1.1. . () :1) ;2) , , , .. . .: 0,05% . , ( ). . : ; (); . , l , ro- , .RxRolx Rolro : OHRRa 1/3 . a . .R R , .1VR0RH . . , .. .SlR - . . ; l ; S .24dlR (1) . . (1):) (8 4 43 2 2d ddldldddldR + (1) :ddllRR + 2 dllldd - (3 , 0 )dl ; - dlRR) 2 1 ( + + ) 2 1 ( + += - . . ( 300), ( 500), ( 700), ( 1000). : . := 1,5 100 = 0,01 0,05

(0,20,1% ). . , .: = 5 15 ; 0,1 0,5 . .1 , 2 , . , .. U . . ( 24 )( ).2 . . , . .L j R Z ;R L > ; R RWL+2; SR2L - ; - ;S - ; - ; W - ; R R- ;.. M R R , , ( ). 0 .t l l l lt l lt l l) () 1 () 1 (2 1 0 2 12 0 21 0 1 + + (2 ).2 1 > .121212 . , , . : , , .1 2 3 , 20 400 500. 0,2 0,5 0,660, . . (, ). , , .) 1 (0t P Pt + 0P - ( 0) - 0 : P 3 10 :t P P P Pt t0 0 160 600. , . , :K M M K KV V Vt V t Vt+ + + , t - ; t - ; V , MV , KV- , , . 1 1.5. . 150 300. 1 3, . [ ] t V Vt) 3 ( 10 + - . - . () ( ). , , . , . . , . . .13Pttt1t2: , .. , . 60 300. , . 1.5. . . ) (00t tte R RR0 0. - >0, , , 1 )., .1. .2. .3. . .: .: , .R R ( ) Rt, .R ( ). , . R.. , , .U = 4 , .2 2 2 21 1 1 1I B C MI B C M , . , 1 = 2 2 2 2 1 1 1I B C I B C 1221BBCII = f()- , 21CCC - .

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21IIf - 12212211R RR RIIR R EIR R EItt++ >)++ = f().. . , .15S NRtREI2I1U RR2RtRRRRRRR1RR , , , , . 1 1,5. 1.6. . , . - () .R .

) 2 (1 3 2 tR R R R R + - .

R1R2R3Rt2R+ - ., .

R2R1R3Rt2R+ ( ) R 2 - , .. - (- ). .) ( ) (1 3 2 t R R R R R R + +R1 = R3, R2 = Rt , , . 4-8 , . . ( Rt).R R (100 )R R R , .R . R . , . . , . = maxsin16c = maxcos maxsin ( )2cos( )2+ maxtg = / c = tg ; = - . . . R = 100. R . R , . I < 8. R .R1 R2 R. , ( ) , , . 0,25 0,1. 1.7. . , , , , - . : , .. .) ( ) ( ) , (0 0t e t e t t EBA AB+ 0 ) , ( ,0 0 t t E t t) ( ) (0 0t e t eAB BA ) ( ) ( ) , (0 0t e t e t t EAB AB . .) ( ) ( ) ( ) , (0 0 0t e t e t e t t ECA BC AB+ + 0 ) , ( ,0 0 t t E t t) ( ) ( ) (0 0 0t e t e t eAB CA BC +) ( ) ( ) , (0 0t e t e t t EAB AB , . 0t, ) ( ) ( ) , (0 0t e t e t t EAB AB ) , ( ) , ( ) , (0 0 0 0t t E t t E t t E ) ( ) ( ) , (0 0 0 0t e t e t t EAB AB - .17A Bt0t A Bt0t0t . . 0 0t t > , + 0 0t t < , . , . . . , , , 100 , . (- ) -. (-) . . . (-) . (-) . 1. (-) (-) - -. (-). .- , (S)( 90% , 10% ) 0 1300 (1600) () (70% , 30% ) (94% , 6% )300 1600 (1800) () (90,5% , 9,5% ) (94,5% , 5,5% , , , )-200 1000 (1300) (L) (56,5% ,, 43,5% )-50 600 (800) ()- (95% , 5% - (80% , 20% )0 2200 (2500) () -200 100 ., . . .

MU- ; MR- ;TR- ;R - . , R R .18EtRT t0t0R1R3R2RMR4BMMR TMRR R REU+ + MMRREU+1R = 200 300 ( R = 5). , . R1, R2, R3 , R , . (R) . 0. , , . , .R . 1.8. . () . .R . . I2=0.P T XR I R R R I E1 2) ( + + + 2 1I I I + P P T XR I R R R R I E1 2) ( + + + + const I R I EP X > 1 1( ) (). , .E = 1,0183. ( , ).R . R I E1constREI 1 - , .R .

: , I1 I2.19E RI1RPEXERRRRRRRRRR1RI1I2I1 I2 : I1 = 3, I2 = 2.R .R . , 3. . 50. , .. 0,25 0,1% 1.9. . , . . :1. ().2. ().3. . ( ).) ( b . . , .) , () , () , (0T bTT b ) , ( T - ( )) , (0T b - , = 1. ( ). ) , (0T b 1900 .1) , (2510TCeCT b 4 :TCeCT b25 10) , ( 4000 . . . TMAX2898 . , 4T B 4 21210 67 . 5 - . :4100

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TC B [/2]4 267 . 5 C 20b()MAXT1T2T3 (, , -) . , 1 < . . , , . . :1. , , , .4 4) (PT T T 4) (1TT TP) (T - ... ;2 1h h h + ; 2 2 1 1h S h S 222122 1DdhSSh h

,_

+ 222 1Ddh h 2222 2 11 ghDdgh P P P

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+ 0,25%, D 20 d. .P1 > P2 - , 2 1h h h + 24P1P20h2h1hP1P2h1h2hr sin2n h, n .2 1sin nS 22121DdnSSn h

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+ 22sinDdn h

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+ 222 1sinDdgn P P P nk P , k k g sin ( )d2D2+

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, .

2 1P P> . G :SR P P MB) (2 1 sin Gl M - BM M sin2 1SRGlP P sin ) (2 1Gl SR P P . . . , - . . . () (). 2 1P P , cl G l G 2 1P P>ch h l c G S P P ) ( ) (2 1S h . 1.11. . . 50 1000 . 25r r r r PcSh , , , . . , .: , . . . . . , . . . . -22, : -22 1 , 2 . . . 1 2 . 4 . r, . 36. . , : , .. , .26r r r r r r . , , . . . .1. .2. . . . 2 : 1) ,2) . - . , . () . - . R R(1) - - r r (2) ) ( ) ( r R r R b b.. < > , b b - ); )( ( + b b - . +b.. bb > >> . . : 50 1000 . : 1600 .l ; S .PS N - , ., . . : = Nl :PSl M . . . 1.12. . , .27r RPablNNP1P21 2Q1` P1P2P2` S V Q - [3/] V- ; S - Q S V QCP M - [/] , .. , . 99% . . . . , , . :1. .2. .3. . .. (, ) . , , . . , . ( , ). . :1. ( )2 2 0 0 1 1S V S V S V Q (1)0V , 0S - ;1V , V2 , S1 , S2 ; 0110VVSSm - ( )2002VVSS - .0 1V m V QQQ Q 28 2=15 502. . .( )222 12112 2P V P V + + +( )2 222 2 112 mV P P + ( )2 12 22211P PmV + 0 2 2 2S V S V Q 2 12 1P PP P P SmQ + 2102 2; 2 1P P P ;

- .P S Q 20 - .P S Q 20 - . - .: ( ), .. . Re.Remin Re . Re > Remin.29 m1m2m3ReReminm3 7 . . , SiO3. ++23SiO Me , + - . , . , +. ] [ } [ H H >, ] [] [ln lnaaHHRT K RT A ] [] [ln lnHHRT K RT A + . : ] [] [ln1ln HHRTKRT Aaa , .. . : ] [] [ln] [] [ln lna aaHHRTHHRTKKRT A A + +] [] [ln] [] [ln lna aHHZFRTHHZFRTKKZFRTZFA + , , :] ln[ ] ln[ MZFRTHZFRT + pHa 059 , 0 + : , , .: ( ).41 Ag/AgClHCl - . Li, Ca, K, Na. .-. - . (). , . , .. , . , , , . . . , .42 AgClKCl UROCRHIE UUKU E U

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+ KU E11.. K >> 1, U E : ) 1 ( K R R + , . , .:)] ( 1 )[ ( 059 , 00t t pH pH E E + + . .E- U t t pH pH E E E + )] ( 1 )[ ( 059 , 00)] ( 1 [0 0t t IR IRt U + ) ( 1) ( 1) (059 , 0000t tt tpH pHRI + + ) ( 10t t + ) ( 10t t + , . . .SlR - SlR1 - - ASl- AR .1. .2. . :- - :- - .43EEt3t2t1`Rt-EnI - . , , 2 . Pl, Au. .R 1 2 1 2 - . . .ZX , . .) 1 (0t + - - , .Rr R . .44R1212UR1R2R3ZXCRtRt tR RR RR++ R RR R+R12C1C2 RRtT1T2121 2 . . , . ( ). , . 1 . .RX . , 2 1. 2 .1WUV W1 XRVI;ARX A WUI12KIW U KWWAUU12U = const . , W2 W3 , W1. .tC t - .3 2 1AW AW AW + - = 0. . . . . . - . . . . :45UU1122RXIU 12RtW1W2W3W4UC- L-1. . . , 10-16 10-14 .2. . . , . , 10-9 10-7 . . :1 2 , R :22 12 222122 13122 12 2212) () () ( C C gC C C C C gjC C gC gy+ ++ +++ + G Rg1 - .) (2 1C C gMAX+ ) ( 22 121C C CGMAX+ . 10-6 10-3, .. . :C B ; 22 12 222122 1312) () (C C gC C C C C gC+ ++ + 0 g, 2 12 1C CC CC+ g, 1C C 0 g, R , : . , , . , - .46 12RGg321C1 < 2 < 3123C12 12 1C CC C+ 4 6 aMAXliL2a - . : I . II . . . E MI j I L j I R + +2 1 1 1 1 01 2 2 2 2 + MI j I L j I R I1:

,_

+ +++2222222 21 222222 211) () ( ) (LL RML j RL RMREI222222 21) (RL RMR+ - 2222222 21) () (LL RML + - 1R , 2 2L R 22LRn . . . : () , .. .47R1EMR2L1L2II IR10,01 0,1110 100n342L1L2 4 63 4 . L1, 2L2 2. . : GBQ , .. . , . . , , . . , . . . , . . . :- - - - - - . - . -. - , .1 2 3 4 5 6 2, , , . 2. 3 4, . ( ).48 1 3 4 5 62 T.K. . . :nii i C1 . , (). .M M a a C C + aM aCC C + 1 ) 1 (0t + . . . , , . . .. . , , 200. , . 70%. 4 100 100. 0,02 0,05. . . 2 : I , II . R1 R3 . R2 R4 . . R5 R7 . R6 R8 . . R.49N NR1R2R3R4R5R6R7R8III R .... T.K.PIIIPII IRUUrRrU U ; . , . . . . . :1. , (, ).2. , ( , ) -3. . , . . . . , . . . . R . . . I .XM I , . . : < 0 . > 0 .50 N N Rt1Rt2RP/ .. .... NS T.K.M.K.nii i C X X1 - . .2020T PPTX X . . . . . . , , , . R1 R2. . . . .1. , . ( 20%). . . , . . , . , . . 2. , . (20 70%). . , . .3. , . ( 70%). , .51NSNSI II RP NN NNSSSSRPN R1 R2SR3R4US N .... N S.. .. . , . , . . . -.Cle I I 0 0I - I- , - l ClIID 0ln- . 1, 2, 3 4, 5, 6 , , . 1 . . 4 . . 2 5 . . 3 6 . . R, 3 6 . . , . , . , .52 123456 1212 .- , . . . . . . :- - - - - - . ., , . , , . . , , , . . , . . , . -. , , -, .53++ +++++ 123 4 , . . . . , , , .. , .- . , . . . :- -- - , , , . -:1. .2. .3. . - , , , , , . :1. , .. .2. .3. .4. . .: , , . - . , , . :1. .2. .3. .54++ - () 123 44. .5. . , , . . .1 2 3 4 2 . , .: , . . - . . , . . . . . . 4 8 0,5 10. . , 0,5 0,1.55 123 4- - 0,2 1 15 100. - . ( ). . , - . , . 1 , ..: 1 . :- - -- - -- - . 50 1000 .- . . . 105 . . - , . . , . - .- . - . , . , S2. , .- . . Ni63, -. . . .56 2=100-3002 1 11 , , -2 3 h , 5 . 0 - ( 0,5h).l - .) 2 ( ) 1 (5 . 0 5 . 0 + l) 2 ( ) 1 (5 . 0 5 . 0 +lK - , . :1. , > 0,65. , , .2. , ( ).3. ( ). , , . :% 1001nii ii iiQ KQ KCiK - , .iQ - . , . ( ):1. 2. 3. :1. . , , .2. . :1. .2. . . .57 0,5h1 23 (2)0,5(1)0,5C1C2l--1 1 . . .1 2, 2 3 4 -5 6 . 60 - . . .1 2 -3, 4 .5 . . . :1. Vma3 - , .2. :% 100Ee . - 3. , . :1. ab aU .2. bb aW , , b . WWUUUW+1;1. :1. ()582 2 31456-2 2 35614 12345 2. 3. 4. 5. :1. 2. . . , . -40. :1. . , () .2. . , . , . . . : Rt . . . ppm = 1/1000000. , . 25. 3 2 5 22HPO O H O P + - , 5 2 2 2 32 2 4 O P O H HPO + + - . .59 Rt : R , . 25. . . 15%, . , . . 0 2 ppm, 0 100 ppm. 4%, 10%. . . LiCl. , . , , , LiCl. . , LiCl. . . LiCl . , LiCl . .60ttP321321RRPBA RERPRR III ) (1b R EK UP I ) ( a R EK U II I IIxU U ( 0 1)) ( fb Ra RKUUxPIII . , , . . , , , . . lg lg S g. :- / , - , , - , LiCl. LiCl .. . . . .. . :) () (b CC CbCb C bt tEAPEEEet t AP E e b . , 3 / , . , .61 . . - . , 1010. . 2 30%. 2% , .. .. . 5 , 81.

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+ Wb abCC bC bC 1 . dM dV.dVdmVmV 0lim :Vm 3 O H2 , 4 , .. txP ++110 (). :1. ().2. .3. .4. .5. . . . , : + 0000) ( ) (hh hh h bsh h S g dh h S g F + h bsh h S g gV F0) ( ) ( ).. U1 U2 , K, 21lnUUK. , .. , .. . . :1. .2. .3. .4. .5. (). . . - :lce I I 0 :lcIID 0ln- . .70 12 31234U1U212 1 2 1 2 1 2 , . D : 2 2 1 1C l C l 2121CllC . 21IIa N , KII211 1 1I I I + 2 2 2I I I + K I II1 12 +ak N , ..N N - ) (2 1I I b M KII II I II I I12 22 2 21 1 1+ >) + + 1]1

,_

+ KI I I b M111 2 1111]1

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+ KI M b M1111 K , M M .1. .2. . , , .. .71 1 2I0I0I1U 1 2 I0I0I1I2 1 2I0I0I1I2RPU , .. , , . , , . , , .. , . . - ( , , , ). : lCt - - l- KC , . (, , ), . , . . , . . - : . : cos Hl - - l- - l . . . . . (.).72 , . - - .:CBVVN ; sinsinCBVV , ; .. > > >1 N:21VVn , .20Dn- D 205893n , : rnn+2122, r .12122+nnr MnnR2122+ . R :1. .2. . , . , , , , . . , . , . . , . . . . , .. .1 - , . .73 1n1n2 1 , . . n . , .2 1 . . ( , , ). . , .. . . > , .