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: 1939253

253 :

Nordling, "Stalin's Insistent Endeavors at Conquering Finland," 141.

78

: 5 1941254

. :255

Com. Stalin in his address spoke of the changes which had taken place in the Red

Army the past threefour years, the causes of the defeat of France, [about] why Britain is suffering defeats while Germany is having victories and whether the

German army is really invincible.

Comrades, permit me in the name of the Soviet government and the

Communist Party to congratulate you on the completion of your studies and to wish

you success in your work. Comrades, you left [serving ranks of] the army three or

four years ago; now you are returning to its ranks, and you will not recognize the

army. The Red Army is already not what it was several years ago.

(a) What was the Red Army like three or four years ago? The basic arm was

the infantry. It was armed with rifles which had to be reloaded after each round, with

light and heavy machine-guns, with howitzers and a gun having a muzzle velocity of

less than 900 m per second. The aircraft had a speed of 400500 km per hour [250310 mph]. The tanks had thin armor, able to withstand [only] a 37 mm gun. Our

division had up to18000 men, but this was not indicative of its strength.

(b) What is the state of the Red Army at the present time? We have

reconstructed our army and armed it with modern military equipment. However, it is

necessary to state . First of all that many comrades exaggerate the significance of the

events at Lake Khasan and Khalkhin Gol256

from the point of view of combat

experience. Here we were involved not with a modern army but with an out-of-date

[ustarevshaia] army. Not to say all that to you would be to mislead you. Of course,

Khasan and Khalkin Gol played their positive role. The positive role consisted of the

fact that on both the first and second occasions we defeated the Japanese. But the

actual experience used in there construction [perestroika] of our army we gained from

the Russo-Finnish War and from the modern war in the West. I say that we have a

modern army, armed with the newest equipment.

What is our army like now? Earlier there were 120 divisions in the Red Army.

Now we have 300 divisions in [v sostave] the army. The divisions themselves have

become somewhat smaller, but more maneuverable. Earlier there were 1800020000 men in a division. Now that has become 15000 men. Of the total number of divisions

a third are mechanized [mekhanizirovannye] divisions. That is not general knowledge,

but you need to know it. Of the 100 [mechanized] divisions, two-thirds are tank

[divisions], and one third mechanized [mekhanizirovannye] [sic] [i.e. motorized]. In the present year the army will have 50000 tractors and trucks.

Our tanks have changed their appearance. Earlier all [our] tanks were thin-

skinned. Now that is insufficient. Now armor which is 34 times thicker is required. We have first-line tanks [tanki pervoi linii] which can break through the [enemys] front. There are tanks of the second and third lines; these are tanks for supporting the

infantry. The firepower of the tanks has increased.

254

, , , .

, . .

255 Frster and Mawdsley, Hitler and Stalin in Perspective," 88-102. .

256 1939-1938 .

79

About artillery. Earlier there was a great enthusiasm for howitzers. The nature

of modern war has changed this and increased the role of guns [pushki]. Battle with

the enemys fortifications and tanks requires direct fire and high muzzle velocity up to 1000 or more meters per second. Gun-type artillery takes a great role in our army.

Aviation. Earlier the ideal speed in aviation was considered to be 400500 km an hour [250310 mph]. Now that is obsolete. We have in significant [dostatochnyi] quantities, and are producing in massive quantities, aircraft with a speed of 600650 km an hour [375400 mph]. These are the first-line aircraft. In the event of war these aircraft will be used in the first wave. They will clear the way for our relatively

obsolete I-15, I-16 and I-153 (Chaika) and SB aircraft. If we were to put these [older]

planes in the first wave they would get shot down.

We might have excellent commanders, but if we have not got modern military

equipment, we can lose a war. Earlier we did not pay attention to such an inexpensive

form of artillery as the mortar, which is a valuable type of weapon. Having in the past

neglected it, we now have among our armaments modern mortars of various calibers.

Earlier we did not have motorcycle units [samokatnye chasti], and now we have

created them; this is the motorized cavalry, and we have a sufficient amount of them.

In order to control all this new equipment, this new army, we need command

staff who completely understands the modern military art. Such are the changes which

have taken place in the organization of the Red Army. When you arrive at a unit of

the Red Army you will see the changes that have taken place. I would rather not speak

about this, but our military schools and academies are falling behind the modern

army.

(c) Our military-training institutions have fallen behind the growth of the Red

Army. Com. [I. K.] Smirnov has made a report here, and spoken about the graduates,

about training them in light of new combat experience. I do not agree with him. Our

military schools are still lagging behind the [. eld] army. They are trained using old

war equipment. They told me that the Artillery Academy train with the 3 inch [76

mm] gun. Is that the way it is, comrade artillerymen? (He turns to the army

artillerymen.) The military schools have fallen behind the army. The Air Force

Academy still trains on old machines, the I-15, I-16, I-153 (Chaika), SB. We must not

train using this old equipment.

To train on old equipment means producing obsolete people. This falling

behind is facilitated by the nature of training programmes. After all, to train about

new things and in a new fashion, is necessary to change the programme, but for that

much work is necessary. It is much easier to train according to old programme [that]

requires less trouble. Our military schools must and can reorganize their teaching

command staff with new equipment and use the experience of modern war. Our

military schools are falling behind, and that falling behind has logical enough causes.

[But] it must be liquidated. You are going to the army, where you will see all the new

things. To make your experience easier, I have spoken about the reorganization of our

army.

Why did France suffer defeat, while Germany was victorious? Is the defeated,

German army really invincible? You will arrive at [your] units from the capital.

Soldiers and commanders will ask you questions about what is going on now. You

have studied at the academies, you were there close to the high command

[nachal'stvo], you can tell them what is going on. Why was France defeated? Why is

Britain suffering defeat, while Germany is victorious? Is the German army really

invincible? A commander does not just have to command, to give orders, that is a

minor thing. He has to be able to talk to the troops. To explain to them what is going

81

on, to speak to them about spirit. Our great commanders of the past were always

closely linked to the soldiers. You must act as Suvorov did. They will ask you, what

are the reasons why Europe is in turmoil, why did France lose a battle, why was

Germany victorious? Is this because Germany had a better army? It is a fact that

Germany had a better army, both in terms of equipment and of organization. What

explains that?

Lenin said that defeated armies study well. This thought of Lenins can also be applied to nations. Defeated nations study well. The German army, having been

defeated in 1918, studied well. The Germans critically re- examined the reasons for

their defeat and found a way to organize their army better, to better train [podgotovit']

and arm it. The military thought of the German army moved forward. The army was

armed with new equipment. It was trained in new approaches to the conduct of war.

In general there are two sides to this question. It is not enough to have good

equipment and organization; it is necessary to have strong allies. Precisely because

defeated armies study well, Germany studied the experience of the past. In 1870 the

Germans defeated the French. Why? Because they fought [only] on one front. The

Germans suffered defeats in 19161917. Why? Because they fought on two fronts. Why did the French learn nothing from the past war of 19141918? Lenin

taught: parties and states perish if they close their eyes to shortcomings, if they are

distracted by their successes, if they rest on their laurels, if they become dizzy with

successes. The heads of the French were turned by victory, by self-satisfaction. The

French did not pay attention to their allies and lost them. The Germans took their

allies away from them. The French rested on their laurels. The military thought of the

French army did not move forward. It stayed at the level of 1918. No care was taken

with the army, and it had no moral support. A new attitude [moral'] was evident

which demoralized the army. People treated the military with scorn. The officers

began to be looked on as failures, as the dregs of society who, not having factories,

banks or shops, were forced to go into the army. It was even the case that women

would not marry army people.

Only with such scornful attitudes to the army could it happen that the military

machine ended up in the hands of the Gamelins and the Ironsides, who understood

little of military affairs. There was the same attitude to the military in Britain. An

army must enjoy the wholehearted care and love of the people and of the government:

in this is the greatest moral strength of the army. An army must be cherished. When in

a country there is such an attitude (sic) there cannot be a strong and combat-ready

army. That is just what happened in France. In order to prepare well for war you need

not only a modern army but you must prepare diplomatically for war. What does it

mean to prepare for war diplomatically? To prepare diplomatically for war means to

have a sufficient quantity of reliable allies among the neutral countries (sic).

Germany, when it began the war, was up to this task, but Britain and France were not

up to this task. Those then are the diplomatic and military reasons for the defeat of

France and the victory of Germany.

Is the German army really invincible? No. In the world there are not and have

not been invincible armies. There are armies that are better, good or weaker. Germany

began the war [of 1939] and went through the first period under the slogan of

liberation from the yoke of the peace of Versailles. This slogan was popular and had

the support and sympathy of all the victims of Versailles. Now the situation has

changed. Now the German army marches with different slogans. Now it has changed

from the slogans of liberation from Versailles to [slogans of] aggression. The German

81

army will not have success under the slogans of an aggressive war, of conquest. These

are dangerous slogans.

Napoleon I, when he made war under the slogans of liberation from serfdom,

had support, had allies, had success. When Napoleon I turned to wars of conquest, he

found many enemies, and he was defeated. As long as the German army makes war

under the slogan of the conquest of other countries, of the subordination of other

peoples to Germany, this change of slogan will not lead to victory.

From the military point of view there is nothing special about the German

army in terms of tanks, artillery and aviation. A significant part of the German army

has lost the enthusiasm which it had at the start of the war. Besides, the German army

has become boastful, self-satisfied and conceited. The military thought of Germany is

not going forward; its military equipment is falling behind not only ours, in terms of

aviation Germany has even begun to be overtaken by America.

How was it that Germany has been victorious? 1. Germany achieved this

because her defeated army learned, reconstructed itself, re- examined the old values.

2. This happened because Britain and France, having had success in the last war, did

not search out new methods, did not learn. The French army was the dominant army

on the continent. That is why up to the present time Germany has climbed to the

heights. But Germany is now fighting under the flag of the conquest of other peoples.

If the old slogan against Versailles united those dissatisfied with Versailles, the new

slogan of Germany disunites them. In terms of the further military development the

German army has lost its taste for the further improvement of its military equipment.

The Germans think that their army is the ideal one, the best, the most invincible. That

is true [Eto verno; i.e. that is what the Germans think]. An army must keep improving itself from day to day. Any politician, any

statesman, giving way to a feeling of self- satisfaction may encounter the unexpected,

which was true for France before the catastrophe. Again, I congratulate you, and I

wish you success.

1st speech of I.V. Stalin at the reception. Permit me to make a toast to our

leading cadres of the academy, to the leaders, to the teachers, for the liquidation of

backwardness in the business of learning about modern equipment. Why has training

fallen behind? First, because it is easier for instructors to teach about old equipment

they are already familiar with. In order to teach the cadets about new equipment the

instructors themselves must learn about it. They must retrain. In the academies they

study under old programmes. This is the first reason. The second reason is that our

army supply organs do not give new equipment to the schools and academies. This

new equipment must be given to our cadets for training, to liquidate the backwardness

of our schools and academies.

2nd speech of I.V. Stalin at the reception. To the health of the artillerymen! Artillery

is the most important arm. Artillery is the god of modern war. All branches of the

service have artillery: infantry, the tanks, aeroplanes. To the health of the tank men!

Tanks are mobile, armoured artillery. Artillery on tanks can go up to 130 mm.

To the health of the aviators! There are two types of aviation. Long-range

aviation [aviatsiia dal'nego deistviia], that is, aviation for raids on the rear, aviation

for partisan actions [dlia partizanskikh deistvii], aviation for diversions [aviatsiia

diversii], but it does not have great significance. What does have decisive significance

is close support aviation [aviatsiia blizhnego boia], which has been underestimated,

which has been in the background. I am talking about aviation cooperating directly

with artillery, with tanks, with infantry. I am talking about fighter and attack

[shturmovaia] aviation. To the health of the cavalrymen! We have reduced them,

82

somewhat, but even now the role of the cavalry is still very great and we have no

small amount of it. The role of cavalry in modern war is very great. It will pursue

the retreating units of the enemy, it will break through the breach. In particular its job

is to pursue the retreating artillery and prevent it from choosing new fire positions and

holding them.

To the health of our communications personnel, to the health of our glorious

infantrymen! I have not named the infantry here. Modern infantry are men dressed in

armour, by which I mean the motorized troops [samokatchiki], the tankmen. About

the significance of the self-loading [semi-automatic] rifle one fighting man with a

self-loading rifle is equal to three fighting men armed with normal rifles.

3rd speech of I.V. Stalin at the Reception. A major-general of tank forces

speaks. He proposes a toast to the Stalinist foreign policy of peace. Comrade Stalin:

Permit me to make a correction. The policy of peace secured peace for our country.

The policy of peace is a good thing. We have up to now, up to this time, carried out a

line [based on] defense up until the time when we have re- equipped our army, up until the time we have supplied the army with the modern means of battle. And now,

when our army has been reconstructed, has been amply supplied with equipment for

modern battle, when we have become stronger, now it is necessary to go from defense

to offence [ot oborony k nastupleniiu]. Defending our country, we must act

offensively. From defense to go to a military doctrine of offensive actions. We must

transform our training, our propaganda, our agitation, our press in an offensive spirit.

The Red Army is a modern army, and a modern army is an offensive army.

: 257

In the evening a ceremonial assembly in the Kremlin for graduates of the military academy, and reception afterwards.

At the ceremonial assembly J. V. [Stalin] made a speech:

The Red Army has substantially reorganized and rearmed itself on the basis of the experience of modern warfare. But our schools are lagging behind that process in the

army. They are not conducting training on the basis of the latest models of weaponry.

We have to reckon with the enormous advances taking place in military science and

with the experience of the current world war.

Why is it that France was routed and England is losing, while the Germans are

winning? The major reason is that Germany, as a defeated country, sought and found

new avenues and means of escaping the onerous position in which it found itself after

the first war. It created an army and cadres, supplied itself abundantly with arms,

especially artillery, as well as an air force. Meanwhile, France and England, following

their victory, got dizzy with success, boasted of their might, and failed to carry out the

necessary military preparations. Lenin turns out to have been correct when he said

that parties and states perish from dizziness and success. An army that thinks itself

invincible and beyond the need for further improvements is doomed to defeat.

Is the German army invincible? No. It is not invincible. In the first place,

Germany began the war with the slogan of liberation from Versailles. And it had the sympathies of peoples suffering from the Versailles system. But now Germany is

continuing the war under the banner of the conquest and subjection of other peoples,

257

Banac, The Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 159-160.

. . " .

83

under the banner of hegemony. That is a great disadvantage for the German army. It

not only is losing the former sympathy of a number of countries and peoples but, on

the contrary, has opposed to itself the many countries it occupies. An army that must

fight while contending with hostile territories and masses underfoot and in its rear is

exposed to serious dangers. That is another disadvantage for the German army.

Furthermore, the German leaders are already beginning to suffer from dizziness. It seems to them that there is nothing they could not do, that their army is strong enough

and there is no point in improving it any further. All of which goes to show that the

German army is not invincible. Napoleon, too, had great military success as long as

he was fighting for liberation from serfdom, but as soon as he began a war for

conquest, for the subjection of other peoples, his army began suffering defeats . . .

Our army must be constantly reinforcing and improving itself. And our military

schools must march in step with the army, not lag behind.

At the reception J. V. [Stalin] proposed toasts several times. He was in an

exceptionally good mood.

. . . The main thing is an infantry, a well-supplied infantry. But the major role is

played by the artillery (cannons, tanks). To perform that role the artillery needs air

power. Air power does not of itself decide the outcome of the battle, but in

combination with the infantry and the artillery, it plays an exceptionally important

role. It is not long-range air power that matters the most (it is needed for diversionary

operations deep in the enemys interior), but short-range air power (bombers, dive bombers). Short-range air power covers the operations of artillery and other

weaponry. The cavalry has not lost its significance in modern warfare. It is especially

important when the enemy is beaten back from his positions, in order to give chase

and not allow him to fortify new positions. Only the correct combination of all types

oftroops can ensure victory.

Our policy of peace and security is at the same time a policy of preparation

for war. There is no defense without offense. The army must be trained in the spirit of

offensive action. We must prepare for war.

: .. (V.A. Malyshev)258

Today in the [Great] Kremlin Palace there was a reception for graduates of the

military academies, and before that there was a ceremonial meeting. Com. Stalin

spoke for nearly an hour and dwelt on two questions: on the training of commanders

and on the invincibility of the German army. On the first question Com. Stalin said, You left the army three or four years ago. Then our army was different from what it is now, both quantitatively and in terms of armaments. Then we had 120 divisions,

now 300. A third are mechanized and tank divisions. Artillery is also now different, more guns, fewer howitzers. Now guns are more necessary. The m