第五組組員 496100082 蔡乃文 496100290 黃湘茹 496100343 凌詩婷 496100563 羅玉芬 496100575 吳旻真

第五組組員

496100082 蔡乃文496100290 黃湘茹496100343 凌詩婷496100563 羅玉芬496100575 吳旻真

Between the Visionaries and the Luddites : Collection Development and Electronic Resources in the

Humanities

Edward Shreeves

Abstract Introduction The Issues The Scholarly Record Electronic Texts or Electronic Publishing Migne Versus Cetedoc Standards, Software, and Criteria Visionaries and Luddites Conclusion

Abstract

Abstract

The incorporation of electronic resources in the humanities into the traditional practice of collection development presents challenges that have pragmatic, technical, fiscal, and cultural dimensions.

在館藏納入電子資源這方面，這件事對人文學科的傳統館藏提出了挑戰，不論是在務實，技術，財政或文化等方面。

Among the most significant challenges will be understanding and responding effectively to the way computer-aided research in the humanities changes scholarship and scholarly communication.

其中最大的挑戰將是在人文學和學術交流上了解和有效應對，並以電腦方式輔助研究。

Introduction

Introduction

The emergence of machine-readable texts, of computer-based networks, and of all the attendant technological apparatus, has provided the means to alter radically scholarly communication and scholarly method in the humanities.

在人文方面，出現了電腦可讀的文本，以電腦為基礎的網路，以及所有隨之而來的科技儀器，提供了新穎的技術，從基礎上改變學術交流的方法。

Introduction

A computer-based system of scholarly communication offers the hope of an escape from the insoluble morass of economic, space, and access problems of the last few years.

在過去幾年以電腦為基礎的系統學術交流提供了擺脫困境不能解決的經濟，空間，存取問題。

The glimpses of the future, which now and then emerge from the mists, demand that libraries reconceive the ways they fulfill their missions or even redefine the mission itself.

在眺望未來，並觀察現在後，走出迷霧，更注重讀者需求，圖書館將再次以他們的方式履行其使命，甚至重新界定自己的使命。

The Issues

The Issues

In essence, this argument held that, while electronic resources were unquestionably useful, libraries should demand additional support to pay for them and not redirect dollars from already undersupported print resource funds.

從本質上說，舉行這一論點認為，雖然電子資源，無疑是有益的，圖書館應該更支持，以支付他們，而不是直接以資金問題而不支持打壓此資源的發展。

The Issues

A counter argument claims that such reallocation of existing resources gives funding sources a pretext for ignoring these new needs.

反對者爭論並聲稱，這種以重新分配現有的資源為藉口將使資金來源減少並忽略這些新的需求。

It also puts the library at risk of abdicating its role as the organizer and provider of information for its clientele.

它也迫使圖書館放棄其組織作用和保護供應商所提供的資料並任其客戶使用。

The Scholarly Record


But many of the basic principles and practices of collection development assume the acquisition of an object-paper and ink or media carrying audio or visual in-formation-which typically becomes a permanent part of the collection.

但是，許多基本原則和做法上，收集館藏發展所設定的收購對象是紙張和油墨印刷品或媒體音頻、視頻信息，那些資料通常成為一個永久的收藏。


A major function of the collection development librarian is to serve as a gatekeeper, identifying that portion of the published universe which a given library chooses to acquire.

一個有功能的圖書館館藏發展是充當看門人，藉以查明全世界所出版支出版品並了解此圖書館的獲取選擇。


An effective bibliographer or selector should be familiar with the subject matter, including trends in research and publishing, knowledgeable about the strengths and interests of faculty and students, well informed about the book trade, and able to manage a budget.

一個有效的編書者選擇應熟悉的題材，包括趨勢，研究和出版，了解長處和利益的教師和學生，充分了解圖書貿易，並能夠管理的預算。


Cooperation with other libraries collecting similar materials, with the avowed intent of avoiding unnecessary duplication and maximizing budgets, has received increasing attention, but the focus has always been the local collection.

與其他相似的圖書館共同合作收集資料，並公開共同目錄，避免重複不必要的資源和在最大限度的預算中獲得最多的資源，被評認為館藏成長的訊息，但重要的是持續保存原有的館藏。

ο Not all communication among scholars is scholarly communication.

並不是所有的學者之間的交流就是學術交流。

Electronic Texts or Electronic Publishing


In discussing electronic texts in the humanities, it is necessary to draw some important distinctions, although these distinctions are not always equally relevant.

在人類討論電子原文的過程中，雖然特性不總是同樣相關，但是制訂一些重要的區別是必要的。

Much of the interest in electronic texts among humanists so far has focused on those texts which make up the various canons of different fields.

迄今大部分的人類學者對電子原文的興趣已經集中於製作不同領域、各種準則的原文。


In others, the body of texts is selective, though extensive, and the aim may eventually be to achieve some level of comprehensiveness.

在其它方面，原文的主體是有選擇性的，雖然廣大，並且最終目標可能是達到綜合的一些水準。

In addition, there are many other projects of varying size and complexity and thousands of individual texts around the world which have been created to serve the immediate needs of a specific researcher or research project.

另外，世界上各種類型、複雜性、難以計量的原文的其他方面已經被建立於服務特殊的研究人員或者研究計畫的立即需要。


In most cases the creator of these texts did not initially plan for electronic distribution of the actual text by way of networks or other means.

多數情況下，這些原文的創建者最初沒有經由網路或其他的方法為實際原文的電子做分配計劃。

The aim was typically the study of the particular text in question, the desire to produce a concordance, or some similar purpose.

目標典型地是指討論中的特殊原文研究，生產一致或者一些相似目的的慾望。


Much recent attention on electronic texts, especially among librarians, has focused on the potential of a network-based system of scholarly communication as a replacement for the expensive and cumbersome world of paper and print publishing.

最近在電子原文方面的注意力，已經把重心集中在好學溝通的、以網路為基礎系統的潛能，將紙本和印刷出版業的昂貴作替換。


Many view with eagerness the opportunity offered by such a system to wrest control of the scholarly publication from commercial sources.

許多藉由系統提供的機會渴望獲得商業資源的學術出版品控制權。

At the same time, it seems to hold out the only chance for libraries to escape from the endless rounds of cost increases which always overmatch budgets.

同時，它好像提供唯一的機會讓圖書館逃離費用總是勝過預算的增加的無限輪迴。


This kind of system would of course provide the same facilities for scholarly information in the sciences and social sciences as well.

這種系統將會理所當然的為在科學和社會科學中，學術水平高的資料提供相同的設備。

It could fundamentally alter the basic assumptions under which bibliographers and selectors have worked since libraries began to build collections.

它基本上可以改變在書目學家和選擇者自從圖書館開始建立館藏發展以後就已經運作的基本的假定。


To date, this system is still inchoate. A bibliographer can apply the selection criteria typically used in the selection of printed texts to these electronic counterparts.

然而到目前為止，這個系統仍然才開始書目學家能應用典型地、用來選擇印刷文本的選擇標準來做電子資源對應的事物。


A crucial question, which has validity in both the electronic and print realms, has to do with the quality and authenticity of the text being judged.

一個在電子和印刷範圍中有有效性且決定性問題，必須以品質和被判斷的原本的確實性有關。

Depending on circumstances, it may be desirable to have a text in electronic format even if it is based on an inferior or flawed source, but the quality of source text matters.

根據這些情況，還是以想要的電子原文為基準，即使這些原文是有缺陷的是次等的，而不是以這些電子原文的品質來做基準。


The English Poetry Full-Text Database, which avoids copyright issues by its chronological limitations and its choice of texts, may be providing less than ideal texts in those cases where a modern editor has published a version based on all the available evidence.

英國詩全文資料庫，避免它的按年代序限制和它的本文的選擇的版權議題，可能在那些情況提供一點也不理想的本文，於此一個現代的編者已經出版被基於所有的可得證據的一個版本。

Migne Versus Cetedoc


The publication in electronic form of Migne’s Patrologia Latina and of Cetedoc’s texts in the Corpus Christianorum series provides a case study of issues that arise in selecting electronic texts in the humanities.

Corpus Christianorum 叢書將出版電子型式的 Migne’s Patrologia Latina 和 Cetedoc’s texts 提供了一個爭論人文學裡選擇電子資源的研究案例。

The text of Migne’s Patrologia Latina is being issued by Chadwyck-Healey, which is beginning to take an aggressive role in developing and marketing electronic resources of interest to humanists.

Chadwyck-Healey 的 Migne’s Patrologia Latina 的全文、本文，在人文學者對電子資源的發展扮演了一個重要的角色。


Migne’s Patrologia Latina Migne collected and printed what were purportedly the b

est available editions of the writings of the Latin fathers from the third through the thirteenth century.

Migne 收集和印製了號稱是現有的最佳版本的 13世紀末葉拉丁美洲的教父學著作。

While many works contained in Migne’s corpus have seen modern editions in the twentieth century, for a large number of authors and text, the Migne edition is the only widely available source.

在 20 世紀的許多現代作品有以 Migne 為素材，但 Migne版是唯一被廣泛使用的。


At the same time, Brepols, a major Belgian publisher of patristics, has announced the publication of a CD-ROM entitled the Cetedoc Library of Christian Latin Texts.

　同時，出版教父著作主要的出版商 Brepols ，宣佈一個 CD-ROM 題名為 Cetedoc 圖書館的拉丁美洲基督教文本。

The printed series, intended eventually to replace and supplement Migne, presents up-to-date texts carefully edited to the highest standards.

　這印本的叢書，打算取代和增補Migne ，成為最新的版本標準。


The debate engendered by the announcement of these two publishing projects focused on a variety of issues including cost, the quality of the texts, searching capabilities, and tagging.

宣布這兩個出版計畫，產生許多爭論，包括成本、文本的品質、搜尋能力、等。

the Chadwyck-Healey product sells for around $45,000. Chadwyck-Healey 的產品售價大約為 45000美元。 the CD-ROM from the TLG containing all Greek literature is

currently priced at $750 for institutions. 內容包含所有希臘文學以 CD-ROM型式出版，當前售價為 75

0美元。


Timothy Reuter :suggests that electronic texts will only become more affordable as the industry develops.

電子文本只會變得越便宜就像工業的發展。 Bob Kraft :urges Chadwyck-Healey to take the product “

back to the drawing board” and considered “calling for a boycott of the product by the libraries that are being threatened by this offer.”

強烈建議 Chadwyck-Healey要降價，受威脅的圖書館要抵制他們的產品。


Many attacked the quality and accuracy of Migne’s texts. Cetedoc editions were typically the most recent, and usually the best.

Defending the Migne product, its publication and still provided the only edition of many texts.

許多人攻擊 Migne 文本，認為 Cetedoc 編的最好。電子型式還是以 Migne 為標準， Migne仍為許多文章引用。

Michael Sperberg-McQueen:urged that “Chadwyck-Healey will do more for patristics, by reproducing Migne than by waiting another fifty years for better editions.

強烈建議 Chadwyck-Healey 為教父著作做更多的事。


Gaylord:worries that his librarian will buy the Chadwych-Healey product because it is known as a standard work in medieval studies, and will not realize that scholars are doing.

他的憂慮圖書館將收購 Chadwych-Healey 的產品，因為它是中世紀的研究的標準，沒有真正知道學者在做什麼。

This lack of confidence in librarians’ understanding of the importance of textual authenticity is perhaps as worrisome as the assumption that libraries will be the provider of such information.

缺乏對館員對其研究知識內容的信賴度，也許是令人擔憂的假設，因圖書館將提供這類的資料。


The Chadwyck-Healey products are among the first to be published using Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) compatible with the standards being promulgated by the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI).

Chadwyck-Healey 的產品是第一個將出版使用標準通用標記語言 (SGML)符合標準頒布的文字編碼倡議 (TEI) 。

Reuter:whatever the quality of Migne’s texts, what was more important was the accuracy with Chadwyck-Healey had brought those texts into electronic form.

無論 Migne 文本的品質，更重要的是 Chadwyck-Healey準確地將這些文書轉變成電子形式。

Standards, Software, and Criteria

Standards, Software, and Criteria It is unusual to have a choice between two similar electronic resour

ces like the Chadwyck-Healey and Cetedoc products. 在兩個相似的電子資源之中像是 Chadwyck－ Healey 和 Cetedoc p

roducts 做選擇是非常少見的。 The Cetedoc - Migne debate is instructive because it mirrors, in par

t, questions that arise in any selection decision between two products that provide similar information, but also because it reflects concerns which could only arise in the online environment.

Cetedoc-Migne 的辯論是建設性的，部分在提供相似資料的二種產品之間出現每一個選擇決定方面的疑問，也因為它只可以出現在線上的環境而反映出擔心。

Since others have discussed many of these issues and concerns, the following remarks will focus on some specific topics which seem to have serious implications for libraries attempting to collect electronic resources in the humanities.

其他的人已經討論大部份這些議題和關心，跟隨著評論將會關注到一些特別看起來涵義重要主題，為了圖書館嘗試在人文學科中收集電子的資源。

Standards, Software, and Criteria In the humanities, particularly in those fields that focused on liter

ature, history, religion, and similar areas where specific texts have great importance, bibliographers and selectors must know how to distinguish important texts from unimportant, authentic from unauthentic, scholarly from popular.

在人文學科中，特別地在把重心集中在文學、歷史，宗教的那些領域，這些領域的特性主題有很棒的重要性，書目學家、選擇者一定要知道如何從不重要的 ,去區分重要的 ,從不真實中區分真實的 ,從流行中區分好學的文章。

Literary texts, are copies or versions of printed counterparts. Often the library already owns the published text which formed the basis of the electronic edition. The primary motive for acquiring the electronic version, as with the Migne and Cetedoc collections discussed earlier, is to provide users with the improved capacity offered by indexing and access software to access and analyze the text.

人文學的本文是印刷對方的副本或版本。圖書館已經擁有了電子版本出版的基礎形式。主要的動機是為了獲得電子版本 , 早些時候討論關於 Migne 和 Cetedoc 收集，從索引和通路軟體去取得並且分析本文的改良的能力提供給使用者。

Standards, Software, and Criteria Finding out about electronic texts requires attention to a nu

mber of specialized sources of information like the Humanities Computing Yearbook, Computers and the Humanities, and Literary Linguistic Computing. The selector should also be familiar with the work of a number of projects and centers with a special interest in humanities computing, many of which publish newsletters or sponsor electronic forums.

電子本文一些資源的特殊來源 :像人文科學的電腦年鑑、電腦、人文科學和文學的語言學計算。選擇者也應該熟悉一些在人類電腦中帶有特別的計畫和中心的工作 , 有很多的出版通訊，或者電子論壇的贊助者。

Within libraries it is collection development librarians, with their subject and language expertise, who are in the best position to keep current with this chaotic situation and make informed judgments about resources.

在圖書館裡面，人文學者是收集發展圖書館員，藉由他們的主題和語言專長，在最好的位置中與這種混亂的情形保持現狀而且製造關於資源的明智的判斷力。


Many of the sources which now actively distribute their texts or corpora began as projects with limited aims and little or no thought of distribution. In part, it is the microcomputer revolution and the growth of cheap mass storage capacity, in part the growing audience of uses that have made distribution feasible. What it means to publish an electronic text in view of the ease of duplication and dissemination and the informality typical of the process, is not at all clear.

現在很多的資源正積極的區分他們的本文或文集 ,開始像是將目標的範圍做限制和減少或沒有想法的區分計畫。一部份是微電腦革命和便宜的大眾儲藏能力的成長，部份是使用的聽眾增加已經讓分配能實行。意思是指出版電子本文考慮減輕副本和傳播和非正式典型的過程 ,是不明確的。

One cause of the seemingly chaotic situation with regard to electronic texts stems from the difficulty of finding out what is available and how to get it.

造成此一混亂的狀況之來自 , 找出什麼是可利用的電子本文和如何去得到的電子本文是困難的。


it is essential to find a single solution to accommodate the multiplicity of character sets and scripts used around the world.

解決許多個性上適應的設定和字體的使用方案是必要的。 Unicode proposes a single encoding scheme for all currently spoken lan

guages, including those in non-Roman scripts. Unicode proposes a 16-bit coding scheme, with a capacity of 65,536 codes. Its developers hope that its adoption will make it simpler to write multilingual software and exchange information worldwide.

統一碼提出了一個入碼方案 ,為了所有現在正被說出口的語言，包括那些非羅馬的手寫體中。統一碼提議一個 16位元方案編碼，藉由 65,536 編碼的能力。它的開發者希望，它的採用將讓在全世界寫多元語言的軟體和交換資料變得比較簡單。

The failure to date to represent East Asian vernacular scripts in existing catalogs reflects how far from the ideal are these tools. Unicode may not turn out to be the successful solution to the multiscript problem, but it does represent an encouraging move toward standardization and interchangeability.

失敗到目前為止，在現有的目錄，代表東亞地方的手寫體中，反映出這些工具的理想是多遠。統一碼可能不會變成成功解決多手寫體問題的辦法，但是它確實代表對於標準化和可互換性的一種支持的動作。


TEI aims to produce what some have called a metalanguage – i.e., a coding scheme which will enable texts to be created in a standardized form transportable from one hardware and software platform to another without loss of information about structure and textual features.

TEI 打算生產一些已經被稱為語言分析用的語言。一個方案編碼 ,將能夠從使本文能夠以一種被標準化的形式被創造從硬體和軟體傳播到其他沒有失去結構和本文特色資訊。

TEL has produced draft Guidelines with the intent to support data interchange and application-independent local processing and to offer guidance in text creation or capture. If the TEI succeeds in meeting its goals, it could from the basis for a more coherent and orderly growth in the development and use of electronic texts.

TEL 已經有意產生草稿指導方針去支持資料交換和申請 -獨立的地方處理和去提供本文的創新或獲得引導。如果 TEI 成功地遇見它的目標，它可以在發展中更互相密合和更有秩序的成長和電子本文的使用為基礎。

Standards, Software, and Criteria One obvious feature which differentiates an electronic text fr

om a printed one is the necessity for equipment and software. Until recently, most selectors were not accustomed to factoring equipment considerations into their decision-making process.

電子本文不同於印刷的一個明顯的特徵是設備和軟體的需要。直到最近，大多數的選擇者因不習慣設備考量進入他們的決策程序。

Some text files are only accessible through tailor-made software, while others may be used with a variety of packages. But whatever the interface, the utility of a given text file might depend more on the availability of Micro-OC, FolioViews, or Wordcruncher software than on the quality of the text itself.

是由於一些文字檔只能透過相符的軟體進入，其他可能被多變化軟件使用。但是不管是什麼界面，文字檔能有效使用可能用在 Micro-OCP ， FolioViews 或 Wordcruncher 軟體比在本文本身的品質好用的多。


The quality and accuracy of this software must receive greater attention from scholars and librarians. This dependence on unfamiliar equipment and access software imposes new requirements on both the selector and those who catalog and provide service for such resources.

這軟體的準確性和品質一定要受到來自學者和較棒的圖書館員注意。依賴不熟悉的設備和通路軟體，因此把新的需求強加於選擇者和那些為了資源的目錄和提供服務的人。

Visionaries and Luddites


The visionaries, “believe that the emerging technologies signal a radical change in every aspect of scholarly communication”.

　有遠見者認為新興技術從根本上改變了每一個方面的學術交流。

the Luddites are “unalterably wedded to print”

　 Luddites 是堅守拘泥於紙本技術的人


Most scholars are neither visionaries nor Luddites and it is this large and largely indifferent group that must be convinced of the efficacy of technological solutions to the problems of scholarly communication.

　在學術交流方面，大多數學者只在有效技術解決問題上採取確信的態度。


One reason for the indifference of this silent majority is the absence of clear evidence of the benefits of a new technology based order.

　造成學者冷淡的原因之一是缺乏明確的證據證明新的技術的好處。


Olsen argues that the computer has not had significant influence on literary studies because old models remain dominant.

奧爾森認為，因為舊模式仍然佔主導地位，所以電腦還沒有重大影響的文學研究。


Thomas N. Corns (1991) comes to a similar conclusion when he notes that “there is no substantial body of achievement in the field of computer-based literary criticism in English studies.

Thomas N. Corns指出，在英文研究中沒有以電腦為基礎的內容充實的文藝評論。

Conclusion

Conclusion

The preceding paragraphs have sketched some of the issues which must concern the collection development librarian in determining the role of computer files in building collections as well as in making particular purchase decisions.

必須關注圖書館館藏發展中的作用決定的電腦檔案館藏建設以及購買決定。

End

Documents

第五組 組員 496100082 蔡乃文 496100290 黃湘茹 496100343 凌詩婷 496100563 羅玉芬 496100575 吳旻真

第五組組員 496100082 蔡乃文 496100290 黃湘茹 496100343 凌詩婷 496100563 羅玉芬 496100575 吳旻真