Highway Bridges $8 3

cost of corrosionHighway Bridges

Gas and Liquid Transm. PipelinesWaterways and Ports

Hazardous Materials StorageAi P t

$8.3$7.0

$0.3$7.0 : 2,2760

Air PortsRailroads

Gas Distribution

--

$5.0Drinking Water and Sewer System $36 0

: 360(2003 )

Electrical UtilitiesTelecommunication

Motor Vehicles

$6.9-

$23.4

Drinking Water and Sewer System $36.0

ShipsAircraft

Railroad CarsHazardous Materials Transport

$2.7$2.2

$0.5$0 9Hazardous Materials Transport

Oil and Gas Expl. And ProductionMining

Petroleum Refining

$0.9$1.4

$3.7$0.1

Report No. FHWA-RD-01-156Corrosion Cost and Preventive Strategies in the United States, Gerhardus H. Koch, M.P.H. Brongers, N.G. Thompson, Y.P. Virmani, J.H. Payer, Office of Infrastructure Research and Development Federal Chem., Petrochem., Parm.

Pulp and PaperAgricultural

Food Processing

$1.7$6.0

$1.1$2.1

Payer, Office of Infrastructure Research and Development Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, 2003

Food ProcessingElectronics

Home AppliancesDefense

N l W t St

$2.1-

$1.5$20.0

$0 1Nuclear Waste Storage $0.1

Cost of Corrosion Per Analyzed Economic Sector, ($ x billion) $10 $20 $30$0 $40

Internal Corrosion

External Corrosion

Third Party Damage

ASME Causes of Gas Transmission Incidents

Unknown

Incorrect Operation

Misc

Natural Forces

Internal Corrosion

Prev. Damgd Pipe

Mfr

Constr/Instal

Other Failures Non-PipePipe

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0

Vandalism

Stress Corrosion Cracking

Malfunction

5% hot tap error

6%other

50% external interference15% corrosion

7% ground movements

17% construction andmaterial defects

Source: EGIG-02, data period 1970-2001

(stray current corrosion)

C iAC-induced corrosion Crevice corrosion Corrosionunder disbonded coating

Bellingham, WA

Carlsbad, NM

Edison, NJ

5

Gas explosion caused by charged soil (15 m x 34 m) due to corrosion

2.

pH

A W P b d P b d C t l f Pi li C i 2nd d

7

A. W. Peabody, Peabodys Control of Pipeline Corrosion, 2nd .ed.

CP

2.

40 10-2

10-1

/y 10-710-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

i, A

/cm

2

30

ate,

mm

/

10-8

10 7

-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

E, V/CSE

20

rosi

on R

a

10

mu

m C

orr

0Max

im

-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200

Potential, mV/CSE, /

5835 2

100

35.234.23125.4

10

11

0 1

0.04

0.1

0.0180.01

1000 800 600 400 200 0 200-1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 200

(mV/CSE)

: , : Sta.No. 621+00

(A) (B) (C)

D1 : 300[mm] PE 3[m] 3 - [A] ( : 2.5m) D2- , [B] ( : 5m) - [C] ( : 4.5m, B )

D3

D4

D5

D6

(mm)

(mm)

(mm/y)

(mm/y)

(A) 1.75 3.0 0.48 0.82

(B) 1.74 3.8 0.47 1.04(B) 0 0 0 0

3.

500 33 000

()

500 33,000 200

700 33,000

- (, ) : 40- : 10km- : 2km : 2km - : 20- 1 : 50( 1, Deep well 3)

- : 50 x 5 x 2(40) = 500 , : 5/ x 40 = 200- 700

* (1 2 : 1 3 4 ) (1., 2, : 1, 3. , 4. )

10km - 3.3/m x 10,000m = 33,000 47 . 47 .

1)

1) : 1)

2) 1) :

2) :

3)

4)

5.

- , , - - - : cathodic protection (/)

- -

- () :

5 5.

-

:

- : ,

-

: ( 850mV)

: (-850mV)

- : , (CIPS,DCVG) /

- DCVGCIPS

Immediate

ScheduledMonitored

5.

(ECDA) (ECDA)

(CP) ,

SOIL CORROSIVITY

5.

(Gas Transmission IM Rule), 49CFR192.923-931 (2003) 10 HCA 5

7

(ECDA) (pressure testing) , e.g., In-line inspection (MFL-ILI)

/ (2003) 1MPa / / 15 1MPa / / 15

5 ASME B31.8S NACE RP0502 (Methodology for ECDA)

Shall/Must Should Statements

T/B

ECDA

3, 4

( ) Pin-Hole

( ) - - microbiologically influenced corrosion; MIC

-

( )

- (-)- : 3,2037,536cm- (SO4-2) (432.74/)

- .- - ()

(pitting) - SRB

- , (air penetration)

- ..- -

- ..- .

-

(ECDA)

PRE-ASSESSMENT

Risk Assessment

INDIRECT EXAM. DIRECT EXAM.

POST ASSESSMENT (region)

IMMEDIATE

POST ASSESSMENT

(CIPS/DCVG/)

IMMEDIATESCHEDULEDMONITORING

CIPS/DCVG/

SEVERE

MODERATEMINOR

0

1324+0 1326+0 1339+0 1372+0

400

-200

-600

-400

(m

V)

-800

850mV

-1200

-1000-850mV

-1200

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008

: . ( )(/? ? 3 ?)

3 (DC G) (DCVG)

(CIPS) () ()

(, ) (, )

(anodic interference)

,

(cathodic interference) ( )

/

(combined interference)

: Control of Pipeline Corrosion, A.W. Peabody

(mV) - 100 VDE-0150 20 BS 7361, part 1

[ON - OFF]>0

[ON OFF]

100200

-300-200-100

0100

-700-600-500-400

-800

030

563

091

712

1018

0021

1221

2021

25.5

2140

2160

2180

2200

2220

2240

2280

2300

2350

2360

2402

2407

.224

2024

4024

6024

8025

0025

2025

4025

6025

8026

0026

2026

4026

6026

61.7

2680

2700

2708

.730

00

(m) (m)

On/OffOff Off

ON/OFF 0

(+)

On

On

( ) !!!

On

Off

On

Off

!!!

DCVG (pulsed-direct current voltage gradient) method

2 3 1520

2~3m -5

0

5

10

Defectial D

iffer

ence

(m

V)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

-25

-20

-15

-10Defect

Pote

nti

Measure Point

30

40

10

20

mV)

20

-10

0

(

-40

-30

-20

-400 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300

Dstance (m)

(TB)

32 /2,400m: 75m 1

(TB) 4 4 32 23 41 104

- (2-3m )- - -

-500

-700

-600

-900

-800CP criteria

TB 3VC

SE)

1100

-1000

900

TB 1TB 414 7mA

TB 511.4mA

TB 315.4mA

TB 80 mA

TB 9ent

ial (

mV

-1200

-1100 TB 126.8mA

TB 2

14.7mA

TB 619.2mA

TB 734.3mA

TB 925.2mA

P/S

pot

e

-1400

-1300 55mA

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10-1500

Distance (km)Distance (km)

CIPS !!!Test points TP TP

0

(OFF) (ON) Defect 1

(43V, 7A) (43.3V, 17.7A)

-1000

-500

0

-850mV

-2000

-1500

mV)

: -728mV

-3500

-3000

-2500

CSE(m

-4500

-4000

-5000 0 100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

2200

2300

2400

Distances(m)

2006 ( , ): , : ,

(< 3000 5 000 ohm cm) (< 3000 ~5,000 ohm.cm)

Wenners four electrode method (ASTM G57)

(cm) Defect 1

1.E+05(43V, 7A) (43.3V, 17.7A)

1.E+04

cm)

(

c

5,000(cm)

1.E+03 0 1 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 000 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 000 100 200 300 400

Distances(m)

(urgency of excavation) (Immediate action required): I II (Immediate action required): I, II (Scheduled action required): III, IV

(S it bl f it i ) V VI (Suitable for monitoring): V, VI

(minor) (moderate) (severe) > 10,000 cm 5,000 10,000 cm < 5,000 cm

CIPS 0 85V 0 85V 0 75V 0 75VCIPS < -0.85V -0.85V < < -0.75V > -0.75V

CIPS I II

III

IV IV

V VI

VI 7 7 13 3 2 0 32

/ 6 6 12 11 6 0 41(TB) 1 0 3 0 0 0 4 1 1 2 0 0 0 4 2 6 5 4 6 0 23

1: D 63

V CSE

(mV)

CIPS

CIPS

PCM2.5

2.0

dBmA

1)

2)

pH 3) )

: 80cm

2.8mm2.8mm

3.1mm

2.1mm 1.5mm

10% (HCl)

(FeSx) H2S SRB

2)x(0xCl2FeSxHHCl2FeS 2 2)x(0xCl2FeSxHHCl2FeS 22x

3000

O

1000

2000

S

Si

3000 0 1 2 30

FeCaAl

2000

3000

O

1000Ca

Fe

Si

0 1 2 30 S

keV

Si

S (SRB )

8

109109

8

109

106

107

108

oil)106

107

108

soil) 106

107

108

soil)

103

104

105

SRB

(cel

ls/g

-s

3

104

105

SRB

(cel

ls/g

of

103

104

105

SRB

(cel

ls/g

-s

0 10 20 30 40 50 60100

101

102

102 103 104 105 106101

102

103S

-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8100

101

102

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Clay Content (%)10 10 10 10 10

( cm)

108

109Eh (V/NHE)

108

109

106

107

s/g-

soil)

105

106

107

s/g-

soil)

,

104

105

APB

(cel

ls

102

103

104

SRB

(cel

ls

102

103

102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109

SRB (cells/g-soil)

0 10 20 30 40 50100

101

Water Content (%)

APB

~~~~*~

.

SRB () K Kasahara et al () K. Kasahara, et al.,

Corrosion, 55(1) (1999) 74

OH2He2OH2 22

.

22

.

: 950mV: -950mVCSE

46

pH (~10)

pH 1) pH (

, OH- pH

OH2He2OH2 22 1) pH ()

2) pH pH

pH pH>10~11 pH>10 11

,

. pH< 8

(ECDA) ( ) )

SRB

? ? .

/ /

1)

1) : 1/TB1 1) 2) 3) ( )

1) : 1/TB1 ,

2) . ,

3) 4) 4)

A. 1) 2)

3) 4)

B. ECDA

5)

B. ECDA

,

,

.

2009.10.05. ~ 2010.08.30. (330)

,

(11.33km)

(25.12km)

R t th

(25.12km)

(2.24km) Remote earth

NO /10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6

(%)1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

1001 100 902 100 203

100 0

4 100 0

5 100 0

6 () 100 0 0

7 100 0

8 (remote earth bed) 100

8 09

100 0

10 10010 0

/ . (, ) ( )

() +()

-300

0

() +()(STA 29+37.91)

STA 73 80V 9A

-

-600

, mV

,

- : ~0.2A ( 9A 2 2%)

-1200

-900

E,( 9A 2.2%) : 11 ( 2A ,

2A/12A = 17% )-1500

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15Distance, m

(, , )

: : : 9A 3A () (~33%)

1) Metallic contactblacktop

blacktop 2) Electrolytic contact

- () ( , spacer )

( )

TB5

-

l (m

V)

TB6TB4

Pote

ntia

Time (day)

TB TB

blacktop

(3p) (2p) (3p) (2p)

Referenceelectrode

1) / TB 2)

- ( ) ( ) 3) (e.g., mortar)

: 11 1

: 30m

(, , , )

()

( 11) 8.1A (0.2x11 = 2.2A ) 2.5km: 800mm

PE 30m 7.1A (2.2A )

PE 8.4A (2.5A ) 12.8A 5.9A

- - , 120% (5.9A 12.8A)

GPSGIS

Satellite Communication

Wire or WirelessNetworks

(GSM, CDMA, RF, Zigbee, etc)

Communication

Rectifier RectifierTB 1 TB 2

Remote Monitoring

Remote ControlRectifier

Remote Monitoring

Remote ControlRectifier

ReferenceElectrode

ReferenceElectrode

Data Logger Data Logger

Anode AnodeCP current

() () 5,578 1,611 15,000 67

ON

OFF

ON

0.0

0.2

0.4

SE

0.6

entia

l,V CS

0.8Pote

(off): 06-08 15:00 ON: 6-26 18:30

1.0START: 06-07 19:00

1.20 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 288 312 336 360 384 408 432 456 480

TIME,h

0.0

0.20.1

0.40.3

0.60.5

tial,V CS

E TB1

TB2

TB3

0.80.7Pot

ent

TB4

TB5

TB6

1 00.90.8

TB7

TB8

TB9 OFF

1 21.11.0

START ON

1.20 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 288 312 336 360 384 408 432 456 480

Time,h

P/S IR free CP criteriaP/S IR-free CP criteria

TB5

tial (m

V)

TB6TB4

Poten

t

TB4

Time (day)

19181717161514

13

+5V

1312

1110

1+5V1098

7

3

2

4

5

76

510

89

64

7

4

3

1113

1415

16

12

-5V3

2

1

1417

1618

19

T1-17

-1

0

1

2

l, V C

SE

-0.83V

T1 15

T1-18T/B

T1 18 1 6-5

-4

-3

-2

Pote

ntia

-4.93V

T1-15 T1-18-1 -6 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180Time, s

T1-11

T/B

T1 10

T1-12

T1-13 T1-10

T1-14

T1-16

(EPR)T ()

()T/BT/B

-1

-2

Pote

ntia

l, V C

SE

-2.66V

-4

-3

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180Time, s

-3.00V

() / 3 000km 200km 3,000km 200km 100, TB 125

() 3,000km 400km 50, TB 406

BP ~ 5km (Rectifier 2, Data logger 10)

() - 20 TB 8 20, TB 8

Gas transmission pipelinesMunicipal water pipelines Gas distribution pipeline (Mokpo)Samsung BP Chemical

2010 30, TB 40 Planned (2010)

g

5 5.

/ (ECDA ) / /

4 CIPS

POOR

(ECDA )(5~10)

? YES

DCVG

: -850 mVCSECIPS:

or NO

or