäàðñüêèé îáî-ðîò, âèêîðèñòàííÿ, îáë³êó òà âèáóòòÿäåÿêèõ ïðèäáàíèõ (ñòâîðåíèõ) ÎÏ²Âó ñêëàä³ íåìàòåð³àëüíèõ àêòèâ³â ¿õàíàë³òè÷íèé îáë³ê áþäæåòíèìè óñòà-íîâàìè âåäåòüñÿ çà òèïîâèìè ôîðìà-ìè, çàòâåðäæåíèìè Íàêàçîì Ì³í³-ñòåðñòâà ô³íàíñ³â Óêðà¿íè «Ïðî çà-òâåðäæåííÿ òèïîâèõ ôîðì ïåðâèííîãîîáë³êó îá’ºêò³â ïðàâà ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿âëàñíîñò³ ó ñêëàä³ íåìàòåð³àëüíèõ àê-òèâ³â» â³ä 22.11.2004 ðîêó ¹ 732(ï. 6.16 ²íñòðóêö³¿ â ðåäàêö³¿ ÍàêàçóÄåðæàâíî¿ êàçíà÷åéñüêî¿ ñëóæáèÓêðà¿íè â³ä 22.12.2009 ðîêó ¹ 526).Çà íàÿâíîñò³ çàçíà÷åíèõ ïåðâèííèõ

òà ³íøèõ äîêóìåíò³â, åêîíîì³÷íå äî-ñë³äæåííÿ ó ñôåð³ ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿âëàñíîñò³, ïîâ’ÿçàíå ç³ çáèòêàìè â³ä




íåïðàâîì³ðíîãî âèêîðèñòàííÿ ÎÏ²Â,ïðîâîäèòüñÿ çà â³äïîâ³äíèì íàïðÿìà-ìè. Ç ö³ºþ ìåòîþ äîñë³äæóºòüñÿ:•îïðèáóòêóâàííÿ ÎÏ²Â;•ñòðîêè åêñïëóàòàö³¿ ÎÏ²Â;•ïðîâåäåííÿ íàðàõóâàíü àìîðòèçà-ö³¿ ùîäî ÎÏ²Â;•ïîíåñåí³ âèòðàòè íà ñòâîðåííÿ(ïðèäáàííÿ) äîâåäåííÿ äî ñòàíóïðèäàòíîãî äëÿ âèêîðèñòàííÿì çàïðèçíà÷åííÿì;•äîäàòêîâà ³íôîðìàö³þ ñòîñîâíîêîí’þíêòóðè àêòèâíîãî ðèíêó,ïîâ’ÿçàíîãî ç ÎÏ²Â, ç ìåòîþ âè-ÿâëåííÿ íàñë³äê³â ó ôîðì³ ìàòåð³-àëüíî¿ øêîäè, ùî ¿¿ çàçíàº âëàñ-íèê ÎÏ²Â, à ñàìå:– ìàðêåòèíãîâ³ äîñë³äæåííÿ;– ïîçîâè ñïîæèâà÷³â ïðîäóêö³¿ äîâëàñíèêà ïðàâ ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿âëàñíîñò³, ùî ì³ñòèòü ³äåíòèô³-êîâàíèé ÎÏ²Â;– óãîäè, ÿê³ íå âèêîðèñòàí³ ÷è íåâðàõîâàí³;– ð³øåííÿ ñóäó;– âèñíîâêè ñóäîâî-åêîíîì³÷íî¿åêñïåðòèçè;– åêñïåðòí³ äîñë³äæåííÿ, âèñíîâ-êè ñïåö³àë³ñòà;– íàðàõîâàí³ øòðàôí³ ñàíêö³¿òîùî.

Ïðè íåïðàâîì³ðíîìó âèêîðèñòàíí³ÎÏ²Â ó ñêëàä³ íåìàòåð³àëüíèõ àêòèâ³âñóá’ºêòè ãîñïîäàðþâàííÿ ïðàöþþòü óð³çíèõ ïðàâîâèõ óìîâàõ, à ñàìå íà ëå-ã³òèìí³é ³ íåëåã³òèìí³é îñíîâ³ îòðè-ìàííÿ äîõîä³â (ïðèáóòêó).Äëÿ ñóá’ºêòà ãîñïîäàðþâàííÿ —

âëàñíèêà ÎÏ²Â, ÿêèé ãîñïîäàðþº íàëåã³òèìí³é îñíîâ³, ï³ä óïëèâîì ä³éñóá’ºêòà ãîñïîäàðþâàííÿ ç íåïðàâî-ì³ðíèì âèêîðèñòàííÿì ÎÏ²Â ó ñêëàä³íåìàòåð³àëüíèõ àêòèâ³â íà ðèíêó ³í-íîâàö³éíî¿ ïðîäóêö³¿, ç ÷àñîì áåç-óìîâíî çìåíøóºòüñÿ ðåàë³çàö³ÿ ³ííî-âàö³éíî¿ ïðîäóêö³¿ íà ðèíêó â óìîâàõïðèñóòíîñò³ ïðîäóêö³¿, âèðîáëåíî¿ íàëåã³òèìí³é òà íåëåã³òèìí³é îñíîâ³, ùîïðèçâîäèòü äî çìåíøåííÿ ïðèáóòêó óâëàñíèêà ÎÏ²Â, çàóâàæèìî, íå äîõî-äó, à ñàìå ïðèáóòêó, ïîçàÿê öåé

ñóá’ºêò ãîñïîäàðþâàííÿ — âëàñíèêÎÏ²Â êîìïåíñàö³éíèõ âèòðàò ó öåéïåð³îä íå çä³éñíþâàâ.Íà íåëåã³òèìí³é îñíîâ³ — ñóá’ºêò

ãîñïîäàðþâàííÿ ãîñïîäàðþº íà îñíîâ³íåïðàâîì³ðíîãî âèêîðèñòàíí³ ÎÏ²Â,àëå ïðè öüîìó öåé ñóá’ºêò ãîñïîäàðþ-âàííÿ (çâ³ñíî áåç îö³íêè âàðòîñò³ÎÏ²Â òà çàðàõóâàííÿ éîãî íà áàëàíñ çîçíàêàìè àêòèâó â áóõãàëòåðñüêîìóîáë³êó) çä³éñíþº äâà ïîñë³äîâíèõêðîêè âèêîðèñòàííÿ ÎÏ²Â ó ãîñïî-äàðñüêèé ä³ÿëüíîñò³:•ïî-ïåðøå, ìàº ñâ³é íàá³ð (êîøòî-ðèñ) âèòðàò (ëîã³÷íî á³ëüø åêî-íîìíèé), ÿêèé ïîêðèâàºòüñÿ îòðè-ìàíèì íåëåã³òèìíèì äîõîäîì(ïðèáóòêîì), ÿêèé, çðîçóì³ëî, çàðîçì³ðîì ïðèõîâóºòüñÿ; ³•ïî-äðóãå, ÷àñò³øå íå îïîäàòêîâó-ºòüñÿ (ò³íüîâà åêîíîì³êà).Çà òàêèõ óìîâ äîêóìåíòàëüíèìè äî-

êàçàìè ìîæóòü áóòè âèëó÷åíí³ ïåðâèí-í³ äîêóìåíòè, ÷àñò³øå ç òîðãîâåëüíî¿ä³ÿëüíîñò³, ùî äîçâîëÿþòü îòðèìàòè ³í-ôîðìàö³þ ïðî ðåàë³çàö³þ âèðîáëåíî¿ïðîäóêö³¿ ç ïîðóøåííÿì ìàéíîâèõïðàâ ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³, òðàíñ-ïîðòíî-íàêëàäí³ äîêóìåíòè, â³äîìîñò³ïðî òîðãîâåëüí³ òî÷êè ïðîäàæó ïðî-äóêö³¿, óãîäè ùîäî ïîñòàâêè íåëåã³-òèìíî¿ ïðîäóêö³¿, ñêëàäñüê³ äîêóìåíòèñõîâó ïðîäóêö³¿ òîùî. ×àñò³øå â³äñóòí³áóäü-ÿê³ åêîíîì³÷í³ ïåðâèíí³ äîêóìåí-òè, çà ÿêèìè ìîæëèâî áóëî á âèçíà÷è-òè îòðèìàí³ ðåàëüí³ äîõîäè, çä³éñíåí³êîìïåíñàö³éí³ âèòðàòè, ÿê³ ïîâ’ÿçàí³ çíåïðàâîì³ðíèì âèêîðèñòàííÿì ÎÏ²Â óñêëàä³ íåìàòåð³àëüíèõ àêòèâ³â. Áåç-óìîâíî, íàâåäåíèé ñöåíàð³é òà éîãîîö³íêà ñïèðàþòüñÿ íà îäíó ç ïðàêòè÷-íèõ ñèòóàö³é, õî÷à, çàçíà÷èìî, íàïðàêòèö³ òðàïëÿþòüñÿ ð³çí³ âàð³àíòè,ùî ð³çíÿòüñÿ çà ñòóïåíåì ñêëàäíîù³,ïîáóäîâè ³òåðàö³éíî¿ ìîäåë³ ïîõîäæåí-íÿ, ÿê³ ñïðÿìîâàí³ íà ïðèõîâóâàííÿíåïðàâîì³ðíîãî âèêîðèñòàíí³ ÎÏ²Â,íåëåã³òèìíå îòðèìàííÿ äîõîäó (ïðè-áóòêó).Âàðòî çàçíà÷èòè, ùî çà â³äñóòíîñò³

ïåðâèííèõ åêîíîì³÷íèõ äîêóìåíò³â



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ó ñóá’ºêòà ãîñïîäàðþâàííÿ ç íåïðàâî-ì³ðíèì âèêîðèñòàííÿì ÎÏ²Â ó ñêëàä³íåìàòåð³àëüíèõ àêòèâ³â, ðîçðàõóíîêðîçì³ðó çáèòê³â, çàâäàíèõ âëàñíèêîâ³ÎÏ²Â, ìîæíà ðîçðàõóâàòè çà ïåðâèí-íèìè äîêóìåíòàìè âëàñíèêà ÎÏ²Â,ïðèð³âíÿâøè ðîçðàõîâàíó ñóìó äîñóìè âòðà÷åíî¿ âèãîäè çà ïåð³îä íå-äîáðîñîâ³ñíîãî âèêîðèñòàííÿ ÎÏ²Âàáî çà ïåð³îä íåäîáðîñîâ³ñíî¿ êîíêó-ðåíö³¿. Çà òàêèõ óìîâ ïðîáëåìà îòðè-ìàííÿ äîêàçîâèõ ìàòåð³àë³â ó ïðîöåñ³äîñóäîâîãî òà ñóäîâîãî ñë³äñòâà,ïîâ’ÿçàíîãî ç íåïðàâîì³ðíèì âèêîðè-ñòàííÿì ÎÏ²Â ó ñêëàä³ íåìàòåð³àëü-íèõ àêòèâ³â ñóá’ºêòàìè ãîñïîäàðþ-âàííÿ, ïîòðåáóº ïîñèëåííÿ âèìîã òàâ³äïîâ³äàëüíîñò³ äî âåäåííÿ ïåðâèí-íèõ äîêóìåíò³ â ñèñòåì³ áóõãàëòåðñü-êîãî òà ñòàòèñòè÷íîãî îáë³êó, à òàêîæñòâîðåí³ óìîâè äëÿ ïðîòèä³¿ íåäîñêî-íàëèì ô³íàíñîâî-ïðàâîâèì â³äíîñè-íàì ùîäî ÎÏ²Â.Âèñíîâêè

1. Åêîíîì³÷í³ äîñë³äæåííÿ ó ñôåð³³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³, ïîâ’ÿçà-í³ ç³ çáèòêàìè â³ä íåïðàâîì³ðíîãîâèêîðèñòàííÿ ÎÏ²Â ó ñêëàä³ íåìà-òåð³àëüíèõ àêòèâ³â, ïîòð³áíî ïðî-âîäèòè çà â³äïîâ³äíîþ ñõåìîþ àáîìåòîäèêîþ ³ç çàëó÷åííÿì, ÿê äîêó-ìåíòàëüíèõ äîêàç³â, ïåðâèííèõäîêóìåíò³â ç áóõãàëòåðñüêîãî òàñòàòèñòè÷íîãî îáë³êó ç äîòðèìàí-íÿì ïîñë³äîâíîñò³ ¿õ ôîðìóâàííÿâ³äïîâ³äíî äî âèìîã íîðìàòèâíî-ïðàâîâèõ àêò³â Óêðà¿íè.

2. Ïîñë³äîâí³ñòü ôîðìóâàííÿ ïåð-âèííî¿ äîêóìåíòàö³¿ â ñèñòåì³áóõãàëòåðñüêîãî òà ñòàòèñòè÷íîãîîáë³êó, ìàþòü çíàòè ñë³ä÷³ òàñóää³, ÿê³ îá´ðóíòîâóþòü çâèíóâà-÷åííÿ ùîäî íåïðàâîì³ðíîãî âèêî-ðèñòàííÿ ÎÏ²Â.

3. Ñêëàäí³ äîñë³äæåííÿ, ÿê³ ïîâ’ÿçà-í³ ç íåïðàâîì³ðíèì âèêîðèñòàí-íÿì ÎÏ²Â, ïîòðåáóþòü ïðîâåäåííÿêîìïëåêñíîãî äîñë³äæåííÿ ³ç çà-ëó÷åííÿì, îêð³ì ñóäîâèõ åêñïåð-ò³â ç ïðàâ ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíî-ñò³ ³ ñïåö³àë³ñò³â ç³ çíàííÿìè åêî-íîì³êè, îáë³êó òà ô³íàíñ³â, àòàêîæ ñïåö³àëüíèõ òåõí³÷íèõ òàòåõíîëîã³÷íèõ çíàíü. Ïðè öüîìóíåîáõ³äíî çâàæàòè íà âèìîãèùîäî êîìïåòåíòíîñò³ òà ïðîôåñ³é-íîñò³ âñ³õ ó÷àñíèê³â, çàëó÷åíèõ äîöüîãî ïðîöåñó.

4. Ïðîáëåìà îòðèìàííÿ äîêàçîâèõìàòåð³àë³â ó ïðîöåñ³ äîñóäîâîãî òàñóäîâîãî ñë³äñòâà, ïîâ’ÿçàíîãî çíåïðàâîì³ðíèì âèêîðèñòàííÿìÎÏ²Â ñóá’ºêòàìè ãîñïîäàðþâàííÿ,ïîòðåáóº ïîñèëåííÿ âèìîã òà â³ä-ïîâ³äàëüíîñò³ â Óêðà¿í³ ñòîñîâíîôîðìóâàííÿ òà âåäåííÿ ïåðâèí-íèõ äîêóìåíò³ ñóá’ºêòàìè ãîñïî-äàðþâàííÿ ùîäî ÎÏ²Â ó ñêëàä³íåìàòåð³àëüíèõ àêòèâ³â.





1. Äîðîøåíêî Î. Ô. Ñóäîâà åêñïåðòèçà ó öèâ³ëüíèõ ñïðàâàõ ùîäî îá‘ºêò³â ³íòå-ëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ : ìîíîãðàô³ÿ / Î. Ô. Äîðîøåíêî. — Ê. : Ëàçóð³ò-Ïîë³-ãðàô, 2008. — 206 ñ.

2. Öèâ³ëüíèé ïðîöåñóàëüíèé êîäåêñ Óêðà¿íè â³ä 18.03.2004 ðîêó ¹ 1618-IV. —÷èííèé, ïîòî÷íà ðåäàêö³ÿ â³ä 11.08.2013 ðîêó [Åëåêòðîííèé ðåñóðñ]. —Ðåæèì äîñòóïó : http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/ laws/show/1618-15.

3. Çàõèñò ïðàâ ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³: çàêîíîäàâ÷å ðåãóëþâàííÿ òà ïðà-âîçàñòîñóâàííÿ (óçàãàëüíåííÿ ñóäîâî¿ ïðàêòèêè) / Àâò.-óïîðÿäí. : Ã. Î. Àíä-ðîùóê, Î. Ï. Îðëþê ; Âåðõîâíà Ðàäà Óêðà¿íè.— Ê. : Ïàðëàìåíòñüêå âèä-âî,2007. — 344 ñ.

4. Ñóäîâà åêñïåðòèçà. Ñó÷àñíèé ñòàí òà ïåðñïåêòèâè ðîçâèòêó : òåçè äîïîâ³-äåé.— Ê. : Ì³í³ñòåðñòâî þñòèö³¿ Óêðà¿íè, 2010. — 472 ñ.



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5. Öèâ³ëüíèé êîäåêñ Óêðà¿íè â³ä 16.01.2003 ðîêó ¹ 435-IV, ÷èííèé, ïîòî÷íàðåäàêö³ÿ â³ä 19.01.2013 ðîêó [Åëåêòðîííèé ðåñóðñ]. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó :http://zakon2.rada.govua/laws/show/435-15/.

6. Êðèì³íàëüíèé êîäåêñ Óêðà¿íè â³ä 05.04.2001 ðîêó ¹ 2341-III, ÷èííèé, ïî-òî÷íà ðåäàêö³ÿ â³ä 04.07.2013 ðîêó [Åëåêòðîííèé ðåñóðñ]. — Ðåæèì äîñòó-ïó : http://zakon4.rada.gov. ua/laws/show/2341-14.

7. Ïîäàòêîâèé êîäåêñ Óêðà¿íè â³ä 02.12.2010 ðîêó ¹ 2755-VI, ÷èííèé, ïîòî÷-íà ðåäàêö³ÿ â³ä 13.11.2013 ðîêó [Åëåêòðîííèé ðåñóðñ]. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó :http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2755-17.

8. Íàêàç Ì³í³ñòåðñòâà ô³íàíñ³â Óêðà¿íè «Ïðî çàòâåðäæåííÿ òèïîâèõ ôîðìïåðâèííîãî îáë³êó îá’ºêò³â ïðàâà ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ ó ñêëàä³ íåìà-òåð³àëüíèõ àêòèâ³â» â³ä 22.11.2004 ðîêó ¹ 732, ÷èííèé, ïîòî÷íà ðåäàêö³ÿâ³ä 22.11.2004 ðîêó [Åëåêòðîííèé ðåñóðñ]. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó :http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z1580-04.

9. Çàêîí Óêðà¿íè «Ïðî áóõãàëòåðñüêèé îáë³ê òà ô³íàíñîâó çâ³òí³ñòü â Óêðà¿-í³» â³ä 16.07.1999 ðîêó ¹ 996-XIV : ñòàíîì íà 02.12.2012 ðîêó [Åëåêòðîí-íèé ðåñóðñ]. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó : http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/996-14.

10. Íàêàç Ì³í³ñòåðñòâà ô³íàíñ³â Óêðà¿íè «Ïðî çàòâåðäæåííÿ Íàö³îíàëüíîãîïîëîæåííÿ (ñòàíäàðòó) áóõãàëòåðñüêîãî îáë³êó 1 «Çàãàëüí³ âèìîãè äî ô³-íàíñîâî¿ çâ³òíîñò³» â³ä 07.02.2013 ðîêó ¹ 73, ÷èííèé, ïîòî÷íà ðåäàêö³ÿ â³ä09.08.2013 ðîêó [Åëåêòðîííèé ðåñóðñ]. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó :http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0336-13.

11. Íàêàç Ì³í³ñòåðñòâà ô³íàíñ³â Óêðà¿íè «Ïðî çàòâåðäæåííÿ Ïîëîæåííÿ(ñòàíäàðòó) áóõãàëòåðñüêîãî îáë³êó» ¹ 242 â³ä 18.10.1999 ðîêó : ñòàíîìíà 09.08.2013 ðîêó [Åëåêòðîííèé ðåñóðñ]. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó :http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0750-99.

12. Íàêàç Ì³í³ñòåðñòâà ô³íàíñ³â Óêðà¿íè «Ìåòîäè÷í³ ðåêîìåíäàö³¿ ç áóõãàë-òåðñüêîãî îáë³êó íåìàòåð³àëüíèõ àêòèâ³â» ¹ 1327 â³ä 16.11.2009 ðîêó[Åëåêòðîííèé ðåñóðñ]. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó :http://www.minfin.gov.ua/control/uk/publish/printable_article?art_id=293611.

13. Íàêàç Äåðæêîìñòàòó Óêðà¿íè «Ïðî çàòâåðäæåííÿ ôîðì ïåðâèííî¿ îáë³êî-âî¿ äîêóìåíòàö³¿ ç îáë³êó îá'ºêò³â ïðàâà ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ (âèíà-õîä³â, êîðèñíèõ ìîäåëåé, ïðîìèñëîâèõ çðàçê³â, êîìïîíóâàíü (òîïîãðàô³é) ³í-òåãðàëüíèõ ì³êðîñõåì ³ ðàö³îíàë³çàòîðñüêèõ ïðîïîçèö³é) òà ²íñòðóêö³¿ùîäî ¿õ çàïîâíåííÿ» ¹ 469 â³ä 10.08.2004 ðîêó, ÷èííèé, ïîòî÷íà ðåäàêö³ÿâ³ä 29.11.2005 ðîêó [Åëåêòðîííèé ðåñóðñ]. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó :http://zakon4.rada.gov. ua/laws/show/z1054-04.

14. ÍàêàçÌ³í³ñòåðñòâà ô³íàíñ³â Óêðà¿íè «Ïðî çàòâåðäæåííÿ Ìåòîäè÷íèõ ðå-êîìåíäàö³é ïî çàñòîñóâàííþ ðåã³ñòð³â áóõãàëòåðñüêîãî îáë³êó» â³ä29.12.2000 ðîêó ¹ 356 [Åëåêòðîííèé ðåñóðñ]. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó :http://www.minfin.gov.ua/control/uk/publish/printable_article?art_id=293587.

15. ÍàêàçÌ³í³ñòåðñòâà ô³íàíñ³â Óêðà¿íè «Ïðî çàòâåðäæåííÿ Ìåòîäè÷íèõ ðåêî-ìåíäàö³é ïî çàñòîñóâàííþ ðåã³ñòð³â áóõãàëòåðñüêîãî îáë³êó ìàëèìè ï³äïðèºì-ñòâàìè» ¹ 422 â³ä 25.06.2003 ðîêó [Åëåêòðîííèé ðåñóðñ]. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó :http://www.minfin.gov.ua/control/uk/publish/printable_article?art_id=293593.

16.Íàêàç Äåðæàâíîãî êàçíà÷åéñòâà «²íñòðóêö³ÿ ç áóõãàëòåðñüêîãî îáë³êó íå-îáîðîòíèõ àêòèâ³â áþäæåòíèõ óñòàíîâ» â³ä 17.07.2000 ðîêó ¹64 : ñòàíîìíà 02.10.2010 ðîêó [Åëåêòðîííèé ðåñóðñ]. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó : http://zakon4.ada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0459-00.

17.Íàêàç Ì³í³ñòåðñòâà ô³íàíñ³â Óêðà¿íè «Ïðî âíåñåííÿ çì³í äî íàêàçó Äåð-æàâíîãî êàçíà÷åéñòâà Óêðà¿íè» â³ä 17.07.2000 ðîêó ¹ 64 : ñòàíîì íà22.12.2009 ðîêó [Åëåêòðîííèé ðåñóðñ]. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó :http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z1261-09.





À. Áóòíèê-Ñèâåðñêèé. Äîêóìåíòàëüíûå äîêàçàòåëüñòâà, ñâÿçàííûå ñ óáûòêàìèîò íåïðàâîìåðíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ îáúåêòîâ ïðàâà èíòåëëåêòóàëüíîé ñîáñòâåííî-ñòè. Ñòàòüÿ ïîñâÿùåíà âîïðîñàì äîêóìåíòàëüíûõ äîêàçàòåëüñòâà â ñôåðå èíòåëëåê-òóàëüíîé ñîáñòâåííîñòè ïðè ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèÿõ, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ óáûòêàìèîò íåïðàâîìåðíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ îáúåêòîâ ïðàâà èíòåëëåêòóàëüíîé ñîáñòâåííîñòè,ñ ñîáëþäåíèåì ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè èõ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ òðåáîâàíèÿìèíîðìàòèâíî-ïðàâîâûõ àêòîâ Óêðàèíû. Ïðèâîäÿòñÿ ïåðâè÷íûå äîêóìåíòû, ðåãèñòðûáóõãàëòåðñêîãî ó÷åòà, ôîðìû áóõãàëòåðñêîé, íàëîãîâîé è ñòàòèñòè÷åñêîé îò÷åòíî-ñòè, ñîäåðæàùèå äàííûå î èìóùåñòâåííûõ ïðàâàõ èíòåëëåêòóàëüíîé ñîáñòâåííîñòèè/èëè äàííûå îá îáúåêòàõ ïðàâà èíòåëëåêòóàëüíîé ñîáñòâåííîñòè â ñîñòàâå íåìàòå-ðèàëüíûõ àêòèâîâ, êîòîðûå äîëæíû ó÷èòûâàòü ñóäåáíûå ýêñïåðòû, ñïåöèàëèñòû èñëåäîâàòåëè ïðè îáîñíîâàíèè îáâèíåíèÿ îòíîñèòåëüíî íåïðàâîìåðíîãî èñïîëüçîâà-íèÿ îáúåêòîâ ïðàâà èíòåëëåêòóàëüíîé ñîáñòâåííîñòè.

Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: äîêóìåíòàëüíûå äîêàçàòåëüñòâà, íåïðàâîìåðíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèÿîáúåêòîâ ïðàâà èíòåëëåêòóàëüíîé ñîáñòâåííîñòè, ïåðâè÷íûå äîêóìåíòû

O. Butnik-Siversky. Documentary evidences related to the losses incurred by illegalusage of intellectual property objects. The Article is devoted to the issue of documen-tary evidences in the field of intellectual property in economic research relatedto the losses incurred by illegal usage of intellectual property objects in compliancewith the sequence of their formation according to the requirements of legal actsof Ukraine. The article provides primary documents, accounting registers, financial,tax and statistical forms, which contain information about intellectual property rightsand/or information about intellectual property objects as intangible assets that shouldbe considered by judicial experts, specialists and investigators, who justify accusationsregarding illegal usage of intellectual property objects.Practice indicates a problem of obtaining evidential materials during pre-trial and

trial investigation, particularly due to improper keeping of primary documents inthe system of accounting and statistical accounting, imperfect financial and legal rela-tions regarding intellectual property objects. Not fully execution of primary documentsin the system of accounting and statistical accounting of intellectual property objects inintangible assets limits the possibility of determining the amount of the actual losses in-curred by illegal usage of intellectual property objects.Economic research in the field of intellectual property — is a research with a method

of economic analysis of identified and fixed economic indicators on the date of research,describing the execution of the rights on intellectual property objects in intangible assetsof the entity. It is emphasized that this is where the judicial expert (specialist) obtainsnecessary information, which is a result of investigation, and used later in the court de-cisions. Difficulty of the problem is that the required information may be not full or have«failures» without keeping the procedure of its execution set out in legal acts. At thepresence of primary and other documents, economic research in the field of intellectualproperty related to the losses incurred by illegal usage of intellectual property objectsis tobe held in the appropriate directions. It is noted that at illegal usage of intellectual proper-ty objects in intangible assets, entities operate in different legal conditions, namely on thelegitimate and illegitimate basis of income (profit).

Keywords: documentary evidence, illegal use of intellectual property objects, prima-ry documents

Êîíôë³êòè, ùî âèíèêàþòü ì³æ ð³ç-íèìè ³íñòèòóòàìè ïðàâà ³íòåëåêòóàëü-íî¿ âëàñíîñò³, çîêðåìà òîðãîâåëüíèìèìàðêàìè, êîìåðö³éíèìè íàéìåíóâàí-íÿìè òà äîìåííèìè ³ìåíàìè, ñòàëèçâè÷íîþ òåìîþ â³ä ÷àñó çðîñòàííÿ êî-ìåðö³éíèõ çâ’ÿçê³â ÷åðåç ²íòåðíåò. Íàæàëü ì³æíàðîäíî¿ êîíâåíö³¿ ÷è ³íøî-ãî òèïó óãîäè, êîòðà á ðåãóëþâàëà ö³ñïðàâè, íå ìàº [1, 247].Ó ñó÷àñíèõ ðèíêîâèõ óìîâàõ áî-

ðîòüáè çà ñïîæèâà÷à ÷³òêà ³äåíòèô³êà-ö³ÿ ï³äïðèºìñòâà òà éîãî ä³ÿëüíîñò³ñòàº âñå á³ëüø àêòóàëüíîþ. Ðîëü ïî-çíà÷åíü, ÿê³ â³äîêðåìëþþòü îäíîãîñóá’ºêòà ãîñïîäàðþâàííÿ â³ä ³íøîãî,çàêð³ïëþþòü çà ï³äïðèºìñòâîì ïåâíèéïîçèòèâíèé ³ì³äæ, çðîñòàº íåâïèííî.Êð³ì öüîãî, çðîñòàº ê³ëüê³ñòü ñóäîâèõñïðàâ ùîäî êîìåðö³éíèõ íàéìåíóâàíü,ùî ñâ³ä÷èòü ïðî íàãàëüíó íåîáõ³äí³ñòüêîíêðåòèçàö³¿ íîðì çàêîíîäàâñòâà âö³é ñôåð³, ââåäåííÿ ä³ºâèõ ìåõàí³çì³âïðàâîâî¿ îõîðîíè.Îñòàíí³ì ÷àñîì çíà÷íîãî ïîøèðåí-

íÿ íàáóëî âèêîðèñòàííÿ êîìåðö³éíèõíàéìåíóâàíü áåç äîçâîëó âëàñíèêà ÿêäîìåííèõ ³ìåí, îñê³ëüêè ³ñíóþ÷³ ñè-ñòåìè ðåºñòðàö³¿ äîìåííèõ ³ìåí íå âè-ìàãàþòü ï³äòâåðäæåííÿ ïðàâîì³ðíîñò³âèêîðèñòàííÿ êîìåðö³éíîãî íàéìåíó-âàííÿ ÿê äîìåííîãî ³ìåí³. Â³äñóòí³ñòü

â³äïîâ³äíèõ ïðàâîâèõ íîðì ïðèçâåëàäî ïîøèðåííÿ ê³áåðñêâîòèíãó — íåçà-êîííî¿ ðåºñòðàö³¿ äîìåííîãî ³ìåí³, ùîçá³ãàºòüñÿ ç êîìåðö³éíèì íàéìåíóâàí-íÿì ïðàâîâëàñíèêà. Îñíîâíîþ ïðè÷è-íîþ âèíèêíåííÿ ê³áåðñêâîòèíãó ºìîæëèâ³ñòü íàæèâè íà ïåðåïðîäàæóçàðåºñòðîâàíèõ äîìåííèõ ³ìåí, ÿê³ñâîº÷àñíî íå âñòèãëè ÷è íå çìîãëè çà-ðåºñòðóâàòè [2, 534].Â Óêðà¿í³ Ïðàâèëà äîìåíó .UA

îá³éøëè óâàãîþ êîìåðö³éíå íàéìåíó-âàííÿ, ùî ñòâîðþº äîäàòêîâ³ «ïåðå-âàãè» äëÿ ê³áåðñêâîòåð³â. Ñüîãîäí³â çîí³ .UA çàðåºñòðîâàíî ïîíàä 450 òèñ.äîìåííèõ ³ìåí. Çà îö³íêàìè åêñïåðò³â,ùîð³÷í³ îáñÿãè öüîãî ðèíêó ñòàíîâëÿòü20–25 ìëí ãðí. Âîäíî÷àñ, íèí³ ìåõàí³ç-ì³â çàõèñòó êîìåðö³éíèõ íàéìåíóâàíüó ìåðåæ³, ïðàêòè÷íî íå ³ñíóº.Ñàìå òîìó ìåòîþ ñòàòò³ º ïîð³âíÿí-

íÿ êîìåðö³éíîãî íàéìåíóâàííÿ ç äî-ìåííèì ³ìåíåì, âèä³ëåííÿ ¿õí³õñï³ëüíèõ ðèñ ³ îñîáëèâîñòåé òà ôîðìó-ëþâàííÿ ïðîïîçèö³é ùîäî ïîêðàùåí-íÿ ïðàâîâî¿ îõîðîíè êîìåðö³éíèõíàéìåíóâàíü, à òàêîæ ¿õíüîãî çàõèñòóâ³ä íåçàêîííîãî âèêîðèñòàííÿ â äî-ìåííèõ ³ìåíàõ.Ïðàâîâà ïðèðîäà êîìåðö³éíèõ íàé-

ìåíóâàíü áóëà ïðåäìåòîì äîñë³äæåíüÃ. Àíäðîùóêà, À. Êîäèíöÿ, Ñ. ²ùóêà,


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45

ÑÏ²ÂÂ²ÄÍÎØÅÍÍßÊÎÌÅÐÖ²ÉÍÎÃÎÍÀÉÌÅÍÓÂÀÍÍß

ÒÀ ÄÎÌÅÍÍÎÃÎ ²ÌÅÍ²

Îëüãà Ìàöêåâè÷,íàóêîâèé ñï³âðîá³òíèê ÍÄ² ³íòëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ÍÀÏðÍ Óêðà¿íè, ìàã³ñòð ³íòåëåêòóëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³

ISSN 2308-0361

Çä³éñíåíî ïîð³âíÿëüíèé àíàë³ç êîìåðö³éíîãî íàéìåíóâàííÿ ç äîìåííèì ³ìåíåì,ñôîðìóëüîâàí³ ïðîïîçèö³¿ ùîäî ïîêðàùåííÿ ïðàâîâî¿ îõîðîíè êîìåðö³éíèõ íàéìå-íóâàíü, à òàêîæ ¿õíüîãî çàõèñòó â³ä íåçàêîííîãî âèêîðèñòàííÿ â äîìåííèõ ³ìåíàõ.

Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: êîìåðö³éíå íàéìåíóâàííÿ, äîìåííå ³ì’ÿ, ²íòåðíåò, ê³áåðñêâîò-òèíã

Î. Êîçëîâî¿, ². Êðèâîøå¿íî¿, Ï. Øòàéí-õîéçåðà òà ³í.; ïèòàííÿì ïîâ’ÿçàíèìç äîìåííèìè ³ìåíàìè ïðèñâÿòèëèñâî¿ ïðàö³ ª. Ñòîãí³é, Ç. Ìèëþòèí,Â. Áîíòëàá, Ä. Áîéêî, Î. Êóë³í³÷ òà ³í.Òðàäèö³éíî êîìåðö³éíå íàéìåíó-

âàííÿ â³äíîñÿòü äî çàñîá³â ³íäèâ³äóà-ë³çàö³¿ ó÷àñíèê³â öèâ³ëüíîãî îá³ãó, òî-âàð³â ³ ïîñëóã ó ñèñòåì³ ïðàâà ³íòåëåê-òóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³.Ñóòü ïðàâà íà êîìåðö³éíå íàéìåíó-

âàííÿ ïîëÿãàº â ìîæëèâîñò³, ãàðàíòîâà-í³é îñîá³, âèñòóïàòè â öèâ³ëüíîìó îáî-ðîò³ ï³ä ñàìîñò³éíèì êîìåðö³éíèì íàé-ìåíóâàííÿì. Íàäàííÿ òàêî¿ ìîæëèâîñò³çàáåçïå÷óº ³íòåðåñ ó÷àñíèêà îáîðîòó,êîòðîãî çàõèùàº çàêîí ÿê íàëåæíó ³í-äèâ³äóàë³çàö³þ éîãî ä³ÿëüíîñò³ íàðèíêó òîâàð³â, ðîá³ò ³ ïîñëóã [3, 346].Ñåðåä â³ò÷èçíÿíèõ íàóêîâö³â âè-

ñëîâëþþòüñÿ ð³çí³ ï³äõîäè äî òîãî, ÿêåâëàñíå ïîíÿòòÿ âèêîðèñòîâóâàòè —«ô³ðìîâå íàéìåíóâàííÿ» ÷è «êîìåð-ö³éíå íàéìåíóâàííÿ». Òàê, ó òåêñò³Ïàðèçüêî¿ êîíâåíö³¿ âèêîðèñòîâó-ºòüñÿ òåðì³í «ô³ðìîâå íàéìåíóâàí-íÿ». Âîäíî÷àñ äåÿê³ íàóêîâö³ [4; 5,301] äîâîäÿòü, ùî ïîíÿòòÿ «êîìåðö³é-íå íàéìåíóâàííÿ» º øèðøèì çà «ô³ð-ìîâå íàéìåíóâàííÿ».². Êðèâîøå¿íà ìîòèâóº öå òèì,

ùî ç íàçâè «ô³ðìîâå íàéìåíóâàííÿ»âèïëèâàº éîãî ïðèíàëåæí³ñòü ñàìåñòðóêòóð³, îðãàí³çàö³¿, ï³äïðèºìñòâó.Ïîíÿòòÿ æ êîìåðö³éíîãî íàéìåíóâàííÿìîæíà ðîçãëÿäàòè ÿê òàêå, ùî ìîæåíàëåæàòè áóäü-ÿêîìó ñóá’ºêòîâ³ (ÿêþðèäè÷í³é, òàê ³ ô³çè÷í³é îñîá³), êîò-ðèé çä³éñíþº êîìåðö³éíó ä³ÿëüí³ñòü.Íàãîëîøóºòüñÿ, ùî ïðèíöèïîâà â³äì³í-í³ñòü êîìåðö³éíîãî íàéìåíóâàííÿ â³äô³ðìîâîãî ïîëÿãàº â òîìó, ùî îñòàííºìîæå âèêîðèñòîâóâàòèñÿ ëèøå þðè-äè÷íèìè îñîáàìè, òîä³ ÿê ó÷àñíèêàìèãîñïîäàðñüêî¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³ ìîæóòü áóòè,ñêàæ³ìî, ³ ïðèâàòí³ ï³äïðèºìö³ áåçñòàòóñó þðèäè÷íî¿ îñîáè [4; 5]. Òîæïîíÿòòÿ «êîìåðö³éíå íàéìåíóâàííÿ»çà çì³ñòîì, âèêëàäåíèì ó Öèâ³ëüíîìóòà Ãîñïîäàðñüêîìó êîäåêñàõ Óêðà¿íè(äàë³, â³äïîâ³äíî, — ÖÊ Óêðà¿íè òà

ÃÊ Óêðà¿íè), øèðøå, í³æ òàêà ïðàâî-âà êàòåãîð³ÿ, ÿê «ô³ðìîâå íàéìåíó-âàííÿ», òîìó ùî ñóá’ºêòàìè ïðàâà íàêîìåðö³éíå íàéìåíóâàííÿ ìîæóòüáóòè ÿê þðèäè÷í³ îñîáè, òàê ³ ô³çè÷í³îñîáè-ï³äïðèºìö³.Íà ïåðåêîíàííÿ Ñ. ²ùóêà, òåðì³íè

«ô³ðìîâå íàéìåíóâàííÿ» òà «êîìåð-ö³éíå íàéìåíóâàííÿ» â ÷èííîìó çàêî-íîäàâñòâ³ Óêðà¿íè º ñèíîí³ìàìè. Àòîìó çàïåðå÷óºòüñÿ ìîæëèâ³ñòü íàäàí-íÿ ð³çíîãî çíà÷åííÿ «êîìåðö³éíîìó»òà «ô³ðìîâîìó» íàéìåíóâàííþ, çâà-æàþ÷è íà êîëî ñóá’ºêò³â, ÿê³ íàä³ëåí³ïðàâîì íà êîìåðö³éíå (ô³ðìîâå) íàé-ìåíóâàííÿ [6].². Êðèâîøå¿íà äîâîäèòü, ùî ô³çè÷-

íà îñîáà-ñóá’ºêò ï³äïðèºìíèöüêî¿ ä³ÿ-ëüíîñò³ íå ìîæå ìàòè ô³ðìîâå íàéìå-íóâàííÿ, à ìîæå ìàòè êîìåðö³éíå ïî-çíà÷åííÿ, ï³ä ÿêèì ä³º â öèâ³ëüíîìóîáîðîò³. Òàêå íàéìåíóâàííÿ ô³çè÷íî¿îñîáè ïîòð³áíî ðîçãëÿäàòè ÿê ï³äâèäêîìåðö³éíîãî íàéìåíóâàííÿ [4]. Ñõî-æèé ï³äõ³ä ðåàë³çîâàíî ó çàêîíîäàâ-ñòâ³ Ðîñ³éñüêî¿ Ôåäåðàö³¿ (äàë³ —ÐÔ), äå ³ñíóþòü ³ êîìåðö³éí³ ïîçíà-÷åííÿ, ³ ô³ðìîâ³ íàéìåíóâàííÿ. Ïðèöüîìó ìîæíà ï³äòðèìàòè ïîãëÿäÑ. Ñóäàðèêîâà, ÿêèé ö³ëêîì ñëóøíîçàçíà÷àº, ùî ô³ðìîâå íàéìåíóâàííÿòà êîìåðö³éíå ïîçíà÷åííÿ ïîòð³áíîâèçíàòè ñèíîí³ìàìè [2, 226].Çàãàëîì, öåé çàñ³á ³íäèâ³äóàë³çàö³¿

â ð³çíèõ êðà¿íàõ ñüîãîäí³ ìîæå íàçè-âàòèñÿ ïî-ð³çíîìó: êîìåðö³éíå íàéìå-íóâàííÿ, ô³ðìîâå íàéìåíóâàííÿ, êî-ìåðö³éíå ïîçíà÷åííÿ, ³ì’ÿ ô³ðìè,íàéìåíóâàííÿ êîìïàí³¿, òîðãîâå ³ì’ÿ,á³çíåñîâå ³ì’ÿ òà ³í. Áåçïåðå÷íî, ì³æöèìè ïîíÿòòÿìè ìîæóòü ³ñíóâàòèïåâí³ â³äì³ííîñò³, àëå çàãàëîì îñíîâ-íîþ õàðàêòåðíîþ ðèñîþ ¿õ óñ³õ º ìîæ-ëèâ³ñòü â³äð³çíèòè îäíîãî ó÷àñíèêàöèâ³ëüíèõ â³äíîñèí â³ä ³íøîãî.Ïðàâîâå ðåãóëþâàííÿ êîìåðö³éíîãî

íàéìåíóâàííÿ ÿê îá’ºêòà ïðàâà ³íòå-ëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ çä³éñíþºòüñÿíèí³ íà îñíîâ³ ÖÊ òà ÃÊ Óêðà¿íè.Ó ÖÊ Óêðà¿íè êðèòåð³ºì îòðèìàí-

íÿ ïðàâîâî¿ îõîðîíè êîìåðö³éíèì



Î. Ìàöêåâè÷

íàéìåíóâàííÿì º ìîæëèâ³ñòü âèð³ç-íåííÿ îäí³º¿ îñîáè ç-ïîì³æ ³íøèõ òàíåââåäåííÿ â îìàíó ñïîæèâà÷³â ùîäîñïðàâæíüî¿ ¿¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³ (÷. 1 ñò. 489ÖÊ Óêðà¿íè). ÃÊ Óêðà¿íè äîäàº, ùîïðàâîâ³é îõîðîí³ ï³äëÿãàº ÿê ïîâíå,òàê ³ ñêîðî÷åíå êîìåðö³éíå íàéìåíó-âàííÿ ñóá’ºêòà ãîñïîäàðþâàííÿ, ÿêùîâîíî ôàêòè÷íî âèêîðèñòîâóºòüñÿ íèìó ãîñïîäàðñüêîìó îá³ãó (÷. 3 ñò. 159ÃÊ Óêðà¿íè). Îòîæ çàêîíîäàâñòâîì çà-êð³ïëåíî ùå îäèí êðèòåð³é ïðàâîâî¿îõîðîíè — âèêîðèñòàííÿ êîìåðö³éíî-ãî íàéìåíóâàííÿ â ãîñïîäàðñüêîìóîá³ãó.Ïðàâî íà êîìåðö³éíå íàéìåíóâàííÿ

º áåçñòðîêîâèì. Öå îçíà÷àº, ùî ïðè-äáàâøè ó âñòàíîâëåíîìó ïîðÿäêó öåïðàâî, îñîáà ìîæå êîðèñòóâàòèñÿ íèìáåç îáìåæåííÿ áóäü-ÿêèì ñòðîêîì,òîáòî äîòè, äîêè ³ñíóº ï³äïðèºìñòâî òàêîìåðö³éíå íàéìåíóâàííÿ ïðàâäèâîâ³äîáðàæàº éîãî îðãàí³çàö³éíî-ïðàâî-âèé ñòàòóñ òà ³íø³ àòðèáóòè [7].Óò³ì, íà íàøó äóìêó, ñòðîê âèçíà-

÷àºòüñÿ ÷àñîì ³ñíóâàííÿ ô³ðìè, ï³ä-ïðèºìñòâà, òîáòî ïîêè ³ñíóº ô³ðìà,ïîêè âîíà çä³éñíþº ïåâíó ä³ÿëüí³ñòü,³ñíóâàòèìå ³ ïðàâî îñîáè íà êîìåðö³é-íå íàéìåíóâàííÿ. ßê ò³ëüêè ô³ðìàïðèïèíÿº ñâîþ ä³ÿëüí³ñòü — ïðèïè-íÿºòüñÿ ³ â³äïîâ³äíå ïðàâî. Çâ³ñíî,âñòàíîâèòè êîíêðåòíèé òåðì³í (1, 10,100 ðîê³â òîùî) íåìîæëèâî.Ñóòòºâîþ îñîáëèâ³ñòþ ïðàâà íà êî-

ðèñòóâàííÿ êîìåðö³éíèì íàéìåíóâàí-íÿì º òå, ùî âîíî âîäíî÷àñ âèñòóïàº³ ÿê îáîâ’ÿçîê ô³ðìîâîëîä³ëüöÿ (îñîáè-ï³äïðèºìöÿ). ²íàêøå êàæó÷è, îñîáà íåò³ëüêè ìîæå âèñòóïàòè â öèâ³ëüíîìóîá³ãó ï³ä âëàñíèì êîìåðö³éíèì íàéìå-íóâàííÿì, àëå é çîáîâ’ÿçàíà öå ðîáè-òè. Öå ïðàâèëî âñòàíîâëåíå â ³íòåðå-ñàõ ³íøèõ ó÷àñíèê³â öèâ³ëüíîãî îáî-ðîòó ñïîæèâà÷³â, ÿê³ ìàþòü ïðàâîçíàòè, ç êèì âîíè ìàþòü ñïðàâó [7].Êîìåðö³éíå íàéìåíóâàííÿ ìàº åêñ-

òåðèòîð³àëüíó ñôåðó îõîðîíè, òîáòî îõî-ðîíà çä³éñíþºòüñÿ íå ò³ëüêè â ìåæàõêðà¿íè ïîõîäæåííÿ, àëå é çà ¿¿ ìåæà-ìè — ó áóäü-ÿê³é ç êðà¿í-ó÷àñíèöü

Ïàðèçüêî¿ êîíâåíö³¿ áóäü-ÿêîìó êî-ìåðö³éíîìó íàéìåíóâàííþ, ÿêùî âîíîíå áóäå ïðèçâîäèòè äî ñïëóòóâàííÿ çóæå íàÿâíèì, íàäàâàòèìåòüñÿ ïðàâîâàîõîðîíà (ñò. 8 Ïàðèçüêî¿ êîíâåíö³¿).Êîìåðö³éíå íàéìåíóâàííÿ º îäíèì ³ç

çîâí³øí³õ íîñ³¿â ä³ëîâî¿ ðåïóòàö³¿ (ãóä-â³ëó) ñóá’ºêòà ãîñïîäàðþâàííÿ é ÷àñòîº îäíèì ç îñíîâíèõ àêòèâ³â ï³äïðèºì-ñòâà, îñê³ëüêè íàâ³òü çà óìîâè çì³íèâëàñíèêà ïðîäóêö³ÿ ñïðèéìàòèìåòüñÿÿê òàêà, ùî çàëèøèëàñÿ áåç çì³í [9,204]. Êîìåðö³éíå íàéìåíóâàííÿ çàïåâ-íÿº ïîêóïöÿ â òîìó, ùî ð³÷, ìàðêîâà-íà öèì ³ì’ÿì, º ³ñòèííèì ïðîäóêòîìâèðîáíèêà [10, 105]. Ñóá’ºêò ãîñïîäà-ðþâàííÿ, ìàþ÷è ïîçèòèâíó ä³ëîâó ðå-ïóòàö³þ íà ðèíêó, ìîæå ñèìâîë³çóâà-òè ñâî¿ì êîìåðö³éíèì íàéìåíóâàííÿìíàëåæíå âèêîíàííÿ âçÿòèõ íà ñåáå çî-áîâ’ÿçàíü, à òàêîæ îáîâ’ÿçêîâó â³äïî-â³äàëüí³ñòü ó âèïàäêó ¿õ ïîðóøåííÿ[11, 173]. Ñ. ²ùóê íàçèâàº öå ôóíê-ö³ºþ ãàðàíò³¿.Ñåðåä ³íøèõ ôóíêö³é êîìåðö³éíîãî

íàéìåíóâàííÿ, ùî ¿õ âèîêðåìëþþòüó ë³òåðàòóð³, ìîæíà íàçâàòè îõîðîííóôóíêö³þ, êîòðó âèä³ëÿº ². Êðèâîøå¿íà.Öÿ ôóíêö³ÿ ïîëÿãàº â ïîâíîâàæåííÿõ,íàäàíèõ çàêîíîì âëàñíèêó é ò³ñíîïîâ’ÿçàíà ç ôóíêö³ºþ çàáîðîíè. Äî íà-äàíèõ âëàñíèêó êîìåðö³éíîãî íàéìå-íóâàííÿ ïîâíîâàæåíü íàëåæèòü ïðàâîïåðåøêîäæàòè ³íøèì îñîáàì íåïðàâî-ì³ðíî âèêîðèñòîâóâàòè êîìåðö³éíåíàéìåíóâàííÿ, çîêðåìà é çàáîðîíÿòèòàêå âèêîðèñòàííÿ. Êîìåðö³éíå íàé-ìåíóâàííÿ ñòî¿òü, ç îäíîãî áîêó, íàñòîðîæ³ ðåïóòàö³¿ âëàñíèêà öüîãî íàé-ìåíóâàííÿ, à ç ³íøîãî — ðåàë³çàö³ÿîõîðîííî¿ ôóíêö³¿ çä³éñíþºòüñÿ ÷åðåççàáîðîíó òðåò³ì îñîáàì ïîðóøóâàòèïðàâà âëàñíèêà òà êîðèñòóâàòèñÿ ñõî-æèì àáî òîòîæíèì êîìåðö³éíèì íàé-ìåíóâàííÿì [4, 10].Êîìåðö³éí³ íàéìåíóâàííÿ º äîñèòü

ñïîð³äíåíèìè ç äîìåííèìè ³ìåíàìè.Àðãóìåíòàìè íà êîðèñòü öüîãî ÷àñòîââàæàþòüñÿ âèêîíàííÿ äîìåííèì³ì’ÿì ôóíêö³¿ ³äåíòèô³êàö³¿ þðèäè÷-íî¿ îñîáè, à òàêîæ ö³íí³ñòü äîìåííîãî



47


³ìåí³, ùî ëåãêî çàïàì’ÿòîâóºòüñÿ òà º³íôîðìàòèâíèì, äëÿ ïðîñóâàííÿ òîâà-ð³â ³ ïîñëóã çà äîïîìîãîþ ²íòåðíåò.Âäàëå äîìåííå ³ì’ÿ ñüîãîäí³ äëÿ êî-ìåðö³éíî¿ îðãàí³çàö³¿ º ñåðéîçíèì êî-ìåðö³éíèì àêòèâîì. ²íêîëè — íåìåíø ö³ííèì, àí³æ òîâàðíèé çíàê àáîô³ðìîâå íàéìåíóâàííÿ [12]. ßê ùåîäèí àðãóìåíò íà êîðèñòü ñõîæîñò³ ïî-íÿòü ìîæíà íàâåñòè òå, ùî çà çàêîíî-äàâñòâîì Áåí³ëþêñó äîìåíí³ ³ìåíà ðå-ºñòðóþòüñÿ ÿê êîìåðö³éí³ ïîçíà÷åííÿ[13, 49]. Îêð³ì öüîãî, ñï³ëüíîþ ðèñîþêîìåðö³éíèõ íàéìåíóâàíü ³ äîìåííèõ³ìåí º ¿õíº ñëîâåñíå âèðàæåííÿ.Âîäíî÷àñ çàêîíîäàâåöü íàäàº äî-

ñèòü øèðîê³ ìîæëèâîñò³ äëÿ çàõèñòóâèêëþ÷íèõ ïðàâ, ÿê³ âèïëèâàþòü ³çïðàâîâîëîä³ííÿ êîìåðö³éíèì íàéìåíó-âàííÿì. Ïðîòå íèí³ ñêëàëàñÿ ñèòóàö³ÿ,êîëè þðèäè÷íà îñîáà, ùî ìàº çàðå-ºñòðîâàíå êîìåðö³éíå íàéìåíóâàííÿ,íå ìîæå îäåðæàòè äîìåííå ³ì’ÿ äðóãîãîð³âíÿ ëèøå òîìó, ùî íå ìàº çàðåºñòðî-âàíîãî çíàêà äëÿ òîâàð³â ³ ïîñëóã [14].Âàðòî çâåðíóòè óâàãó íà òå, ùî ó

ñòðóêòóð³ äîìåíó îñîáëèâå çíà÷åííÿìàº äîìåí äðóãîãî ÷è òðåòüîãî ð³âíÿ,ÿêèé âëàñíå ³ ì³ñòèòü îñîáëèâó, ³íäè-â³äóàë³çàö³éíó íàçâó. Êîðèñòóâà÷³ ²í-òåðíåòó, çàçâè÷àé, ðîçð³çíÿþòü þðè-äè÷í³ îñîáè çà äîâ³ëüí³þ ÷àñòèíîþ êî-ìåðö³éíîãî íàéìåíóâàííÿ, ïðè öüîìóâêàç³âêà íà îðãàí³çàö³éíó ôîðìó íåìîæå âèêîíóâàòè ðîë³ â ³íäèâ³äóàë³çà-ö³¿ þðèäè÷íî¿ îñîáè, òîìó ëîã³÷íèì ºçàçíà÷åííÿ â äîìåííîìó ³ìåí³ ò³ëüêèäîâ³ëüíî¿ ÷àñòèíè íàéìåíóâàííÿ þðè-äè÷íî¿ îñîáè [15].Âèêîðèñòàííÿ êîìåðö³éíîãî íàéìå-

íóâàííÿ â äîìåííèõ ³ìåíàõ º îêðåìîþñêëàäîâîþ ðåàë³çàö³¿ ïðàâà íà êîìåð-ö³éíå íàéìåíóâàííÿ. Ïðîòå òàêå âè-êîðèñòàííÿ óñêëàäíþºòüñÿ îá’ºêòèâíîþîáñòàâèíîþ — ìîæëèâ³ñòþ ³ñíóâàííÿëèøå îäíîãî äîìåííîãî ³ìåí³ â äîìåí³îäíîãî ð³âíÿ, ùî íå óçãîäæóºòüñÿç ïðàâèëîì îáìåæåíî¿ âèêëþ÷íîñò³ïðàâà íà êîìåðö³éíå íàéìåíóâàííÿ.Òîæ, äëÿ âèð³øåííÿ îçíà÷åíîãî ïè-òàííÿ Ñ. ²ùóê ïðîïîíóº â çàêîíîäàâ-

ñòâ³ Óêðà¿íè ïåðåäáà÷èòè òàê³ ïîëî-æåííÿ: 1) â äîìåí³ îäíîãî ð³âíÿ âñòà-íîâèòè âèêëþ÷íå ïðàâî ñóá’ºêòà âè-êîðèñòîâóâàòè îñíîâíó ÷àñòèíó íàëåæ-íîãî éîìó êîìåðö³éíîãî íàéìåíóâàííÿÿê äîìåííîãî ³ìåí³; 2) îáìåæèòè çàñòî-ñóâàííÿ îäíîãî êîìåðö³éíîãî íàéìåíó-âàííÿ ëèøå â îäíîìó äîìåí³ [16, 15].Â³äïîâ³äíî äî ÷. 2 ñò. 489 ÖÊ Óêðà¿-

íè, ïðàâî ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³íà êîìåðö³éíå íàéìåíóâàííÿ º ÷èííèìç ìîìåíòó ïåðøîãî âèêîðèñòàííÿ öüîãîíàéìåíóâàííÿ é îõîðîíÿºòüñÿ áåçîáîâ’ÿçêîâîãî ïîäàííÿ çàÿâêè íà íüîãî÷è éîãî ðåºñòðàö³¿ òà íåçàëåæíî â³äòîãî, º ÷è íå º êîìåðö³éíå íàéìåíó-âàííÿ ÷àñòèíîþ òîðãîâåëüíî¿ ìàðêè.Òîæ íèí³ ðåºñòðàö³ÿ êîìåðö³éíîãî

íàéìåíóâàííÿ íå º îáîâ’ÿçêîâîþ. Âò³ìó ñï³ðíèõ ñèòóàö³ÿõ ðåºñòðàö³ÿ êîìåð-ö³éíîãî íàéìåíóâàííÿ ìîãëà á äîïî-ìîãòè éîãî âëàñíèêó äîâåñòè ñâ³éïð³îðèòåò ùîäî öüîãî íàéìåíóâàííÿ,âèêîðèñòîâóþ÷è ïðè öüîìó äàòó ðå-ºñòðàö³¿ þðèäè÷íî¿ îñîáè ³, â³äïîâ³ä-íî, äàòó ðåºñòðàö³¿ êîìåðö³éíîãî íàé-ìåíóâàííÿ [14].Íà íåîáõ³äíîñò³ ðåºñòðàö³¿ êîìåð-

ö³éíèõ íàéìåíóâàíü íàãîëîøóº ³À. Êîäèíåöü: «…ñüîãîäí³ ìîæíà êîí-ñòàòóâàòè íåìîæëèâ³ñòü çàáåçïå÷åííÿïðåâåíòèâíîãî çàõèñòó ïðàâ íà êîìåð-ö³éíå íàéìåíóâàííÿ äî ìîìåíòó ¿õ ïî-ðóøåííÿ ðåºñòðàö³ºþ êîíôë³êòóþ÷îãîäîìåííîãî ³ìåí³. Êð³ì òîãî, ó çâ’ÿçêóç â³äñóòí³ñòþ öåíòðàë³çîâàíî¿ ðåºñòðà-ö³¿ êîìåðö³éíèõ íàéìåíóâàíü äîñèòüâàæêî äîâåñòè ôàêò íåäîáðîñîâ³ñíîñò³âëàñíèêà äîìåííîãî ³ìåí³ òà â³äøêî-äóâàòè çàïîä³ÿíó øêîäó». Ç ìåòîþ çà-ïîá³ãàííÿ öüîìó â÷åíèé íàãîëîøóºíà íåîáõ³äíîñò³ ñòâîðèòè ðåºñòð êîìåð-ö³éíèõ íàéìåíóâàíü òà ïðîïîíóº ïðèðåºñòðàö³¿ íîâîãî äîìåííîãî ³ìåí³ â çîí³.UA, çîáîâ’ÿçàòè çàÿâíèêà íàäàâàòèäîêóìåíòè, ùî ñâ³ä÷àòü ïðî íàëåæ-í³ñòü éîìó çàÿâëåíîãî ñëîâåñíîãî ïî-çíà÷åííÿ ó ôîðì³ êîìåðö³éíîãî íàé-ìåíóâàííÿ ÷è òîðãîâåëüíî¿ ìàðêè ÷èïðî â³äñóòí³ñòü òîòîæíèõ ÷è ñõîæèõ³ç çàÿâëåíèì ÿê äîìåííå ³ì’ÿ çàðå-




ºñòðîâàíèõ êîìåðö³éíèõ íàéìåíóâàíü÷è òîðãîâåëüíèõ ìàðîê ³íøèõ ñóá’ºê-ò³â îäíîð³äíî¿ ñôåðè ãîñïîäàðþâàííÿ[17, 93–94]. Ìîæíà ï³äòðèìàòè âè-ñëîâëåí³ íàóêîâöåì ïðîïîçèö³¿ ùîäîñòâîðåííÿ â³äïîâ³äíèõ ðåºñòð³â ³ âíå-ñåííÿ äî íèõ â³äîìîñòåé ïðî êîìåð-ö³éí³ íàéìåíóâàííÿ ó÷àñíèê³â öèâ³ëü-íîãî îá³ãó. Íà íàøå ïåðåêîíàííÿ, âòàêîìó ðàç³ âèìàãàòèìå çì³í ÷. 3ñò. 489 ÖÊ Óêðà¿íè, äå ïåðåäáà÷åíî,ùî â³äîìîñò³ ïðî êîìåðö³éíå íàéìåíó-âàííÿ ìîæóòü âíîñèòèñÿ äî ðåºñòð³â,ïîðÿäîê âåäåííÿ ÿêèõ âñòàíîâëþºòüñÿçàêîíîì. Òóò ñëîâîñïîëó÷åííÿ «ìî-æóòü âíîñèòèñÿ» ìàþòü áóòè çàì³íåí³íà «âíîñÿòüñÿ». Îêð³ì öüîãî, çâ³ñíîíåîá-õ³äíî ðîçðîáèòè òà ïðèéíÿòè ñïå-ö³àëüí³ íîðìàòèâí³ àêòè ñòîñîâíî âå-äåííÿ ðåºñòð³â êîìåðö³éíèõ íàéìåíó-âàíü ³ ïîðÿäêó ¿õ ðåºñòðàö³¿.ßêùî çâåðíóòèñÿ äî çàðóá³æíîãî äî-

ñâ³äó, òî ìîæíà ïîáà÷èòè, ùî äåÿê³êðà¿íè íàêëàäàþòü îáìåæåííÿ íà çàÿâèïî ðåºñòðàö³¿ äîìåííèõ ³ìåí ó íàö³î-íàëüíèõ äîìåíàõ, ÿê³ ´ðóíòóþòüñÿ íàêîìåðö³éíèõ íàéìåíóâàííÿõ, çîêðåìàÀâñòðàë³ÿ, Àâñòð³ÿ, Âåëèêîáðèòàí³ÿ,²ðëàíä³ÿ, ²ñïàí³ÿ, Ëàòâ³ÿ, Í³äåðëàí-äè, Íîðâåã³ÿ, Òóðå÷÷èíà, Ô³íëÿíä³ÿ,Ôðàíö³ÿ, Øâåö³ÿ, Øâåéöàð³ÿ òà ³í.Ó á³ëüøîñò³ êðà¿í ó ðåºñòðàíò³â âèìà-ãàþòü ãàðàíò³¿ òîãî, ùî ðåºñòðàö³ÿ äî-ìåííèõ ³ìåí íå ïðèçâåäå äî ïîðóøåí-íÿ ïðàâ òðåò³õ îñ³á, à òàêîæ ùîá âîíèâ³äøêîäóâàëè çáèòîê ðåºñòðàòîðîâ³ó âèïàäêó ïîðóøåííÿ ïðàâ (Àðãåíòè-íà, Áîëãàð³ÿ, Êàíàäà, Äàí³ÿ, Ãðóç³ÿ,Óãîðùèíà, Êèðãèç³ÿ, Ëèòâà, Ìàðîê-êî, Ïîðòóãàë³ÿ, Ðåñïóáë³êà Êîðåÿ,Ñ³íãàïóð, ÑØÀ òà ³í.).Ó Í³ìå÷÷èí³ çàõèñò ïîçíà÷åííÿ ÷è

íàçâè â ìåðåæ³ ²íòåðíåò òàêîæ ïî-÷èíàºòüñÿ ç âèêîðèñòàííÿ íàéìåíó-âàííÿ, ùî ïîâèííî ìàòè ðîçð³çíÿëüíóçäàòí³ñòü. Îïèñàí³ ïîçíà÷åííÿ âèêî-ðèñòîâóâàòèìóòüñÿ â çàãàëüíîðîçìîâ-í³é ìîâ³ ÿê íàçâè. Òîæ çàõèñò íàéìå-íóâàíü ïî÷íåòüñÿ ëèøå òîä³, êîëè öåïîçíà÷åííÿ ÿê íàéìåíóâàííÿ âèçíà÷å-íîãî ï³äïðèºìñòâà àáî âèçíà÷åíî¿

îñîáè îòðèìàº äîçâ³ë íà äîïóñê òîâàðóâ îá³ã. Ó ïðàâ³ íà êîìåðö³éí³ ïîçíà÷åí-íÿ òà íàéìåíóâàííÿ âèõîäÿòü ç ïð³îðè-òåòó. Âîäíî÷àñ êîðèñòóâàííÿ ïåâíèìíàéìåíóâàííÿì ö³ëêîì ìîæå áóòè îá-ìåæåíî ðåã³îíàëüíî, íàïðèêëàä ùîäîãîòåë³â òà ³íøèõ ï³äïðèºìñòâ ñôåðèïîñëóã. Ïðîòå ïîñò³éíî çàõèùàºòüñÿêîðèñòóâàííÿ êîìåðö³éíèì íàéìåíó-âàííÿì ç ôåäåðàëüíîâ³äîìèìè ÷è ì³æ-íàðîäíèìè êîìåðö³éíèìè ï³äïðèºì-ñòâàìè òàêîæ ùîäî ô³ðì, ÿê³ âèíèêëèï³çí³øå, â ³íøèõ ì³ñöÿõ [18, 465].Ó âèïàäêó êîíôë³êò³â ì³æ êîìåð-

ö³éíèìè íàéìåíóâàííÿìè òà äîìåííè-ìè ³ìåíàìè, ³òàë³éñüê³ ôàõ³âö³ êå-ðóþòüñÿ ïðèïèñàìè §§ 2563–2568 Öè-â³ëüíîãî êîäåêñó ²òàë³¿. Ïðè ñõîæîñò³÷è ³äåíòè÷íîñò³ îäíîãî êîìåðö³éíîãîíàéìåíóâàííÿ ç ³íøèì êîìåðö³éíåíàéìåíóâàííÿ çì³íþºòüñÿ íàñò³ëüêè,ùîáè ñïðèéìàòèñÿ ïî-ð³çíîìó. Òàêñàìî ÷èíÿòü, êîëè ïðåäìåò çàõèñòóêîìåðö³éíîãî íàéìåíóâàííÿ º ïåðåäó-ìîâîþ àáî ðèçèêîì äëÿ ñïëóòóâàííÿ,ùî ïîõîäèòü â³ä ³äåíòè÷íîñò³ àáî ñõî-æîñò³ êîìåðö³éíîãî íàéìåíóâàííÿ,ðàçîì ç ³äåíòè÷í³ñòþ òà ãåîãðàô³÷íîãîçàçíà÷åííÿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³ ï³äïðèºìñòâà.Ó á³ëüøîñò³ êîíôë³êòíèõ âèïàäê³âñóäè äîòðèìóþòüñÿ ð³øåííÿ Ì³ëàíñü-êîãî òðèáóíàëó â³ä 03.07.1997 ðîêó,â ÿêîìó áóëî âèçíàíî çâ’ÿçîê ì³æ êî-ìåðö³éíèì íàéìåíóâàííÿì òà äîìåí-íèì ³ì’ÿì [19, 389].Ó Áåí³ëþêñ³ êîìåðö³éíå íàéìåíó-

âàííÿ, ùî ç’ÿâèëîñÿ ðàí³øå, ìîæå áóòèï³äñòàâîþ äëÿ çàïåðå÷åííÿ ïðîòè âèêî-ðèñòàííÿ äîìåííîãî ³ìåí³, ùî òàêîæº êîìåðö³éíèì íàéìåíóâàííÿì, ÿêùî³ñíóº ðèçèê ñïëóòóâàííÿ. Òàê, ó ñïðàâ³2008 ðîêó Thuisbezorgd.nl v. Thuisbe-zorgen.nl Àìñòåðäàìñüêèé àïåëÿö³é-íèé ñóä âèí³ñ ð³øåííÿ íà êîðèñòüThuisbezorgd.nl, ìîòèâóâàâøè öå òèì,ùî äîìåííå ³ì’ÿ Thuisbezorgen.nl âè-êîðèñòîâóâàëîñÿ òàêîæ ÿê êîìåðö³éíåíàéìåíóâàííÿ, òîìó ³ñíóâàâ ðèçèêñïëóòóâàííÿ ç Thuisbezorgd.nl [13, 49].Ó ÐÔ, â Ïîñòàíîâ³ Ôåäåðàëüíîãî

Àðá³òðàæíîãî ñóäó Ìîñêîâñüêîãî îêðó-



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ãó â³ä 25.01.2001 ðîêó ó ñïðàâ³ ïðîïîðóøåííÿ ïðàâ íà ô³ðìîâå íàéìåíó-âàííÿ ÒÎÂ «Êîäàê» êîìåðö³éíå âèêî-ðèñòàííÿ ï³äïðèºìöåì áåç óòâîðåííÿþðèäè÷íî¿ îñîáè À. Ãðóíäóëîì äîìåí-íîãî ³ìåí³ www.kodak.ru, ç âèêîðè-ñòàííÿì â äîìåí³ ñëîâà «êîäàê», ùî ºäîâ³ëüíîþ ÷àñòèíîþ ô³ðìîâîãî íàéìå-íóâàííÿ ïîçèâà÷à — ÒÎÂ «Êîäàê», çà-ðåºñòðîâàíîãî ó âñòàíîâëåíîìó çàêî-íîì ïîðÿäêó äëÿ ïðîïîíóâàííÿ îäíî-ð³äíèõ òîâàð³â ³ ïîñëóã áóëî âèçíàíî:ïîðóøåííÿì âèêëþ÷íèõ ïðàâ íà ô³ð-ìîâå íàéìåíóâàííÿ ³ç ïîñèëàííÿì íàñòàòò³ 52, 54, 138 Öèâ³ëüíîãî êîäåêñóÐÔ (äàë³ — ÖÊ ÐÔ) ³ Ïîëîæåííÿ ïðîô³ðìó, çàòâåðäæåíå Ïîñòàíîâîþ ÖÂÊÑÐÑÐ ³ ÐÍÊ ÑÐÑÐ â³ä 22.06.1927 ðîêó,àêòîì íåäîáðîñîâ³ñíî¿ êîíêóðåíö³¿,ùî ïîðóøóº ñò. 10 Çàêîíó ïðî êîíêó-ðåíö³þ ³ ââåäåííÿì ñïîæèâà÷à âîìàíó, ùî ï³äëÿãàº çàáîðîí³ çã³äíî ç³ñò. 10bis Ïàðèçüêî¿ êîíâåíö³¿. Ó âêà-çàíîìó ñóäîâîìó àêò³ òàêîæ ìîæíàçíàéòè íå ìåíø ïðàâîì³ðíó é îá´ðóí-òîâàíó âêàç³âêó: «çâè÷à¿ ä³ëîâîãî îáî-ðîòó, ùî ñêëàëèñÿ â ïðîöåñ³ êîðèñòó-âàííÿ ìîæëèâîñòÿìè ìåðåæ³ ²íòåð-íåò», â³äïîâ³äíî äî ÿêèõ «âêàç³âêà íàîðãàí³çàö³éíî-ïðàâîâó ôîðìó þðèäè÷-íî¿ îñîáè â äîìåííèõ ³ìåíàõ íå âèêî-ðèñòîâóºòüñÿ, ïîçàÿê ó÷àñíèêè òîâàð-íîãî ðèíêó ç â³äîìèìè ô³ðìîâèìè íàé-ìåíóâàííÿìè âèêîðèñòîâóþòü ëèøåêîðîòêèé â³äì³òíèé åëåìåíò ô³ðìîâî-ãî íàéìåíóâàííÿ, éîãî äîâ³ëüíó ÷à-ñòèíó, â³äîìó á³ëüøîñò³ ñïîæèâà÷³â,ùî íå ìàþòü óÿâëåííÿ, â ÿê³é îðãàí³-çàö³éíî-ïðàâîâ³é ôîðì³ ä³º ñóá’ºêòãîñïîäàðñüêî¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³, ùî ¿õ ö³êà-âèòü». Îòîæ, Ôåäåðàëüíèé àðá³òðàæ-íèé ñóä Ìîñêîâñüêîãî îêðóãó âèêîðè-ñòîâóâàâ íàäàíó éîìó ñò. 5 ÖÊ ÐÔìîæëèâ³ñòü çàñòîñîâóâàòè ÿê äæåðåëîðåãóëþâàííÿ çâè÷à¿ ä³ëîâîãî îáîðîòó.Öå äæåðåëî âèäàºòüñÿ òàêèì, ùî ìàºçíà÷íèé ïîòåíö³àë ïðè âèð³øåíí³ ñó-ïåðå÷îê ç ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³â ìåðåæ³ ²íòåðíåò âçàãàë³ òà ïðî âèêî-ðèñòàííÿ çàñîá³â ³íäèâ³äóàë³çàö³¿ â ñè-ñòåì³ äîìåííèõ ³ìåí çîêðåìà [12].

Îòæå, ùîá çàõèñòèòè ïðàâà, ïîòð³á-íî äîâåñòè ïåðø³ñòü ó âèêîðèñòàíí³ ïî-çíà÷åííÿ ÿê êîìåðö³éíîãî íàéìåíóâàí-íÿ. Ïðàâîâîëîä³ëüöÿì óæå íà ïåðøèõåòàïàõ äîö³ëüíî ô³êñóâàòè ôàêòè âèêî-ðèñòàííÿ êîìåðö³éíîãî ïîçíà÷åííÿ äî-ðå÷íèìè ñïîñîáàìè. Íà ïðàêòèö³ òðàï-ëÿþòüñÿ âèïàäêè, êîëè â ñòàòóò³ ïîðÿä³ç íàçâîþ þðèäè÷íî¿ îñîáè çàçíà÷àþòüêîìåðö³éíå íàéìåíóâàííÿ. Çâ³ñíî, òàê³ä³¿ ñâ³ä÷àòü ëèøå ïðî íàì³ð âèêîðèñòî-âóâàòè ïåâíå ïîçíà÷åííÿ ÿê êîìåðö³é-íå íàéìåíóâàííÿ, à òîìó ïîòð³áí³òàêîæ ³íø³ äîêàçè (âèâ³ñêè, ðåêëàìà,îãîëîøåííÿ òîùî) [8, 403].Àíàë³çóþ÷è êîíôë³êòè äîìåííèõ

³ìåí ³ êîìåðö³éíèõ íàéìåíóâàíü,Â. Áîíòëàá âêàçóº íà òå, ùî âèçíàííÿïð³îðèòåòó âëàñíèê³â êîìåðö³éíèõíàéìåíóâàíü ïåðåä âîëîä³ëüöÿìè äî-ìåííèõ ³ìåí º áåçï³äñòàâíèì, àäæåíå ìîæíà âèêîðèñòàííÿ òîòîæíîãî äî-ìåííîãî ³ìåí³ àâòîìàòè÷íî ââàæàòèïîðóøåííÿì çàêîíîäàâñòâà ïðî íåäîá-ðîñîâ³ñíó êîíêóðåíö³þ. Â÷åíèé ïðî-ïîíóº â³äõîäèòè â³ä öüîãî ï³äõîäóé îö³íþâàòè âèêîðèñòàííÿ äîìåííîãî³ìåí³ òîòîæíîãî êîìåðö³éíîìó íàéìå-íóâàííþ â ñóêóïíîñò³ âñ³õ îáñòàâèí,áåðó÷è äî óâàãè äàòó ðåºñòðàö³¿, ñôåðóçàñòîñóâàííÿ òà ³íø³ ÷èííèêè, êîòð³ìîæóòü âïëèíóòè íà âèçíàííÿ ÷è íå-âèçíàííÿ öèõ ä³é àêòîì íåäîáðîñîâ³ñ-íî¿ êîíêóðåíö³¿ [20].Ç îãëÿäó íà öå, Ä. Áîéêî ïðîïîíóº

ñôîðìóëþâàòè â çàêîíîäàâñòâ³ îáìå-æåííÿ ùîäî êîìåðö³éíèõ íàéìåíó-âàíü òàêèì ÷èíîì:1) íå º ïîðóøåííÿì ïðàâ íà êîìåð-ö³éíå íàéìåíóâàííÿ çàñòîñóâàííÿòàêîãî êîìåðö³éíîãî íàéìåíóâàí-íÿ â äîìåííîìó ³ìåí³ çà óìîâè ðå-ºñòðàö³¿ öüîãî äîìåííîãî ³ìåí³äî ìîìåíòó íàáóòòÿ ïðàâà íà êî-ìåðö³éíå íàéìåíóâàííÿ;

2) íå º ïîðóøåííÿì ïðàâà íà êîìåð-ö³éíå íàéìåíóâàííÿ çàñòîñóâàííÿòàêîãî êîìåðö³éíîãî íàéìåíóâàí-íÿ ÷è éîãî îõîðîíþâàíî¿ ÷àñòèíèó äîìåííîìó ³ìåí³ ó òîìó âèïàä-êó, êîëè òàêå çàñòîñóâàííÿ íå




ìîæå ïðèçâåñòè äî çì³øóâàííÿ ä³ÿ-ëüíîñò³, òîâàð³â àáî ïîñëóã âîëî-ä³ëüöÿ ïðàâà íà êîìåðö³éíå íàé-ìåíóâàííÿ òà âîëîä³ëüöÿ äîìåííî-ãî ³ìåí³;

3) íå º ïîðóøåííÿì ïðàâà íà êîìåð-ö³éíå íàéìåíóâàííÿ çàñòîñóâàííÿòàêîãî êîìåðö³éíîãî íàéìåíóâàí-íÿ àáî éîãî îõîðîíþâàíî¿ ÷àñòèíèó äîìåííîìó ³ìåí³, ùî çä³éñíþºòü-ñÿ íà äîñòàòí³é ïðàâîâ³é ï³äñòàâ³.Äîñòàòíüîþ ïðàâîâîþ ï³äñòàâîþïîòð³áíî ââàæàòè ðåºñòðàö³þ äî-ìåííîãî ³ìåí³, ùî ñï³âïàäàº ç ôàê-òè÷íî íàëåæíèì âîëîä³ëüöþ öüîãîäîìåííîãî ³ìåí³ îá’ºêòîì ïðàâà,ÿê-òî: ³ìåíåì ô³çè÷íî¿ îñîáè, ô³ð-ìîâèì íàéìåíóâàííÿì ³íøî¿ þðè-äè÷íî¿ îñîáè, íàéìåíóâàííÿì þðè-äè÷íî¿ îñîáè, çíàêîì äëÿ òîâàð³â ³ïîñëóã, îá’ºêòîì àâòîðñüêîãî ïðàâàòîùî.Áåðó÷è äî óâàãè âèêëàäåíå âèùå,

Ä. Áîéêî ñïðàâåäëèâî ïðîïîíóº äîïîâ-íèòè ñò. 489 ÖÊ Óêðà¿íè ÷. 5 òàêîãîçì³ñòó: «Íå ââàæàºòüñÿ ïîðóøåííÿìïðàâà âîëîä³ëüöÿ êîìåðö³éíîãî íàéìå-íóâàííÿ âèêîðèñòàííÿ òðåòüîþ îñîáîþòàêîãî íàéìåíóâàííÿ â ³íøîìó ñóì³æ-íîìó îá’ºêò³ ïðàâà íà äîñòàòí³é ïðàâî-â³é ï³äñòàâ³. Äîñòàòíüîþ ïðàâîâîþï³äñòàâîþ ìîæå ââàæàòèñÿ çàêîííåíàáóòòÿ òðåòüîþ îñîáîþ ïðàâà íàòàêèé ñóì³æíèé îá’ºêò äî ìîìåíòó íà-áóòòÿ ïðàâà íà êîìåðö³éíå íàéìåíó-âàííÿ âîëîä³ëüöåì îñòàííüîãî; âèêî-ðèñòàííÿ òðåòüîþ îñîáîþ ó ñóì³æíîìóîá’ºêò³ ïîçíà÷åííÿ, ÿêå ñï³âïàäàº

ç îá’ºêòîì ïðàâà, ùî íàëåæèòü ö³éòðåò³é îñîá³» [21].Ï³äñóìîâóþ÷è, ìîæíà ä³éòè âèñ-

íîâêó, ùî, íà â³äì³íó â³ä áàãàòüîõêðà¿í ñâ³òó, â çàêîíîäàâñòâ³ Óêðà¿íè ºíåäîñòàòíüî âðåãóëüîâàíèì ïèòàííÿïðàâîâî¿ îõîðîíè êîìåðö³éíèõ íàéìå-íóâàíü, à òàêîæ ¿õ çàõèñòó â³ä íåçà-êîííîãî âèêîðèñòàííÿ â äîìåííèõ³ìåíàõ. Àäæå íàðàç³ íåìàº ñïåö³-àëüíîãî çàêîíó ïðî êîìåðö³éí³ íàéìå-íóâàííÿ òà íîðìàòèâíîãî àêòà, êîò-ðèé áè âñòàíîâëþâàâ îñîáëèâîñò³ ðåã-ëàìåíòàö³¿ â³äíîñèí ó ìåðåæ³ ²íòåðíåòòà äîìåííèõ ³ìåíàõ çîêðåìà. À öåìîæå ïðèçâîäèòè äî òðóäíîù³â ïðèïðàâîçàñòîñóâàíí³ òà òëóìà÷åíí³ íîðìïðàâà ï³ä ÷àñ ðîçãëÿäó ñóäîâèõ ñïðàâ,äå ñòèêàþòüñÿ ³íòåðåñè âëàñíèêà êî-ìåðö³éíîãî íàéìåíóâàííÿ òà âîëî-ä³ëüöÿ òîòîæíîãî äîìåííîãî ³ìåí³.Âáà÷àºòüñÿ çà äîö³ëüíå ñòâîðåííÿ

ðåºñòðó êîìåðö³éíèõ íàéìåíóâàíü³ çàïðîâàäæåíí³ â³äïîâ³äíîãî íîðìà-òèâíîãî àêòà ïðî âåäåííÿ òàêîãî ðå-ºñòðó òà çä³éñíåííÿ ðåºñòðàö³¿. Âîäíî-÷àñ ïðèíöèï íàáðàííÿ ÷èííîñò³ êî-ìåðö³éíèì íàéìåíóâàííÿì ç ìîìåíòóïåðøîãî éîãî âèêîðèñòàííÿ ìàº çàëè-øàòèñÿ íåçì³ííèì.



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2. Ñóäàðèêîâ Ñ. À. Ïðàâî èíòåëëåêòóàëüíîé ñîáñòâåííîñòè : ó÷åáíèê /Ñ. À. Ñóäàðèêîâ. — Ì. : Ïðîñïåêò, 2008. — 368 ñ.

3. Äðîá’ÿçêî Â. Ñ. Ïðàâî ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ : íàâ÷. ïîñ³áíèê /Â. Ñ. Äðîá’ÿçêî, Ð. Â. Äðîá’ÿçêî . — Ê. : Þð³íêîì ²íòåð, 2004. — 512 ñ.




4. Êðèâîøå¿íà ². Â. Ô³ðìîâå íàéìåíóâàííÿ: ðåãóëþâàííÿ òà ïðàâîâà îõîðîíàçà çàêîíîäàâñòâîì Óêðà¿íè : àâòîðåô. äèñ… êàíä. þðèä. íàóê: 12.00.03 /². Â. Êðèâîøå¿íà ; ÊÍÓ — Ê., 2007 — 15 ñ.

5. Ïðàâî ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ : íàóêîâî-ïðàêòè÷íèé êîìåíòàð äî Öè-â³ëüíîãî êîäåêñó Óêðà¿íè / çà çàã. ðåä. Ì. Â. Ïàëàä³ÿ, Í. Ì. Ìèðîíåíêî,Â. Î. Æàðîâà. — Ê. : Ïàðëàìåíòñüêå âèä-âî, 2006. — 432 ñ.

6. ²ùóê Ñ. Âèçíà÷åííÿ ñóòíîñò³ êîìåðö³éíîãî (ô³ðìîâîãî) íàéìåíóâàííÿ: òåð-ì³íîëîã³÷íèé àñïåêò / Ñ. ²ùóê // Â³ñíèê Ëüâ³âñüêîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó. Ñåð³ÿþðèäè÷íà. — 2008. — Âèïóñê 46. — 250 ñ.

7. Ìýããñ Ï. Á. Èíòåëëåêòóàëüíàÿ ñîáñòâåííîñòü (ïåð. ñ àíãë.) / Ï. Á. Ìýããñ,À. Ï. Ñåðãååâ. — Ì. : Þðèñòú, 2000. — 400 ñ

8. Ïðàâî ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ : àêàä. êóðñ : ï³äðó÷íèê äëÿ ñòóä. âèùèõíàâ÷. çàêëàä³â / Î. Ï. Îðëþê, Ã. Î. Àíäðîùóê, Î. Á. Áóòí³ê-Ñ³âåðñüêèé òà ³í.;çà ðåä. Î. Ï. Îðëþê, Î. Ä. Ñâÿòîöüêîãî. — Ê. : ²íÞðå, 2007. — 696 ñ.

9. Pomeranz K. The World that Trade Created: Society, Culture, and the WorldEconomy. (1400 to the Present) / Kenneth Pomeranz, Steven Topik. — 2nd edi-tion. — M. E. Sharpe, 2005. — 287 p.

10.Rogers E. S. Good Will, Trade-Marks and Unfair Trading / Edward S. Rogers. —BiblioBazaar, 2008. — 292 p.

11.²ùóê Ñ. Ñóòí³ñòü êîìåðö³éíîãî íàéìåíóâàííÿ ÿê îá’ºêòà ïðàâà ³íòåëåêòó-àëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ // Â³ñíèê Ëüâ³âñüêîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó. Ñåð³ÿ þðèäè÷íà. —2006. — Âèïóñê 43. — 368 ñ.

12.Ìèëþòèí Ç. Þ. Ñîîòíîøåíèå äîìåííûõ èìåí ñî ñðåäñòâàìè èíäèâèäóàëèçà-öèè : äèñ… êàíä. þðèä. íàóê: 12.00.03 [Ýëåêòðîííûé ðåñóðñ] / Ç. Þ. Ìèëþòèí ;ÐÃÈÈÑ. — Ì, 2005. — 112 ñ. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïà : http://milutin.ru/disser.htm.

13.Steinhauser P. Benelux / Paul Steinhauser, Milica Antic // World TrademarkReview. — 2008. — November / December. — pð. 48–49.

14.Æóâàíîâ Ä. Ïðîáëåìà äîìåííèõ ³ìåí â Óêðà¿í³ [Åëåêòðîííèé ðåñóðñ] /Ä. Æóâàíîâ, ª. Ñòîãí³é. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó : http://inventa-ua.com/public/ua/domain_ua.htm.

15.Êóë³í³÷ Î. Î. Äîìåííå ³ì’ÿ ÿê ïîõ³äíèé çàñ³á ³íäèâ³äóàë³çàö³¿ ³íôîðìàö³éíèõ ðå-ñóðñ³â ô³çè÷íèõ òà þðèäè÷íèõ îñ³á ó ìåðåæ³ ³íòåðíåò [Åëåêòðîííèé ðåñóðñ] /Î. Î. Êóë³í³÷. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó : http://vuzlib.com/content/view/1423/49.

16.²ùóê Ñ. ². Ïðàâî ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ íà êîìåðö³éíå (ô³ðìîâå) íàéìå-íóâàííÿ : àâòîðåô äèñ... êàíä. þðèä. íàóê / Ñ. ². ²ùóê. — Ê., 2009. — 22 ñ.

17.Êîäèíåöü À. Î. Çàñîáè ³íäèâ³äóàë³çàö³¿ ó÷àñíèê³â öèâ³ëüíîãî îáîðîòó, òîâàð³â³ ïîñëóã ó öèâ³ëüíîìó ïðàâ³ Óêðà¿íè : äèñ… êàíä. þðèä. íàóê / Êîäèíåöü Àíà-òîë³é Îëåêñàíäðîâè÷. — Êè¿â, 2006.

18.Kröger D. Handbuch zum Internetrecht / Detlef Kröger, Marc A. Gimmy. —Springer, 2002. — 1026 S.

19.Spindler G. E-Commerce-Recht in Europa und den USA / Gerald Spindler, FritjofBörner. — Springer, 2003. — 844 S.

20.Áîíòëàá Â. Â. Öèâ³ëüíî-ïðàâîâå ðåãóëþâàííÿ äîìåííèõ ³ìåí : àâòîðåô. äèñ...êàíä. þðèä. íàóê : 12.00.03 / Â. Â. Áîíòëàá. — Ê., 2006. — 15 ñ.

21.Áîéêî Ä. Â. Ïðàâîâà ïðèðîäà äîìåííèõ ³ìåí ²íòåðíåò : àâòîðåô. äèñ... êàíä.þðèä. íàóê : 12.00.03 / Ä. Â. Áîéêî. — X., 2005. — 21 ñ.




53


Ìàöêåâè÷ Î. Ñîîòíîøåíèå êîììåð÷åñêîãî íàèìåíîâàíèÿ è äîìåííîãî èìåíè.Îñóùåñòâëåí ñðàâíèòåëüíûé àíàëèç êîììåð÷åñêîãî íàèìåíîâàíèÿ ñ äîìåííûì èìå-íåì, ñôîðìóëèðîâàíû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ êàñàòåëüíî óëó÷øåíèÿ ïðàâîâîé îõðàíû êîì-ìåð÷åñêèõ íàèìåíîâàíèé, à òàêæå èõ çàùèòû îò íåçàêîííîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ â äî-ìåííûõ èìåíàõ.

Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: êîììåð÷åñêîå íàèìåíîâàíèå, äîìåííîå èìÿ, Èíòåðíåò, êèáåðñê-âîòòèíã

Matskevych O. Correlation between commercial name and domain name. Modernmarket conditions of contest for a consumer make unambiguous identification of a com-pany and its activity increasingly important. The lack of appropriate legal regulationsled to widespread cyber squatting — the illegal registration of a domain name whichcoincide with the commercial name of the rights owner. The main reason of cybersquatting is the opportunity to make illegal income by the resale of registered domainnames that were not registered on time or failed to register.It is investigated the legal nature of commercial names. Different approaches

to defining the same term — commercial name, firm name, trade name — also studiedby the author.The author compares domain and commercial names, their functions, and highlights

and describes the main function of both — individualization. The other importantfunction of commercial names is a function of guarantee — company’s name assurescustomers that its products belong to the company, not to someone else.The analysis of problems of registration of commercial and domain names is made.

The foreign experiences in registration of domain names in a case of coincidencewith commercial names of other rights holder are also illustrated.In summary, the author concluded that, unlike many countries, the laws of Ukraine

are not regulated the matter of the legal guarding of commercial names, and their pro-tection against illegal use in domain names. Nowadays there is no specific law on com-mercial names, as well as any statutory instrument that would set peculiarities of reg-ulating of relations in the sphere of Internet and domain names. This can lead to diffi-culties in the interpretation and enforcement of legal norms in the proceedings wherethe interests of the owner of the commercial name intercross the interests of the holderof an identical domain name.It seems to be necessary to create a registry of commercial names and implementing

of an appropriate statutory document on the conduct of such register and the processof registration. At the same time the principle of entry into force of the commercialname since its first using should remain unchanged.

Key-words: commercial name, domain name, Internet, cyber squatting


54Теорія і практика інтелектуальної власності g 3/2014

TRADEMARK LAW ISSUESRELATED TO REPACKAGING

OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTSIN THE EUROPEAN UNION

Îëüãà ßìïîëüñüêà (Olha Yampolska),þðèñò â³ää³ëó òîâàðíèõ çíàê³â ïàòåíòíî-þðèäè÷íî¿ô³ðìè KATZAROV (ì. Æåíåâà), ìàã³ñòð Ìþíõåíñüêîãîöåíòðó ïðàâà ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ ïðè ²íñòèòóò³³ì. Ìàêñà Ïëàíêà, ìàã³ñòð ì³æíàðîäíîãî òà ºâðîïåéñüêî-ãî ïðàâà Æåíåâñüêîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó,àñï³ðàíòêà (PhD) Æåíåâñüêîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó

ISSN 2308-0361

Ïèòàííÿ ïðàâà òîâàðíèõ çíàê³â, ïîâ’ÿçàí³ ç ïåðåïàêóâàííÿì ë³êàðñüêèõ çàñîá³âó ªâðîïåéñüêîìó Ñîþç³. Ñòàòòÿ ïðèñâÿ÷åíà ïðîáëåì³ ïåðåïàêóâàííÿ ë³êàðñüêèõ çàñî-á³â ïðè ¿õ ïàðàëåëüíîìó ³ìïîðò³ â ìåæàõ ªÑ, ïðè÷èíîþ ÿêîãî º ð³çíèé ð³âåíü ö³í íàë³êàðñüê³ çàñîáè â êðà¿íàõ-÷ëåíàõ ªÑ. Äëÿ ïàðàëåëüíîãî ³ìïîðòó ë³êàðñüêèõ çàñîá³âïîòð³áíå îòðèìàííÿ â³äïîâ³äíîãî äîçâîëó â êðà¿í³-³ìïîðòåð³. Îñê³ëüêè â çàêîíîäàâñòâ³êðà¿í-÷ëåí³â ªÑ ó ñôåð³ ïàðàëåëüíîãî ³ìïîðòó ôàðìàöåâòè÷íèõ ïðåïàðàò³â ìîæóòü ì³ñ-òèòèñÿ â³äì³íí³ îäíà â³ä îäíî¿ âèìîãè, â áàãàòüîõ âèïàäêàõ íåîáõ³äíå ïåðåïàêóâàííÿë³êàðñüêèõ çàñîá³â ïàðàëåëüíèì ³ìïîðòåðîì. Ó ö³é ñòàòò³ àâòîð ç’ÿñîâóº, â ÿêèõ âè-ïàäêàõ òàêå ïåðåïàêóâàííÿ º ïîðóøåííÿì ïðàâ âëàñíèê³â òîâàðíèõ çíàê³â ó ªÑ.Ñò. 7 Äèðåêòèâè ¹ 2008/95/ÅÑ «Ïðî çáëèæåííÿ çàêîíîäàâñòâ äåðæàâ-÷ëåí³â ùîäî

òîâàðíèõ çíàê³â ³ çíàê³â îáñëóãîâóâàííÿ» â³ä 22.10.2008 ðîêó âñòàíîâëþº ïðèíöèïðåã³îíàëüíîãî âè÷åðïàííÿ ïðàâ ó ªÑ: âëàñíèê òîâàðíîãî çíàêà íå ìîæå çàáîðîíÿòèéîãî âèêîðèñòàííÿ äëÿ òîâàð³â, ÿê³ ï³ä öèì çíàêîì áóëè ââåäåí³ â òîðãîâèé îá³ã óÑï³âòîâàðèñòâ³ âëàñíèêîì àáî çà éîãî çãîäîþ (ï. 1), êð³ì âèïàäê³â, êîëè äëÿ âëàñíèêà³ñíóþòü ïðàâîì³ðí³ ï³äñòàâè çàïåðå÷óâàòè ïîäàëüøèé çáóò òîâàð³â, çîêðåìà, ÿêùîï³ñëÿ ââåäåííÿ òîâàð³â ó òîðãîâèé îá³ã ¿õ ñòàí çì³íèâñÿ àáî ïîã³ðøèâñÿ (ï. 2).Âèíÿòîê, ùî ì³ñòèòüñÿ â ï. 2 âèùåâêàçàíî¿ ñòàòò³ Äèðåêòèâè, ÷àñòî âèêîðèñòî-

âóâàâñÿ âëàñíèêàìè òîâàðíèõ çíàê³â ó ªÑ äëÿ ìîæëèâî¿ çàáîðîíè ïåðåïàêóâàííÿë³êàðñüêèõ çàñîá³â. Öå ïðèçâåëî â 1974–2011 ðîêàõ äî ïîÿâè ö³ëî¿ íèçêè ñêëàäíèõäëÿ òëóìà÷åííÿ ð³øåíü ç öüîãî ïðèâîäó, âèíåñåíèõ ñóäîâèìè ³íñòàíö³ÿìè ªÑ.Çîêðåìà, â ð³øåíí³ Ñóäó ªÑ ó ñïðàâ³ Bristol-Myers Squibb v Paranova âñòàíîâëåíî

ï’ÿòü îñíîâíèõ óìîâ, çà ÿêèõ âëàñíèê òîâàðíîãî çíàêà íå ìîæå çàáîðîíÿòè ïåðåïà-êóâàííÿ ë³êàðñüêèõ çàñîá³â: íåîáõ³äí³ñòü ïåðåïàêóâàííÿ äëÿ âèâåäåííÿ íà ðèíîêó êðà¿í³-³ìïîðòåð³; â³äñóòí³ñòü óïëèâó ïåðåïàêóâàííÿ íà ïåðâèííèé ñòàí ë³êàðñüêî-ãî çàñîáó â óïàêîâö³; ÷³òêà âêàç³âêà íà íîâ³é óïàêîâö³ ïåðåïàê³âíèêà òà âèðîáíèêà;â³äñóòí³ñòü ðèçèêó çàâäàííÿ øêîäè ðåïóòàö³¿ òîâàðíîãî çíàêà ÷è éîãî âëàñíèêàïðåçåíòàö³ºþ ïåðåïàêîâàíîãî çàñîáà; ñïîâ³ùåííÿ âëàñíèêà òîâàðíîãî çíàêà ³ìïîðòå-ðîì äî âèâåäåííÿ ë³êàðñüêîãî çàñîáó íà ðèíîê.Äàë³ â ñòàòò³ àâòîð ïðîïîíóº ñèñòåìíó òà äåòàëüíó êëàñèô³êàö³þ âèìîã, ÿê³ ì³ñ-

òÿòüñÿ â ð³çíèõ ð³øåííÿõ ñóäîâèõ ³íñòàíö³é ªÑ, â³äïîâ³äíî äî ï’ÿòüîõ óìîâ, ïåðåðà-õîâàíèõ âèùå, à òàêîæ âäàºòüñÿ äî àíàë³çó öèõ óìîâ.Ó ðåçóëüòàò³ ïðîâåäåíîãî äîñë³äæåííÿ çðîáëåíî âèñíîâîê ïðî òå, ùî, íåçâàæàþ-

÷è íà ÷èñëåíí³ ð³øåííÿ ñóäîâèõ ³íñòàíö³é ªÑ ç ïèòàííÿ ïåðåïàêóâàííÿ ë³êàðñüêèõçàñîá³â, çàëèøàºòüñÿ çàíàäòî áàãàòî ðèçèê³â íåð³âíîì³ðíîãî çàñòîñóâàííÿ ïðåöåäåí-ò³â íàö³îíàëüíèìè ñóäàìè äåðæàâ-÷ëåí³â ªÑ. Êð³ì öüîãî, òàê³ ð³øåííÿ çäàþòüñÿá³ëüø ñïðèÿòëèâèìè äëÿ ïàðàëåëüíèõ ³ìïîðòåð³â, àí³æ äëÿ âëàñíèê³â òîâàðíèõçíàê³â, íà øêîäó çàõèñòó ïðàâ ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ ³, ùî º íàáàãàòî ñåðéîçí³-øèì, íà øêîäó çäîðîâ’þ ñïîæèâà÷³â.

Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: òîâàðí³ çíàêè, ªÑ, ë³êàðñüê³ çàñîáè

Introduction. The EU pharmaceuti-cal market has significant differencesin drug prices. In fact, based on the EUhealthcare policy of keeping drugs avail-able to general public, each EU MemberState fixes the prices of drugs sold in itsterritory which leads to price differ-ences across the EU. These differences,in turn, create business opportunitiesfor parallel importers [1, 783].Traditionally, the most attractive

parallel import markets within Europewere the UK, Scandinavia and Germany,while the predominant exporting marketsare Spain and Greece which have general-ly strict government drug price controlsto keep the prices down [2, 489].In order to parallel import a pharma-

ceutical product into a country, the im-porter should obtain an authorizationfrom the relevant national drug controlauthority to release the product on themarket complying with a certain num-ber of conditions (i.e. a parallel importlicence). This procedure is similar to ob-taining a marketing authorization forplacing a drug on the market.There may exist differing national

regulations concerning e.g. the boxsizes, the number of pills in one box,the information leaflet to be attachedto the drug, the language used for theaccompanying instructions, etc. Thepackaging and labelling of pharmaceuti-cals are strictly regulated on the EU andMember State level. Therefore, in orderto import pharmaceuticals in a marketthat is different from the one wherethey were originally intended to, theirpackaging often needs to be altered.Changes that may be necessary

to carry out when importing a pharma-ceutical product could generally begrouped into the following categories:repackaging — replacing the originalcontainer in which the products weresold, and reaffixing the original trade-mark before marketing; re-labelling —replacing the outer packaging and reaf-fixing another trademark, under whichthe same product is sold in the import-

ing Member State; re-boxing — retain-ing the original internal packaging butadding a new exterior carton printed inthe language of the Member Sate of im-portation; over-stickering — retainingthe original internal and external pack-aging but adding an additional externallabel printed in the language of theMember State of importation; de-brand-ing — selling the goods after their orig-inal trademarks have been removedwithout being replaced [2, 489–490;3, 12]. Additionally, we may also thinkof cases where the parallel importeradds an extra-article to the product.The legality, as such, of parallel im-

ports depends on the regime of trade-mark exhaustion (international, regional,national) that the country of destinationapplies. Further, even if the regime ofexhaustion allows parallel imports,repackaging may still be liable to inter-fere with the trademark rights of theoriginal manufacturer of the product.In the EU Article 7(1) of the Direc-

tive 2008/95/ECof 22.10.2008 to ap-proximate the laws of the MemberStates relating to trademarks (TMD) [4]enunciates the principle of regional ex-haustion of trademark rights: theowner of a trademark right is not enti-tled to prohibit its use in relation to-goods that have been put on the marketin the Community under the trademarkby the owner or with his consent(para. 1) unless there are legitimatereasons for the proprietor to opposefurther commercialisation of the goods,especially where the condition of thegoods is changed or impaired after theyhave been put on the market (para. 2).Equivalent provisions exist in the Com-munity Trademark Regulation (Article13 CTMR).Thus, in principle, trademark rights

of drug manufacturers are regionally ex-hausted inside the EU and drugs, whichhave been legally put into commerce inone Member State, can be parallel im-ported into another Member State andrepackaged (which may include reaffix-



55

Î. ßìïîëüñüêà

ing the mark) even without the autho-rization of the trademark owner, so longas a specific repackaging does not fallunder the exemption of Article 7(2) TMD.The argument advanced by the drugmanufacturers that it is only the rightto resell which is exhausted under article7(1) TMD has not been accepted by theCourt of Justice of the European Union(CJEU) [5, para. 32–37].Relevance of the topic. The issue of

drug repackaging carried out by paral-lel traders — the area where the CJEUdeveloped most of its case law on re-packaging for parallel importations-continues to be an actual and recurrenttopic before the CJEU [1, 783]. Drugmanufacturers strongly oppose repack-aging as it can break the link betweenthemselves, their product and theirtrademark [6, 513]. Since the very firstCJEU judgement on the repackagingof pharmaceuticals rendered in 1974in the Case 16/74 Centrafarm vWinthrop, national courts, guided bythe CJEU, have been moving towardsestablishing common practice on thisissue and a single comprehensive ap-proach. The CJEU has responded withrulings that are rather complex and attimes, create more questions than an-swers [7, 721]. Even though certainCJEU judgements seemed to crystallizethe conditions justifying parallel im-portations of repackaged products, theso-called pharmaceutical repackagingsaga still continues and the most recentCJEU judgement dates 20111.

The whole generation of complexlegal decisions regarding repackagingand the abundance of conditions provid-ed for in this field set out the aimof this research which is to systematical-ly present and discuss the relevant caselaw applicable in the European Union.Main part. In the landmark case

Bristol-Myers Squibb v Paranova theCJEU interpreted Article 7(2) TMD andlaid down that a trademark owner couldnot oppose the subsequent marketingof a repackaged product if five cumula-tive [8, para. 60] conditions were ful-filled [5, para. 79]:1) repackaging is necessary to marketthe product in the country of im-portation (i.e. the exercise by theowner of its trademark rights, hav-ing regard to the marketing systemhe has adopted, should not con-tribute to the artificial partition ofthe markets between MemberStates);

2) it does not affect the original condi-tion of the product inside the packag-ing;

3) the new packaging clearly statesthe repackager of the product andthe name of the manufacturer;

4) the presentation of the repackagedproduct is not likely to damage thereputation of the trademark or itsowner;

5) the importer gives notice to thetrademark owner before the repack-aged product is put on the market.




1 List of all cases in chronological order: Case 16/74 Centrafarm BV et Adriaan de PeijpervWinthropBV (31.10.1974), Case C-102/77 Hoffman La Roche v Centrafarm (23.05.1978), CaseC-3/78 Centrafarm BV v American Home Products Corporation (10.10.1978), Case C-1/81 PfizerInc. v Eurim-Pharm GmbH (03.12.1981), Joined Cases C-427/93, C-429/93 and C-436/93 Bristol-Myers Squibb (11.07.1996), Case C-232/94 MPA Pharma GmbH v Rhône-Poulenc Pharma GmbH(11.07.1996), Joined Cases C-71/94, C-72/94 and C-73/94 Eurim-Pharm Arzneimittel GmbH v.Beiersdorf AG and Others (11.07.1996), Case C-379/97 Pharmacia & Upjohn SA v Paranova A/S(12.10.1999), Case C-443/99 Merck, Sharp & Dohme GmbH v Paranova Pharmazeutika HandelsGmbH (23.04.2002), Case C-143/00 Boehringer Ingelheim KG and Boehringer Ingelheim PharmaKG and Others v Swingward Ltd and Others (23.04.2002), Case E-3/02, EFTA Court, ParanovaAS v Merck & Co., Inc. and Others (08.07.2003), Case C-348/04, Boehringer Ingelheim KG andOthers v Swingward Ltd and Others (incl. Dowelhurst) (26.04.2007), Case C-276/05 TheWel come Foundation v Paranova (09.10.2008), Joined Cases C-400/09 and C-207/10 OrifarmA/S and Others v Merck & Co. Inc. and Others (28.07.2011).

As regards various types of repack-aging, according to the CJEU, the con-cept of repackaging includes relabeling(in fact, overstickering), i.e. attachmentof an additional external label to theoriginal packaging of the importedproduct without altering the same [8,para. 28, 31–32]. Therefore, the above-mentioned five conditions apply to bothre-boxing of the product in a new pack-age and to over-stickering [8, para. 32].The first BMS criterion (necessity

test) serves to establish whether theparallel importer is, as a matter of factin a given case, entitled to repackagethe product, while the remaining fourconditions determine the framework forthe exercise of this right so that the le-gitimate interests of the trademarkowner are safeguarded [9, para. 41].The CJEU has expressly stated that

the burden of proof of these conditions lieswith the parallel importer [8, para. 52]with, however, certain nuances of appli-cation with respect to the 2nd and the 4th

conditions where the standard of proofis somewhat lower.1. Necessity. Imagine a situation

where the trademark owner places anidentical pharmaceutical product on themarket in several EU Member Statesusing various types of packaging andthe parallel importer cannot market theproduct in one Member State in thepackaging used in another one becauseof national regulations. In this case, ex-ercise by the owner of its trademarkrights would, in theory, contribute tothe artificial partition of the marketsbetween Member States [5, para. 52].That means that the trademark ownermay prohibit parallel importation of re-packaged products only if the repackag-ing was not necessary in order to mar-ket the product in the Member Stateof importation [5, para. 56]. The condi-tion of necessity is satisfied if, withoutrepackaging, effective access to the

markets of the Member State of impor-tation is hindered [10, para. 43–44] by“the conduct of the trademark propri-etor, and factual or legal trade barri-ers” [9, para. 44].The importer is not required to

demonstrate that, “by putting an iden-tical product on the market in varyingforms of packaging in different Mem-ber States, the trademark owner deliber-ately sought to partition the markets be-tween Member States” [5, para. 57]. Byusing the term “artificial” the CJEU in-tended to stress that the trademarkowner may always rely on his rights tooppose distribution of the repackagedgoods each time it is justified by theneed to safeguard the essential functionof the mark, in which case the parti-tioning cannot be considered artificial[5, para. 57]. Thus, the CJEU imposesobjective interpretation of the necessitycondition by national courts in the lightof the circumstances prevailing at thetime of marketing in the importingMember State [10, para. 45–46].According to the CJEU, the condi-

tion of necessity will not be satisfied ifmarketing the product in the country ofdestination is possible a) by simply af-fixing to the original packaging new la-bels in the language of the MemberState of importation2, or b) by addingnew user instructions or information inthe language of the Member State ofimportation, or c) by replacing an addi-tional article not capable of gaining ap-proval in the member state of importa-tion with a similar article that had ob-tained such approval [5, para. 55].Another example of absence of necessi-ty would be the case when,by repackag-ing the products, the parallel importeronly attempts to secure a commercialadvantage (e.g. charging higher prices,making products more attractive, in-creasing sales figures, etc.) [10,para. 44; 11, para. 39].



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2 I. e. over-stickering. This is, however, limited by the CJEU’s considerations with respect to pos-sible strong resistance to relabelled pharmaceuticals on a given market (see below).

Still, in case there exists on the mar-ket or its substantial parta strong resis-tance from a significant proportion ofconsumers to relabelled drugs, theirrepackaging cannot be only explainedby the attempt to secure a commercialadvantage but rather by achieving aneffective market access [12, para. 31]which complies with the objective ne-cessity requirement [12, para. 33].However, any resistance to relabelleddrugs is not automatically sufficient tomake repackaging necessary; resistanceshould be so strong that, withoutrepackaging, the access to the market inthe importing country would be hindered[12, para. 30]. The factual circumstancesshould be determined in each case by na-tional courts [12, para. 32].Nevertheless, it remains unclear how

a decision could be taken as to whetherthere is a strong enough resistance,how to evaluate a significant proportionof consumers and what is the identityof these consumers (i.e. patient and/orpharmacists) [13, 501–502 ; 7, 740]. Theso-called “consumer resistance test” ap-pears to be rather disconnected from therealities of the market [13, 501–502].Parallel importers could envisage collect-ing consumer data (e.g. conducting con-sumer surveys) showing that repackag-ing is necessary to overcome consumerresistance to relabelled products, i.e. con-duct consumer surveys [7, 746] whichare however quite expensive.The CJEU has ruled that, conversely,

repackaging passes the threshold of thenecessity test if, inter alia, withoutrepackaging marketing of the drug in theMember State of importation is impossi-ble because of a) a rule authorizingpackaging only of a certain size or asimilar national practice, b) sickness in-surance rules making the reimburse-ment of drugs dependent on the size oftheir packaging, or c) well-establishedmedical prescription practices based,inter alia, on standard sizes recommendedby professional groups and sickness in-surance institutions [5, para. 53].

It should be observed that the neces-sity test concerns only the mere fact ofrepackaging of the product, as well asthe choice between re-boxing and over-stickering, and not the manner or stylein which it has been repackaged [8,para. 38–39]. The presentation of therepackaged product may be assessed onlyagainst the condition of avoiding dam-age to the reputation of the trademarkor its owner [14, para. 29] as long as therepackaging itself proves necessary.There is no objective difference be-

tween reaffixing the same trademarkafter repackaging and replacing theoriginal mark by another one (underwhich the drug is sold by the trademarkproprietor in another Member state) [10,para. 37] because in both cases there isuse by the parallel importer of a trade-mark which does not belong to him [10,para. 38] and the condition of necessityshould also objectively apply to replace-ment of the trademark used in the ex-porting Member State. Such replace-ment may, for instance, be necessarywhere a consumers’ protection rule pro-hibits use in the Member State of impor-tation of the trademark used in the Mem-ber State of exportation on the groundthat it is liable to mislead consumers[10, para. 43].The burden of proving necessity lies

with the parallel importer, who is oblig-ed to provide the trademark owner withsufficient and necessary informationenabling the latter to determinewhether repackaging is necessary [14,para. 37]. Information to be furnishedby the parallel importer must includethe disclosure of the exportation Mem-ber State only in case when withoutdisclosure the trademark owner wouldbe prevented from evaluating the needto repackage [14, para. 35].2. Effect on the original condition

of the product. The CJEU has expresslylimited the application of this conditionto the product inside the packaging [5,para. 58]. The trademark owner may op-pose repackaging if there is a real risk




that the product inside the package is ex-posed to tampering or to influences af-fecting its original condition, taking intoaccount the nature of the product andthe method of repackaging [5, para. 59].In particular, the CJEU found that

the condition of the product is not auto-matically affected in cases of: a) market-ing of the product in a double packagingand the repackaging only affects the ex-ternal packaging, leaving the internalpackaging intact [15, para. 10]; b) re-placing the outer packaging withouttouching the internal one so thattheoriginal trademark affixed by the owneron the internal packaging be visiblethrough the new external wrapping [16,para. 10]; c) inspection of the repackag-ing by a public authority for the pur-pose of ensuring that the product wasnot adversely affected [15, para. 10];d) removal of blister packs, flasks,phials, ampoules or inhalers from theiroriginal external packaging and theirreplacement in new external packaging[5, para. 61]; e) fixing of self-stick la-bels on the inner packaging of the prod-uct (e.g. on flasks, phials, ampoules orinhalers) [5, para. 64]; f) addition to thepackaging of new user instructions orin-formation in the language of the Mem-ber State of importation [5, para. 64];g) insertion of an extra article froma source other than the trademarkowner (e.g. a spray) [5, para. 64, 79];h) insertion in the external packaging ofa leaflet containing information of thepharmaceutical product [16, para. 12].In this manner, the CJEU has intro-

duced a presumption of absence of directaffectation of the product’s condition inthe above-mentioned situations [3, 13].Such activities may, nevertheless, inpractice present danger to public healthbecause they are prejudicial to the trace-ability and quality of drugs [17, 12].The original condition of the product

inside the packaging might be indirectlyaffected where, for example: a) the ex-ternal or inner packaging of the repack-aged product (or a new set of user in-

structions or information) either omitsimportant information or gives inaccu-rate information concerning the nature,composition, effect, use or storage ofthe product[5, para. 65]; b) an extra ar-ticle inserted into the packaging by theimporter and designed for the ingestionand dosage of the product does not com-ply with the method of use and thedoses envisaged by the manufacturer[5, para. 65].In any case it is for the national court

to assess the above-mentioned facts (withrespect to both direct and indirect affec-tation of the product’s condition) bymaking a comparison of the repackagedproduct with a product marketed by thetrademark owner in the Member State ofimportation [5, para. 66]. The parallelimporter may be requested to provideadditional information facilitating thecomparison; this information should betaken into consideration if it does notcontradict the one provided by thetrademark owner in the importing Mem-ber State [5, para. 66].As it is the case with the rest of the

conditions, it is for the parallel im-porter to prove that the original condi-tion of the product is not affected byrepackaging. However, it is sufficientto furnish evidence leading to the “rea-sonable presumption” that the require-ment has been met [8, para. 53]. Practi-cally, this appears relatively easy tofulfil [18, p. 19].3. Identification of the manufac-

turer and importer. This requirementisaimed at protection of the trademarkowner’s interest that the consumer orend user should not be led to believethat the trademark owner is responsiblefor the repackaging [5, para. 70].The indication must be clearly shown

on the external packaging of therepackaged product [15, para. 12; 16,para. 11]. This implies that the identifi-cation should be printed “in such a wayas to be understood by a person withnormal eyesight, exercising a normaldegree of attentiveness” [5, para. 71].



59


It is not necessary to make a furtherexpress statement on the packagingthat the repackaging was carried outwithout the authorization of the trade-mark owner as such a statement couldbe viewed as an indication of a not en-tirely legitimate product [5, para. 72].Further, if the parallel importer has

added to the packaging an extra articlefrom a source other than the trade-mark owner, he should indicate theorigin of this article so as to avoid cre-ating the impression that the trademarkowner is responsible for it [5, para. 73].In the recent case of 2011, the ECJ

held that the trademark owner cannotoppose parallel importations of a re-packaged product just because the newpackaging indicates as the repackagernot the undertaking which actually car-ried the repackaging further to the paral-lel importer’s instructions, but the under-taking holder of the marketing author-isation which has instructed therepackaging and which assumes liabilityfor it [19, para. 36]. In particular, theundertaking indicated as the repackageris responsible for any damage caused bythe entity which actually repackaged theproducts, even if the latter acted con-trary to the instructions [19, para. 30].4. Protection of the reputation of the

trademark and its owner. Generally, inassessing the risk of damage to reputa-tion of the trademark and its owner, ac-count should be taken of the nature ofthe product and the market to which itis intended [5, para. 75]. The CJEU hasstated that pharmaceuticals are “a sen-sitive area in which the public is parti-cularly demanding as to the quality andintegrity of the product, and the pre-sentation of the product may indeed becapable of inspiring public confidenceinthat regard” [5, para. 76]. Therefore,defective, poor quality or untidy cartonor label can be opposed by the trade-mark owner [5, para. 76].The CJEU has drawn a distinction be-

tween products sold to hospitals andthose sold to consumers through pharma-

cies. In hospitals drugs are administeredto patients by medical professionals andin this case the presentation of the pro-duct is less important [5, para. 77]. How-ever, the presentation of the product ismore important to consumers, eventhough prescription of drugs by a doctorgives them more confidence in the quali-ty of the product [5, para. 77]. Still, wedo not see any objective reason to justifysuch distinction as presentation of drugsshould be viewed as of equal importanceto all consumer circles.The CJEU has clarified the scope of

this condition by giving the followingexamples of activities which are, inprinciple, liable to damage the trade-mark’s reputation: a) failing to affixthe trademark to the new exterior car-ton (“de-branding”); b) applying theparallel importer’s own logo or a house-style, or a get-up used for a number ofdifferent products (“co-branding”);c) positioning the additional label whichwholly or partially obscures the owner’strademark; d) failing to state on the ad-ditional label that the trademark be-longs to the owner; or e) printing thename of the parallel importer in capitalletters [8, para. 47]. These are howevermere examples, as the reputation of thetrademark or its owner may also bedamaged if, due to the presentation ofthe repackaged product, the trade-mark’s value is affected by “detractingfrom the image of reliability and quali-ty attaching to such a product and theconfidence it is capable of inspiring inthe public concerned” [8, para. 41–43].The assessment of whether any of the

above activities actually damages thetrademark’s reputation is a question offact and is carried out by national courtson a case-by-case basis [8, para. 46]which might lead to a further litigationand divergence of opinion. There is norequirement of minimum interventionwith respect to the presentation of thenew packaging [14, para. 27]. This, how-ever, may sound contradictory to theprinciple of proportionality and appears




more favourable to parallel importersthan to trademark owners [17, 13].Apart from the packaging itself, the

damage to the reputation of the markor its owner may be caused by “circum-stances outside the actual package de-sign such as advertisements” promotingthe repacked product [9, para. 52].As regards the burden of proof, here

again the parallel importer may limit it-self to establishing a “reasonable pre-sumption” that the condition relating tothe reputation of the trademark ownerand its proprietor is fulfilled [8,para. 53]. If the importer furnishessuch initial evidence, the burden ofproof shifts to the trademark proprietoras he is best placed to assess whetherthe repackaging is likely to damage hisreputation and that of the trademark[8, para. 53].5. Prior notice. The fifth BMS con-

dition was first established by the CJEUin the Hoffman-La Roche case [15,para. 14] and further clarified in theBristol-Myers Squibb and other cases.The parallel importer must give prior

notice to the trademark owner of therepackaged products being put on sale[15, para. 14; 5, para. 78]. The ownermay also require a specimen of therepackaged product before it goes onsale, so that he can check that neitherthe original condition of the product isdirectly or indirectly affected by repack-aging, nor his reputation risks beingdamaged [5, para. 78]. This requirementalso provides the trademark owner witha better possibility of protecting himselfagainst counterfeiting [5, para. 78].Trademark owners should react withina reasonable time to the notice and bothparties are supposed to make sincere ef-forts to respect each other’s legitimateinterests [11, para. 62].The CJEU has stressed that the re-

quirement to give notice must be ful-filled “in any event” and by the parallelimporter itself, even if the trademarkowner might receive notification fromother sources such as the authority is-

suing parallel import licences to the im-porters [11, para. 58, 63–64].The notice should be given with a rea-

sonable time before the sale of the prod-uct so that the trademark owner cancarry out necessary examination of theproduct [11, para. 66]. The CJEU hasheld that a period of 15 working days ap-pears reasonable provided that the paral-lel importer simultaneously supplies themanufacturer with a sample of therepackaged product [11, para. 67]. Thisterm is only indicative and can be as-sessed by national courts [11, para. 67].From our point of view, if the notifica-tion is given without sending a specimenof the product, there should be an addi-tional period allowing the trademarkowner to request and receive a sample,as was advanced by the EU Commissionin one of the cases [11, para. 60].The failure to give prior notice has

as consequence that the parallel im-porter infringes trademark rights of theowner on the occasion of any subsequentimportation of that product, so long asthe notice is not given [8, para. 56].Conclusion. Undoubtedly, clearer

framework conditions of drug repackag-ing legality have been set down in theabove-discussed CJEU rulings. However,even after such a high number of legaldecisions there appears to be still toomuch room for national courts to de-cide, which might lead to non-uniformapplication of the CJEU’s case lawacross the EU differing from one Mem-ber State to another [18, 19]. The CJEUwill likely have to address in future anumber of issues which still remainunanswered [7, 745]. Further, theCJEU appears to be more favourable toparallel importers than to trademarkowners and shows itself too much pre-occupied by the free movement of goodswithin the Community, at the expenseof IP rights and, what is more serious,public health [17, 10].



61





List of references

1. Armengod H. The Repackaging of Pharmaceutical Products and Parallel Trade in theEU [Electronic resource] / Héctor Armengod, Laura Melusine Baudenbacher // RAJPharma. — 2009. — December — p. 783. — Access mode : http://www.lw.com/.

2. Feros A. Free Movement of Pharmaceuticals Within the EU — Should Rights BeExhausted Regionally?/ Anna Feros // European Intellectual Property Review. —2010. — No. 32 (10) — P. 486.

3. Henin C. Importations parallèles de médicaments et droit des marques/Christophe Henin, Anne-Catherine Maillois-Perroy // Propriété industrielle. —2007. — September — P. 11.

4. Directive 2008/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October2008 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trademarks (Codi-fied version)[Electronic resource]. — Access mode : http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1402657157294&uri=CELEX:32008L0095.

5. CJEU Judgement of 11 July 1996 in Joined Cases C-427/93, C-429/93 and C-436/93 (Bristol-Myers Squibb v Paranova A/S (C-427/93) and C. H. BoehringerSohn, Boehringer Ingelheim KG and Boehringer Ingelheim A/S v Paranova A/S(C-429/93) and Bayer Aktiengesellschaft and Bayer Danmark A/S v ParanovaA/S (C-436/93)) [Electronic resource]. — Access mode : http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=en&numdoc=61993J0427.

6. Grassie G. Parallel Imports and Trade Marks: Part 2: the Repackaging Cases /Gill Grassie // European Intellectual Property Review. — 2006. — No. 28(10) —P. 513.

7. Bird R. C. Pharmaceuticals and the European Union: Managing Gray Markets inan Uncertain Legal Environment/ Robert C. Bird, Peggy E. Chaudhry // VirginiaJournal of International Law. — 2010. — No. 50 (3) — P. 719.

8. CJEU Judgement of 26.04.2007 in Case C-348/04 (Boehringer Ingelheim KG andOthers v Swingward Ltd and Others (incl. Dowelhurst)[Electronic resource]. —Access mode : http://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?language=en&num=C-348/04.

9. EFTA Court Judgement of 08/07/2003 in Case E-3/02 (Paranova AS v Merck &Co., Inc. and Others) [Electronic resource]. — Access mode :http://www.eftacourt.int/cases/detail/?tx_nvcases_pi1%5Bcase_id%5D=62&cHash=38eff06431e61d80dc37cb3432278127.

10.CJEU Judgement of 12.10.1999 in Case C-379/97 (Pharmacia & Upjohn SA vParanova A/S)[Electronic resource]. — Access mode : http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=en&numdoc=61997J0379.

11.CJEU Judgement of 23.04.2002 in Case C-143/00 (Boehringer Ingelheim KGand Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG and Others v Swingward Ltd and Others)[Electronic resource]. — Access mode: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-con-tent/EN/TXT/?qid=1402676816242&uri=CELEX:62000CJ0143.

12.CJEU Judgement of 23.04.2002 in Case C-443/99 (Merck, Sharp & DohmeGmbH v Paranova Pharmazeutika Handels GmbH) [Electronic resource]. —Access mode : http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1402677814527&uri=CELEX:61999CJ0443.

13.Harrold L. Fighting for Pharmaceutical Profits / Lucy Harrold, Naomi Gross //European Intellectual Property Review. — 2002. — No. 24 (10) — P. 497.



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14.CJEU Judgement of 09.10.2008 in Case C-276/05 (The Wellcome FoundationLtd v Paranova Pharmazeutika Handels GmbH) [Electronic resource]. — Ac-cess mode : http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1402683816301&uri=CELEX:62005CJ0276.

15.CJEU Judgement of 23.05.1978 in Case C-102/77 (Hoffmann-La Roche & Co.AG v Centrafarm Vertriebsgesellschaft Pharmazeutischer Erzeugnisse mbH)[Electronic resource]. — Access mode : http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-con-tent/EN/TXT/?qid=1402681589345&uri=CELEX:61977CJ0102.

16.CJEU Judgement of 03.12.1981 in Case C-1/81 (Pfizer Inc. v Eurim-PharmGmbH)[Electronic resource]. — Access mode : http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-con-tent/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:61981CJ0001.

17.Chemtob Concé M.-C. La nécessité d'établir des exigences plus strictes pour le recon-ditionnement des médicaments importés parallèlement/ Marie-Catherine ChemtobConcé// Propriété industrielle. — 2009. — September. — P. 10.

18.Curley D. Swings and Round Abouts for Brand Owners / Duncan Curley, ShonaHarper // Trademark World. — 2007. — No. 198 — P. 18.

19.CJEU Judgement of 28 July 2011 in Joined Cases C-400/09 and C-207/10 (Ori-farm A/S and Others v Merck & Co. Inc. and Others) [Electronic resource]. —Access mode : http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1402682477516&uri=CELEX:62009CJ0400.


Î. ßìïîëüñêàÿ. Âîïðîñû ïðàâà òîâàðíûõ çíàêîâ, ñâÿçàííûå ñ ïåðåóïàêîâêîéëåêàðñòâåííûõ ñðåäñòâ â Åâðîïåéñêîì Ñîþçå. Â ñòàòüå èññëåäîâàíû âîïðîñû ïðàâàòîâàðíûõ çíàêîâ, ñâÿçàííûå ñ ïàðàëëåëüíûì èìïîðòîì ïåðåóïàêîâàííûõ ëåêàðñò-âåííûõ ñðåäñòâ â ÅÑ. Íà îñíîâå àíàëèçà ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ ðåøåíèé ñóäåáíûõ èí-ñòàíöèé ÅÑ è ïóáëèêàöèé ïî äàííîìó âîïðîñó, àâòîð ñèñòåìíî êëàññèôèöèðóåòóñëîâèÿ ïðàâîìåðíîñòè ïåðåóïàêîâêè ëåêàðñòâåííûõ ñðåäñòâ äëÿ èõ ïîñëåäóþùåãîïàðàëëåëüíîãî èìïîðòà â ãðàíèöàõ ñòðàí-÷ëåíîâ ÅÑ.

Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: òîâàðíûå çíàêè, ÅÑ, ëåêàðñòâåííûå ñðåäñòâà

O. Yampolska. Trademark law issues related to repackaging of pharmaceuticalproducts in the European Union. This article examines trademark law issues relatedto parallel imports of repackaged medicines in the EU. Further to the analysis of nu-merous decisions rendered by the EU courts and publications on this subject, the au-thor systematically classifies the conditions applying to legality of drug repackaging-with a view of subsequent parallel imports thereof in the EU Member States.

Key-words: trademarks, EU, pharmacutical products

The Paris Convention for the Protec-tion of Industrial Property (known as the“Paris Convention”) regulates of what iscommonly thought of as “intellectual”property. Its scope is expansive, as it ad-dresses the protection of patents, trade-marks, designs, trade names, geographi-cal indications. It also provides for theprotection of state emblems of othercountries, armorial bearings, flags, otheremblems, abbreviations and names thatare already the subject of other interna-tional treaties. The Convention wassigned in Paris in 1883 by 11 states ini-tially and was ratified the following year.The signatory countries formed them-selves into a “Union” of patenting author-ities, and are still sometimes referredto as the “Paris Union.” The UnitedStates joined the Paris Convention in1887. Since then, the Convention hasbeen revised a number of times. Current-ly, the World Intellectual Property Orga-nization (WIPO) web site lists 174 con-tracting parties to the Paris Convention.As a member of the Paris Convention,

the United States adheres to Article6ter, entitled: “Marks: Prohibitions con-cerning State Emblems, Official Hall-

marks, and Emblems of Intergovernmen-tal Organizations.” Under Article 6ter,as revised at Stockholm on July 14, 1967,the signatory countries should refuse orinvalidate the registration, and prohibitthe unauthorized use, either as trade-marks or as elements of trademarks, ofarmorial bearings, flags, and other stateemblems, of the member countries, offi-cial signs and hallmarks indicating con-trol and warranty adopted by these coun-tries, and any imitation from a heraldicpoint of view. Such protection extends toarmorial bearings, flags, other emblems,abbreviations, and names, of interna-tional intergovernmental organizationsof which one or more countries of theUnion are members, not including armo-rial bearings, flags, other emblems, ab-breviations, and names, which are al-ready the subject of international agree-ments in force.The member countries could commu-

nicate among each other, through theInternational Bureau (IB) of WIPO, thelist of state emblems, and official signsand hallmarks indicating control andwarranty, which they would like to pro-tect. Only armorial bearings, flags,


64Теорія і практика інтелектуальної власності g 3/2014

DEFEND THE FLAGProtection of Foreign State Emblems,

Official Hallmarks, Namesand Emblems of IntergovernmentalOrganizations in the United States

Ì³ëåíà Ñ. Ì³øåâ (Milena S. Mishev),ïàðòíåð êîìïàí³¿ McCarthy Fingar (Íüþ-Éîðê, ÑØÀ)*

ISSN 2308-0361

* Milena can be reached at: [email protected]

Çàõèñòèòè ïðàïîð. Îõîðîíà çàðóá³æíèõ äåðæàâíèõ ãåðá³â, îô³ö³éíèõ çíàê³â,íàéìåíóâàíü ³ åìáëåì ì³æóðÿäîâèõ îðãàí³çàö³é ó Ñïîëó÷åíèõ Øòàòàõ Àìåðèêè.Ó ñòàòò³ àâòîð ðîáèòü àíàë³ç ïðè÷èí â³äìîâ ó ðåºñòðàö³¿ çíàê³â äëÿ òîâàð³â ³ ïîñëóãâ ÑØÀ íà ï³äñòàâ³ òîãî, ùî â íèõ âèêîðèñòîâóþòüñÿ ïðàïîðè, ãåðáè ÷è ³íø³ â³äì³ò-í³ çíàêè ³íîçåìíèõ äåðæàâ.

Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: ïðàïîð, ãåðá, îô³ö³éíå íàéìåíóâàííÿ, òîâàðíèé çíàê

other emblems, abbreviations, andnames, of international intergovernmen-tal organizations, to which no objectionshave been made, will be protected underArticle 6ter. The period for transmit-ting such objections is twelve monthsfrom the receipt of the notification.As noted by Professor G.H.C. Boden-

hausen, Director of the United Interna-tional Bureaux for Protection of Intel-lectual Property (BIRPI) from 1963 to1970, although this Article relates totrademarks, “its purpose is not to regu-late their protection as subjects of in-dustrial property but rather to excludethem from becoming such subjects incertain circumstances.” Guide to theApplication of the Paris Convention forthe Protection of Industrial Property asRevised at Stockholm in 1967, P. 95,WIPO Publication No 0611 (E).In the United States, the Paris Con-

vention is not self-executing and, there-fore, its provisions have been imple-mented there by the enactment of na-tional legislation. Sections 2(a) and 2(b)of the Lanham Act, which contains thefederal rules governing trademark lawin the United States, are the two basicprovisions which bar registration ofmarks comprised in whole or in part ofdesignations notified pursuant to Arti-cle 6ter and to which the United Stateshas transmitted no objections:“No trademark by which the goods of

the applicant may be distinguished fromthe goods of others shall be refused reg-istration on the principal register on ac-count of its nature unless it —(a)Consists of or comprises immoral, de-

ceptive, or scandalous matter; or matterwhich may disparage or falsely suggesta connection with persons, living or dead,institutions, beliefs, or national symbols,or bring them into contempt, or disre-pute; or a geographical indication which,when used on or in connection withwines or spirits, identifies a place otherthan the origin of the goods and is firstused on or in connection with wines or

spirits by the applicant on or after oneyear after the date on which the WTOAgreement (as defined in section 2(9)of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act[19 USC §3501(9)]) enters into forcewith respect to the United States.(b)Consists of or comprises the flag or

coat of arms or other insignia of theUnited States, or of any State or munic-ipality, or of any foreign nation, or anysimulation thereof.”The US Trademark Manual of Exam-

ining Procedure (TMEP), Chapter 1200,§ 1205.02 further outlines how the pro-visions of Article 6ter work, i.e., “eachmember country or international inter-governmental organization (IGO) maycommunicate armorial bearings, em-blems, official signs and hallmarks indi-cating warranty and control, and namesand abbreviations of IGOs to the Inter-national Bureau (IB) of WIPO, whichcommunications will then be passed onto the other member countries. Withintwelve months from receipt of the noti-fication, a member country may trans-mit its objections, through the IB.When the United States Patent andTrademark Office (USPTO) receives no-tifications under Article 6ter from theIB, they are assigned serial numbers inthe “89" series code, i.e., serial numbersbeginning with the digits “89,” and aresometimes referred to as ‘non-registra-tions’.” This database is searched copy-right by the USPTO examining attor-neys during the initial examination ofnew applications for trademark registra-tion. Here are some examples from the“89” series code online database of theUSPTO (See Pictures 1–3):Picture 1. Serial No.: 89/001124 in

the name of the Government of Sweden;the mark consists of the royal crown ofSweden.Picture 2. Serial No.: 89/001094 in

the name of the Government of Ireland;the mark consists of the Shamrock sym-bol in its various forms as used by theState of Ireland.



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Pictures 1, 2 (see the names on thep. 65).

In order to be applied with respect tonational symbols, Section 2(a) requiresadditional matter, such as disparage-ment or a false suggestion of a connec-tion, to preclude registration. But Sec-tion 2(b) prohibits the registration ofany mark that contains a flag, coat ofarms, or insignia of the United States,of any state or municipality or of anyforeign nation, or any simulation there-of. A refusal must be issued by thetrademark examining attorney if the de-sign would be perceived by the public asa flag, whether or not other matter ap-pears with or on the flag. Here is a rela-tively recent example of how this works:On November 17, 2009, Extreme

Fight Games Inc., a California Corpora-tion, filed an application for registra-tion of the mark EXTREME FIGHTGAMES and Design (below), Serial No.77/874229 for use in connection with“board games.” In her first Office Ac-tion, the examining attorney issued arefusal to registration under Section2(b) stating the following:

“Section 2(b) Refusal — FlagsRegistration is refused because the

applied-for mark includes flags fromBrazil, Italy, Canada, Israel, GreatBritain, the United States, Japan, andthe former Soviet Union. Trademark ActSection 2(b), 15 U.S.C. §1052(b); seeTMEP §1204. Trademark Act Section2(b) bars registration of marks that in-clude the flag, coat of arms, or other in-signia of the United States, any stateor municipality, or any foreign nation.TMEP §1204......Flags and coats of arms of govern-

ments are designs that have been formal-ly adopted to serve as emblems of govern-mental authority. U.S. Navy v. U.S. Mfg.

Picture 3. Serial No.: 89/000606 inthe name of the Government of the Prin-cipality of Monaco; the mark consistsof the Coat-of-Arms of the monogramofH.S.H. The Princess Grace of Monaco.



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Co., 2 USPQ2d 1254 (TTAB 1987); In reU.S. Dep’t of the Interior, 142 USPQ 506(TTAB 1964); TMEP §1204.02(a).It should be noted that Trademark

Act Section 2(b) is an absolute bar toregistration on the Principal and Sup-plemental Registers. Trademark ActSections 2(b) and 23(a), (c), 15 U.S.C.§§1052(b), 1091(a), (c); see TMEP§§1204, 1204.04(a).”Applicant did not respond to the Of-

fice Action and the application becameabandoned.In In re Peter S. Herrick, P.A., 91

USPQ2d 1505 (TTAB 2009), the appli-cant filed an appeal with the USPTOTrademark Trial and Appeal Board(TTAB)1 from the examining attorney’sfinal refusal based on a finding that theapplied-for mark was similar to the sealof a former government agency. TheTTAB2 issued a precedential decision af-firming the examining attorney’s re-fusal to register applicant’s mark U.S.CUSTOMS SERVICE 1789 and Designfor “attorney services” under Section2(a) and Section 2(b).The trademark examining attorney as-

serted that the applied-for-mark “falselysuggests a connection with United StatesCustoms and Border Protection, formerlyknown as the United States Customs Ser-vice, an agency of the United States gov-ernment.” The refusal under Section 2(b)was based on the contention that “appli-cant’s mark consists of or comprisesa simulation of an insignia of the UnitedSates (i.e., the governmental insignia ofthe United States Customs Serviceand/or the United States Treasury).” Ap-

plicant tried to overcome the refusalunder Section 2(a) by submitting argu-ments that its mark does not falsely sug-gest a connection with the U.S. CustomsService, because such entity no longer ex-ists. In 2003 the U.S. Customs Servicehas merged into the Department ofHomeland Security and its name changedto United States Customs and BorderProtection. The TTAB, however, notedthat the “United States Customs and Bor-der Protection still refers to itself as theU.S. Customs Service as do members ofthe public.” Furthermore, the Boardpointed out that “prior to becoming Unit-ed States Customs and Border Protec-tion, the United States Customs Serviceused a seal that is virtually identical toapplicant’s mark,” except that applicantclaims the colors blue, yellow and whiteas a feature of its mark and its mark con-tains the wording “U.S. CUSTOMS SER-VICE” and the seal uses “UNITEDSTATES CUSTOMS SERVICE.”The examining attorney’s refusal

under Section 2(b) was based on thepremise that “applicant’s mark is a sim-ulation of the Department of Treasuryseal.” The reason for bringing up theDepartment of Treasury Seal in the Sec-tion 2(b) refusal was the fact that theUnited States Customs Service was a di-vision of the Department of Treasury,and not a government department it-self, and therefore, its seal was not pro-hibited under Section 2(b). Comparingapplicant’s mark to the governmentseal, the TTAB found that “with the ex-ception of the words (The Departmentof the Treasury vs. U.S. Customs Ser-



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1 The Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (TTAB) is an administrative body within the USPTOthat decides cases involving trademarks, such as appeals from decisions by USPTO examining at-torneys denying registration of marks. TTAB three-judge panels hear hundreds of cases each yearasserting that trademarks should not be registered because they are generic, descriptive, dis-paraging, or confusingly similar to existing marks. Such challenges to registration are initiallyconsidered by trademark examining attorneys, whose judgment may be appealed to the TTAB. De-cisions of the TTAB may, in turn, be appealed to the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuitor a United States district court.2 A claim that a mark is precluded from registration under Section 2(b) of the Lanham Act canalso be asserted (A) as a ground for opposition, and (B) as a ground for cancellation at any time,i.e., either before or after the challenged registration is over five years old and has acquired in-contestable status.

vice), they are virtually identical andthat the average person upon seeing ap-plicant’s mark would associate it withthe Department of Treasury seal.” In itsfinal determination on this issue, theBoard held that “applicant’s mark con-sists of or comprises a simulation of aninsignia of the United States therebyprohibiting registration.”In another precedential decision issued

recently by the TTAB, the Board held thatSection 2(b) bars registration of a markwhich “[c]onsists of or comprises theflag or coat of arms or other insignia ofthe United States, or of any state or mu-nicipality, or of any foreign nation orany simulation thereof” even when theapplicant is a government entity apply-ing to register its own flag, coat ofarms, or other insignia. In re The Gov-ernment of the District of Columbia,101 USPQ2d 1588 (TTAB 2012).The Government for the District of

Columbia filed an application for regis-tration of its seal, Serial No. 77/643857,in connection with “Clocks; Cufflinks;Lapel pins; Tie tacks,” (see Picture 4)

(International Class [IC] 014; “Desksets; Holders for desk accessories; Hold-ers for notepads; Memo pads; Notepads;Pen and pencil cases and boxes; Pencils;Pens,” IC 016; “Coasters not of paperand not being table linen; Cups andmugs,” IC 021; and “Hats; Polo shirts;Sweat pants; Sweat shirts; T-shirts,” IC

025. The examining attorney issued afinal refusal of registration based on Sec-tion 2(b) of the Trademark Act assertingthat such section “prohibits registrationof official insignia, even by the relevantgovernmental entity.” The District of Co-lumbia filed an ex parte appeal before theTTAB attempting to defend its right toregistration by looking at the Congres-sional intent of Section 2(b). One of theapplicant’s arguments was that the im-plementation of the Paris Conventionwas intended “to prevent others fromregistering the official insignia of gov-ernments, not to prevent these govern-ments from registering their own in-signia.” In its decision, the TTAB statedthat “the Paris Convention is not self-ex-ecuting, so we must look for authority towhatever provisions Congress has madein implementing the treaty, and thetreaty itself creates no rights that can bedirectly relied upon by applicants in theUnited States.” The three-judge panelwent on further stating that “even if thetreaty were self-executing, the only rele-vant requirement in Article 6ter is thatsignatory states ‘refuse... the registra-tion... without authorization by the com-petent authorities, ... as trademarks, ...armorial bearings, flags, and other Stateemblems ...’” The TTAB panel eventurned to the USPTO’s TMEP, Section1204.04 (a) (8th ed. 2011): “...Thestatute does not list any exceptions thatwould allow for countries, states, or mu-nicipalities to register their own flags orinsignia. Applications for marks thatcontain flags, coat of arms, or govern-ment insignia, even if filed by the rele-vant state, country, or municipality,must be refused.” Finally, the threejudge panel pointed out that “this case isnot about what the law should be or whatit might be, but what it is.” The Boardsuggested that applicant may have to ad-dress this matter legislatively; the TTAB“have no authority to change the wordsof the statute. “Notwithstanding the foregoing, styl-

ized flag designs are not refused under



Ì. Ì³øåâ

Picture 4. The seal of the District ofColumbia

Section 2(b) and the mere presence ofsome significant elements of flags, suchas stars and stripes (U.S. flag) or a mapleleaf (Canadian flag) does not necessarilyjustify a refusal. Below are some exam-ples of registered marks incorporatingstylized representations of the U.S. flagand other prominent symbols.Flags that are not presently in use as

national flags (e.g., flags of formercountries, states, or municipalities,etc.) are not refused registration underSection 2(b). This is also true for de-signs or names of organizations thatare no longer exist.In a non-precedential decision of the

TTAB, In re Certa ProPainters, Ltd.,2008, the Board reversed the examiningattorney’s final refusal to register themark BORN IN CANADA SPREADINGOVER THE WORLD and Design (seePicture 5) under Section 2(b) of theTrademark Act. The examining attorneyhad refused registration based on a find-

ing that the applied-for mark “contains asimulation of a flag of a foreign nation,specifically Canada, and/or displays theofficial national insignia of Canada,namely the Canadian maple leaf.”

In its decision, the TTAB empha-sized that “the test is not whether pur-chasers will be able to guess that themark is suggesting a national flag.”Rather, the Board looked to the lan-guage provided in Examination Guide2-07, issued by the USPTO in 2007,that stylized flag designs are not re-fused registration under Section 2(b), if

they relate to one of the following sce-narios: (1) the flag design is used toform a letter, number, or design;(2) the flag is substantially obscured bywords or designs; (3) the design is notin a shape normally seen in flags;(4) the flag design appears in a colordifferent from that normally used inthe national flag; (5) significant featureis missing or changed.In reaching their decision, the Board

opined that “the Canadian flag is sig-nificantly changed in applicant’s mark”and “the missing flag portion is re-placed by wording.” The Board also re-lied on Heroes Inc. v. The Boomer Esia-son Hero’s Foundation Inc., 43 USPQ2d1193, 1197-98 (D.D.C. 1997) for theproposition that a national symbol ofthe U.S. (i.e., the U.S. Capitol building)is not an insignia thereof, so registra-tion of the symbol does not violate Sec-tion 2(b). Similarly, the Board foundthat “while the 11-pointed maple leaf

may serve as a national symbol of Cana-da, in the same manner that the U.S.Capitol building or the Statue of Liber-ty serves as a symbol of the UnitedStates, ... the 11-pointed maple leaf doesnot qualify for protection as an ‘insigni-a’ under Section 2(b).” This, however, isa non precedential decision. Therefore, adifferent outcome may soon be reachedin a similar set of facts.

Íàä³øëà äî ðåäàêö³¿ 27.05.2014 ðîêó



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Picture 5. The mark Born in Cana-da Spreading over the world



Ì. Ì³øåâ

Mishev M. Defend the Flag. Protection of Foreign State Emblems, Official Hall-marks, Names and Emblems of Intergovernmental Organizations in the United States.The author makes an analysis of causes of failures in the registration of trademarks inthe United States on the grounds of use of flags, emblems or other distinctive signs offoreign states.

Key words: flag, coat of arms, official hallmark, trademark

Ìèøåâ Ì. Çàùèòèòü ôëàã. Îõðàíà çàðóáåæíûõ ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ ãåðáîâ, îôèöè-àëüíûõ çíàêîâ, íàèìåíîâàíèé è ýìáëåì ìåæïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûõ îðãàíèçàöèé â Ñî-åäèíåííûõ Øòàòàõ. Â ñòàòüå àâòîð ïðîâîäèò àíàëèç ïðè÷èí îòêàçîâ â ðåãèñòðàöèèçíàêîâ äëÿ òîâàðîâ è óñëóã â ÑØÀ íà îñíîâàíèè òîãî, ÷òî â íèõ èñïîëüçóþòñÿôëàãè, ãåðáû èëè äðóãèå îòëè÷èòåëüíûå çíàêè èíîñòðàííûõ ãîñóäàðñòâ.

Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ôëàã, ãåðá, îôèöèàëüíîå íàèìåíîâàíèå, òîâàðíûé çíàê

ÎÎÃÃÎÎËËÎÎØØÅÅÍÍÍÍßß

ÍÄ² ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ ÍÀÏðÍ Óêðà¿íè îãîëîøóº êîíêóðñíèé ïðèéîìäî àñï³ðàíòóðè â 2014 ðîö³ ç â³äðèâîì â³ä âèðîáíèöòâà çà ñïåö³àëüí³ñòþ:

12.00.03 — öèâ³ëüíå ïðàâî ³ öèâ³ëüíèé ïðîöåñ; ñ³ìåéíå ïðàâî; ì³æíàðîäíå ïðè-âàòíå ïðàâî.

Ïðèéîì äîêóìåíò³â äî àñï³ðàíòóðè â³äáóâàºòüñÿ ç 01.11.2014 ðîêó ïî30.11.2014 ðîêó. Âñòóïíèêè â àñï³ðàíòóðó ñêëàäàþòü êîíêóðñí³ ³ñïèòè ç³ ñïå-ö³àëüíîñò³, ô³ëîñîô³¿ òà ³íîçåìíî¿ ìîâè. Âñòóïí³ ³ñïèòè ïðîâîäÿòüñÿ ç01.12.2014 ðîêó ïî 19.12.2014 ðîêó.

Çàÿâè ³ äîêóìåíòè ïðî ïðèéîì äî àñï³ðàíòóðè ïîäàþòüñÿ çà àäðåñîþ:03680, ÌÑÏ, ì. Êè¿â-150, âóë. Áîæåíêà, 11, ê³ìí. 1304.Êîíòàêòíà îñîáà: Ëåíãî Þë³ÿ ªâãåí³¿âíà (òåë. : 228-2137, e-mail:[email protected]).

Äî çàÿâè íà ³ì’ÿ äèðåêòîðà ²íñòèòóòó ïðî ïðèéîì äî àñï³ðàíòóðè äîäàþòüñÿòàê³ äîêóìåíòè:•êîï³þ äèïëîìà ïðî çàê³í÷åííÿ âèùîãî íàâ÷àëüíîãî çàêëàäó ³ç çàçíà÷åííÿìîäåðæàíî¿ êâàë³ô³êàö³¿ ñïåö³àë³ñòà ÷è ìàã³ñòðà (îñîáè, ÿê³ çäîáóëè â³äïî-â³äíó îñâ³òó çà êîðäîíîì, — êîï³þ íîñòðèô³êîâàíîãî äèïëîìà) òà êîï³þ äî-äàòêó äî äèïëîìà; •ïåðåë³ê îïóáë³êîâàíèõ íàóêîâèõ ïðàöü ³ âèíàõîä³â. Îñîáè, ùî íå ìàþòüîïóáë³êîâàíèõ íàóêîâèõ ïðàöü ³ âèíàõîä³â, ïîäàþòü íàóêîâ³ äîïîâ³ä³ (ðåôå-ðàòè) ç îáðàíî¿ íèìè íàóêîâî¿ ñïåö³àëüíîñò³; •ïîñâ³ä÷åííÿ ïðî ñêëàäàííÿ êàíäèäàòñüêèõ ³ñïèò³â (çà íàÿâíîñò³ ñêëàäåíèõêàíäèäàòñüêèõ ³ñïèò³â).•îñîáîâèé ëèñòîê ç îáë³êó êàäð³â; •4 ôîòîêàðòêè ðîçì³ðîì 3õ4;•ìåäè÷íó äîâ³äêó ïðî ñòàí çäîðîâ’ÿ çà ôîðìîþ ¹ 286-ó;

Ïàñïîðò òà äèïëîì ïðî âèùó îñâ³òó ïîäàþòüñÿ âñòóïíèêîì îñîáèñòî.

Ôîðìè íàâ÷àííÿ â àñï³ðàíòóð³:•çà ðàõóíîê êîøò³â Äåðæàâíîãî áþäæåòó Óêðà¿íè;•çà ðàõóíîê êîøò³â þðèäè÷íèõ ³ ô³çè÷íèõ îñ³á (íà óìîâàõ êîíòðàêòó). Òåðì³í íàâ÷àííÿ â àñï³ðàíòóð³ — òðè ðîêè.


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Ó ðàìêàõ VIII Âñåóêðà¿íñüêîãî ôåñòèâàëþ íàóêè, ÿêèé â³äáóâñÿ ïðîòÿãîì14–16.05.2014 ðîêó Íàóêîâî-äîñë³äíèì ³íñòèòóòîì ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³Íàö³îíàëüíî¿ àêàäåì³¿ ïðàâîâèõ íàóê Óêðà¿íè áóëî ïðîâåäåíî íèçêó çàõîä³â.●14.05.2014 ðîêó ó ïðèì³ùåíí³ ²íñòèòóòó â³äáóâñÿ Êðóãëèé ñò³ë ùîäî îáãî-âîðåííÿ ïðîåêòó Çàêîíó Óêðà¿íè «Ïðî âíåñåííÿ çì³í äî äåÿêèõ çàêîíî-äàâ÷èõ àêò³â ùîäî çàõèñòó àâòîðñüêîãî ïðàâà ³ ñóì³æíèõ ïðàâ ó ìåðåæ³²íòåðíåò».Ó÷àñíèêè êðóãëîãî ñòîëó îáãîâîðèëè ïðîåêò Çàêîíó Óêðà¿íè «Ïðî âíåñåííÿ

çì³í äî äåÿêèõ çàêîíîäàâ÷èõ àêò³â ùîäî çàõèñòó àâòîðñüêîãî ïðàâà ³ ñóì³æíèõïðàâ ó ìåðåæ³ ²íòåðíåò». Îñîáëèâà óâàãà áóëà ïðèä³ëåíà ïðîöåäóð³ ïðèïèíåííÿäîñòóïó äî ³íòåðíåò-ðåñóðñ³â çà óìîâè ï³äîçðè ó ïîðóøåíí³ íèìè àáî âèÿâëåííÿôàêòó ïîðóøåííÿ àâòîðñüêèõ ïðàâ.●15.05.2014 ðîêó çàñòóïíèê äèðåêòîðà ç íàóêîâî¿ ðîáîòè, ä.þ.í., ÷ëåí-êîðåñ-ïîíäåíò ÍÀÏðÍ Óêðà¿íè Ìèðîíåíêî Íàòàë³ÿ Ìèõàéë³âíà âèñòóïèëà ç â³ä-êðèòîþ ëåêö³ºþ íà òåìó: «Ñòàí òà îñíîâí³ íàïðÿìêè óäîñêîíàëåííÿ ïðàâî-âîãî ðåãóëþâàííÿ ó ñôåð³ íàóêîâî¿ òà íàóêîâî-òåõí³÷íî¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³».Ó ñâî¿é ëåêö³¿ äîïîâ³äà÷ çóïèíèëàñÿ, ïèòàííÿõ óäîñêîíàëåííÿ ïðàâîâîãîðåãóëþâàííÿ ó ñôåð³ íàóêîâî¿ òà íàóêîâî-òåõí³÷íî¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³●16.05.2014 ðîêó â³äáóëîñÿ îáãîâîðåíí³ ïðîåêòó çì³í äî Öèâ³ëüíîãî êîäåêñóÓêðà¿íè â ÷àñòèí³ ïèòàíü ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³, çîêðåìà çì³íè äîêíèãè 4 òà ãëàâ 75, 76 ÖÊ Óêðà¿íè. Ó ðîáîò³ çàõîäó âçÿëè ó÷àñòü ïîíàä 30îñ³á.

Òàêîæ â ðàìêàõ Âñåóêðà¿íñüêîãî ôåñòèâàëþ íàóêè ó ñò³íàõ ²íñòèòóòó ïðî-éøîâ ùîð³÷íèé Êîíêóðñ íà êðàùó íàóêîâó ðîáîòó â òàêèõ íîì³íàö³ÿõ: – «Êðàùà ìîíîãðàô³ÿ, áðîøóðà»; – «Êðàùà íàóêîâà ñòàòòÿ»; – «Êðàùèé ìîëîäèé àâòîð».Çà ðåçóëüòàòàìè êîíêóðñó●Ó íîì³íàö³¿ «Êðàùà ìîíîãðàô³ÿ, áðîøóðà» êðàùîþ âèçíàëè ìîíîãðàô³þÏàäó÷àêà Áîãäàíà Ìèõàéëîâè÷à «Òðàíñôåð òåõíîëîã³é: öèâ³ëüíî-ïðàâîâèéàñïåêò». ●Ó íîì³íàö³¿ «Êðàùà íàóêîâà ñòàòòÿ» êðàùèìè âèçíàëè íàóêîâ³ ñòàòò³ Êà-øèíöåâî¿ Îêñàíè Þð³¿âíè «Ùîäî íåîáõ³äíîñò³ ïðàâîâî¿ îõîðîíè àâòîð-ñüêèì ïðàâîì çì³ñòó íàóêîâîãî òâîðó â ñôåð³ ìåäèöèíè» òà Îñèïîâî¿ Þë³¿Â³êòîð³âíè «Ñëóæáîâ³» îá’ºêòè ïðàâà ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³, ñòâîðåí³ óâèùèõ íàâ÷àëüíèõ çàêëàäàõ Óêðà¿íè». ●Ó íîì³íàö³¿ «Êðàùèé ìîëîäèé àâòîð» ïåðåìîãó çäîáóëà Îñèïîâà Þë³ÿ Â³ê-òîð³âíà.

Êð³ì òîãî ïðîòÿãîì 14—16.05.2014 ðîêó ²íñòèòóòîì áóëî çä³éñíåíî ï³äãîòîâ-êó òà ðîçñèëêó íàóêîâî¿ ïðîäóêö³¿ ²íñòèòóòó ÿê ìåòîäîëîã³÷íó äîïîìîãó ïðèâèêëàäàíí³ êóðñ³â ç ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ ó ïðîâ³äíèõ ÂÍÇ Óêðà¿íè.Ó êîíôåðåíö-çàë³ ²íñòèòóòó ïðàöþâàëà åêñïîçèö³ÿ íàóêîâèõ âèäàíü íàøîãî ²í-ñòèòóòó.

УДК 347.(77+78) ISSN 2308g0361

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Íà óêî âî-ïðàê òè÷ íèé æóð íàë «Òåîð³ÿ ³ ïðàêòèêà ³íòåëåêòóàëüíî¿âëàñíîñò³» âè õî äè òü îäèí ðàç íà äâà ì³ñÿ ö³. Ïåðåäïëà òèòè íà ø æóð -íà ë âè çìî æå òå â áóäü-ÿêî ìó ïî øòî âî ìó â³ää³ëåíí³ Óê ðà¿íè, à òàêîæçà äîïîìîãîþ ñèñòåìè WebMoney íà ñàéò³ ÄÏ «Ïðåñà» — www.presa.ua. Ñïîä³âàºìî ñÿ, ùî íàø æóð íàë ñòà íå êîðèñíèì ïîì³÷íè êîì ó âàø³é

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Âàðò³ñòü ïåðåäïëàòè íà 2014 ð³ê ó ãðí

²íäåêñ 2 ì³ñ. 4 ì³ñ. 6 ì³ñ. 12 ì³ñ.

Ô³çè÷í³ òà þðèäè÷í³

îñîáè23594 35 70 105 210

2014 Subscription prices in UAH

Index 2 months 4 months 6 months 12 month

Idividuals and legal bodies

23594 35 70 105 210

Documents

Íàóêîâî-ïðàêòè÷íèéæóðíàë 3 (77) 2014ndiiv.org.ua/Files2/0314.comp.pdf · 2016. 11. 13. · УДК347.(77+78) 3 (77) 2014 ©Науковоgдосліднийінститутінтелектуальноївласності