: Atomic Physics

H H

()HeZ=2BeZ=4=212+2MgZ=12=2(12+22)+2CaZ=20=2(12+22+22)+2SrZ=38=2(12+22+32+22)+2BaZ=56=2(12+22+32+32+22)+2RaZ=88=2(12+22+32+42+32+22)+2

- +

:

,n,l,j, ,

:

1

:

1. 1s 1s .3. 1s2

,

:

:

:

::S, P, D, F----S, P, D, F----2

:

, 1sn

:11s1s 1S03

41s2s1S01s2s3S1, 21s1s 3S11s1s 1S01s2s3S13 3S1

:

5 Be(4)Mg(12)Ca(20)Sr(38)Ba(56)Ra(88)Zn(30)Cd(48)Hg(80)+2.

:

1. 1s1s1s 1s 2s2p 3s 3d, , n1

:

2. n1l1n2l2 1s1s 1s2s1s2s 1s2p

:

nl; nl n2Lj1,n2Lj2; n1l1n2l2

:

Enlj

:

l1,l2,s1,s2G5,G6 G1,G2G3,G4G1(s1,s2)G2(l1,l2)G3(l1,s1),G4(l2,s2)G5(l1,s2)G6(s2,l1)

:

:1.

:

1): k1=l,k2=s,k=j j=l+s, l-s

:

2): ::::

s=0,1 .s=0j=l;

:s=1

l sjl jl l1 l2 ss=0s=12s+1=1,3;

:s=0,1 .s=0j=l;s=1

3) (L,S,J)::

:

33p4d12

1 1s 1s 1s1s 1S0Review 12 3s 3s

:2: 1s1s: 1s2s: 3s3s: 3s3pn1l1 n2l2 n3l3)

G1(s1,s2)G2(l1,l2)G3(l1,s1),G4(l2,s2)G5(l1,s2)G6(s2,l1)G5,G6

S =0 , 1L J S=0 J=L L J S=1J=L+1LL-1 L J

e1 e2 L S=0 S=1J J 1s 2s 0 0 1 1s 2p 1 1 012 1s 3d 2 2 123 1s 4f 3 3 234 1.

n=2,3

n=2,3n=3,4n=3,4n-4,5 2.

n =3,4n =3,4

2.

:New

:

:

:

jj

:JJ

4j-j3p4d

3

:3p4d 12

l j

:4

1

:1. Laporte

.

:

2) Laporte Laporte

:

l =1, Laporte

:

21 2 Laporte He

:Hg

:

He1s1s

(1s1s)1S0(1s1s)3S1;

1925Pauli

:

Pauli1) 1869 Mendeleev11Na

Wolfgang PauliPauliZeeman1925Pauli1940PauliBohr

1945

1n n2 ll . n ln=1, 2, 3l=0, 1, 2(n-1)

32

:

2Pauli Pauli

:

3Pauli He1s1s

S=1 .(1s1s)1S01He

:

: .

s1 s2 S=1Pauli

:

Pauli

2

:

Z

Pauli

Z

:

Pauli345

:

n l , nl m :1

:

l 1s2s

:

:

l, s

slater

:

Z

,,,18,8

n n l n l ,KLMNO..

1nl n 2 3

: 28183228818 2818Ar3p3d193d4s

4s, 3d3d4s4s 3d4s

nn n l nn n l n+0.7l )4s < 3d4f

1 S 2 S L 3 nl J J |LS|> JL+S1 Hund

pppd LS213

L-S J J J+1JJ-1

ML=0MS=0L=0, S=0, J=0 l=1pnp1np5 np2np4 Hund

(1)S (2)L (3)J (4)2s+1Lj (1) (2)(3)(4)

LSZ6Z7Z17:SLL-SJJ

: The end

npnp nl npnp +10-1 -1/2+1/2

MsMLML Ms221131111MsMLMLMsMLMsMLMsL=2S=01D2L=1S=13P2,1,0L=0S=01S011

npnp1S01D23P210 L=() S=0 L= S=1

17, 6Pauli

:

1 2

:

2 l

:

n nn: 1) n, lml(2l+1)mlmsl nl=2(2l+1).3

:

2 j 2j+1

:

19KK181,KK

:

...... 1

:

1n n Zn (Moseley) 3d32D ZT32D (Moseley)

:P235 27.5

4S 42S (Moseley)(Moseley)32S42DE=-hcTT

:

n=3 n=4 Z=20~2121 1920 4s21 3d .1920

:

1/23/2- 1/23/25/27/21/2