სტუდენტური ფორუმი #5

daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis institutis samarTlis

meTodebis, samarTlis Teoriisa da filosofiis mimarTuleba

studenturi forumi

Sesavali samarTalmcodneobaSi

dimitri gegenavas redaqtorobiT

damxmare masalebi iuridiuli fakultetis studentebisaTvis,

Sedgenili daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis institutis staJiorebis mier

$1. samarTlianobis saxeebi (mariam grigalaSvili)

$2. ganawilebiTi samarTlianoba (TaTia jorbenaZe)

$3. gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianoba (TaTia jorbenaZe)

$4. utilitarizmi (nata kapanaZe)

$5. samarTlis ekonomikuri analizi (mariam grigalaSvili)

$6. roulzis samarTlianobis Teoria (gvanca xarebava)

Tbilisi

2015

daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis instituti

2

Tavi V. samarTlianoba

$1. samarTlianobis saxebi

samarTali aris marTlwesrigisa da samarTlianobis xelovneba1. Zvel saberZneTSi swamdaT,

rom samarTlianoba dakavSirebulia sazogadoebis wesrigTan: mowesrigebuli sazogadoeba amkvi-

drebs samarTlianobas, xolo samarTlianoba Tavis mxriv amkvidrebs wesrigs sazogadoebaSi.

platonis azriT, samarTlianoba amkvidrebs sikeTes adamianTa Soris urTierTobaSi. samarTlia-

noba aris Zala, romelic aerTianebs adamianebs.2

samarTlianoba aris socialuri institutebis umTavresi Rirebuleba. samarTlianobis mixed-

viT, kanonebi da sxva instituciebi unda gauqmdes an Seicvalos, Tu isini usamarTloa, ar aqvs

mniSvneloba, ramdenad efeqturi an kargad SemuSavebulia isini.3

lokisTvis bunebiTi samarTlianoba udgens zRvars da mimarTulebas aZlevs samoqalaqo sa-

marTlianobas, bunebiT uflebebze misi orientirebiT. romaelebis wvlili samarTlianobis kon-

cefciis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovania. romauli msoflmxedveloba samarTlianobas ukavSirebs

pirovnebis uflebebis moculobas. samarTlianoba ganixileba, rogorc mudmivi moTxovna da

pretenzia, xelisuflebis mier aRiarebuli da daculi iqnas adamianis piradi uflebebi.4

ZiriTadad ganasxvaveben samarTlianobis or saxes _ ganawilebiTsa da gaTanabrebiTs, Tumca,

aseve, mniSvnelovania yuradReba gavamaxviloT formalur, sagnobriv da socialur samarTliano-

baze.

formaluri samarTlianoba moiTxovs, rom norma iyos zogadi da abstraqtuli, is mimarTuli

unda iyos subieqtTa ganusazRvreli wrisken. mocemul SemTxvevaSi naklebi yuradReba eqceva

normis Sinaarss. samarTlianobis es saxe damaxasiaTebelia samarTlis nebismieri sistemisTvis,

radgan samarTals ayalibebs swored zogad-abstraqtuli normebis erToblioba.5 formaluri

samarTlianoba cdilobs SeinarCunos Tanasworoba da aRmofxvras arsebuli usamarTlod darR-

veuli Tanasworoba.6

formaluri samarTlianobisgan gansxvavdeba sagnobrivi (individualuri) samarTlianoba. mis

Tanaxmad, samarTlis zogadi norma samarTliani iqneba, Tu igi amavdroulad iZleva konkretuli

SemTxvevis individualuri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebis saSualebas, radganac sayovelTao,

ugamonakliso samarTlis normam SeiZleba gamoiwvios didi usamarTloba. samarTlianobis aRniS-

nuli saxe winaaRmdegobaSi modis samarTlebriv usafrTxoebasTan.7

samarTlianobis damoukidebeli saxea socialuri samarTlianoba, romelic mTliani sazoga-

doebis instituciur wesrigs exeba. socialur saxelmwifos xSirad arasworad ganmartaven,

rogorc socialuri samarTlianobis saxelmwifos. samarTlianobis cneba subieqturia, rogorc

saxelmwifos mizani, socialuri saxelmwifo adgens garkveul moTxovnebs, romelic mimarTulia

kanonmdeblisa da zogadad saxelmwifosken.8 termini `socialuri samarTlianoba~ miuTiTebs ke-

Tilsindisierebasa da sazogadoebis Tanaziar valdebulebebze. aucilebelia, rom adamianebs

hqondeT warmatebis miRwevis Tanabari SesaZlebloba. socialuri samarTlianobis yvelaze gav-

1 cipeliusi r., iuridiuli meTodebis moZRvreba, miunxeni, 2006, 11. ix. citireba: digestebi 1.1.1. 2 savaneli b., samarTlis zogadi Teoria, Tbilisi, 2008, 82. 3 <http://www2.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ362/hallam/readings/rawl_justice.pdf> [10.11.2014] 4 savaneli b., samarTlis zogadi Teoria, Tbilisi, 2005, 82-83. 5 ix., xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2004, 74. 6 Carr C.L., The Concept of Formal Justice, Philosophical Studies, Vol. 39, No. 3, 1981, 226. 7 ix., xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2004, 74. 8 iqve.

studenturi forumi, Sesavali samarTalmcodneobaSi, dimitri gegenavas redaqtorobiT

3

leniani moazrovne jon roulzi iyo, romelic socialur Tanasworobasa da individualur Ta-

visuflebas Soris balansis arsebobis ideas aviTarebda.9

9 <http://www.thersa.org/action-research-centre/learning,-cognition-and-creativity/education/social-justice/what-social-justice-

means> [10.11.2014]


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$2. ganawilebiTi samarTlianoba

aristotele samarTlianobis or ZiriTad kategoriad gamohyofs: 1. gantolebiTi (gaTanabre-

biTi) samarTlianoba, romelic ekonomikur sferoSi moqalaqeebis gaTanasworebas gulisxmobs da

2. ganawilebiTi samarTlianoba, sikeTis ganawileba moqalaqeTa Rirsebis mixedviT, individua-

luri Taviseburebebis Sesabamisad.10

ganawilebiTi samarTlianoba samarTlianobis saxea, romelic garkveul privilegiebs, mova-

leobebs, socialur sikeTeebs damsaxurebisda mixedviT anawilebs. is mWidrod aris dakavSire-

buli filosofiasa Tu socialur mecnierebebTan. socialuri fsiqologia ganawilebiT samar-

Tlianobas sazRvravs imis mixedviT, Tu ra doziTaa ganawilebuli jgufis wevrebze rogorc

jildo, ise xarji. magaliTad, rodesac muSebs erTnair samuSaoze sxvadasxvanairad uxdian,

Cndeba ganawilebiTi usamarTlobis gancda. mokled rom vTqvaT, ganawilebiTi samarTlianobis

ZiriTadi arsia garkveuli sikeTis ganawileba samarTlianobis darRvevis gareSe, Tumca masSta-

bebs saxelmwifo adgens. TviTon ganawilebis procesSi minimum sami subieqti monawileobs,

romlidanac erT-erTi saxelmwifoa. Teoria amtkicebs, rom sazogadoebas garkveuli movaleobe-

bi aqvs TiToeuli adamianis mimarT da piriqiT, individsac aqvs valdebulebebi sazogadoebis

mimarT. am Teoriis momxreebi miiCneven, rom adamianis uflebebi, Rirseba, saerTo keTildReoba

warmoudgenelia ganawilebiTi samarTlianobis gareSe, Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom robert noziki

ganawilebiT samarTlianobas uflebad ar moiazrebs.

ierarqiul struqturebSi, ganawilebiTi samarTlianoba SeiZleba gamoviyenoT moTxovnilebis,

Setanili wvlilis an Tanasworobis mixedviT.

forsiSma gamoyo ganawilebiTi samarTlianobis xuT masStabs:

1. miukerZoebloba – jgufis wevrebis Semosavali TavianTi Sromis adekvaturi unda iyos. ma-

galiTad, Tu romelimem didi investicia gaakeTa (vTqvaT: dro, cota fuli, wevrebi, energia...),

imaze meti ekuTvnis, vinc arsebul kapitals jerdeba da naklebi iSroma. es principi ukavSir-

deba jon roulzs. is amtkicebda, rom didi socialuri ganawileba mxolod maSin moqmedebs, Tu

akmayofilebs or pirobas: a) yvela adamians aqvs Tanabari, sruliad adekvaturi pretenzia Zi-

riTadi uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebze (mag. sityvis, sindisis, aRmsareblobis da a.S.), b) nebis-

mieri socialuri uTanasworoba, rogoricaa SemosavlebSi sxvaoba dakavSirebulia im pozicieb-

Tan da ofisebTan (samuSao adgilebTan), romlebic Tanabari SesaZlebobebis pirobebSia miRweva-

di da ase Tu ise kargad Semosavliania.

2. Tanasworoba – yvela mxares mouwodebs Tanabari wilis miRebasa da samuSaos gawevas, anu

saSualebis miuxedavad, jgufis wevrebs Tanabari jildoebi/SeRavaTebi Tu xarjebi unda

hqondes. es principi, aseve, niSnavs Tanabar uflebebs, Semosavlebs, socialur momsaxurebebs da

a.S. Tanasworoba mxars uWers im azrs, rom is, vinc 20%-iT daexmara jgufis resurss, imdenive

unda mieces, ramdenic 60%-iT wvlilis Semtans.

3. Zalaufleba – meti Zalauflebis, statusis, kontrolis jgufebs qvemdgomebze meti

ekuTvniT.

4. saWiroeba – arsebuli resursi yvela adamians Tanabar pirobebSi ayenebs, TiToeuls

ekuTvnis moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad da ierarqia sruliad ugulebelyofilia. maSasadame, wvli-

lis Senatanis mouxedavad, meti unda moxmardes mas, visac Wirdeba.

5. pasuxismgebloba – jgufis wevrebi, visac yvelaze bevri aqvs, valdebulni arian gaunawi-

lon resursebi maT, visac is TiTqmis ar gaaCnia.11

10 metreveli v., daviTaSvili g., politikur da samarTlebriv moZRvrebaTa istoria (leqciebis kursi), Tbilisi,

1997, 41-42. 11

<http://www.ascensionhealth.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=80:principle-of-distributive-justice&Itemid=171>

[10.03.2014]


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ganawilebiTi samarTlianobis gaTanabrebaze sakuTari pozicia aqvs aristoteles. misi azriT,

samarTlianoba `aris sikeTis ganawileba moqalaqeTa Rirsebis mixedviT, individTa Taviseburebe-

bis Sesabamisad~. Tanasworobis sazomia geometriuli proporciuloba, rac niSnavs, rom sikeTe

subieqtis moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad unda ganawildes. dReisaTvis, mTavari `gamnawilebeli~

mainc saxelmwifoa, is cdilobs socialuri gansxvavebebis gaTanabrebas sxvadasxva gziT, maga-

liTisTvis gamodgeba garkveuli SeRavaTebis dadgena maRalmTian regionebSi mcxovrebi mosax-

leobis, studentebis, socialurad daucveli pirebisTvis. ganawilebiTi samarTlianoba gark-

veul normatiul CarCoSia Casmuli, Sinaganawesidan dawyebuli, sakonstitucio kontroliT

damTavrebuli.12

ganawilebiT samarTlianobaze saubari jon roulziseuli samarTlianobis gareSe arasru-

lyofili iqneba. roulzi miiCnevda, rom samarTlianoba aris adamianis muSaobis nayofis imgvari

gadanawileba, rom aravin igrZnos Tavi daCagrulad, usamarTlod. maSasadame, aucilebelia sa-

marTlianobis kriteriumebis gansazRvra, romlebic samarTlianobis ZiriTad principebze unda

iyos dafuZnebuli. amgvari samarTliani SeTanxmeba hipoTetur xasiaTs unda atarebdes, radgan

is konkretuli interesebidan, racionaluri individebis mier unda iyos miRweuli. roulzis

azriT, samarTlianobis ZiriTad kriteriumad `refleqsuri wonasworobis~ meTodi gamoiyeneba,

rac niSnavs garkveul movlenebze daskvnebis gamotanas da maT Sesabamisobas eTikasa da moral-

Tan; anu azris Camoyalibeba, formireba xdeba iqamde, sanam is ar miva ZiriTad, zneobriv wer-

tilTan da gawonaswordeba. roulzi mkveTrad ewinaaRmdegeba gaTanabrebis Teorias da ambobs,

rom sayovelTao Tanasworoba SeuZlebelia Tundac iqidan gamomdinare, rom arcerTi adamiani

Tavs ar miiCnevs sxvis Tanasworad.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom ganawilebiT samarTlianobas mxolod Teoriuli faseulobebi ar

aqvs da sakmaod farTod gamoiyeneba praqtikuli mniSvnelobiTac. cnobilia mravali mTavroba,

romlebmac sadao sakiTxebi ganawilebiTi samarTlianobis principebze dayrdnobiT gadaWra. es

gansakuTrebiT im qveynebs exeba, sadac eTnikuri daZabuloba da geografiulad gamorCeuli um-

ciresobebis konfliqtebi piks aRwevs (magaliTad, post aparteiduli samxreT afrikis respub-

lika).

<http://philosophicaldisquisitions.blogspot.com/2010/09/principles-of-distributive-justice.html> [10.03.2014] 12 xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2004, 72; <http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php?a=term&d=5&t=3166>

[10.03.2014];


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$3. gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianoba

ganawilebiTi samarTlianobisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic aqcents akeTebs sazogadoebis Rire-

bulebebsa da maTs individualur damsaxurebebze, gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianoba mudmivad gark-

veuli sagnebis Tanafardobazea damyarebuli. gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianoba Slis individualiz-

misTvis damaxasiaTebel sxvaobebs da yvelas Tanabar wils aZlevs. gaTanabreba efuZneba princips

– Tu ori tolia, maSasadame mesamec tolia. gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianobis darRvevaa, rodesac

erTi adamiani iparavs meores kuTvnil nivTs.13

rodesac pirma raime nivTisTvis gaiRo aTasamde laris odenobis xarji, igulisxmeba, rom is

sul cota imaves amoRebas gegmavs am obieqtidan, xolo Tu nivTi dauzianes, gaTanabrebiTi sa-

marTlianobis dasabalanseblad aucilebelia zianis anazRaureba. gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianoba

aris Zala, romelic aregulirebs erTis individualurs meores individualurTan.

gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianoba mkveTrad gansxvavdeba samarTlianobis sxva gagebisgan, magaliTad

ganawilebiTi samarTlianobisgan, romelic aqcents akeTebs imaze, Tu ra ekuTvnis pirovnebas

saerTo sazogado Rirebulebebidan.14 gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania sabazro ekonomikis pirobebi,

roca saxelmwifo ar awesebs garkveul mkacr sazRvrebs da bazari Tavisufalia, xelisuflebas

evaleba mxolod calkeuli samarTlebrivi kuTxis mowesrigeba da gaTanabrebiTi Tanasworobis

dacva, anu usamarTlobis Tavidan acileba, Tanabar pirobebSi Cayeneba, kanonis mimarT Tanaswo-

roba, moqmedebs miwodeba-moTxovnaze Camoyalibebuli meqanizmi da ara saxelmwifos mier dadge-

nili, rogorc ganawilebiTSi.15 gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianobis aSkara magaliTia kontrahirebis

iZulebis principi, roca kanoni avaldebulebs monopolizebul mwarmoebels Tanabar pirobebSi

Caayenos momxmareblebi, ar gamoiyenos Tavisi ukonkurento mdgomareoba da ar SesTavazos uzo-

mod maRali fasebi momxarebels, usafuZvlod ar uTxras uari produqciis miyidvaze da xaris-

xianad Seasulos valdebuli samuSao.

gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianobis arsis ukeT gasagebad aristotele ayalibebs ariTmetikul

proporciulobas. gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianoba ki saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis safuZvelia,

magaliTad, myidveli nivTis sanacvlos valdebulia gadaixados safasuri.16 mosamarTle valde-

bulia dazaralebuls zianis sanacvlod Sesabamisi anazRaureba gadasces, romelic saerTod ar

gamoricxavs sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas, sasjels. aristotele miiCnevs, rom samar-

Tlis saSualebiT mdgomareobiT gaTanabrebis dros, mosamarTlem unda isargeblos ariTmetiku-

li proporciulobiT: davuSvaT, rom ori mxare _ A da B Tanasworni arian. Tu A usamarTlod

miiRebs C-s B-s gan, isini iqnebian A+C da Sesabamisad _ B-C. mosamarTle asrulebs arbitris

funqcias, balansis dadgenas axdens C-s A-sgan aRebiT, raTa C gadasces B-s.17

SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom Tanasworobis konkretuli formula ar arsebobs, sruli cnebis

Camoyalibeba mxolod hipoTeturadaa SesaZlebeli, Tumca samarTlianoba samarTlis ZiriTadi da

umTavresi principia. gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianoba dasabams RmerTis winaSe Tanasworobis idei-

dan iRebs, rac Semdgom normebSi aisaxa. normatiuli gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianoba ki SedarebiT

gvian, aRorZinebisa da ganmanaTleblebis epoqaSi Camoyalibda. iuridiulad gaTanabrebiTi samar-

Tlianoba sayovelTao principia, is, aseve, konstituciuri normaa, romelic krZalavs adamianTa

diskriminacias garkveuli niSnebis mixedviT. gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianobis normatiuli gageba,

aseve, gulisxmobs, rom kanonis winaSe yvela Tanasworia da wodebrivi struqtura sruliad

ugulebelyofilia. kanoniT mxolod garkveuli uTanasworoba ikrZaleba. pirvelad aikrZala

13 <https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/dictionary/index.cfm?id=32673> 12.03.2014 14 <http://definitions.uslegal.com/c/commutative-justice/> [12.03.2014] 15 xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2014, 73-74. 16 iqve, 73. 17<http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9781405106795_chunk_g978140510679519_ss1-41> [11.03.2014]


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uTanasworoba warmoSobisa da kuTvnilebis niSniT, Tumca kanonmdebeli ar iswrafvis totalu-

ri Tanasworobisken, aq ZiriTadad igulisxmeba Tanasworoba adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuf-

lebebis sferoSi.

saxelmwifo ebrZvis adamianTa rasis, kanis feris, enis, sqesis, Sexedulebebis, erovnuli, eT-

nikuri, socialuri kuTvnilebis, warmoSobis, qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareobis, sacxovre-

beli adgilis niSnebis mixedviT uTanasworobas, aseve, xels uwyobs garkveul jgufebs (maga-

liTad, religiur umciresobebs) da ukeTebs SeRavaTebs, rac ar arRvevs gaTanabrebiTi samar-

Tlianobis princips da es gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianobis erTgvar paradoqsadac ki moixsenieba.

kanonmdebeli uzrunvelyofs formalur samarTlianobas Tanasworobis kuTxiT, xolo faqtobri-

vi Tanasworoba kvlav problemad rCeba.18

18 xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2004, 75-77.


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$4. utilitarizmi

utilitarizmis (utilitas – mogeba, gamorCena, sargebeli) Teoria Seiqmna me-18 saukuneSi. misi

avtori da fuZemdebelia jeremi bentami. 1789 wels bentamma gamosca naSromi `Sesavali mora-

lisa da samarTlis principebis Sesaxeb~, sadac acxadebs, rom bunebam gansazRvra kacobriobis

e.w. ori suverenuli mmarTveli tkivilisa da siamovnebis saxiT, romlebic gviCvenebs, Tu risi

gakeTeba gvevaleba da ra SeiZleba gavakeToT. tkivili da siamovneba marTavs adamianis qmedebebs

(maT fiqrebs, moqmedebebs).19 utilitarizmis Tanaxmad, saukeTesod miiCneva is kanonebi da xeli-

sufleba, romelic uzrunveyofs rac SeiZleba meti moqalaqis bednier cxovrebas.20 moqmedebis

swori kursis arCeva maqsimalur SesaZleblobas iZleva, rom es moqmedeba saerTo `sikeTis~

momtani iqneba. moqmedebis moraluri Rirebuleba misi SedegiT ganisazRvreba.

bentamisaTvis samarTlanoba aris `maqsimalurad didi keTildReoba maqsimalurad bevri ada-

mianisaTvis~21. utilitarizmis Tanaxmad, sayovelTao keTildReobis ideas upiratesoba unda mi-

vaniWoT individualur moTxovnilebasTan mimarTebaSi. qcevas da normas bentami afasebs maTi

sargeblianobis, moTxovnilebisa da interesis dakmayofilebis mixedviT.22

utilitarizmis Teoria bentamis Semdeg ganaviTara jon stiuart milma. mili, rogorც ben-

tami, utilitarizmis fundamentalur principad miiCnevs sargebels, did keTildReobas. igi

upiratesobas aniWebs im qmedebebs, romelTaganac proporciulad bevri sargeblisa da bednie-

rebis miRebaa SesaZlebeli.23

termini `utilitarizmi~ gamoiyeneba im SezRuduli da yoveldRiuri azriT, romlis mixed-

viTac, sargebeli siamovnebas upirispirdeba. yoveli avtori, romelic sargeblianobis Teorias

icavda (maT Soris, bentamic), masSi gulisxmobda ara raRac iseTs, rac siamovnebisgan unda gan-

vasxvaoT da mas daupirispiroT, aramed Tavad siamovnebas, tkivilisgan TavisuflebasTan erTad

da sasargeblos sasiamovnosTan an lamazTan dapirispirebis nacvlad, yovelTvis acxadebda rom

sasargeblo, sxva rameebs Soris, am ukanasknelsac gulisxmobs.

mrwamsi, romelic zneobis safuZvlad sargeblianobas, udidesi bednierebis princips aRiarebs,

gvaswavlis, rom qmedebebi kargia imis proprciulad, Tu ramdenad uwyobs isini xels bedniere-

bas da cudia imdenad, ramdenadac maT aqvT bednerebis sawinaaRmdegos gamowvevis midrekileba.

bednierebaSi igulisxmeba siamovneba da tkivilis ararseboba, ubedurebaSi _ tkivili da siamov-

nebis nakleboba.24

bentamis Teorias imTaviTve bevri kritika xvda wilad. utilitarizms sakmaod TavSekavebu-

lad Sexvdnen germaniaSi, sadac igi ganixileboda, rogorc normasa da qcevis Sedegze orienti-

rebuli eTika. anglosaqsuri samarTlis qveynebSi utilitarizms akritikebdnen imis gamo, rom

es Teoria aqcents akeTebda saerTo sargeblianobis ideaze.25 Tanamedrove sociologiaSi uti-

litarizmis principebma gamoyeneba ver hpova.26

27

19 Payne Seth R., Utilitarianism as Secondary Ethic, Yale Divinity School, December 30, 2006, 2. 20 SoSitaSvili n., telemediis Tavisufleba da damoukidebloba postrevoluciur (2003-2009) saqarTveloSi, Tbi-

lisi, 2010, 37. 21 xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2004, 82. 22 iqve. 23 ix., Payne Seth R., Utilitarianism as Secondary Ethic, Yale Divinity School, December 30, 2006, 11. 24 mili j.s., Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, utilitarizmi, Tbilisi, 2004. 25 xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2004, 82. 26 socialur da politikur terminTa leqsikoni-cnobari, Tbilisi, 2004, 305-306.


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$5. samarTlis ekonomikuri analizi

samarTlisa da ekonomikis urTierTobas didi xnis istoria aqvs, jer kidev meCvidmete sau-

kuneSi hobsis sakuTrebis Sesaxeb diskusiidan moyolebuli. bolo periodSi yudadReba maxvil-

deba samarTlebriv sferoze, gansakuTrebiT antimonopoliur da sazogadoebrivi sargeblobis

dawesebulebebze, romlebic pirdapir ukavSirdeba konkurenciasa da monopolias. ingliselma da

amerikelma ekonomistebma am sakiTxebze aqtiuri msjeloba 1930 wlidan daiwyes.28

samarTlis ekonomikuri analizi, rogorc damoukidebeli samecniero mimarTuleba, me-20 sau-

kunis 60-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda, gansakuTrebiT ki 80-ian wlebSi ganviTarda. Tanamedrove pe-

riodSi samarTlis ekonomikuri analizi moicavs rogorc sajaro, ise kerZo samarTlis mimar-

Tulebas.29

ekonomika Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Semadgeneli nawilia. iseTi cnebebis gareSe, rogo-

ricaa fuli, inflacia, umuSevroba, birJa, warmoudgenelia cxovreba. ekonomika aris socialuri

mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebas, ganawilebas, gacvlasa da

moxmarebas.30

samarTlis ekonomikur analizs ori mTavari funqcia aqvs. pirveli aris kanonis gamartiveba

gagebisa da SefasebisTvis, xolo meore biZgi imisa, rom daicva Seni ufleba.31 samarTlis eko-

nomikuri analizi aqtualuria ara mxolod amerikis SeeerTebul StatebSi, aramed evropaSic.

is cdilobs axsnas da winaswar ganWvritos samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi monawile pirTa qce-

va. is, aseve, cdilobs, gaaumjobesos samarTali im TvalsazrisiT, TuUra Sedegebi SeiZleba mo-

hyves ama Tu im normis moqmedebas.32

samarTlis ekonomikuri analizi arkvevs, Tu rogor unda uzrunvelyos samarTalma Tavisu-

fali bazris normaluri funqcionireba.33 igi samarTlis normis amowmebs misi gamoyenebis eko-

nomikur xasiaTiT. kriminologiuri kuTxiT ki misi kvlevis sagania, TuUramdenadaa SesaZlebeli

sanqciis miznebi, danaSaulTan brZola da zogadad, marTlmsajuleba ganxorcieldes maqsimalu-

rad naklebi danaxarjebiT.34

samarTlis ekonomikuri analizis mizania, minimaluri danaxarjiT maqsimaluri Sedegis miRwe-

va.35 ganvixiloT SemTxveva: adamianebi itanjebian Tirkmlis seriozuli daavadebiT, Tirkmlis

transplantacia ki am daavadebasTan brZolis efeqturi alternativaa. Tumca es yovelive sak-

maod Zviria. yvelaferi ki dakavSirebulia xelmiuwvdomlobasTaan, radgan akrZalulia organoe-

biT vaWroba. janmrTeli adamianisTvis aranair problemas ar warmoadgens am organos gayidva,

radgan meore Tirkmelic asrulebs im funqciebs, romelic adamianis sicocxlisaTvis aucile-

belia. aRniSnuli operacia, aseve, dabali riskiT xasiaTdeba. aqedan SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom

Tu dasaSvebi da xelmisawvdomi gaxdeba Tirkmlis inplantacia adamianebi, romlebic janmrTele-

bi arian gayidian mas. mis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba xelmisawvdomoba.36

samarTlis ekonomikur analizs ainteresebs `ra Rirs kanoni~, ra finansur da materialur

danaxarjebTan iqneba kanonis miReba da misi realizacia. igi adgens TuU1. rogor unda moiqces

28 Posner R.A., Values and consequences: An Introduction to Economic Analysis of Law, John M. Olin Law & Economics Working

Paper No. 53, 1. 29 ix., xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2004, 111. 30 ix., SalikaSvili m., kriminologia, Tbilisi 2011, 254. 31 Posner R.A., Values and consequences: An Introduction to Economic Analysis of Law, John M. Olin Law & Economics Working

Paper No. 53, 1. 32 iqve, 2. 33 xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2004, 111. 34 ix., SalikaSvili m., kriminologia, Tbilisi, 2011, 254. 35 xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2004, 83. 36 ix, Posner R., Utilitarianism, Economics, and Legal Theory, Journal of Legal Studies, No. 8, 1979, 138-139.


10

ekonomikuri subieqti im pirobebSi, rodesac misi moqmedebis Tavisufleba gansazRvrul samar-

Tlebriv CarCoebSia moqceuli da 2. ra ekonomikuri Sedegebi eqneba am qcevas.37

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samarTlis ekonomikuri analizi miznad isaxavs normis gamoyenebis

xarjebis dadgenas, raTa maqsimalurad naklebi xarjebiT iqnas miRweuli normis mizani, xolo

danaSaulebrivi qcevis analizisadmi ekonomikuri midgoma yuradRebas danaSaulidan mosalodnel

xarjebsa da sargebelze amaxvilebs.38

samarTlis ekonomikuri analizi upirveles yovlisa samarTlis ekonomikuri Teoriaa. mas be-

vri mimomxilveli da araekonomisti skeptikurad aRiqvams.39

37 xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2004, 112. 38 ix., SalikaSvili m., kriminologia, Tbilisi, 2011, 257. 39 Kaplow L., Shavell S., Economic Analysis of Law, in: Handbook of Public Economics, Vol. 3, edited by Alan J. Auerbach and

Martin Feldstein, Elsevier, 2002, 1761.


11

$6. roulzis samarTlanobis Teoria

jon roulzma Tavis naSromSi (A Theory of Justice) ganaviTara bentaminisa da milis Sexedule-

bebi socialuri xelSekrulebis safuZvelze.40 misi mizani iyo warmoeCina samarTlianobis kon-

cefcia, romlis safuZveli aris socialuri xelSekrulebis arsis ganzogadeba da misi ab-

straqciis ufro maRal safexurze ayvana. amisaTvis socialuri xelSekruleba ar unda ganvix-

iloT, rogorc mxolod konkretuli sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis Camoyalibebis an konkretuli

mmarTvelobis formis Seqmnis saSualeba.

samarTlianobis principebis saxelmZRvanelo idea aris is, rom ZiriTadi sazogadoebrivi

wyobilebisaTvis samarTlianobis principebi aris Tavdapirveli (namdvili) SeTanxmebis obieqti.

es principebi gansazRvravs sazogadoebis ZiriTad normebs individebis interesebisa da Tanaswo-

ruflebianobis Tavdapirvel sazrisTan SefardebiTa da SeTanxmebiT. mocemuli principebi awe-

srigeben yvela damatebiT SeTanxmebas; isini gansazRvraven sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis saxesa da

mmarTvelobis formas. samarTlianobis principebis amgvari ganxilvis gamo roulzma mas uwoda

samarTliani samarTali. samarTlian samarTalSi Tanasworuflebianobis ZiriTadi idea Seesabameba

socialuri xelSekrulebis Teorias.41

roulzi ayalibebs adamianTa sawyisi mdgomareobis fiqciur situacias, rodesac individebma

unda gansazRvron momavali sazogadoebrivi wesrigi.42 adamianebs ar SeuZliaT srulad gan-

sazRvron maTi SesaZleblobebi, roli da adgili sazogadoebaSi.43 arcodnis mdgomareoba ada-

mianebs ubiZgebs, rom abstrahirebuli iyvnen sakuTari interesebisa da moTxovnilebebisagan.

swored aseT mdgomareobaSI miRebuli principebi iqneba samarTliani.44 am dros aravis SeuZlia

Camoayalibos principebi Tavisi kerZo interesebis sasargeblod. amitom samarTlianobis princi-

pebi aris samarTliani SeTanxmebis Sedegi.45 es principebi, pirvel yovlisa, exeba ZiriTad so-

cialur wyobas. isini awesrigeben uflebisa da valdebulebebis gadacemas, socialuri da ekono-

mikuri sikeTeebis gadanawilebas. mocemuli formulirebis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebrivi wyobileba

SeiZleba dayofil iyos met-naklebad or gansxvavebul nawilad. ganasxvaveben socialuri siste-

mis im aspeqtebs, romlebic gansazRvraven da icaven moqalaqeebis Tanabar uflebebs, aseve, adge-

nen socialur da ekonomikur uTanasworobas.46

roulzi gamoyofs samarTlianobis or princips: 1. TiToeul adamians unda hqondes Tanabari

uflebebi ZiriTadi Tavisuflebis sistemidan; 2. socialuri da ekonomikuri uTanasworoba unda

emsaxurebodes yvela adamianis keTildReobas da dakavSirebuli unda iyos yvelasaTvis xelmwi-

sawvdom socialur statusTan.47

pirveli principi aRiarebs mxolod “ceteris paribus” (laT. yvelaferi Tanabari).48 moqalaqeTa

Tanasworuflebianoba moicavs politikuri uflebebs (arCevnebSi monawileobisa da sajaro sam-

saxurSi muSaobis ufleba); sityvisa da Sekrebis Tavisuflebas; rwmenisa da azris Tavisufle-

bas; sakuTrebis uflebas; Tavisuflebis xelSeuxeblobasa da sakuTrebis ukanono CamorTmevis

akrZalvas. pirveli principis Tanaxmad, moqalaqeebs Tanabari uflebebi unda hqondeT.49

40 xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2004, 80. 41 <http://rintintin.colorado.edu/~vancecd/phil3160/Rawls.pdf> [19.03.2014] 42 xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2004, 80. 43 <http://rintintin.colorado.edu/~vancecd/phil3160/Rawls.pdf> [19.03.2014] 44 xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2004, 80. 45 <http://rintintin.colorado.edu/~vancecd/phil3160/Rawls.pdf> [19.03.2014] 46 iqve. 47 xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2004, 80. 48 Rawls J., Justice as Fairness, The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 54, No. 22, 1957, 655. 49 <http://rintintin.colorado.edu/~vancecd/phil3160/Rawls.pdf> [19.03.2014]


12

meore principi gansazRvravs, Tu ra saxis uTanasworoba aris dasaSvebi. uTanasworoba sam-

saxureobriv dawesebulebebsa da Tanamdebobebs Soris ar aris gagebuli uaryofiTad, struqtu-

ruli gansxavebuloba ar warmoSobs davas (sazogadoeba ar aprotestebs sxvadasxva samsaxureo-

briv dawesebulebaSi yofnas, rogoricaa prezidentis adminitracia, sasamarTlo, aRmasrulebeli

xelisuflebis organoebi da a.S.). privilegiebsa da pasuxismgeblobaSi gansxaveba exeba maT pir-

dapir Tu arapirdapirad, magaliTad, saxeli da qoneba, an gadasaxadebis gadaxdis valdebuleba

da sasjelis moxda. uTanasworoba nebadarTulia mxolod maSin, Tu igi yvela mxares sargebels

moutans. msgavsi uTanasworobis gasamarTleblad, pirvel yovlisa, unda arsebobdes mtkicebu-

leba, rom igi saerTo azrs emsaxureba da unda efuZnebodes saerTo codnasa da rwmenas. es

principi ar aris SemxeblobaSi teqnologiur Tu metafizikur uTanasworobasTan (magaliTad,

religiur sawyisze dafuZnebuli uTanasworoba kastebs Soris), radgan es efuZneba saerTo

rwmenas da aRiarebulia im pirebis mier, romlebsac aRniSnuli uTanasworoba exeba. uTanaswo-

roba unda emsaxurebodes saerTo keTildReobas. mas Semdeg, rac es principi praqtikaSi iqneba

gamoyenebuli, ivaraudeba, rom nebismieri samsaxurisa Tu Tanamdebobis mqone piri, aseTi uTanas-

worobis obieqtad yofnis dros, unda miiCnevdes, rom es aris sasargeblo. aseTi uTanasworoba

umjobesia misi arsebuli da momavali cxovrebis pirobebisaTvis. sxvadasxva samsaxureobriv da-

wesebulebaSi muSaoba unda iyos yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi. magaliTad, konkursis wesiT mosam-

saxure personalis ayvana samsaxurSi.50

samarTlianobis principebi Tanaxmad, samarTlebrivi sistemis ZiriTadi idea samarTlianobis

koncefciaSia, romelic SemxeblobaSia im adamianebs Soris swor urTierTqcevasTan, romlebic

TanamSromloben an erTmaneTis konkurentebi arian. samarTlianobis Sesaxeb kiTxva aqtualuri

xdeba, roca Tavisufali pirebi, romelsac ar aqvs Zalaufleba sxvebis mimarT, arian dakavebu-

li saerTo aqtivobebiT da TavianT Soris adgenen an aRiareben wesebs, romelic sargeblisa da

valdebulebis saTanado wilebs adgens.51

roulzis SexedulebiT, arsebuli kanonmdebloba SesabamisobaSi unda movides upiratesad sa-

marTlianobis pirvel da Semdeg meore principTan. ekonomikuri sikeTeebis gadanawileba da Za-

lauflebis ierarqiuloba TanxmobaSi unda iyos moqalaqeTa Tanasworuflebianobasa da Tanabar

SesaZleblobebTan.52

50 Rawls J., Justice as Fairness, The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 54, No. 22, 1957, 655. 51 iqve, 657. 52 <http://rintintin.colorado.edu/~vancecd/phil3160/Rawls.pdf> [19.03.2014]

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