21

sasak

: ( )

- - -

: ( )

-

03 AND -

noitatS latoT N205 STG nocpoT - 320 STG nocpoT - 3300 CT acieL - 3350 CT acieL -

300 TES aikkoS -

: ( ) D5 DACotuA

refruS

potkseD dnaL DACotuA

DACsiL

D0 LIVIC

ytitnauQ

11

( ) ( )

( )

.

..

: ysedoeG lacirtemoeG :

.

: ysedoeG laciayhP :

inissaC 1122

. 1922

: gniyevruS enalP :

151

.

.

: )

.

: )

) 111112: 2 11115: 2 11151: 2 ( : -2 - :

)

... )

)

.

..

.

91

.

)

.

)

) 11151: 2( 111112: 2 11112: 2

.

)

. )

)

: -1

: 2 1151: 2) 1112: 2 115: 2 (

. 1115

.

1115: 2 1151: 2: ( ) ) .

2 1112: 2 115: 2: ( ) ) 1115:

.

: )

( )

. : )

.

.

.

.

....

ycaruccA

tnemtsujdA

retemitlA

edutitlA

noisserpeD fo elgnA

noitavelE fo elgnA

erusolcsiM ralugnA

edutitaL lacimonortsA

11

Astronomical Longitude

Astronomical Triangle

Atmospheric Refraction

Azimuth

Azimuth Angle

.

Azimuth Closure

Back Sight

Barometric Levelling

Baseline vector

.

Base net

Base Points

Base Control

.

Bearing

Bench Mark BM.

Best Fit

Blunder.

Bureau International de

l'Heure

BIH International Earth Rotation Service IERS .

Cadastral Survey

Calibration

.

Cartesian Coordinates x, y x

z .

Cartesian System

Celestial Equator

.

Celestial Pole

15

Celestial Sphere

Central Meridian y

.

Chain.

Chained Traverse.

Chart Datum Zo

Chi-square Testing

Chronometer.

Circle Position

Circuit Closure

Closed Traverse.

Collimation.

Collimation Error.

Confidence Level

.

Conformal.

Contour.

Control.

Control Densification

Control Monuments.

Control Point.

Control Survey

Control Traverse.

Conventional Terrestrial

Pole CTP BIH

Coordinate Transformation

Cross Sections

Curvature

Datum.

Declination) (

Deflection of the Vertical

.

Deflection Traverse

Deformation Monitoring].

Departure

12

Differential GPS

.

Differential Levelling.

Direction

.

Direct Levelling

.

Distance Angle

Dumpy Level].

Earth-Centered Ellipsoid.

Easting.

Eccentricity.

Electronic Distance

Measurement (EDM)

EDM ].

Elevation.

Ellipsoid

ellipse WGS

Ellipsoidal height

.

Error.

Error Ellipse.

Error of Closure

].

Fixed Elevation.

Foresight.

Frequency.

Geodesic Line].

Geodesy.

Geodetic Control.

Geodetic Coordinates.

Geodetic Height Ellipsoidal Height

Geodetic Latitude.

Geodetic Leveling .

12

Geodetic Longitude).

Geodetic North.

Geoid

.

Gravimeter.

Gravity.

Greenwich Meridian

.

Grid Azimuth y (.

Grid Inverse.

Grid Meridian y) .

Gyrotheodolite.

Horizontal Control.

Hour Circle.

Index Error

.

Indirect Leveling.

Interior Angle.

International Foot.

International System of

Units SI.

Intersection

.

Interpolation Method.

Intervisibility].

Invar).

Laplace Azimuth.

Laplace Equation.

Laplace Station.

Least Count.

Least Squares Adjustment

].

12

Length of Closure:

= )

Level.

Level Datum

].

Level Net.

Line of Sight.

Local Coordinate System.

Local Datum.

Loop Traverse.

Magnetic Bearing.

Magnetic Meridian.

Major Semi-Axis.

Map

.

Map Accuracy

.

Mean Sea Level Datum

].

Map Scale.

Metric Unit SI

Micrometer

].

Minor Semi-Axis.

Misclosure.

Monument.

Nadir.

Network.

Non-SI units SI.

Northing.

Open Traverse.

Optical Micrometer

.

12

Optical Plummet

.

Order of Accuracy.

Origin

.

Orthometric Height H

Parallax.

Photogrammetry.

Picture Point.

Planetable

.

Plumb Line.

Positional Error.

Precision: Precision and

Accuracy Accuracy ]

Prime Meridian).

Prime Vertical.

Project Datum.

Projection).

Random Error.

Reciprocal Leveling.

Rectangular Coordinate

Systems.

Redundant

Measurements].

Reference Point.

Refraction.

Relative Accuracy.

Resection.

Sexagesimal System.

Set-up]

Spheroid

Spirit Level.

19

.tnatsnoC aidatS

esrevarT aidatS

.

.rorrE dradnatS

.rorrE citametsyS

.erugiF fo htgnertS

raB esnetbuS

.]

.paM cihpargopoT

.noitamrofsnarT

rotacreM esrevsnarT

noitcejorP.

.esrevarT

.noitalugnairT

.hcarbirT

.gnithgieh cirtemonogirT

.]noitaretalirT

ecnairavoC-ecnairaV

xirtaM.]

.elgnA lacitreV

.elcriC lacitreV

.mutaD lacitreV

metsyS citedoeG dlroW

fo

SGW

.htineZ

.elgnA htineZ

ecnatsiD htineZ

= =

= / =

= *

) -)(-)(- ( = *

1 =( + + ) =

( , , )

= = *

=

= *

.991= 9 = *

=

29

= *

) ( = *

= *

= *

= *

= *

( = *

*

*

-

-

-

-

*

2N-2E=A

1N-1E=B

B A *

tsiD = ))1N-2N(+)1E-2E

E = BA *

N

*

A NIS X TSID 2E = E

A SOC X TSID 2N = N

2N 2E

112

C NIS / C = B NIS / B = A NIS / A

A- B- C

: **

)CB( +)BA(= CA

) (

)BA( /)CA(=CB

)CB( /)CA ( =BA

/)BA( =)C( )C( -

)CB(

: )A( -

122 B&C :

)BA( /)CB(= )A

19

: ) 0 )

. . . ,

) 122 , 111 ( 11 = , 5,5) , = 29 ( 9 , = 12 =

. 9 , = 1215 , 1222 , 2 ( ) =

112 , ( ) = 2 ) = (

. = 112

= 212

. 1212 =

. 2,2212 =

. = 52.2

: (5 )

2212= 2 = 112 =

. 1121= 122= . 51,19 =

. 112 =

: ( 1 ) . 12= 112= 1112 = . 1112 = 12 = 112 =

: :

229251 1551

211151 151151

2229522 21519

921151 211951

212251 112251

121251 921252

5219521 225152

295151 212151

: :

( 1112 ( 51,1 :

: :

22252 292951

22151 219151

22151 2129529

2129559 212159

21952 292152

225152 21251

259151 55251

211151 2922512

99

: :

- : -0

-

.

-

.

- : -5 :***

- : )

( )

( ...)

: )

) 551 551 (

( ) :

1 ) ( =

: .

: )

()

:

+ + .........................+ ) ( =

: )

()

:

- : -0

:

: -5

()

() :

) 1 + ( + 551 =

: = = .

19

: -0 - :

: = = .

() . -2

. -1

( ) -9

.

- ::

:

= .

:

59

: :

: )

.

. ) = ( :

. 5

: )

( )

) : (

" " =

=

:

2 2

115: 2 2

:

29

: )

- :

" " = :

12 5522 12

152 = 12 152 = 5522

()

:

29

.

- ( ) :

:

:

:

: .

:

:

:

() () :

} ( 1 2( 5) + 9 5( 1) + 1 1 ( 9+ ( 2 9 ( 1) + 5 1 ( 2 { 551 =

:

- :

() () -2

.

:

. -1

. -9

. -1

: -5