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10-1010-910-810-610-1 ()

caffeine (Macroscopic) , , : . . (Symbolic) " : , C12H22O11 Submicroscopic/microscopic) (, ,, ), :

caffeine (Process): ( )

caffeine 2. : / :, , ,

3. - , 4. 5. :- -6. , ,

. - 1. :0, 1, 2 ( ) 92 : 143, 146H3 H2 H1U238 U235

. : : 2 : 8 ' 8 1' - ...

2,8,1Na111H12,8,2Mg122He22,8,3Al132,1Li32,8,4Si142,2Be42,8,5P152,3B52,8,6S162,4C62,8,7Cl172,5N72,8,8Ne182,6O82,8,8,1K192,7F92,8,8,2Ca202,8Ne10

caffeine. ( ): . : . , SeSOXX XXXX

caffeine / q1 . q2 R2F = K . F- /K-Q- R-

caffeine . / / - . . . ( ) (Fq)

caffeine . ( ): () () . , (F1/R) . ( ) (Fq)

caffeine ()

caffeineIIIIIIIV 1- / II- > III = IV

caffeine /

caffeine / q1 . q2 R2F = K .

caffeine *

*H #N,ClOF2.133.54

caffeine . - ( : F- 4, O- 3.5, N- 3, C- 2.5, H- 2.1, S- 2.5 O-H > O-S > O-F > C-H > S-C , O=O , H-H , F-F, NN , N-N

caffeine :

- (R ), : . Br Cl F. O S

( ), :. Cl S P. F O N C

caffeine ( )

caffeine . O -H , ( ) - , ( ). , . O-F , ( )ICl ; .

caffeine

caffeine , ( ) , : , 1 2 . . : C-C, . , 1 ( )

caffeine (/) : : C-C(g) 2C(g) C-H(g) C(g) + H(g)/ : . , . -

caffeine :. : O-C > C-C O-O , , , . : H-H > C-C , ( ). , , : C-C < C=C < CC , . .

caffeine3. () : C3H8CO2CH4H2O2H2OH2N2O2H-HO=C=OC3H6

caffeine : ()

caffeine : , ( , ):

C- 4 , O- 2 + 2 , H - 3 + F- I- Br- Cl- + 3

caffeine C2H6O 2. C5H10

caffeine : ,

caffeine : + ( ) - ( ) , ( ) : ( ) CH3CH2OH H - F+ -

caffeine ( ) . ( ), () C

caffeine ( )

caffeine C6H6O)C6H5OH( / ( ) :. . (C, O, N...) .

caffeine : : :. .. . . . . I. 6 . II. ? .

. / -COOH ,

C-C C=C ( / )

. -OH . -C-O-C-. NH2. -CHO. C-CO-C

: . .. .. . ( !). ? . .

caffeine4. - .... ...

caffeine- , ( ) , - ( ). -( )

caffeine : / ( )

-O H-O-

caffeine

caffeine 180 ( )

caffeine

caffeine : + H2O : 2 + 2 = 4 NH3 : 3 + 1 = 4 HF : 1 + 3 = 4 CH3OH : 1 + 2 = 3 CH3COOH : 1 + 4 = 5 : 0 + 8 = 8 HCN : 0 + 1 = 1

caffeine ".

: . . :

caffeine 4 - A, C, D (). . . A C D

caffeine - . / ,

caffeine --:http://chemmovies.unl.edu/ChemAnime/LONDOND/LONDOND.html+ . . ( ) -. : ( ) , -( )

caffeine , ,

caffeine - ( )- : ( )

( ) ( )

caffeine ( )

caffeine (Process) : ()

caffeine - . . - -)Tm , ( ) (,, ). -C6H14(s) C6H14(l) http://stwww.weizmann.ac.il/g-chem/chem2000/nacl/home2.html

caffeine - . .

(Tb) , ( ) ( )

-C6H14(l) C6H14(g)

caffeine . : . . . ( , )- : :. N-H < O H < F H ( ) . ( ). - HF . HF , !

caffeine : . : C3H8 - C5H12 , - C5H12 , , / . C5H12 . : Br2 -ICl . ICl . - . / / Icl .

caffeine . ( ): 1. : , C4H10 . , ) . ... 2. : C6H12, , ( ), - . ...

caffeine. C3H5OH < CH3COOH , : . I. O N, , : CH3NH2 < CH3OH II. CH3COOH > C3H7OH . H2O > HFF O H-F O-H. HF [] ( HF .

caffeine 1. I. . II. .. - GeH4 CH4? -HF -NH3? .

caffeine 2: :

C . I. . II. . III. . . , : C-O O-H? .. C? ? C? . C . . , , , ,

caffeine ( -, , ) ( )

caffeine -

-

- . . : .http://stwww.weizmann.ac.il/g-chem/chem2000/solution/home3.html

caffeine . . ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),

caffeine :

caffeine ( ) . : (, ) , .

caffeine- CO2 ( ) , H O - H () ...H O - HO = O

caffeine ( ) . C6H6(l) C2H5OH(l) : () .. C6H6(l) - - TTE CH3CCl3(l): . TTE .

caffeine - TTE CH3CCl3(l) , : ( )).. C5H11OH(s) : ( ) , . C2H5OH(l) : . ( ) : / ( , ). , . .

caffeine - , -

caffeine ( ) " . , , , . , . . . " " : " "

caffeine : ()?indigo : " " , () . ?

caffeine , : - / / - ( ) , ,

caffeine . - ( )

caffeine , - ( ) / : , . . ...

caffeine :Al2+3O3-2 K3+1N-3 Mg+2Br2-1 Rb+1I-1

:Al2+3(SO4)3-2 K3+1(PO4)-3 Mg+2(NO3)2-1 Rb+1(ClO4)-1 (NH4)+12S-2 (NH4)+1(NO3)-1

caffeine ( )

caffeine . ( ) : " - , - . / Hg(l) : , - () . http://www.xenvideo.com/2006/09/30/brainiac-alkali-metal-reaction-with-water/

caffeine . : ( ) , . , . () . () . , .

caffeine ( ) - , /

caffeine SiO2(s) 1:2C(s) 3 - C(s) , Si(s)

caffeine - ( ) C4H10(g) + 6.5O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(l)

:. ( ) , -2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)

C(g) + O2(g) CO2(g)

caffeine . : C2H5OH (s) C2H5OH(l) C2H5OH(g) CCl4(s) CCl4(l) CCl4(g)

S8(s) S8(l) S8(g)

C(s) C(l) C(g)

Fe(s) Fe(l) Fe(g) :Na2SO4(s) 2Na+(l) + SO4-2(l) CsCl(s) Cs+(l) + Cl-1(l)

NH4Br(s) NH4+(l) + Br-(l)

caffeine . : :CH3OH(l) water CH3OH(aq) CH3COCH3(l) water CH3COCH3(aq) :Na2SO4(s) 2Na+(aq) + SO4-2(aq) CsCl(s) Cs+(aq) + Cl-1(aq)NH4Br(s) NH4+(aq) + Br-(aq)

CH3OH(l) C6H6(l) CH3OH(C6H6) CH3COCH3(l) TTE CH3COCH3(TTE)CH4(g) C6H14(l) CH4(C6H14)

caffeine :: . , . . - ( ). : , : ( ) ( ) ,. . . , ..

caffeine "

caffeine "

caffeine . :

caffeine "