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日本在台灣的殖民統治 : 經濟發展

日本在台灣的殖民統治 : 經濟發展

高雄醫學大學 通識教育中心 客座教授 蕭欣義

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日本在台灣的殖民統治 :經濟發展 ( 大綱 )

I. 殖民主義的三種模式II. 外籍顧問給「台灣事務局」的建議III.日本治台政策辯論IV. 殖民地時代的台灣經濟如何評估 ?

V. 日本時期的台灣經濟發展VI. 公共衛生的改進

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Ⅰ.殖民主義三種模式The Japanese Colonial Rule in Taiwan

Cf. Ramon Myers and Mark Peattie, eds., The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895-1945 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), pp. 4-14.

A. Comparative Colonialism: Three Major Models of Colonialism

1) The British Model: Allowed the possibility of autonomous development of the emperium’s various components, while still bearing the common burden of trusteeship.

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2) The French Model: France, drawing on the republican principles of 1789, which its statesmen and thinkers believed were applicable in all times and places, held to the theory (though less in practice) that her colonies were parts of an indivisible republic whose global purpose was a mission civilisatrice, the propagation of French civilization.

3) The German Model: creation of a “scientific colonialism.” This approach was based on the German passion for methodical research and investigation, both of which were seen as prerequisites for economically sound administration and maximum efficiency in the extraction of wealth from colonial territories.

a. German Deutsch-Sudwestafrika, 1884-1919 (Namibia).b. German Deutschost-Afrika, 1884-1919 (Rwanda, Burundi, T

anzania, Mozambique).

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Ⅱ.外籍顧問給「台灣事務局」的建議The Taiwan Affairs Bureau (Taiwan Jimukyoku

台灣事務局 ) The TAB met in June 1895 to discuss the management of Taiw

an. Michel Lubon, a French adviser, recommended t

hat Taiwan be regarded as a prefecture of Japan in the future, if not now, and that those sections in the Japanese constitution that related to the people’s rights and liberties, and criminal law be implemented at once in the new territory. Lubon asked the Japanese government to follow the example of French relations with Algeria.

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A different view was submitted by Montague Kirkwood, a British adviser. He made clear that it would be to the advantage of both Japan and the people of Taiwan to regard the island as a colony, legally, politically, culturally, and financially separate from Japan, in the same way that the British colonies of India and Hong Kong were separated from Great Britain. He recommended that the Japanese government create a legislative council in Taiwan, appointed by the governor-general, with himself as ex-officio president, to enact necessary colonial laws. He also urged the appointment of several Taiwanese as its members. He also suggested the appointment of as many Taiwanese as possible as local administrators and judges.

The TAB accepted the French proposal, but the

TAB was disbanded in April 1896.

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Ⅲ.日本治台政策辯論Japanese Policy Debates

1. Law # 63 ( 六三法 ) (March 30, 1896) gave the Governor-General a special authority to issue executive ordinances “having the same effect as the law of Japan.”

2. 特別統治主義3. 內地延長主義

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IV. 殖民地時代的台灣經濟如何評估 ?

• A. 行政院新聞局在 1990s 初期的評估 .

• B. 殖民地經濟發展三角關係論• C. 中國的台灣史學界的論述 : 台灣的現代化 在日本未據台之前就早已發生 .

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F

NX

H

M

C

J

Foreign trade sector

Primary-exportsector

Primary sector

Hinterland or subsistencesectorEnclave

Dualistic Economy

Model of Colonial Development: Triangular Relation

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Source: Samuel Ho, “Colonialism and Development: Korea, Taiwan, and Kwantung,” in Ramon Myers and Mark Peattie, eds.,The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895-1945 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), p. 381. The above figure is borrowed, with some minor modification, from Douglas A. Paauw and John C. H. Fei, The Transition in Open Dualistic Economies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973), p. 4

X and H: a primary sector, with agriculture its main economic activity.N: a small, emerging non-agricultural sector of services (trade, financial s

ervices, transportation and communication) with some manufacturing.J: primary exports.M: manufactured imports.C: commercial services. N supplies X with manufactured goods and com

mercial services.

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Ⅴ.日本時期的台灣經濟發展A.農業發展 Technological Change in Agriculture (1900-1945) 1. Modern Agricultural Science The Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, established in 190

3, followed by district agricultural improvement stations. Successful adaptation of seeds with higher yields, greater resistance to disease and high wind, and more receptivity to fertilizer and intensive care.

Sugar Cane: native bamboo cane rose bamboo cane from Hawaii: minor improvements.

1920s, new cane varieties with average yield more than twice and sugar content 40% higher.

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Rice Seeds:Tsailai rice ( 在萊米 ): 1,379 kg/ha

[hectare 公頃 =2.47 acres 英畝 ]

Ponglai rice ( 蓬萊米 ) #1 Nakamura ( 中村 ), 1924: 1,594kg/ha

Ponglai rice, Taichung ( 台中 ) #65, 1926, 1930s: 1,935kg/ha

Fertilizer肥料

Tsailai在萊米

Ponglai #65蓬萊米

0 x y

n x+12% y+30%

2n x+6% y+44%

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2. New Rural Institutions: Extension Service System 農村新機構 : 農業推廣系統

a) Farmers’ Associations( 農會 ): One in every prefecture since 1900s.

b) Small Agricultural Units( 農業小組 ): Several thousands.

c) Credit Cooperatives( 信用合作社 ): 13 (1913), 214(1920), 332 (1930), 443 (1940).

In the early 1930’s, FAs and SAUs employed 40,000 persons, of these 13,000 were extension workers, 9,000 of them were agricultural advisers working with the SAUs at the village level, one extension worker for every 32 farm households.

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B. 經濟發展數據 1.日本進出口失衡 Japan’s Trade Balance 1891-1905 (million yen)

Trade balance Imports of

sugar* rice*

1891-1895 8.1 10.8 4.4

1896-1900 -62.0 21.2 18.1

1901-1905 -52.7 21.1 37.9

*Imports of sugar and rice from areas other than Taiwan and Korea.

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2. 台北與東京之間政府資金流動(million yen in current prices)

東京台北 * Total government investments

Long-term capital imports**

1901-05 13.3 28.8 40.1

1906-10 23.9 45.7 50.4

1911-15 29.0 67.8 54.6

1916-20 0 84.8 173.0

1921-25 0 110.7 186.3

1926-30 0 121.7 153.3

1931-35 -17.1 143.2 14.0

1936-38 -64.8 234.6 -18.1

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台北與東京之間政府資金流動 (續 )

* Transfer receipts of Government General from the Central Government.**Long-term capital imports (including the net transfer receipts from the Central Government).Source: Mizoguchi Toshiyuki and Yamamoto Yuzo, “Capital Formation in Taiwan and Korea,” in Myers and Peattie, eds., The Japanese Colonial Empire (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), p. 418.

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3. 日本米、糖需求量

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4. 基礎建設預算百分比（ 1900-1939 ）

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5. 基礎建設預算分配（ 1898-1939 ）

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6. 基礎建設預算百分比（ 1951-1973 ）

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7. 水利投資（ 1900-1944 ）

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8. 嘉南大圳

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9. 人均國內淨收入額

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10. 農稅： WWⅡ前後比較

Pre-WWII Post-WWII

1938 31.3% 1952 41.8%

1939 25.8% 1953 52.0%

1940 20.6% 1954 48.7%

1955 40.4%

1956 39.2%

1957 38.9%

1958 39.4%

1959 34.4%

1960

38.0%

Agricultural Taxes

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Ⅵ.公共衛生的改進A. 傳染病一瞥（ 1870-1895 ）

Epidemics of cholera, typhus, malaria, etc. occurred fairly often in the pre-20th century Taiwan.

1874: JT, 3,000 日軍 , 死 13, 病 525.1884: Sino-French War, 法軍 1,000 人佔領基隆 . 770 人患病 , 160 人病死 .1895 甲午戰後 , 日軍 76,000 人 ( 作戰部隊 50,000 人 ,

軍伕 26,000 人 ) 佔領台灣 . 死 4,642 人 . 其中 , 164 人死於

戰鬥 , 4,478 人因疫病而死 . 死亡人數佔軍人總數 : 4,642÷76,000=6% 戰死 / 死亡總數 : 164÷4,642=3.5% 病死 / 死亡總數 : 4,478÷4642=96.5%

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B.平均壽命顯著改變日據時期 , 致力改善公共衛生 .新渡戶稻造 (Nitobe Inazo) 主持衛生政務 , 成效卓著 .Mean Life Expectancy:

pre-1905 post-1906

males 27.1 41.1

females 29.0 45.7 Death Rates

1906 1943

31.3/1,000 17.6/1,000