Microprocessor - Central Processor Unit (Single Chip) Microcomputer Microprocessor + Memory + I/O system (Multiple Chips) Microcontroller A single-chip microcomputer

1.. (Multiple processor Operating System)High Performance Computingsingle-processor system - Has one general-purpose processor -but almost all systems have other special-purpose processors e.g. disk-controller, network processor

Throughput NN NO Reliability , Fault Tolerant Economy

(1) (2) 1975(multi-processor)

: :

(tightly-coupled)OSOS(loosely-coupled)I/OOS

: :

OS(Asymmetric Multiprocessing, ASMP)(Master-slave mode)(Master)OS(slaver)I/OMore common in extremely large systemsSunOS version 4.0

Symmetric MultiprocessingOSAll processors are peers (), no master-slave relationshipMany processes can run simultaneously (must control I/O to ensure data to reach proper processor)Solaris, Linux, Windows NT/2000

Recent Trend

Multi-core CPU Multiple processors into one single chip

Why do we need Multi-core CPU?-In the early 2000s, CPU clock speeds finally accelerate past the 1 GHz mark.-Some folks (including Intel itself) predicted that CPU clock speeds would reach 10 GHz in the future. -PC enthusiasts looked forward to a new world where CPU clocks kept increasing at an accelerating pace. Moores Law()-It just Needs more power, Just adds clock speed. Is that true ?NO !

Physics doesnt allow for exponential increases in clock rate without exponential increases in heat, and there were a number of other challenges to consider, such as manufacturing technology.

Indeed, the fastest commercial CPUs have been hovering between 3 GHz and 4 GHz for a number of years now. But it is difficult to be higher.if you cant make the CPU faster, why not add additional computing resources ?

Why do we need Multi-core CPU?On-chip communication is faster than between-chip communicationUse significantly less powerProduce less heat and disturbingMulticore systems are well suited for server systems such as database and Web serversMulticore CPUs appear to the OS as N standard processors

Multi-core CPU Effects-software has to be specifically written to run in multiple threads-it doesn't offer an immediate Effects on Multi-core-Back in 2005, when the first dual-core CPUs were seeing the light of day, they didnt offer much in the way of tangible performance increases because there was so little desktop software available properly supporting them. -In fact, most dual-core CPUs were slower than single-core CPUs in a great majority of tasks because single-core CPUs were available at higher clock speeds.

NOW, a lot has changed. Many software developers have been hard at work optimizing their applications to take advantage of multiple cores. Single-core CPUs are actually hard to find and two-, three-, and four-core CPUS are now normal.

From Multi-core to Many-core CPUIntel200680Tilera200764Intel801T Flop

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High Performance ComputingSuper computers

55/

Super computers are near to usor far away from usIt is really near to us

It is located in Tanjin

Application

High Performance Computing :C l u s t e r MPPConstellations

To p500

2 0 0 8 6 , Top50080%

(Parallel Vector ProcessingPVP)(Vector Processor)()CPU(Scalar Processor)Cray XMPCray YNPNEC SX2

(Massive Parallel ProcessingMPP)

(Symmetric Multi ProcessingSMP)

(Constellation)SMPSMP------(Constellation)

Clustered system(/)Another type of multiple-CPU systemComposed of two or more individual systems coupled togetherClustered computers share storage and are closely linked via a local-area network (or fast interconnect)High availability: service will continue even if one or more systems in the cluster fail

Clustered system()

Clustered system Special Advantage (DM)

Linux

Clustered system Special Disadvantage,

Clustered system()Asymmetric clustering()One machine is in hot-standby mode(); the other is running applicationsHot-standby machine does nothing but monitor the active serverIf that server fails, the hot-standby host becomes the active serverSymmetric clustering ()Two or more hosts run applications and monitor each otherThis mode is more efficient (uses all of the available hardware)

OS-Top500Linux-UnixTop5002007612%2007116% -Windows200711Top5006Windows Compute Cluster Server