مادة الكيمياء المرحلة الثانوية

1- 14- 2- 15- 3- 16- 4- 17 5- 18 - 6- 19- 7- 20- 8- 21- 9- 22 11 23- 12- 24 - 13- 21 -

:- CaCl2 , Pb(NO3) 2 , Zn CO3 , NaOH :- 1- ( ) - ( - ) Ne, Cu, Na, He - ( ) CL2, F2 , N2, O2 H2 I2, Br2, - ( ) S8 , O3 , P5 2- ( H20 , NH3 , H2SO4

= = = = .. = = = 1 = 6.022310 = 1

200 / 100

= = = + = 23 Na 11

H , H , H N , C 11 112 3714146

7:1 : + : -1 123 + , - 1/2

=( 2+ 1) = = = = 2 = 22

=1 =2 =3 =4 =5 =6 =7kLMNOPQSSPSdPSpdF1S2S,2P3S,3P3d4S,4P4d,4F7531

Na 11 Ca 20 Fe26 1S2 , 2S2, 2P6, 3S1 1S2 , 2S2, 2P6, 3S2, 3P6, 4S2, 3d6 1S2 , 2S2 , 2P6 , 3S2, 3P6, 4S2 ,

( (S,P,d,F ( ) ( ( ) :- 3p3

12sdS,p F

7 ( 7 ) 8 ( ) 10 ( )

:- ( ) :- ( ) ( ) :- :- ( ) ( = 2 / )

CO2,SO2,SO3,P2O5 Na2O ,CaO ,CUO , FeO , PbO Ag2O Al2O3 , ZnO , SnO Sb2O3 ,

( 1) ( 7 ) :-

:- :- :- NH4+ Na+ Al+++ :- :- Cl-, O --, SO4 --

H

He

12364578 d F S S,P X

123456874 56 7 d 10 ) B ) 6,5,4 ( B ) 67

:- 4F , 5F 14 1- 2- 1- :- 4F Ce58 14 ( ) -

5f ( 7 2) - AC89 14 ( )

, , , ,,

:- 1,2,3 ( - e ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) : 5,6, 7 7 6 5 :-

:- P,S- d F :- Cu ,Ag , Au Zn , Cd , Hg 4F, ( ) 5F

:- : + :- :- ( )

= ( ns , n p ) = ns2np68

=

= 8:3 =11: 12 = (ns,nd ) =10:9 = S 8

1800 :- . :- .

- 0.01 : - : ( ) Cu++ + 2e Cu :- ( )

:- 1898

+ + - _ ( + = - )

=

1911

( ) - ( )

( ) ( ) = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

:-

=

= 1836

= 2/ ( ) ( ( ) = - 2/ ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) . .

( )

( ) ( )

:- PCL3 F2 , :- PCL5, BCL3

1S1S 1S+

Pz CnH2n CnH2n-2 CnH2n-4 CnH2n-6 cccccc

C6 : 1S2,2S2,2P2

S+3P

SP3

1S22S22PX2PY2PZ2S21S22PX2PY2PZ2s 2px +

4 SP3SP3SP3SP3SP3 4 SP3 4 4 1S

C2H41s22s22px2py2pz1s22s22px2py2pz2pz1s2sp2sp2sp2sp2sp2sp21s2

H1S 1S, SP3 CH4

2PZ2PZ

( ) 2pZ2pY2px2S21S21S22S22pZ2pY2px1S22S22px2pY2pZ2pZ2pY2px2S21S21S22S22px2pY2pZ2pZ2pY2px2S2 S+P SP

2 SPC=C HH SP 180

HHHHC2H4

:-

:-

:- + +

. :-1- 2-

FH107H120

H2O O=8 , H=11S2 2S2 2P4 4 HH O HH

( :- 1 - 2- 3- 4-

X+ Y- K - Br H - Br

: HF ( =4 , = 2.2) :-

+

_

CO2CCL4

:- CCL4 CO2 O2 , I2 , Br 2 1 ,2 7 6 HF HI = =

H - N H H H - N - H H + :- NH4+ , H3O+ , BF4-

( ) ) )

1- :- N,O,F H

FH

FH

FH

F

H O

H --+-++ (H2S ) - DNA

:- ( ) . :- ( ) :- ( ) :- . :-

.

=

: ( ) ( )1 - :- ( ) :- . + :- NaCI Na = N a+ + 1e Cl + 1e = Cl- Na + CL = Na + + CL_ :- () ( ) :-

= - /

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

= :- .

H2 + CL2 = 2HCL 2CO + O2 = 2CO2 SO3 + H2O = H2SO4CaCO3 = CaO+CO2 CuSO4 + Zn = ZnSO4 + Cu AgNO3 + Nacl = AgCL + NaNO3 HCL + NaOH = Na cl + H2O

=1 = Na2 O +1

3d 4 7 5f

6,5,4 x-1)d,xs ) ( 30 ) f,d (28 ) ( ) 14 4F () 14 5F ( f d,s )

29 CU Ar) 3d10 4s1 ) 4S2 3d9(Ar ) Cr 24 Ar ) 3d5 4s1 ) Ar ) 3d4 4s2 ) ns n-1)d )

(Ar) 3dn 4s2 4dn 5S2 (kr) f 14 5dn 6s2 xe))

- +2 ( ) 1 ( 1000 )

+ 1 ( ) Ag2s ) +2 ( )

D2O ( )

cu 450 :- ( cu2o cuo )

CUSO4.5H2O

1000 40%

. +1 + AgNO3 2Ag+2NO2+O2

1063 2809

+1+3 - 198

+ + 3Fe2O3+CO 2Fe3O4 +CO2 Fe3O4+CO 3FeO+CO2 FeO+ CO Fe+CO2

2Fe2O3.3H2OX

, Fe+++ Fe++

:- + :- + :- + + ( ) :- +

( 4 4 ) ( 1 / 4 ) ) ( ( 1

( ) ( ) 1000 1000 35000 35000

1- 2-

( ) ( )

( -183 ) H2O2

O3 -

O2 10 O2

CO2 CO2 -79 ( ) ( )

NO2, NO, SO2, CO2,CO SO2,

( ) ( )

:- ( )

:- ( ) :- ( )

( ) Nacl Na+ , CL- H2O

( )C12H22O11

1- 2- ( ) 3- ( ) 100

( )

II ( ( )

( ) ( )

:- + ) ( , ) :- ( )

H ( ) ( 1)

:-

:- 1.

HCLNH3CO2Cl2 ( ) ( ) ( )

O2

( 100 ) = 100 = 100 ( ) 1000 = 1000 = 1000

( ) = 1000 = 1000

:- 1 = 2

:- A + B C + D A + B C + D A + B C + D 1000

:- A + B C + D+ Heat :- A + B C + D + heat :- A + B C + D

CH3C2H6 HHH

= = 100

1- ( ) - 2- ( ) ( )

( - ) ( ) 1- 2- 3- 4-

Be

Mg

Ca

Sr

Ba

RA 1 - - 1

CaCO3 = ( 2 ) 2

BAlGaIn TI 3 3 H3BO3 Na2B4O7.10H2O

( O , SI)

C SI

Ge

Sn

Pb

4 4 Pb, Sn ,Ge ( ) SiO2 ( ) ( ) ( )SIC

:- :- SI,O SI 2 CH3 , , , ,

+ + + + 1300 = CO2 = =

= H = H - H ( - , + ) = - (+ , - ) =

1 = 1000 = 10003 = 131 = 76 . =760. = +273 1000= = 1 , 273 =6.022310 , , , 1 = 4.18

: :-

0.01 10000

= 11= 22 1 2 NaN3

1 1= 2 2 :- 1 1 2 2= :- 1 1 1= 22 2 :- = :-

( ) = = o 22.4

1- :- = :- /1 12 22- :- = /

3- 1- 2- 3- :-

=

= = 1000

= 1000 = 1000

= =

= 1000

= 1000 = =

( 7) - 1 2 2

1

FCLBrAtI FCL

+1 +7 -1 ( ) ( ) ( )

HCLH2SO4CL2

As N P Sb Bi ( _ ) ( - 196 ) ( ) -3 +5

NH4NO2 N2+2H2O NH4CL+ Ca(OH)2 2NH3+ CaCL2+2H20

- -

N2O NH4NO3

( 65% + 35% ) ( ) 2NH3 + CO2 NH2CO NH2 + H2o

HN4)SO4 )

:- :- ( ) - - :- ( ) :- - :-

:- HCL ( )

:- ( )

:- H+ :- OH :- ( ) Zn, Al , Cr, Sn, sb, Be

:- :- :- H+ ) ) = (OH- ) :- :- ( )

PH PH = - Log (H3O+) 7 14

POH 714 POH= - ( OH- )PH + POH = 14H3O)+ = SHEFT Log- PH )

HO-] [ = Cs kh

] H3O+ [ = Cs kh ] H3O+ [ = Ca ka

= ] OH- [ = ] H3O+ [ = ] HO- = [ C b kb = ] OH- [ = kh = kw k a kh = kw k b

1X10-14H3O+- OH- 14-POH SHEFT Log - pHSHEFT Log - pOH14-PH - H30+ 1X10-14H3O+

( PH 7) CH3COO - + HOH CH3COOH + OH- ( PH 7 ) NH4+ + HOH H3O+ NH3

( ) Hydrolysis + +

D

(1) () () 7

(1) () () 7

= + = + :- CH3COO Na + CH3COOH - 1 NH3+ NH4CL - 2 +

:- . A+ B C+D .

= 1/ :- 1- ( - ) 2- 3- 4-

> > > >

:- ( ..

:- ( ) :- ( ) :-

( ) :- :-

:- :- . = ] 1 [ ] 2 [nn

:- ( ) : :- ( ) :-

:- :- k ) ) . k =

= :- 1) 2) . kc = ] [ ] [ kp = ( p ( ( )p = 1000 s l

kp,kc k p =k c x (RT) n kp= kc = kp kc Kp kc

k = n = n - + = n K

Q ( K Q ) Q = Q = . . Q = K Q > K ( ) > Q K ( )

K2 = (K1)n K2 = 1 / K1K2 = (K1)1/nK3= k1xk2

2Ag+ a q + FeS 2Ag s + Fe aq++

CrO2- CrO4 -- CrO2- CrO4 --+3 +6 CrO2 - CrO4 -- + 3e CrO2- + 2H2O CrO4 -- + 3e- +4H+ CLO - CL -+1 -1 CLO - +2e CL -CrO2- + 2H2O CrO4 -- + 3e- +4H+ 2ClO -+ CrO2- CrO4 -- +CL- +H2O CLO - +2e+2H+ CL -2CrO2- + 3CLO - 2CrO4 -- + 3CL- +2H+-5 -5 3

2H + O H2O H2O + O 2OH

( ) Zn CU CU++Zn++ -+eeee -++-

1- ( ( )H

2- :- ( ) K , Ba , Ca , Na , Mg , Al , Zn , Fe , Pb , H ,Cu , Hg , Ag , pt , Au -

K , Ba , Ca , Na , Mg , Al , Zn , Fe , Pb , H ,Cu , Hg , Ag , pt , Au

Zn CU CU++Zn++ -+ee -++- 25 ( ) ( )

- +

( -0.76 ) - ( +0.34 )

( = 1 25 1 . ) ( = ) :- ( ) EO = EO EO

( )

:- ( ) ( )

. . + - - + -

( ) - +

:- R :- CH3-CH2-CH2- C2H5 - -CH3-

.... .... .... :- B CL F I P E M

OH ( )

O-H C-O C-O H O-H C-O

CH3-C-O-CH3

: ) - - :. - - :-

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) :- ( )

= + ( ) + ( ) H2-C - COO - R H -C - COO R H2-C- COO R 3H2O +H2C- OHHC- OHH2-C- OH +R-COOHRCOOH RCOOH :- NaOHH2C- OHHC- OHH2-C- OH R-COO Na RCOO Na RCOO Na

+

( 100:1 ) : :- 4:1 ( ) :- 9:5 :- ( 10 : 16) :- 14 : 20 ( ) ( 20 : 50 ) ( 70 ) :- ( ) :-

( ) :- :- ( )

( ) ( ( ) :-

:- - -

- - :- < < 3 < < < < 2< 1 < <

1

:- - :-

R-H CO2+H2O+heat CH3-CL CH3-CLCH2CL2 CHCL3 CCL4 C2H4 H2SO4 170C H2 / PT + C2H6 C2H4-Br2 Br2 C2H5OHC2H4

R-XMg R-X Mg + H2O R-H 2NaR-R + 2Na-x CH3COONa + Ca(OH)2+NaOH CH4 +2H2OC2H6 +CL2HCL +CH3CL +I2 HI

C2H4 HBr C2H5Br CH3-CH=CH2 HCL CH3-CH-CL-CH3 KMnO4 CH2 -CH2 OH O H + MnO2 H2O+H2SO4 C2H5-OH CaC2+2H2OC2H2 + Ca(OH)2 H2+ + R-H-H2O+H2SO4C2H4 O H2O-170

C2H2Br22Br2HBrHBr 2H2O Br - C = C - Br H H Br- C - C Br

HHH- C = C-H H Br H- C - C- Br H Br HHBr Br CH3-COH

( ) C6H6C6H5-HC6H5-COONa NaOH+Ca(OH)2

2Na +H2 Mg H2O CL2,HCL H2SO4HOHH2SO4HOH- ( 170 ) (kMnO4 (o

3H23CL23Br2H2SO4H2SO4+HNO3CL2Br2 C6H6CL6 C6H6Br6 -SO3H -NO3 -CL-Br

-H2-H2 +H2 +H2 X2 HCL KOH HCL H2O H2O160CNH3+ NaOHR-X+ NaOHR-X+ NaOH2HCLHCLH2O-140C 12

CH4CH3-CLCH3-CH2 OSO3HCH2CH3-OHCH3-CH-Br2CH2=CHBrCO2+H2OC2H6CH2=CH2H-C=C-HCH3-CO-HCH3COONaC2H5MgBrC2H5BrCH2-CH2OH-OHCH2Br-CH2BrH-C=CHBr-BrCHBr2-CHBr2NaOH+ Ca(OH)2 O 2 NaH2SO4 H2SO4160 HBr 2HBrCl2O 2 H2-Pt + H2 H2O 2H2O H2OBr2HBrKMnO4 Br2Br22Br2MgCH3COONaC2H5MgBrCH3COONaC2H5BrC2H5MgBrCH3COONaCH2-CH2OH-OHC2H5BrC2H5MgBrCH3COONaCH2Br-CH2BrCH2-CH2OH-OHC2H5BrC2H5MgBrCH3COONaH-C=CHBr-BrCH2Br-CH2BrCH2-CH2OH-OHC2H5BrC2H5MgBrCH3COONaCHBr2-CHBr2H-C=CHBr-BrCH2Br-CH2BrCH2-CH2OH-OHC2H5BrC2H5MgBrCH3COONa2H2O 2H2O 2H2O

CH4CH3-CH3CH2=CH2CH3-CH2OSO3HCH = CHCaC2CH3-CLCH3-CH2-CLCH2-H3-OHCH3-CO-HCH3COOHCH2-C=OCH3COONaC2H5-O-C2H5CH3COOCH3CH3CO-CLCH3-CO-NH2CH3COOC2H5( CH3CO)2OCL2CL2HCLH2SO4H2OH2SO4 140 H2SO4H2O- Hgso4oHCLO -Mn++Alpo4 CH3COOH CH3CH2OHSOCL2,PCL3CH3-OHNa2co3NaOHCH3COONaC2H5-O-C2H5CH3COOCH3CH3COONaC2H5-O-C2H5CH3CO-CLCH3COOCH3CH3COONaC2H5-O-C2H5CH3-CO-NH2CH3CO-CLCH3COOCH3CH3COONaC2H5-O-C2H5CH3COOC2H5CH3-CO-NH2CH3CO-CLCH3COOCH3CH3COONaC2H5-O-C2H5( CH3CO)2OCH3COOC2H5CH3-CO-NH2CH3CO-CLCH3COOCH3CH3COONaC2H5-O-C2H5CH4( CH3CO)2OCH3COOC2H5CH3-CO-NH2CH3CO-CLCH3COOCH3CH3COONaC2H5-O-C2H5CH3-CH2-CLCH4( CH3CO)2OCH3COOC2H5CH3-CO-NH2CH3CO-CLCH3COOCH3CH3COONaC2H5-O-C2H5CH2-H3-OHCH3-CH2-CLCH4( CH3CO)2OCH3COOC2H5CH3-CO-NH2CH3CO-CLCH3COOCH3CH3COONaC2H5-O-C2H5CH3-CO-HCH2-H3-OHCH3-CH2-CLCH4( CH3CO)2OCH3COOC2H5CH3-CO-NH2CH3CO-CLCH3COOCH3CH3COONaC2H5-O-C2H5CH3COOHCH3-CO-HCH2-H3-OHCH3-CH2-CLCH4( CH3CO)2OCH3COOC2H5CH3-CO-NH2CH3CO-CLCH3COOCH3CH3COONaC2H5-O-C2H5CH2-C=OCH3COOHCH3-CO-HCH2-H3-OHCH3-CH2-CLCH4( CH3CO)2OCH3COOC2H5CH3-CO-NH2CH3CO-CLCH3COOCH3CH3COONaC2H5-O-C2H5CH3-CLCH2-C=OCH3COOHCH3-CO-HCH2-H3-OHCH3-CH2-CLCH4( CH3CO)2OCH3COOC2H5CH3-CO-NH2CH3CO-CLCH3COOCH3CH3COONaC2H5-O-C2H5CH3-CH3CH3-CLCH2-C=OCH3COOHCH3-CO-HCH2-H3-OHCH3-CH2-CLCH4( CH3CO)2OCH3COOC2H5CH3-CO-NH2CH3CO-CLCH3COOCH3CH3COONaC2H5-O-C2H5CH2=CH2CH3-CH3CH3-CLCH2-C=OCH3COOHCH3-CO-HCH2-H3-OHCH3-CH2-CLCH4( CH3CO)2OCH3COOC2H5CH3-CO-NH2CH3CO-CLCH3COOCH3CH3COONaC2H5-O-C2H5CH3-CH2OSO3HCH2=CH2CH3-CH3CH3-CLCH2-C=OCH3COOHCH3-CO-HCH2-H3-OHCH3-CH2-CLCH4( CH3CO)2OCH3COOC2H5CH3-CO-NH2CH3CO-CLCH3COOCH3CH3COONaC2H5-O-C2H5CH = CHCaC2CH3-CH2OSO3HCH2=CH2CH3-CH3CH3-CLCH2-C=OCH3COOHCH3-CO-HCH2-H3-OHCH3-CH2-CLCH4( CH3CO)2OCH3COOC2H5CH3-CO-NH2CH3CO-CLCH3COOCH3CH3COONaC2H5-O-C2H5

CH3-OH CO CH3-COOHCH4H2O + + CO+3H2CO+2H2

X LIBH4 LIBH4 LIBH4 3O

1O 2O 1O

+ + KMnO4K2Cr2O7 1O 2O 1O 2O 1O 1O 2O 1O 1O 2O 1O 1O 2O

1O 1O 2O + +

1O 1O 2O

( ) ( ) ( - ) ( )

:- :- :

H2N-CH(R) COOH H2N-CH2-COOH H2N-CH (CH3) - COOH

X2

HX RX

R-X

KOH NH3

R-OH

Na H2 NaOH

R-X R-OH R-X X2

HX RX

X2

KOH NH3

HX RX

X2

Na H2 NaOH

KOH NH3

HX RX

X2

Na- H-X CO2 NaOH HCL Na- H-X Na- H-X Na- H-X CO2 NaOH HCL Na- H-X

NaOH NaOH Na NaOH NaOH HCL NaOH 1 2 3 - NaOH HCL NaOH 1 2 3 - NaOH HCL NaOH 1 2 3 - NaOH HCL NaOH 1 2 3

1- 2 Na

Na

O CH2-OHHHHHOHOHOHHOHOHHOHHOHHOHOHHHOHHHOHHHOHHH-C=0H-C-OHHO-C-HH-C-OHH-C-OHH-C-OHH

OH ( ) ( )

H-C=O (CH-OH)4 CH2-OH OH OH ( ) OH ( ) ( ) OH

( ) ( ) OH

( ) ( ) OH

( ) ( ) OH OH ( ) ( ) ( )

H2-C-OH C=O ( H2-C-OH)4

O OH CH2-OH CH2-OH H H OH OH HCH2-OH HH CH2-OH HH OH H CH2-OH OH H HH-C-OHC=OHO-C-HH-C-OHH-C-OHH-C-OHH

+ + + + + + +

+ HCL + + + O2 + NO2 + O2 + NO2 + O2 +

+ SO2 + SO3 + CO2 + CO2+H2O + + ( )

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4-

=12 1- 11 Na23 2- 12C6 3- 35Cl17 4- 14C6 1- 11 Na23 2- 12C6 ,14N7 3- 35Cl17 4- 12C6 ,14C6 1- 11 Na23 2- 12C6 ,14C6 3- 35Cl17 4- 14C6 ,14N7 1S2,2S2,2P6,3S23P6,4S2,3d7 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- NA 2- Na 3-NaCL 4- SO4 --

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- H2+O2 = 2H2O =36 - 16 - 26 - 36 - 72

1- 2- 3- 4- 12 20 MgO 1- 20% 2- 30% 3- 40% 4- 60% 1- 2- 3- 4- (7 ) :- 1- 2- 3- 4- C5H12+8O2 = 5CO2 +6H2O - 1:7:5:6 - 1:8:5:6 - 1:9:5:6 - 1:10:5:6

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 3- 2- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4- ( ) 1- 2- 3- 4- 2- 3 - 4-

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4- (2,1) 1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- k 2- O 3 - M 4- N

1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4- ( 2,1) PH NaOH 110 -1 ) 1 ) 4 ) 7 ) 13

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4- ( s ) 1- 2- 3- 4- ( = 2) 1-S 2- P 3- d 4- f 1-) 3,2,1, 7,6,5,4 ) 2- , +1) 1- , ) 3-( ,3,2,1 ) 4- +1/2

3S 3 1- 2- 3- 4- 3P1 1- ( 1,3,+1,+1/2 ) 2- ( 3 , , -1 , +1/2 3- ( +1 , , -1 ) 4- ( +2, +1, ,-1 , -2) 1- ( 2 +1) 2- ( +2 ) 3- (21+ ) 4- ( +1) (4S ) 3d 1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2-

3- 4-

( 2p) - 1 - 2 - 4 - 6

( 3d) - 2 - 6 - 10 - 14

- 3 - 4 - 8 - 10

Ne =10 1 - 1S2 2- 122S2 1S22S22P6 1S22S22P23S23P2 1- 2- 3- 4- 3-4- 1 - S 2- P 3- d 4- S,d :- - 2- 3- 4- 1- S 2- S , P 3- S,d 4- d , f

1- S 2- S , P 3- S,d 4- d , f

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- ( ) 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 2- 1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- p31 15 - 15 - 31 - 16 - 46 1 2- 3- 4- 1 2- 3- 4- 1 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 2- - 27 - 30 - 32 - 35 1- 2- 3- 4- - 7 7 - 8 7 - 8 10 - 9 7

- S2 S2P6 - S2d10 - S2f14

( 2 ) - - -

1- 2- 3- 4- 1 - 2 - 3- 4- ( 11) 1- 2- 3- 4- 1 - 2- 3- 4- 1- HF 2-KCL 3 - H2O 4- CL2

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- NH4+ 2- HF 3-Li F 4- Ca O 1 - C,H 2- Ca,C 3- Br , H 4-O Na , 1- 2- 3- 4- 1 - 2- 3 - 4 -

( ) 1- 1S 2- 3- 4-

( ) 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- ( ) 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4-

Cs 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- ( 12 ) 1- NaOH 2- NaCL 3- Na2CO3 4- NaNO3

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- Na2CO3 2- Na2SO4 3- NaCL 4- NaNO3 1- Na2CO3 2- Na2SO4 3- NaCL 4- NaNO3 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3 - 4- 1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4- - -1 - +1 - +3 - +7 - -1 - +1 - +2 - -3 - +5 - +2 ( , ) ( ) - - -

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- H2 2- NaCL 3- Ca O 4- LiF 1- H2 2- LiF 3- NH3 4- H2O 1- 2- 3- 4- BF3) ) 1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- HF 2- CL2 3- H2O 4- HBr CCL4 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- ( 2,1)

1- 2- 3- 4- ( ,) 1- 2- 3- 4- - 7,5,4 - 7,6,4 - 6,5,4 - 8,7,4 - S - P - d - f

3d 1- 2- 3- 4- ( ,) 1- S 2-d 3- S,d 4- f 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- ( ) 1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4- ( 2 , 3 ) 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- ( ) 1- 1000 2- 1000 3- 1000 4- 1000 10 NaOH 500 ( Na=23,O=16,H=1 ) 1- 46 2- 0.5 3- 460 4- 0.5

1 - 1000 2 - 1000 3- 100 4- 1000 . 250 2 1 - 0.5 2- 20 3- 219 4- 2190. 1 2- 3- 4- 1 1B 2-2B 3- 3B 4- 4B 1 2- 3- 4 - 1- 100 2- 100 3- 100 4- 100

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- ( N2,O2,CO ) 1- 2- 3- 4- 1 - N2 2-NH3 3- O2 4- CO2

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2 - 3- 4- 1- 2 3- 4 - ( , )

1- 2 3- 4-

3.0110 23 Na 1- 23 2 11.5 3- 5.75 4- 46 Na=23

0.2 CO2 1- 1.1 2- 44 3- 4.4 4- 8.8 12.042310 Fe 1- 2 2- 1 3- 1.5 4- 4 6C12 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2.0610 23 2- 6.022310 3- 6.023210 4-7.022310 ( CL ) 1- 6.0210 23 2- 7.0210 23 3- 2.062310 4- 9.022310

1- 1.2 2310 2- 1.5 10 23 3- 1.810 23 4- 2.110 23 44 1- 1 2- 0.5 3- 2 4- 3 1 1- 1 2- 2 3- 3 4- 4 9 ( H=1,O=16 ) 1- 0.25 2- 0.35 3- 0.42 4- 0.5 0.2 ( H2 ) 1- 3.01 2310 2- 12.04 10 23 3- 6.0210 23 4- 18.0610 23 16 SO2 ( S=32 , O=16 ) 1- 11.410 23 2- 13.610 23 3- 14.510 23 4- 1.510 23 3.0110 23 1- 0.11 2- 0.5 3- 0.25 4- 0.31

Na=23 3.110 23 1- 23 2- 11.5 3- 2.3 4- 115 100 NaOH ( Na=23, O=16 ) 1- 20 2- 40 3- 100 4- 10 2AI(S)+3CL2( g)=2AICL3(S) 3 1- 1 2- 2 3- 3 4- 5 ( NaNO3 ) 0.2 100 1- 2 2- 0.2 3- 0.02 4- 20 ( NaNO3 ) 0.2 500 ( O=16,N=14,Na=23 ) 1- 0.8 2- 8.5 3- 1.7 4- 17

1 CaCO3 = CaO +CO2 ( Ca=40,O=16 ) 1- 13 2 - 23 3- 56 4- 66 ( Ca=40,C=12,O=16 ) 50 CaCO3 = CaO +CO2 1- 0.028 2 0.28 3- 2.8 4 - 28 ( Na=23,CL=35.5) 29.25 2Na(s) +CL2= 2NaCL(S) 1 - 11.5 2- 13 3- 14.5 4- 16 2H2(g)+O2= 2H2O(g) ( H=1 ) 1 -3.6110 29 2- 3.0110 23 3- 3.9910 20 4- 39.9 10 19

117 ( Na=23,CL=35.5 ) NaCl (s) + H2O = 2Na+ (aq) + CL- (aq) 1- 210 23 2- 6.02 10 23 3- 12.0410 23 4- 2.66 10 21 50 98% 2NaOH + H2 SO4 = 2Na2SO4 + 2H2O 1- 28.5 2- 35 3- 39.5 4- 40 ( Na=23 , CL=35.5 , N=14 ) 0.2 100 - 0.017 - 0.17 1.7 17 Zn + I2 = ZnI2 32 32 ZnI2 ( I=127 , Zn=65.5 ) - - - ( ,) -

:- 2C +2O2 = 2CO2 +188 K. CaI 12 1 - 49 2- 188 3- 136 4- 94 2H2 +O2 = 2H2O + 116K . CaL 2 1- 58 2- 64 3- 116 4- 161 4 1 - 2- 3- ( , ) 4-

18 27 H2O+ C +43K CaL = CO+H2 1 24.55 2- 37.7 3- 47.1 4- 56,52

1- 2- 3- , 4- HgO 1- CO2 2- O2 3- Hg 4- HgO C2H2 = 54.2Kcal , CO2=-94KCaL , H2O = -57.8 Kcal C2H2 2C2H2+5O2 4CO2 +2H2O 1- 300 2- 310.5 3- 621 4- 612.5 H2O = -68.3K Cal 1- 3- 2- 4-

1- 2- 3- (, ) 4-

H2+ CL2 = 2HCL 162 206 1- 44 2- 368 3- 324 4- 412 1- = 2- = 3- = 4- = 5 1 27 10 1- 34.6 2- 4.55 3- 44.6 4- 0.455 22.4 = 0.082 32 (O2 ) ( O=16 ) 1- 1 2- 2 3- 3 4 - 4 1 22.4 1- 0.001 2- 0.01 3- 0.1 4 1

22.4 1- 6.0210 23 2 - 2.06 10 23 3- 1.8 10 23 4- 1.8 10 - 19 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- O2 2- H2 3- CO 4- CO2 1- 4 2- 4 3- 4 4- 8 1- 2- 3- 4-

1 H+ 1 OH- 1- 2 - 3- 4- 11.2 1- 6.0210 23 2 - 1.50510 23 3 - 12.0410 23 4- 3.01 2310 0.2 CO2 , 0.1 O2 , 7 N2 10 27 ( N=14,O=16, H=1,CL=35.5 ) 1- 0.122 2 - 1.35 3 - 17.96 4- 1.22 1500 3 27 1- 1.365 2 - 16.5 3- 1.65 4- 13.65 44.8 1- 6.0210 23 2 - 1.50510 23 3 - 12.0410 23 4- 3.01 2310

1- 2- 3- 4- C3H8O 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- ( ) 2- ( ) 3- 4- ( , )

) 0CH3 ) 0C2H5 ) C3H6 0 ) 0 C4H9 CH3-CH(CH3) CH3 ) 2- ) 3- ) 2- ) 3- ) CH4 ) C2H6 ) C3H4 ) C3H6 ) C4H8 ) C4H6 ) C4H10 ) C4H9 ) ) ) ) ( ) ) CH3-CH-CH3 2) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH-CH3 3) CH3-CH2-CH2- 4) CH3-CH2-CH- CH2-CH2-CH3

1- 2- 3- 4-

HCHO 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4- CH3-CHCL-(CH2)2-CH3 ) 2- ) 2- ) 2- ) 2- ) 5- - 4- H H H H H H ) 2- -4- H- C - C - C - C - C - C - H ) 5- -3- H CL H CH3 H H ) 2- -4- ) 2- -5- CH3 H H CL H ) 2- 4- H C C C C C H ) 3,3,2 CH3 H H H H ) 1,1 -4-

:- 1- 3- 2- 4- 1- 3- 2- 4- ( ,)

1- 2S 2P 2- 2S 2P 3- 2S 2P 4- 2S 2P

1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4- ) ( C-H ) ) (C-H) ) (C-C) ) ( ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

1- 2- 3- 4- ( , ) 1- 2- 3- 4- ( , ) 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- CH3CL 2- C2H4CL2 3- C2H3CL3 4- C2H2CL4 1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4- ) CnH2n ) C2nHn ) CnHn ) C Hn ) ) ) ) , ( ) ) ) ) ) 180 ) CH4 ) C2H4 ) C2H6 ) C4H8

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- (2S ) 1- 2P 2- 2P 3- 2P 4- 2P 1- SP 2- SP2 3 - SP3 4- SP4

1- 2- 3- 4- ( , )

) ) ) ) () :. ) ) ) ) CH2CH2

:- 1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4 - ) CnH2n+2 ) CnH2n-2 ) CnH2n X2 ) CnHn-2

1- C2H6 2- C2H4 3- C2H2 4- CH4 :- CH3 H- C = C - C - H H :- 1- CH3 2- CH3 - CH2 C - CH3 3- CH3 4-

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 5O2 + 2C2H2 ) 4CO+2H2O+ ) 4CO2+2H2O+ ) 4CO2+ 2H2O+O2 ) 4CO2+2CH4+O2 :. C-CH3+HBr H-C= )CH3 CH3-CHBr- )CBr3 CBr3- )CH2=CHBr ) CH2=CBr-CH3

: ) ) ) ) ( )

) )

) ( ) )

) CnH2n ) CnH3n

) C2nHn ) 6-C2nH2n ) )

) )

) ) ) )

) IS 2S ) 2S 2Px ) y 2P 2Pz )x , 2py 2p )s s ) sp ) sp2 ) sp3

H2+ CL2 = 2HCL 1- H2 2- CL2 3- HCL 4- HCL 1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3 - 4-

1- 2- 3 4-

1- 2- 3- 4-

2A+ B= 3C 1- } { B }2 A { 2- { C} 3- { C}3 4- } A {

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 2- 4- 1- 2- 2- 4- 1- 2- 2- 4-

N2O4+ Heat = 2NO2 NO2 1- 2- N2O4 3- N2O4 4- NO2 1- 2- 3- 4- 1 - 2- 3 - 4- 1 - 2- 3 - 4-

1- 2- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- H+ 2- OH- 3- H+ 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4-

1- PH3 2- H2O 3- NH3 4- ALCL3 1- HOCL 2- Na2CO3 3- NH3 4- NaOH N2H41- N2H5+ 2- N2HS+ 3- N2HS- 4- N2H3- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 25 ) 110 -7 ) 17 -10 ) 7 ) 10 ( 0.1) 4 ) 110 -7 ) 2.110 7 ) 2.1810 ) 1 10-8

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- ) -2 ) -1 )+1 ) +2 ) -2 ) )+1 ) +2 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- Na 2- H+ 3- OH- 4- CL2 1- 2- 3- 4- Zn + Cu++ = Zn++ + Cu ECu =o,34EZn=-0,67 ) -2 ) -1.1 ) 1.1 ) 2

) ) ) ) N2 ) ) ) ) (+3) ) NF3 )NH3 ) N2H4 ) NO ) ) ) )

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) .

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4-

- 2- 3- 4-

1- N2O 2- NO 3- N2O2 4- N2O4 1- 2- 3- 4- 1 - 2 - 3- 4- ( ) 1- NH2-CO-NH2 2- NH4NO3 3- (NH4)2O4 4- (NH4)3PO4

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4-

1- C2H6 2- CH3 3- C2H5 - 4- CH6 1- 2- 3- 4- 1S -1 2- SP 3-SP2 4- SP3 1S -1 2- SP 3-SP2 4- SP3 1S -1 2- SP 3-SP2 4- SP3 CnH2n-2 -1 2- CnH2n+2 3-CnH2n 4- CnH2n-6

1- 2- 3- 4- R-X + Mg RMgx R - H +Mg (OH) X 1- 2- 3- 4- H2O 2R-X + 2Na R-R+2Na-x 1- 2- 3- 4- - 3- - 3- - 3- 1- 2 - 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- (140-145) 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- C-I 2- C-O 3- C-H 4- C-C

1- 2 3- 4- ( R-OH ) 1- H2SO4 2 Na O 3- NaOH 4- NaNH2 1- 2 3- 4- (C-O ) 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4-

1- R-CO-R 2- R-COOR 3 - R-O-R 4-R-CHO 1- CH3-COH 2- R-COOR 3 - R-O-R 4-H-CHO 1- 2- 3 - 4- 1- 2- 3 - 4- 1- 2- 3 4- 1- 2- 3 4-

1- 2- 3- 4 - CH3OH 1- 2 - 3 - 4 - 1- 2 3 - 4 - 1 - R-CO-R 2- R-COOR 3 - R-O-R 4-R-CHO 1 - R-CO-R 2- R-COOR 3 - R-O-R 4-R-CHO 1 C2H5OH 2- CH3NH2 3 CH3F 4-CH3CL

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 75% 25% 1 - CH2O 2- CH4 3- C3H6 4- C2H4

1- 2- 3- 4- C2H2 78 / 1-C3H3 2-C4H4 3- C5H5 4- C6H6 HI 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4-

1- CH3CHO 2- CH3COCH3 3- CH3CH2OH 4- CH3-O-CH3 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4 - 1- 2- 3- 4 - 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4 - C12H22O11 1- 2- 3- 4 1- 2- 3- 4 1- 2- 3- 4 1-NaCL 2- HCL 3- H2SO4 4 NaOH 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4 1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4- 1 ) -2 2) -1 3) 4) +2 1 ) 2) 3) 4) 1 ) CaF2 2) KHF 3) Ca F 4) Na3ALF6 1 ) 2) 3) 4 )

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- HBr 2-HCl 3- HI 4- HF 1- I2 2-Br2 3- CL2 4- F2 1 - I2 2-Br2 3- CL2 4- F2

1- NaF 2- NaCL 3- NaBr 4- NaI 1- HCLO4 2- H3CLO3 3- H2CLO4 4-HCL3O4

( 7) ( 6.5 ) 273 1 1 - 8 / 2- 23 / 3- 28 / 4- 82 /

1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4-

N =7 ) )1-1S2,2S1,2P4 2- 1S22S23P4 3- 1S22S22P5 4- 1S22S22P3 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4-

1 2- 3- 4- 1 2- 3- 4- 1 2- 3- 4-

( ) 1- 2- 3- 4- HF ( F=9, H=1 ) 1- 2- 3- 4- CCL4 1- 2- 3- 4- Ar18 4S23d7 1- 2 2- 4 3- 7 4- 8 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4-

1- OH- H+ 2- OH- 3- H+ 4 - H3O

:- 1- 2- 3- 4 -

1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4-

1- CH3-O-CH3 2- C2H5-O-C2H5 3- C3H7-O-C3H7 4- CH3-OH 1- I2 2- Br2 3- CL2 4- F2

1- 2- 3- 4-

75% 25%

1 - CH2O 2- CH4 3- C3H6 4- C2H4

1 - 2- 3- 4-

( ) 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4-

1- 2- 3- 4-

1- ALOH 2- AL(OH)2 3- AL(OH)3 4- AL2(OH)3 ( 20Ca++ )1- 18 2- 20 3- 22 4- 40 ( 18A r )1 - 2- 2 3 - 4 4- 8 Mn 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P6 4S2 3d5 1- 3 2- 4 3- 5 4- 7 1 - 3 2- 4 3 - 5 4-7 1 - Li3 2- Be4 3 - O8 4- Ne10 1 - B5 2- C6 3 - N7 4- F9

( )1- NaCL 2- Na Br 3- Na I 4- CaCL2 1- CH4 2- CaO 3- H2S 4- NH3 BF3 ( B=5,F=9 ) 1- 2- 3- 4- 50 60%1- 20 2- 30 3 - 40 4- 60 6 2CS +O2g = 2COg =121- 13 2- 26 3 - 52 4- 104

2NH3g=N2g+3H2 g NH3=3.1X10 -3 , N2=3.22X10 -1 , H2=3.1X10 -31-1X10 -1 2- 1X10 -2 3- 1X10 -3 4- 1X10 -4 N2O4g+HEAT = 2NO2g

1- N2O4 3- NO2

2- NO2 4- 24.0810 23 ( Be = 9

1- 2.25g 2- 4.5g 3- 18 g 4- 36g ( ) HNO3 31.5% ( H=1,O=16,N=14 )

1- 0.73 2- 1.46 3- 7.3 4- 14.6

() > ( ) : ) ) ) ) 0.5 2 1.5 1- 0.5 2- 0.67 3- 3 4- 6 1 ( = 0.082 = 6.0210 231- 6.0210 23 2- 2.710 23 3- 2.710 22 4- 7.210 22 0.25 0.25 0.1 0.4 10 27

1- 1.23 2- 2.46 3- 93.5 4- 187

1- HCL 2- HF 3- NH3 4-BF3 ] H3O+ { 0.05 100 ( ( KW=1X10-14 ) 1- 0.510 14 2 - 0.210 14 3- 0.5 4- 1

PH 0.018 100 ( Kh = 5.610 -10 25 ) 1- 4 2- 5 3- 9 4- 10

Fe++ + NO3- = Fe+++ + NO 1- Fe++ 2- NO3- 3- Fe+++ 4- NO

1- 2- 3- 4-

Zn S + Cu ++aq = Zn ++aq + Cu S EZn=-0.76 , ECu=+0.34) -0,42 ) + 0.42 ) -1.1 ) +1.1 ( 140 145 ) 1- 2- 3- 4- 1- CH3-O-CH3 2- CH3-CH2-OH 3- CH3-COOH 4- CH3-NH2 ( C2H4O ) 44 / ( H=1, O=16 , C=12 ) 1- CH3-O-CH3 2- CH3-COH 3 - CH3-CO-H3 4- CH3-COOH HBr 2- -2- 1) 2- -3- ) 3--2- ) 2- -2- ) - 2- -2-

NaHCO3 CO2 1- CH3-O-CH3 2- CH3-COH 3 - CH3-CO-H3 4- CH3-COOH

( k+19 ) 1- 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P6 3d1 2- 1S2 1P6 2S2 2P2 3P6 4S1 3- 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P6 4S1 4- 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P6

3d11- =3 , =1, = 1, =+1/ 2 2- =3 , =1, = 1, =+1/ 23 - =3 , =3, = , =+1/ 2 4- =3 , =1, = , =+1/ 2

9 ( Be ) 41- 2 2- 4 3- 5 4- 9 +21- Na 11 2- Mg 12 3- AL 13 4- CL 17

1-l A 13 2- S 16 3- Ca 20 4- k 19

1-F9 2- CL 7 1 3- 35 Br4- I 53 1-liF 2- LiCL 3- LiBr 4 - LiI 1-O 2- N 3- F 4 - Na ( ) HCL ( CL=17,H=1 ) 1-3 2- 4 3- 6 4 - 8 CH4+2O2 = CO2+2H2 O 10 ) 1 ) 2 ) 10 ) 20

:- 2C2H2+5O2 = 4CO2+2H2O C2H2=+54.2 / , CO2=-94 / , H2O= -68.3 / 1) -310.5 / 2) +310.5 / 3 ) - 621 / 4) +621 2NO + H2 = N2O+ H2O 1- 9 2- 9 3- 27 4- 27 AgCl (s) = Ag+ (aq) + CL ( aq) 1.710 -10 2 Ag+ (aq) + 2 CL ( aq) = 2AgCl (s) 1- 1.710 - 10 2- 0.5910 10 3- 2.8910 -20 4- 3.46 10 19

0.01 10 3 100 3 1) 0.001 2- ) 0.01 3) 0.1 4) 1 5.85 998.15 1.004 / ( Na=23, CL=35.5 ) 1) 0.1 2- ) 0.2 3) 0.5 4) 1 3 17 1- 3% 2- 5.67% 3- 15% 4- 17.65% 2 NaCL 517 ( 0.51 / Na=23,CL=35,5 ) 1- 1.25 2- 2.55 3- 5.1 4- 10.2

4.5 75 27 127 - 3 - 3.375 - 4.5 - 6 0.66 / 1.32 / ( O=16 ) 1- 8 / 2- 16 / 3- 32 / 4- 64 / ( AL=13, CL=17, P=15,N=7, H=1, S=16 ) 1- ALCL3 2- PCL3 3-NH3 4- S - - ( H3O+ ) 0.02 25 Ka = 1.8 10 -5 ) 6 10 -2 ) 6 10 -3 ) 6 10 -4 ) 6 10 -5

POH 0.01 NH2-OH Kb= 1x1O - 81 - 4 2- 5 3- 9 4- 10 CLO - 1 ) -1 ) +1 ) -2 4) +2 Zn+ NO3 - = Zn + NH4+ 1 ) 1 ) 2 ) 3 4) 4 0.1 EZn= -0.76 ECu= +0.34 1 3- 3- 4-

HI 1- CH3-CH3 2- CH3-O-CH3 3- CH3-CHO 4- CH3-CH2-OH 1 - 2- 3- 4-

) CH3-CH2-CH3 ) CH3CH2-O-CH3 ) CH3-CO-CH3 ) CH3-CH2-CH2-OH CH3-CH(CH3)-CH=CH2 ) 2- -1- )2- -3- ) 3- -1- ) 3- -1-

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