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42



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44



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46



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48



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50



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52



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:fdG MG eeY e dGh IQOG K hCG GdG Me1949 Mh1966

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54



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Oe QG Ye G L CH b b JU h DhSCG cQJ dG EG U Y Y dP O bh ,ooGh G e T ahU Lh Y aUh ,AGQBGdG GU AfCG H VG EG eCG Uh M QeCG jJh dG je JnrsdGnh nrunoj nnprdG nOohGnO nne nfrsnSnh krpYnh kroM nrnJBG kqocnh nnrnoS ngnrsnna} :Y

:AfG) |nppYna socnh79 (

dG LQdG VGh SGh dG Y IQdGh dG je ShaGdG S Y Ff J dGh dG Lh Y dG YOhCG dG GG iMEGoOohGnO nnnbnh psdG prPpEpH rogoennna}:fS `db dP QU eh WdGh G H dG pnnnnd mrnpH ronrnH nSsdG psdG oranO rndnh oAnnj spe onsnYnh nnrprdGnh nrordG osdG onJBGnh nodnL

:IdG) |npndnrdG nnY mrna hoP nsdG spndnh oVrQnCG251(

dOe NdG M G e jQhV ee dGh G fa .dG aGdG

a dh UN J Gh dG e KQh G LM dhTG a dCe cCG cCd LG EGh ,dG Gg H M HSGhSG hCG ,J dG EG IYdG edG eSEG YG H jdGa eCG ShCG ah dG hGH j CG e Ggh jJ bCG Y aNdPh SGh dH dH a a b dG J O J e cQG FdG eSQ b :b M Y dG VQ HK H jR jM Y MCG eEG e OQh csoQnh ,mpna prnZ mrpa ppenM sona ,nsnna ndne npnS kCGnreG dG npMnQ{ :Sh Y dG U dG

.zorpe onranCG nog rne ndEG prpa ppenM

g dG Gg dc Sh Y dG U dG SQ Iah H M e d j hQT GbJh aN Sh dhO dGO CG e dPh dGh NG M e YaG Gh a SdG L G OaG Y eCG bj M Qejh IMGh jDhQ Y eCG dG YdG LH b gdGh dG EG H

fJ dG eSEG YG iDhQ AL a Yh ,LY dHh V bOSQGe ch ,dGMCG ASh Vh eCG VGeCG Jh OJ ah IOe MG g XY J fc EGh dCe gh G Y dGh hH eCGh IYdG YLh UEGc AfG Y jCG J d Y Va dG jdG e QG YJh eCG IMJ CH dG Y Zh ,jNBG OLG Y gOL Jh f Y YLEGh Mh dG c EG IOdG IQhV Y CGG M e oJ aNG Y YGIG SCGh dG W J dh Sh Y dG U G H GdGIdG J ij e eh aGh H AdG ij e a ,dG dP e eh dG cJh EG Y cdG ij e eh G IM e dG dGREGhCG hj e eh ,eCG bGh gKCJ eh gOLh QdG dhe IQhV ij

.Ggh aGWCG e QeCG j

dG id IOM eRCG eSEG cGh YG dCe H CG jhKCJh ,Hh MdG gj dG jGhR hCG dG jhGR J eSEGMe e j e Ggh dEG fG hCG H KCJ dG YdG OLH hCG jdG HQb KCdG Y Mh edG Gg MGREh ,SGQOh H CG d g dG YVGdCe PJG g Qeh c dG Gg JYG e cCG CG EG fCG Ea GY jd SSCG Qeh Sc d eN ieh eSEG hH YG bY GOLG J H edG c H gG K eh ,YG j QH hG h Jh IaG GOLG Y G hCG NBG Y OLG J

.MGh OLG G GOLG

YG fEG ?Gg H f YG CG Of CG eG g d H hdG d bY da Yh YGh dG gCG Y J dGh jG eSEGYG Y jM eCG AY Y QJ dG G dP ( n``pdG) jH

.YGh dG gCG id jG eCG AY LEG Yh jdG Y afG dG

:ddG FdG dG GH G eSEG cGh YG Of CG h1-G GNEG YL2-``dGh IYdG YL

74



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3-``````àdG YG4- ```````dG YG5- O```````````G YL6-`````````jQhdG YG7-```````````````jdG M8-jdG IQdG T eSEG YG9- ``````````cJ HQCG jdG YL

10-````jYdG SDGh G OGaCG

dG jYdG OG Y LdG MTEG j HdG YG AGOCG Y cdG EGhWJh dG dGh eSEG dG GH SdG SDG e fGdh IUG eSEG IYdG I jOeh je YO ahh IYdG OL e fMCG

.IO GOLG e fG dGh G OH hCG G J dG Me

Jh fS dG YCGh eSEG QdG SJh edG hJ CG Hh BGhY AHh ,HQd bdG bG LG j e bdG e eSEG YG JH fEa Vd Jhh Je AKCG G eCG dG idG dGe gHh Hb d bJ CG eSEG YGh cG GOb Y eGdYG bY e iNCG IQHh hG GH JGREG bY ieh eSEG hG eCG GQN j YG J QhO Gch ?eCG eG dG MUEHY gVa dG IjG jdGh OG fb iQdG H N dG GQdGH hMCG S dG Gg h ?Y eG fb G eCG QGhOCG jh eCGfe jDhQ J CG CSCG jdG dG dGh FdG dG d UG jDhdG g

. p`` oèh b` oè oèh eh

WdG :hCG / eSEG hGh eSEG YG



islamicProj(C).Quark3 12/28/03 4:48 PM Page 76gHh e :fK

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.M e G J

:eSEG hG eY NG hCG JG Y dG Hh (eSEG hG) e QYG jYdGh MUEG dG Qe Y G G qoj fEa dG gdG FHUEG J dGh aGWCG e jh MUEG dG hj dG dP eCG bGhHh ,G eCG bGh Zh ObGh SdGh YLGh bNCGh dGEG f eCG bGh gQhO SQ YL c J dG OhG Yh iG Y dGIYdG e ja c b e eG dSCG Y dG Hh dG MUEG dG UEG CH j G Ea G Y dGh hH eCH ebh JYO J eCG Ea iNCG L eh gQhH G e YL c eb GPEG EG JCj d eCG bGhYh eSEG jdG GOe c IYGe Y SCJ b eCH jdG YdGd Lh Y dG e LG jdG YdG IYdG NO EGh e fL jdGrpgpQnjpO rpe rorpe kjpna noLproJnh ronorfnCG noornJ pAoDng rorfnCG soK} :fS b M FGSEGrooLGnrNpEG rornnY lsnoe nognh roghoOnoJ inQnSoCG rocoJrCnj rpEGnh pGnhrordGnh prKpCrdpH rprnnY nhongnnJpInnrdG pa lrpN sdpEG rorpe npdnP onrnj rne oAGnnL nna mrnpH nhoornJnh pnprdG prnpH noperDonanCG

:IdG) |nonrnJ snY mpanpH osdG nenh pGnnrdG unTnCG ndpEG nhtOnoj pnenprdG nrnjnh nrftdG85(G U Ea |H hJh dG H eDaCG} Lh Y `db gdGhSEG jO e fGL H M h IG fGL c UEG j CG EG JCj dH e j Lh Y dG Ea dG Gg d Gj CG g IYdG QhO Ea ed EG BGdG c FGSEG H oj fCG eh jd FG dG FGSEGY CG `H :b jBG g M c HG J a dhCG a bh a G j

76

77

GH nroJ `fCG fEGh Ge b `FGSEG `H EG :`FGSEG `H b `a b `dG H.j`dG

:edG dGeSEG GOLG Y edG eY Rh GHCG eEH d fCG G ehKCG b Gg fY bh dG idG GG Ea ah GQHOEGh bEG IUGSEG GG J gCG eh IYdGh UEG GQJ c GTeh Gc GKCJT e a QdG eh eeEG h Le H G AHh eSEG aGJ KCG NCG Hh ,dGh SdGh dG Y dG ge Va eh ZhJGOL j h gY QN G j UEG e GGh eGdGpa GhopgnLnh} :MUE Ghj CG Y dG LhCG dG IG Qe Y M KCJoocsnS nog npgGnrHpEG ropHnCG nspe mnnM rpe pjudG pa rornnY nnnL nenh rocnnrLG nog ppOnpL snM psdGGopbnCna pSsdG n nY nAGnnoT GofonJnh rornnY kGpnT ooSsdG nonpd Gnng panh ornb rpe npprordG

:G) |opsdG nrpfnh ndrnrdG nrpna rocrne nog psdpH GopnrYGnh nIncsdG GoJBGnh nIsdG78,(d a UTh feh feR G O H bGh Y eDG j CG IOdaedG dG eY gh edG Gg KCG jCGQ bh JOT L a e eY IOTYG e e Sd VJ e Ea Te H IUG jYdG GOLG YJ eh G Y fG Gg KCGh IQN QYG Y SDe OLG c eSEGY M f hO edG V Y TCG fEa IYdGh dH TGh SdG

.IUG GOLG GOe H Ggh G

:dG KCGh SDG eYL d SDG hCG SDG QhO QfEG GMCG e M CH fCG G ehdGh dG QhO dch YG J GQJ AH IUe eSEG cM hCGd YL c HQ Y dG H YL c a Cf dG SdGh YLG g e YL c ` s`G Ea jOG FCGh Adc eSEG jQdG HCG YL c YOG e hCG G SDe Y hCG SDe OLG EG G

.JH hCGh UCG g jDhQ

gHh e :fK / eSEG hGh eSEG YG


:cCG GEG IYdG e gCG MCG G Y dGh hH eCG eY QYG qG ehG OLh e hCG e g G a iNCG LGdG c fG e PEG J dGGMCG J d VCG GPEG a Ieh bT e gh ,UG Lh Y e AdGhG jh a jdhCG j G J AGOCG e e ch ?IUG GJ e OGYEG hCG d S Y cdG j e gh cG J Fb cCGhG H e J dG cCG G CH jQ H JG bh ,dG iG Y dhJ dG eeEG Z hCG YdGh SdG LG Z g eCG bGh H JhYh ,X EG G eCG S Y dG h H ,H EG jdG QeCG cCG

.G bGh dG G Gd GS EG AL e gQhH YG b UCG Ea

:Qd G Ng dG Gg jO Jh JM G Y aCG e cCG CG q`G ehQeCGh dbCG c ge Ggh ,dPCG G IYCG GL M geCH IdG G NGO AcdG jW Y hCG TG NdG Y dG dP c AGS GgOH QG e Y G Y NdG Gg Y eCG HCG e dh GEG JcL e gOLh GVah fdGh EG NOCG a dG MQ e EG WbH d EG dP eh e ZCG h WGbdG h fdG j a HdG

.OdGh AdG e dP H dH a

:idGh dG Y GfhJhY EG j CG bGh M UEG EG eCG Uh CG qG ehe hdG dP Y QGYG CG CGh ,a IKDG bGG ch FYh FHCG H Kh hJHSCG fc e e j CG SEG EG IYdG d jG b

:) |ronenMrQnCG GounoJnh pVrQnCrdG pa GhoproJ rnCG rorsdnnJ rpEG rornnY rnna} :JGQeh22(dG c Y GrsdnnJ M dG jCGQ c :db IOb Y j jBd WdG J hpMnQ Gg Y pMda .MsdG GonYh MQCG Gjh GG AedG Gj CG J|lInrNpEG noperDordG nsfpEG} :J `dH INEG dG gS b dG ,EGh SEG jO

:GG)01IYdG b g dG GfCG TCGh TCG e Ea Yh (fG).(.dG H e Jfh

78



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:G-UEG jZ CG- jdG J d Xj CG j dG G CG qG ehJGOe e SSCG IOe J H dHh JGP SEG e EG j CG HdG G GO e CG Y j a edG jdG J NJh EG

.OhG J iJ GPEG EG dGh dG

:GOLG OLG jJ iDhdG J Ea MUEG gGDhH YL c Yb e c e fCG qG ehj CG MC fC ,U gCG gBGQ EGh OLG de J CG H GOLGUGdGh gdG LQO hCG Ea Yh OLG QWEG ejh aGWCG e dG jdGc aGYG g YGh dG gCG QWEG hj jdG eSEG YG He MCG gh CGQ Gg db :M HCG eEG b c Cd Hb GU gOLG CH

.e GdH hCG a db e MCH fAL a Y fQb

dGh OYG UCG e J dGh jdG jdG M G CH dG eGg NO EGh HdG IYd J gh JG LGh YGh dG gCG LEG

.eCG Y T dG dG c QWEG

:NGh OdG SHe GQU Gfj CG eSEG G dG fCG qG ehY Jjh ,dGh NG gh G J dG S e S AdEG dP e eQ EGhJ eh Se GJ dG jdG Jh J CG G e FW c j fCG dPQRBdGh hdG e j Gg dh G UEG Z e gCG cCG

.dG Lh IdGh IGGh

:YGh dG gCG QWEGdG eSEG YG H UEGh IYdG ge NG e fCG qG ehid IG dG NG d Rj fEa YGh dG gCG e EG JYh UdG Rah dG bdG e dP hO a NG dh YGh dG gCGGOLG dG dG ge GSH e YL CG b jCG Rj a

gHh e :fK / eSEG hGh eSEG YG


dG gCG QWEG e dG d YG J GNEG EG dP iOCG EGh ,jNBG.YGh

:Gh SdH YdG AGOCG fGY dGh hH eCG d bO HGV OM b jdG CG G eh,dG J Y LdGh IQG SGh dG Ge Hh SdG H MhGJ GHh e IO bGe Y G eSEG SQGG SG SGh Ie ghaCG j a Gh SdG Ie Y eSEG SQGG bGe Y dGdGh dG hCG QGSGh eCG jW S AGS SG Y CdGh FdGid dG e `d GhLh dGh fG dG YCG Zj a

.b e G AY

:G H GP Oa e dG jdGY OQh a SEG UCG e Y UCG G H GP U CG G ehAGO dEG qoO{ :Sh Y dG U dG SQ b :b Y dG VQ GdG H HdG f dGh ,dG dM jdG dM dG g ,AdGh G b CGdG GaCG ?H a GPEG AH fCG aCG ,GqH M GeDJ H

MCG eEG e.zH.1424

AG OG Y T MU jh13 U216M jG h :`dH dP YdG H Yd S UEG C ,a OaEG LGh dG GP UEG ZJhaQh MUEG WJ e jdG K dG GP Oah ,G H dG Yh

fG.f jH G FdG FdG dj e a LQO f gOa

eSEG GOLG UCG IYdG H GP U g j CG j UEG hCGh.Gc H GP Oa jdH VCG jdGh IUG

EG df CG VG GdG G J H hCG c Y JG eCG GPEa.cCG H UdG H

80



eSEG YG J :dK / eSEG hGh eSEG YG


eSEG YG J :dK

dG gh ,Gfc jCG dG IM J fc S jdG YG J EGeh ,QdG EG dH aJ IO ee ah SdG jW J EG IOGQX eh ,eRCG J EG dG NG K eCG CG IM eRCG OLh eG JCa IOdG dhCG M a SdG b J IO GbCG dj jh IObIO QU IOSG eCG Y YG J M jQdG Sh HPL eh ,YGd J dG eCG be eh ,TG bGdG QdG J AMEG dhh jQdG edG W eh ,CG H aGdG S Y beh eCG J dMh G YGdG d Ic LQH ISCG J YL CG Ea G YG a dJ dG

.YG J S Qd eG e dP Z EG ,Jeh

Yh eG d T H N b IUG eSEG YG J EGhgCG e dh ,M Y YL c J gS IO iDhQ Z if CG adG dG K ,SDe iDhQh W g YG J U gS dG SCG

.gQJh YG J J M

jJ eG J KCJ M e HS VY e Y bO eCG f dhYd UCG VQCG T SSCG SQGe HQCG Y bf CG fEa YG

:g YG Jh G IUG eSEGG GNEG YL

IYdGh dG YLdG YG

adG YG

c Y bh dG OLG OhMh SDe SQGG J AGOCG O adC Gc KCJ b dG M eEG ia ,eCG hXh H QhH KCJ dGh ,SDe,G eCG jQJh jQJ H Ua GM T dGh eSEG aG S YEGLe g L Lh G eCG IM G dG Gg Y OLG H b fEa YhYh ebEGh eeEG gh cCG hH jh Qj CG j dG cCG d

G dP S h ,eSEG aG IOY IQhV hG S L aIge CG c ,GOLh Yh Nh IY G G AH IOYEG IQhH b dGGdG dP Jh eSEG eCG VJ fc dG GdG d dG eEGQj dP c L gZh HJh YEGh SS e AGYCG eSG dG GhOCGh,GdG XJh IUG dSCG GSG Y jh AdG IOYE edG jDhdGe fc dG eEG jDhQ J eg GQhO T H jG dG d bhdG gJG M JMS Y f dG idG QHh e eCd jQJe be Hh a aG SEGh cJ H dGh dG Gd ddG MdGG QdHh a IYdGh G Ich M Y dWEGh dG dG eHh gRCG ec jQdG dG GhOCG Yah G d SdGh

.gGh eG

HdGh IdG d MUEG GDhQ JGh dG eEG OLG J g ehH ,Zh SDGh eYEGh SdG dG iDhdG J dh YGdG G OGYEGh

.SG Y Ohd eCG Y jW Z dG OG XJh

fCG G Lh dG dG J Gc GKCJ dG YL ICf dG KCG c eSEG eCG HQ a e fjH CG H Jc Y bh e aa CG Hh ,dGh cdGh dG g bGe K Y JHh jdG IQdG TXJh H ,a ehe jCG AfEGh jdG IQdG OSG a jdG QSGQJh ShdG dG QHh .S Gh dG jdG dG e OdGV chdG cfG OHh ,Gc G H N dG dG WdG dGa Gc Y QJ dG GhdG U e cM jC G Gah GjdGh d G fGNEG IH eCG fGa e UN G b a SJdG adG SQGG Sd c c ,dG e e c dG dG j HdG g X a ,SQG g eBG J dG gKCG dG J G HY IcDe eSEG dG H gQaCG f CGHh YJh dG YL dhOLh SSh ah Y e jdG AGLCG H Y dG VZ hdGh dG HJUEGh IYdG Y j S QeCG d VdG CH J fC LGh ObGh

.dJ QN AT C VdG H YJCG edCGh edG KBa

82



83

MCG GbCH Gc KCJ a dG IjL T f dGh dG SQG eCGhe G IY SfG YGQ dGh gdGY H eEG gh SDe gCGY cDj a FUh SEG hQ Y SdG OHGh aGGh dG QfGh dSdGMCG J CG gdGY H eEG IYO gCG AdG dP EG IOdG IQhVGNEG IYc gH AL dG GYdG Y gKCH IUG eSEG dG e SQG g Jh H AL eh SDG e H eCG hJ dh ,GJJ X Cf dGh HdG IjG T UG SdG VdH INCG MGecG jOdG dhdG PJGh gMh HdG IjG dh c dG hDd EGdd c a HdG IjG T Y JSh g cCd jO c SQG ddGh G iDhd SQG g HJ M e SQG g J Y dG KCG ccCdG Y gDhGOCG bJ a Yh SQG g SQ GO S gQhH Vh,iNCG SQGG e ec Le IYdG Mh dG ISCG U HIOhG YLGh SdG dG QWEG SQG g Y IQOdG ihdG fGhY AGYCG Va eh G eCG jQdG GG QYG Y NCG hOeEG ge X gG dH SQG g Gd c c ,SS VhCG e SQG g GUG KCG Y QbGh dG MQ dG gCG eEG M H MCGe dJ bh ,iNCG dG gGH eGdGh dG e iNCG bGe G YSQG eh CG SQG OLG e JGOLG H WJ iNCG SQGe SQG gdG jf jdG dG Y MdG Y dG gOb dG dG dG jOdG jQhdG YG LNh dG QfCG SQe e hG eO dGh (jHdG jR QhS H dG SDe EG f) fdGebEG GSG G GNEd cGh dG AGOCH IdG dGEG f fG dH Y e QWEG idG dG SQG Hh ,G dhdG

.IQG jH eSEG eG gQJh jG JCf

eCd jdG Gh VQCG jW jQdh T a adG YG eCGhJ T CG G H gQGSG Y e Hh eSEG dbCG ZCG h G dG dG hdG V GdG SQGG J Obh gG LG SQGGG dG eSG dG jG dSCG dh SBG T Lh SBGh jaEGc a eCG jf G OH NEG e e IdG GSGh AgdGh

eSEG YG J :dK / eSEG hGh eSEG YG


j G CGHh eSEG dG adG ShCG IgGh YGdG ShDhdGdG VhCG jCd e adG VQCG e Ja G SdG VhCGJ GSG GhOLCa dG G d e GVQ jdG SdG AL K gHKGJ jO fd adG SQGG UCa HbQ e h d YGN VQCGdP eh G OH Md SGe e jh G G MS jiG Y G OH M MUEG QGhOCG jCG adG SQGG J bdGdG jH QGhOCG H e J e EG OGh SdG iG Y h dGSBG UG OG e bGe adG SQGG H gS eY jdG

.dGh SdGh SdG

dP eh e e cCG NCj CG eSEG Yd dG Ea Y AHhhCG jOLG MdG e UEG gcJh jY e ah YG J J

:dG

J J CG eEGh UEG edG jDhdG Y cJ YL J CG eEG a.SdGh OLG M UEG GOe e cCG hCG IMGH YG

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.adG YGh dG Yc gdGh MhdG dH J dG jdG

HjEG gQGhOCG QGgEG j eSEG YG EG dG HdG dG EGhc HdG dG dh eSEG dG cJ dG dG QKBGh dG EG IYdG

.SQGG J J dGh SDGh ICdG W QKBG d

84



eSEG YG AGOCG d edG jG :HGQ / eSEG hGh eSEG YG


eSEG YG AGOCG d edG jG :HGQ

eSEG eCG bGh eSEG YG KMCG dG dGh dG dG EGSh Sb dh d gGR j H QGSGh dGh dG e dbdG X UN dG eCH d G eCG OhMh dG dP YCG

.Lh Y dG EG IYdG YG J id IG gd gdG

bh eSEG YG cJ dG KCdG Sb gCG e Fe Aj bh?MG g e GbG AGL AdG IQKEG dP e j hCG K Gg

J Mh eCG CG fh Ad e e jdG YCG J CH GGhJ dG VQCG W j dG dH b GPEG UN Je idG GdGGbG K eh LGJ dG jdG W j dch Gg bh eCG YOYG g dG bO Y j h ,jdGh UEG e e TGh bdG.dG e c QJ EG iOCG dG QG c dGh Sd dG dSCG Y

EG eSEG YG AGOCG J Ve Y bCG CG ddG GdH bCG hKMCG dG dG Y a YJ CG dG jG H EG TCG CG jQCGgG N f CG hOh G Qb M GMCG f CG hO eSEG YGosdG nnnna kInpMGnh kseoCG oSsdG nnc} :Lh Y db cf CG g H Qjh ,jgX VQGnenh ppa GonnrNG npa pSsdG nrnH nornpd unrdpH nnprdG oonne nnrfnCGnh njpQproenh njpunoe nupsdGnpd GoneBG njpsdG osdG innna ronrnH krnH onunrdG oorJnAnL ne prnH rpe ooJhoCG njpsdG sdpEG ppa nnnrNG

:IdG) |mpnroe mGnpU ndpEG oAnnj rne prnj osdGnh ppfrPpEpH unrdG npe ppa GonnrNG213a ( GPEGh G Y dGh AGgd Jh NG S j G JCG GjaNG dG hdG MCG EGh ,J CG TJ eGbCG Ea ig dG e d jJNCG UCGh gOhM GRhj CG H Y H j CG g AGgG d JhppH GrhnnrTG nnrpH} :Lh Y `db J WdG OQhCG e dP dOh Gg GH EaGhoAnna ppOnpY rpe oAnnj rne nnY pprna rpe osdG nunoj rnCG krnH osdG nnrfnCG npH Ghoornj rnCG ronorfnCG

:IdG) |lpoe lGnnY njppanrpdnh mnnZ nnY mnnpH90db ;kGM e (krnH) :b (.Gh RhdG dZ Ea Ga e H M e IYdG eCa (fG).iqtdGh IOb

SGh FGhO MGfG b fEa IUG eSEG IYdG Y Me eCJ dhOhM ahh eSEG jdG JOM dG edG WCG ah H dG FGhdG gh ,IUG G GYdG ge dN e Y dG GOLG

:gh jOe KK JYdG GG :hCG GG

SdG GG :dG GGOG GG :ddG GG

Te AGOCG fCH Uj CG dGh YdG GH hCG IFGdG O adG BGdG KG jHdG gG N e YGh OdG UEG SG

.G QdG d YG dG ahh IG dGh:ddG AGOCG EG YdG GG jJ h

dGh YdG AGOCGEGh HdG AGOCG

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j dGh SdG Ge NJ d GG Gg J a fdG IFGdG eCGhSdG dG Ge eCHh ,G G ge Sjh edG eCG VhCG

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(eCG SdGh G hDT) NGdG SdG AGOCG(CG e gH eCG bY hDT) LQG SdG AGOCG

Y Q NJ d SdG dG Ge Rh a ddG IFGdG eCGhY dG VQ L H Pe jM e OQh c eCG S IhQP g dGh OG GGGhQ zdG S Oa eS IhQP eCGh{ :`d Sh Y dG U dG SQ H

:ddG AGOCG EG jJ OG GG eCHh .MCG (dG geh aG Ig) NGdG OG AGOCG

(e QdG OL) LQG OG AGOCGh

86



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e Ge c Ea eSEG YG AGOCGh G jYdG SQG EG dHh IUG eSEG IYd cQe Y GREG a b KdG jOG J GREG Me EG Udh Sh HjEG eSEG AGOCG je jd gQSGKdG jOG J LG a cdG HdG ddG jOG e Ge c

IG J je EG IQcG JjH)1(Sd jG J GSG H H aj dP d bOh Y H eSEG cGh YG GREGYG ZCG Y LQO dG fG Jh OHCG VJh eSEG AGOCG

:j e IG g e dG j CG Y eSEG1-.G cG Y OLG ge d Y jDhQ OYG2-.eCG bGh Y G GOLG d dG SfG ie j3- .H EG H LMh YG GREG edGh NGdG ie jDhQ

:hCG GG:ddG AGOCG je ah YdG GG AGOCG je

:dGh YdG AGOCG je/CG1-.dG HQh IdG J dhG OG ie2-.dG N e YdG dG eN ie3-.G FSdH edG IYdG N e YdG dG eN ie4-.FOeh SEH jd dhG OG ie5-.dG Y Od dhG OG ie6-.gGh ec YdG d eOG SDG OjEG ie7-.dG dG EG eSEG dG LJ dhG OG ie8-.Zh Obc .OLG jJh iNCG dG SC dhG OG ie9-.d dG hdG Uh J dhG OG ie

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.(gZh ,b S,GjS,GjO ,GfdG) IYdG 4-eCG bGh GG H jYdG GOLG jJ dhG OG ie

.dM e CGh G

(eCG SdGh G hDT) :NGdG SdG AGOCG je /1-Gh jG ,dG ,jdG J) e e hG SdG dG ie

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88



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(CG e gH eCG bY hDT) LQG SdG AGOCG je /1-.idG eCG jb eSEG QG ie2-.SdG SQG OLG jJ cQG ie3-.G Z dG e Aj d eSEG G jJ cQG ie4-.dG OH G jdGh IYdG dG5-.eSEG dG UJh jdGh SdG dG SDG GNG ie6-dGh Ydc eCd SdGh dG hdG LGe dhG OG ie

.dGh GdG

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(dG geh aG Ig) :NGdG OG AGOCG je /CG1-.dGh IdGh dGh dG e dG S IYdG J ie2-UdG jJh TG GdG NdG hO KCdGh IYdG H jdG ie

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90

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IYO hCG dG IYdG j e dch dG JYO SCGh dG YL dGEG eCG gDJ AGLCG gh YGh GYdG Hh OG hCG G GNEG

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GMCG H faCG Y dG dG HEG cH eSEG11.SeG LCG e cQe H LhCG b eSEG YG AGOCG CH JGh

eCG Y YdG G aj CG Lj e gh IdG QdGh edG SDGhdG S OGh G Y dGh hH eCG IYdG ADg HS j CG e gh ,UG eCG jQJ idG eRCd dGhGdCG J eh dG J eg jJ NOEG H eSEG IG

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h dH d a jNBG M iJ CG jJ bCG Y hCG MdGh hdGhdG H j GPEG ddGh dGh jdG H NBG ij a gATCG J

.dGhe gMd eCG eh bGh YH OJ CG YL C fCH JGh

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hO Ic MCG H gQGhOCG WJh VQJ b YG cCG CH JGhbCG Y H edGh dG EG dG hCG H H GYG e ie fOCGbe e cCG dGh G GNEG H bh e VQdG dP eCG eh jJY Cf dG QdG eh ,gZh jdG dGh SdG dG j aOH hN Y Cf dG UdG QSGh GdG A YG ZCG S NdP f e a ,jG YdG QdG e RbdGh SdG SBG G

Y ShdG Y dG Qfc cQG QdG H UCG dG QgdG1996ShdG QSG Y f dGh OdG d ShdG LG bh K eCG OH

eSEG YG AGOC dG dG :eN / eSEG hGh eSEG YG


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.dG GJ dG GOLG H fc CGH Y d Ffh ec Le gOLG e J YL c CH JGh

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dCe gh jNBG GOLG Y YL c OLG J dhh jNBG OLGG Y dG GdG hO cJ GPEG Me gN d ja fc EGhJ e G Jh eCdGh bdG j Ggh NG a j aeGSG G GSG GZEG eG jYdG a a ,FGdGaGQ OLG hNBG j CG eEa e S UCG dG IdG c WbjG ADg CH dG e dH Gq o`j CG eEGh -g QdG fh - QdG GgdG j d iNCG Feh IdG dCe SGQ VQCG Y bGh Gfc EGhEGh dCG g OLG Gg UCG j a ,gOLG GOe H dH HQ jYdG a eh jdG HQ e hH jNBG j S fEaV c Vh jQdG G AY e H dG Gg GOLGeh !YCG FCG dhCG dN a OLG Gg dN e Ea Yh O OLGOLG Gg dN a edG edG dG GOLG H AYOG jYdG a

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G ADg Y aBG a a d j hCG e jNBG Yh Ff QXEGhGPEG G H INGDG a jEG J e ah Gcj CG EG j a

?dM Gg cKJh dG g eSEG YG a dG GQdG gCG e CG JGh

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uG NGdG dG e ee KQhCG b YL d G AGOCG W CH JG ZdGh hdc HjEG d IOQW H J JH dGh (AdG H)NGdG WGdG J dG fG b G dG J eh dGh jdGJ eh ,adG Y OHGh FGO dG jDhQh AdG Y ah YL dge Z Y dH fMCG dG j b dGh OG b G dGdG Y QdG EG G EG IOdG e AT c Y OG j M G

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hCG SdG G GQGdG J fc AGS jNBG SG hO eCG hDT.YdG hCG OG

GQGb hj AGYCG L b IUG eSEG SQGd G AGOCG CH JGhHh gZh e GNEG oV a H a dG Mj CG hO HVdG oVh hj hNBG Hh e jOG oVh Lj hNBGhNBG Hh jOdG jQhdG oVh hj hNBG Hh FGG

.Ggh hjOGYEG Y eG eSEG dG ee J J e dZ YG CH JGh

G H a J bh UG eSEG G dP f a YJCGW e H hCG IdG TG H ia iNCG G H a VGhdG iJh gCG e Hjh OG AGOCd ic gO hj YdG dGfhjh eSEG AGOCG f ICGGh SG fGNEG Y j eG efEa HdG OGYEG Sh Y dG U dG SQ e eCJ dh ,LhNh bTgYCG fEa eCG YWh cdGh IdH Sh Y dG U gYCG chj Y dG VQ QG H oG jCGQ M dG h CGdG Ibh SHbe d MJCG dGh JGSG M oa QH b jQdG Y

eSEG YG AGOC dG dG :eN / eSEG hGh eSEG YG


.jb Qc Y beY GPEa aU EG OGaCG H J eSEG YG dZ CH JGh

Y a GQG IOjRh IOdG IOjRh dG IOjR e ADg n`oJ AdGh dG.Jh eCJ hO idG bGG EG QGH Oj gMh WdH JQGOEG

eSEG cG V SQe dG eCGh SdG dG IT CH JGhShCG Ic S Ff EG OCG b G dG e dG Y NdG S eh

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