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第七章 作業系統(一). 每一套電腦系統都必備的軟體就是作業系統,作業系統負責控制與協調電腦系統的資源,為了達到這個目的,因此發展出許多的策略,在本章中,我們將介紹這些策略,包含作業系統如何管理 CPU 、主記憶體以及磁碟。. 第七章作業系統(一). 作業系統是最基本的軟體,所有的應用程式都必須透過它來分配電腦的硬體資源 早期的作業系統只提供了命令列式的操作介面 目前則流行圖形化的視窗作業系統,對於使用者而言,視窗作業系統讓一般使用者不再對電腦產生恐懼感,也帶動了個人電腦的流行。 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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CPU
CPU
7.17.27.2.17.2.27.2.37.2.47.2.57.3CPU7.3.17.3.27.47.4.17.4.2(Multiprogramming)7.4.3(Virtual Memory)7.5
7.1(Bare Machine)(Operating System)CPU
7.1(Supervisor program)(kernel)BIOS(Bootstrapping)(kernel)(resident program)
7.1WindowsWindows
7.1CPU
7.1
7.1(virtual machine)(Application Program InterfaceAPI)API(seek)
7.1(command line)(graphical user interfaceGUI)DosUnixLinuxWindowsX-WindowMac OS X
7.1LinuxWindows Vista
7.2
7.2.1(Plug-board)
7.2.2(Job)(Batch processing system)(Job)(Job Control Program)
7.2.2(Single-task system)I/OI/OI/OOS/360Unix shellMS-DOSBAT
7.2.2Turnaround TimeSubmitAB 3A(1)CPU(2)B(3)CPUACPU3A10BCPU10ABA10031003B1003101013BB 5
7.2.2CPU(1)ACPU(2)BCPU(3)AB3AB131310A10131013103B1013A103
7.2.3(Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On LineSPOOL)(Multiprogramming)(Time sharing processing)(Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On LineSPOOL)Dedicated Device(Spooling)Shared Device
7.2.3SpoolerSpoolerI/OCPUCPUI/O
(Spooling)
7.2.3(Multiprogramming)CPUI/OCPUI/OCPU(concurrent)CPUCPUCPU
7.2.3Throughput
7.2.3(Time sharing processing)CPUTime Slice50msCPUI/OBlocked QueueCPUCPUCPUCPU
7.2.3CPUCPU
7.2.3(Response time)
7.2.4(VLSI)CPU (Real-time processing) (Multiprocessor)(Distributed processing)
7.2.4(Real-time processing)Response TimeHard Real TimeSoft Real TimeCPU
7.2.4 (Multiprocessor)CPUMultiprocessor SystemsCPUCPUParallel SystemCPUTightly Coupled System
7.2.4CPUGraceful DegradationCPUFail Soft
7.2.4(1)CPU(2)CPUSynchronous(1)Symmetric Multiprocessing (2)Asymmetric MultiprocessingCPUCPUCPUCPUCPUMaster ProcessorCPUSlave Processor
7.2.4(Distributed processing)Distributed SystemsCommunication Lines
7.2.4CPU(local memory)(Loosely Coupled System)(Transparency) Network Operating SystemsNOSDistributed Operating SystemsDOS(NOS)FTPWWW(DOS)
7.2.5
7.2.5PC
7.3CPUCPUCPUCPUCPUCPUCPU(Terminology)(Process)CPU(Process)(Program)CPU
7.3CPU(New)Job(Ready)CPUCPUReady(Running)CPU(Waiting)I/OCPUWaiting(Terminated)
7.3CPU(Running)7-15
7.3CPU(1) ReadyJobReady(2) CPU(Scheduler)Ready(3) (Interrupt)ReadyCPU(4) I/OWaiting(5) I/OReadyCPU(6)
7.3CPU(Throughput)CPUCPU(Thread)(Thread)(Multi-Threading)CPUIEWindowsIEIEIEIEIE6IEIE
7.3.1(Schedule)CPUCPU(Schedule algorithm)(Scheduler)CPUCPU(Process Scheduling)CPUCPUI/O(process)I/O(I/O Bound Process)I/OCPUCPU(CPU Bound Process)CPUI/O
7.3.1
7.3.1(1)(Long-term scheduler)(Job scheduler)JobReadyCPU(Degree of multiprogramming)
7.3.1(2) (Short-term scheduler)ReadyCPUCPU(CPU scheduler)CPUCPUCPUI/OReadyCPUCPU(3)(Medium-term scheduler)CPUReadyCPU(Swapping)Ready(swap out)CPUReady(swap in)
7.3.2CPUCPU(1)First-Come-First-ServicedFCFSReadyReadyFIFO(First-In-First-Out)(2)PriorityReady(3)Round-RobinRRRRCPU
7.3.2(4)Shortest-Job-FirstSJFCPUSJFCPU(5)Shortest-Remaining-Time-FirstSRTFSRTFCPUCPUCPUReadySRTFSJF(preemptive SJF)SJFCPU(non- preemptive)SRTF(preemptive)SJFSRTF
7.3.2SJFSRTF
7.4CPUCPU
7.4.1
7.4.1(Monoprogramming)7-18(Kernel)(Monitor)
7.4.1
7.4.1(Monoprogramming with Overlay)720KB640KB(Overlay)
7.4.1Pro.EXE720 KB640 KBPro.EXE(overlay)O_Pro.EXEO_Pro1.OVLO_Pro2.OVL260 KB240 KB270 KBPro.EXEO_Pro.EXEO_Pro1.OVLO_Pro2.OVLO_Pro1.OVL260KB+240KB=500KBO_Pro2.OVL260KB+270KB=530KB640KB
7.4.18088/80286MS-DOS640KBMS-DOSEMSXMSWindows
7.4.2(Multiprogramming)(Partition)(Fixed Partition)7-21
7.4.2(Multiprogramming)(Internal Fragmentation)(External Fragmentation)300K240K64K80K20K7-2220K220K
7.4.2(Multiprogramming)480K64K220K7-23480K2(360K128K)480K480K360K128K
7.4.2(Multiprogramming)(Variable Partition)(dynamic storage allocation)
7.4.2(Multiprogramming)
7.4.2(Multiprogramming)7-2440320KP5(Variable partition with compaction)7-24320KP57-25
7.4.3(Virtual Memory)(Paging)(Segmentation)(Segmentation with Paging)
7.4.3(Virtual Memory)(Paging) (1)(Physical memory)(2)(Logical memory)(Virtual memory)(Frame)(Page)(Logical address)(Physical address)
7.4.3(Virtual Memory)(Page numberP)(displacement/offsetdo)(Frame numberF)(displacement/offsetdo)(Page Table)7-267-27
7.4.3(Virtual Memory)
7.4.3(Virtual Memory)7-28
7.4.3(Virtual Memory)(Page Fault)
7.4.3(Virtual Memory)2KB4KB
7.4.3(Virtual Memory)(Segmentation) Logical FunctionSegment(Logical address)(Physical address)(Segment numberS)(displacement/offsetdo)
7.4.3(Virtual Memory)(Segment Table)(Length)(Base)7-30
7.4.3(Virtual Memory)(Compaction)
7.4.3(Virtual Memory)7-32
7.4.3(Virtual Memory)(Segmentation with Paging) (Segmentation with Paging)7-33
7.5CPU(Seek Time)(Rotational Delay)(Transfer Time)4.3.3(seek time)(Disk Scheduling)(First-Come-First-ServedFCFS)(Short-Seek-Time-FitsSSTF)(SCAN)(Circular-ScanC-SCAN)(LOOK)(C-LOOK)
7.5(First-Come-First-ServedFCFS)FCFSCPUFCFS(Short-Seek-Time-FitsSSTF)SSTFSSTF(Starvation)
7.5(SCAN)
7.5(Circular-ScanC-SCAN)(LOOK)(C-LOOK)