345675 ˙˚����) 6>59

�% ��˝˚�˚���)�&

�����(

345675 ˙˚����) 6>59

�% ��˝˚�˚

���)�&

�����(

˝1W*1b1 WS ,m

]\WdhSbn +\Wnj1

SZe\`Y*gSS SWS

f\bSb1E hb\+m a ,*YS

]`\,\/SW\an

+1a]W*bZ\1 /\Y*jZ11

S4dh1ZS1 �S+WSSH

�\a1bSb1 a*yb www.jw.org /ruSWS Z*]SjSb1 ]\ \/Z\Yd

S4 dV*4*ZZmf ZS31 */`1a\,

�˚�����&B

�1WS-S\4Z\1 \+l1/SZ1ZS1

�,S/1b1W1y 1-\,m

, �1a]d+WSV1 �1W*`danE

66>>7>E SZaVE *Nq =

������B

;=8=5E �n,T,O�`pf\,ShTE

*Na =99

�\WZmy a]Sa\V */`1a\, aY\b`Sb1

Z* a*yb1 www.jw.org /ru/a,q4*bnaq

˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

˝����� w�b\`\31,*q +*jZqx

]`\aW*,Wq1b �\-* 1-\,d P

�`*,Sb1Wq a1W1ZZ\�S. 'b\b

3d`Z*W db1j*1b Wp/1�S +W*-\

�S

,1abnp \ b\YE hb\ �\3n1 Z1+1aZ\1

�*`ab,\ ,aV\`1 ]\V\ZhSb a\ ,a1Y

4W\Y S ,aq 41YWq ab*Z1b `*1Y.�Z dV`1]Wq1b ,1`d , Sada*

�`Sab*E V\b\`m�S dY1`E hb\+m Ym

Y\-WS \+`1abS ,1hZdp 3S4ZnE S

V\b\`m�S a1

�Sh*a ]`*,Sb V*V �*`n

�\3n1-\ �*`ab,*. 'b\b 3d`Z*W

S4/*1baq Z1]`1`m,Z\ a 5<;= -\/*.�Z ]\WSbSh1aVS Z1

�Sb`*W1Z S

]\WZ\abnp \aZ\,*Z Z* �S+WSS

The Watchtower (ISSN 0043-1087) is publishedsemimonthly by Watchtower Bible andTract Society of New YorkE Inc.; L. WeaverE Jr.EPresident; G. F. SimonisE Secretary-Treasurer;25 Columbia HeightsE BrooklynE NY 11201-2483.4/*b1Wnab,\B Wachtturm Bibel- und Traktat-Gesellschaft der Zeugen JehovasE e. V.ESelters/Taunus. Verantwortliche Redaktion:Ramon TempletonE Selters/Taunus.� 2015 Watch Tower Bible and Tract Societyof Pennsylvania. Printed in Germany

�1a]W*bZ\D 'b\ S4/*ZS1 P h*abn ,a1YS`Z\y

+S+W1yaV\y ]`\a,1bSb1WnZ\y /1qb1WnZ\abSE

V\b\`*q ]`\,\/Sbaq f`SabS*ZaVSYS

�,S/1b1WqYS 1-\,m S ]\//1`3S,*1baq

/\+`\,\WnZmYS ]\31`b,\,*ZSqYSD

˚aWS Z1 dV*4*Z\ SZ*h1E +S+W1yaVS1 gSb*bm

,4qbm S4 w�,qk1ZZ\-\ �Sa*ZSq P

�1`1,\/* Z\,\-\ YS`*x

�Sg1Y1`S1I �`S/1b WS 1Yd V\-/*OZS+d/n V\Z1gH <

˛Z*1b1 WS ,mH 55

mW WS �1b` ]1`,mY ]*]\y `SYaVSYH 56

Sb*b1WS SZb1`1adpbaqb\ ]W\f\-\ , `\3/1ab,1ZaVSf \+mh*qfH 59

�b,1bm Z* +S+W1yaVS1 ,\]`\am 5:

34567�S`*3 V*3/\-\ ,m]daV*B96 =8: >>> �� 695 )˛%�˚ DECEMBER 1, 2015�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

�˚�� ���˝��

���•�˚ ���˝˚

s��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

���•�˚ ����•�

Vol. 136, No. 23 SemimonthlyRUSSIAN

�m Y\31b1 ]\Zqbn S+WSp ������% 7P;

˛*h1Y ]\ZSY*bn S+WSpH 7

�ZS-*E V\b\`dp Y\3Z\ ]\Zqbn 8

�\Y\kn , ]\ZSY*ZSS S+WSS :

���˚�% �� ˙����˚��˚• ��˚ ����� %

\-W*ad1baq WS S+WSqa Z*dV\yHL Y\b`Sb1 ,VW*/Vd��˚• ��˚ �˚��) ˛ ���˚�%�� ��˚• ��˚ ����� %M

r ���•�˚'��� ˝������ ��˝������ ������˚ ��"˚�� �•��

�*V Z*ybS

�̇ ���˚����˚˚� ˝˛

�̇ ���˚����˚˚� ˝˛

�Z\-S1 Wp/S ,\ ,a1Y YS`1 \bZ\aqbaq V �S+WSS a +\WnjSYd,*31ZS1YD �\ \ZS ]`*VbSh1aVS ZSh1-\ Z1 4Z*pb \ 11 a\O/1`3*ZSSD 'b\ a]`*,1/WS,\ Z1 b\WnV\ , \bZ\j1ZSS YSWOWS\Z\, Wp/1yE 3S,dkSf , �4SSE Z\ S b1fE Vb\ 3S,1b ,ab`*Z*fE -/1 ob* VZS-* jS`\V\ `*a]`\ab`*Z1Z*D�/Z*V\ ,m Y\31b1 a]`\aSbnB w˚abn WS aYmaW ]mb*bnaq

]\Zqbn �S+WSpHx �WS31 ]\4Z*V\YS,jSan a ob\y a,qk1ZOZ\y VZS-\yE ,m d4Z*1b1B

˙ �*V \+`1abS ah*abn1 S d/\,W1b,\`1ZS1 , 3S4ZS

˙ �*V da]1jZ\ `1j*bn a1Y1yZm1 ]`\+W1Ym

˙ �*V a]`*,Wqbnaq a +1a]\V\yab,*YS

˙ �*V dWdhjSbn \bZ\j1ZSq a \V`d3*pkSYS

˙ �*V Yd/`\ `*a]\`q3*bnaq /1Zn-*YS

�\4nY1YE V ]`SY1`dE�˚aSV\ S4 )]\ZSSD ˚y ab*W\ SZO

b1`1aZ\E \ h1Y `*aaV*4m,*1baq , �S+WSSE S \Z* `1jSW*11 ]`\hSb*bnD *V ob\ Z* Z11 ]\,WSqW\H w�S+WSq ]\Y\-OW* YZ1 Z*ybS aYmaW , 3S4ZS S \+`1abS Z*/13/d Z* +d/dOk11EP -\,\`Sb \Z* S /\+*,Wq1bB P ) +\Wnj1 Z1 hd,ab,dp/dj1,Z\y ]dab\bmxD �YSbE aW\,* V\b\`\-\ ]`S,\/SWSan`*Z11E `1jSW WShZ\ SaaW1/\,*bn �S+WSpD �Z /1WSbaqBw) +mW ]`\ab\ ]\`*31ZI �V*4m,*1baqE , Z1y ab\WnV\ ]\W14OZ\-\Ix�S+WSq ]`1\+`*4SW* 3S4Zn YSWWS\Z\, Wp/1yD \h1Yd

+m Z1 ,m/1WSbn ,`1Yq /Wq 4Z*V\Yab,* a ob\y VZS-\yH�m d+1/Sb1anE hb\ \Z* Y\31b ]\Y\hn S ,*YD

�˚�� ���˝��

˛*h1Y ]\ZSY*bn S+WSpH

wS+WSq P ob\ VW*aaSV*E Z\ /Wq VSb*yg1, ob\SZ\ab`*ZZ*q VZS-*D ˙Wq Z*a \Z* ZSh1-\ Z1 4Z*hSbxL���E ����•MD

w) Z1 ]\ZSY*p /*31 a,qk1ZZmf VZS- SZ/dS4Y*EY\1y `\/Z\y `1WS-SSD b\ d3 -\,\`Sbn \ S+WSSIxL����E ��˙�)MD

w) a d,*31ZS1Y \bZ\jdan V S+WSSE b*V V*V ob\\h1Zn /`1,Zqq VZS-*D ) aWmj*W*E hb\ ob\Z*ab\qkSy +1aba1WW1`D �\ a*Y* q 11 ZSV\-/*Z1 ,S/1W*x L(����E )����)MD

\Wnj1 SZe\`Y*gSS\ ]`*VbSh1aV\y g1ZZ\abSS+WSS a\/1`3Sbaq, +`\jp`1 w�*V Z*ybSd/\,W1b,\`1ZS1 , 3S4ZSxES4/*ZZ\y ,S/1b1WqYS�1-\,mD

5 ˙˚���) 6>59 7

�mW* WS 3S4Zn a\4/*Z*H

8 ����˝˚��) �"�)

�a1Y S4,1abZ\E hb\ �S+WSq P \h1Zn /`1,Zqq VZSO-*D �\ Z*aV\WnV\ /`1,ZqqH ˚1 Z*h*WS ]Sa*bn Z*�WS3Z1Y �\ab\V1 ]`S+WS4Sb1WnZ\ 7 9>> W1b Z*O4*/D ˙Wq a`*,Z1ZSqB ob\ +mW\ ,\ ,`1Yq ]`*,W1ZSqY\-dk1ab,1ZZ\y /SZ*abSS "*ZO�Zn , Sb*1 S]`SY1`Z\ 4* /1aqbn ,1V\, /\ ,\4ZSVZ\,1ZSq +d/O/S4Y* , �Z/SSD L�Y\b`Sb1 `*YVd w *Vbm \ �S+OWSSxDM�b\+m VZS-* +mW* ]\W14Z* Wp/qYE \Z* /\WO

3Z* +mbn Z*]Sa*Z* ]\ZqbZmY q4mV\Y S a\/1`O3*bn ]`*VbSh1aVdp SZe\`Y*gSpD �S+WSq P V*V`*4 b*V*q VZS-*D � Z1y 1abn Sah1`]m,*pkS1 \b,1Obm Z* a*Ym1 ,*3Zm1 ,\]`\amD�*]`SY1`E ,m V\-/*OZS+d/n 4*/dYm,*WSanB

w˛*h1Y Ym 4/1anHx 'b\b ,\]`\a ,\WZd1b Wp/1y Z1\/Zd bmaqhd W1bD �/Z*V\ �S+WSq \b,1h*1b Z* Z1O-\ d31 , a*Y\Y Z*h*W1E , ]1`,mf /,df -W*,*f VZSO-S �mbS1D � ZSf Ym ]1`1Z\aSYaq Z* YSWWS*`O/m W1b Z*4*/ P , b\ ,`1YqE V\-/* ]\q,SW*an Z*Oj* �a1W1ZZ*qE -*W*VbSVSE 4,14/m S ˛1YWq L�mbS15B5MD � obSf -W*,*f \]Sam,*pbaq ob*]m ]\/-\b\,OVS Z*j1y ]W*Z1bm /Wq 3S4ZSE ]\q,W1ZS1 `*ab1OZSyE 3S,\bZmf S Wp/1yE * b*V31 g1Wn ,a1-\ ob\-\D

������ ���% � ��)��% )˛%��

� �S+WSS a\/1`3Sbaq ]`*VbSh1aV\1 `dV\,\/Oab,\E ]\Y\-*pk11 a]`*,Wqbnaq a b`d/Z\abqYSD

� 1-\ W1-V\ ]\ZqbnD �+`*bSY ,ZSY*ZS1 Z* /,* *aO]1Vb*D�\O]1`,mfE �S+WSq Z*]Sa*Z* qaZmYE ]`\abmY

q4mV\YE V\b\`my 4*b`*-S,*1b a1`/g1D �Y1ab\ *+Oab`*VbZmf S 4*]db*ZZmf eSW\a\eaVSf b1`YSZ\,, Z1y Sa]\Wn4dpbaq aW\,*E V\b\`m1 SY1pb V\ZOV`1bZ\1 4Z*h1ZS1 S a,q4*Zm a Z*jSYS \`-*Z*YShd,ab,D �W\3Zm1 ]\ZqbSq ]1`1/*Zm a ]\Y\knpaW\,E V\b\`m1 jS`\V\ Sa]\Wn4dpbaq , ]\,a1/Z1,OZ\y 3S4ZSD�*VE hb\+m /\abShn a1`/1g Wp/1yE �Sada �`SO

ab\a h*ab\ Sa]\Wn4\,*W ]`\abm1 Z*-Wq/Zm1 ]`SOY1`mE ,4qbm1 S4 3S4ZSD �Z\-S1 S4 ZSf Y\3Z\Z*ybS , 1-\ 4Z*Y1ZSb\y �*-\`Z\y ]`\]\,1/SEV\b\`*q 4*]Sa*Z* , �S+WSSE , VZS-1 �*be1qE-W*,*f a 9Oy ]\ ;OpD �*4,*, obd ]`\]\,1/n w`1Ohnp Z* ,a1 aWdh*S 3S4ZSxE \/SZ +S+W1Sab aV*O4*WE hb\ 11 g1Wn wZ1 Z*+Sbn Z*jS -\W\,m 4Z*ZSqOYSE * Z*]`*,Sbn Z*jS j*-S S /*bn ]`*VbSh1aV\1`dV\,\/ab,\xD 'bS -W*,m Y\3Z\ ]`\hSb*bn 4*

�ZS-*E V\b\`dp Y\3Z\ ]\Zqbn

\Wnj1 SZe\`Y*gSS \]`\Saf\3/1ZSS 3S4ZSY\3Z\ Z*ybS , +`\jp`1wmW* WS 3S4Zn a\4/*OZ*HxE S4/*ZZ\y ,S/1b1OWqYS �1-\,mD �*V31/\abd]Z* Z* a*yb1 jwDorgD

˘DigitalV

isionLtd/

agefotostoc

k

�S+WSq

� ˚ ˚ � � � � � � ) � ˚ �

5 ˙˚���) 6>59 9

˙ S+WSq a\ab\Sb S4 :: a,qk1ZZmf VZS-D

˙ S+WSq a\/1`3Sb Sab\`Sh1aVS1 a,1/1ZSqE 4*V\ZmE]`\`\h1ab,*E ]\o4SpE ]`SbhSE ]1aZS S ]SanY*D

˙ S+WSq a\4/*,*W*an Z* ]`\bq31ZSS +\W115 :>> W1bE a 5957 -\/* /\ ZDoD ]\ =< -\/ ZDoD

˙ S+WSp ]Sa*WS \V\W\ 8> h1W\,1V ]\/,/\fZ\,1ZS1Y \b \-*D

�*Vbm \ S+WSS

\Wnj1 \ S+WSS Y\3OZ\ d4Z*bn S4 +`\jp`mwS+WSq S 11 -W*,Z*qb1Y*xE S4/*ZZ\y ,SO/1b1WqYS �1-\,mD �*VO31 /\abd]Z* Z* a*yb1jwDorgD

59P6> YSZdbE Z\ ,m d/S,Sb1anE Z*aV\WnV\ ]`\Oabm S , b\ 31 ,`1Yq /1yab,1ZZm aW\,* �Sada*D�\O,b\`mfE �S+WSp W1-V\ ]\Zqbn +W*-\/*`q 11

a\/1`3*ZSpD 'b\ Z1 VZS-* YSe\, S W1-1Z/D� \aZ\,Z\YE V*V \bY1h*1baq , oZgSVW\]1/SSw�\`W/ +dVxE , Z1y -\,\`Sbaq \ Wp/qfE w,1WSVSfS ]`\abmfxE \+ Sf wb`d/Z\abqfE Z*/13/*fE Z1d/*Oh*f S ]\+1/*fxD �*Y W1-V\ ]\ab*,Sbn a1+q Z* Y1Oab\ obSf `1*WnZ\ 3S,jSf Wp/1yE ]\Zqbn ,a1 ]`\OSaf\/S,j11 S S4,W1hn /Wq a1+q d`\VS L�SYWqZ*Y59B8MD

˙����� ˙�) �˚�

�b\+m VZS-* +mW* ]\ZqbZ* Wp/qYE \Z* /\WO3Z* +mbn /\abd]Z* Z* 4Z*V\Y\Y hSb*b1Wp q4mOV1D �V\`11 ,a1-\E d ,*a 1abn ,\4Y\3Z\abn hSOb*bn �S+WSp Z* q4mV1E V\b\`my ,m ]\ZSY*1b1EPZ1,*3Z\E -/1 ,m 3S,1b1 S V*V\y ,m Z*gS\Z*WnZ\OabSD ˙*,*yb1 ]\aY\b`SYE V*V\y \-`\YZmy b`d/ 4*obSY ab\SbD1`1,\/D �4Z*h*WnZ\ �S+WSq +mW* Z*]Sa*Z*

Z* 1,`1yaV\YE *`*Y1yaV\Y S -`1h1aV\Y q4mV*fD'b\ a*Y\ ]\ a1+1 \-`*ZShS,*W\ V`d- 11 hSb*b1OW1yD �b\+m +S+W1yaVSy b1Vab ]\q,SWaq Z* /`dO-Sf q4mV*fE ]\b`1+\,*Waq b`d/ ]`1/*ZZmf a,\1OYd /1Wd ]1`1,\/hSV\,D �W*-\/*`q Sf bSb*ZSh1OaVSY daSWSqY �S+WSqE ]\WZ\abnp SWS h*abShZ\E

/\abd]Z* +\W11 h1Y Z* 6 ;>> q4mV*fD 'b\ 4Z*hSbEhb\ a,mj1 => ]`\g1Zb\, Z*a1W1ZSq 41YWS Y\-dbhSb*bn V*V YSZSYdY h*abn �S+WSS Z* a,\1Y `\/OZ\Y q4mV1D1h*bnD 1`,\Z*h*WnZ\ �S+WSq +mW* Z*]Sa*Z*

Z* Z1/\W-\,1hZmf Y*b1`S*W*fE b*VSf V*V V\3* S]*]S`daD �b\+m a\f`*ZSbn b1VabE 1-\ +1`13Z\ ]1O`1]Sam,*WS \b `dVSD 'bS `dV\]SaZm1 V\]SS +mOWS \h1Zn /\`\-SYSE S WSjn Z1YZ\-S1 Y\-WS ]\O4,\WSbn a1+1 ]`S\+`1abS SfD �\ a S4\+`1b1ZS1Y]1h*bZ\-\ ab*ZV* �db1Z+1`-* +\W11 99> W1b Z*O4*/ �S+WSq ab*W* Z*YZ\-\ /\abd]Z11D \ Z1V\b\O`mY /*ZZmYE Z* a1-\/ZqjZSy /1Zn `*a]`\ab`*OZ1Z\ +\W11 ]qbS YSWWS*`/\, �S+WSy SWS \b/1WnOZmf 11 h*ab1yD\ ,a1Y obSY ]*`*Y1b`*Y ZS \/Z* /`d-*q `1WSO

-S\4Z*q VZS-* Z1 a`*,ZSbaq a �S+WS1yD �4 ob\-\,S/Z\E hb\ �S+WSp Y\3Z\ ]\ZqbnD �/Z*V\ ob\ Z1,a1-/* W1-V\D �\ ]\Y\kn adk1ab,d1bD �/1 11 Z*yObSH � V*V 1p ,\a]\Wn4\,*bnaqH �b,1b ,m d4Z*1b1, aW1/dpk1y ab*bn1D

� S+WSS 1abn Sah1`]m,*pkS1\b,1bm Z* a*Ym1 ,*3Zm1,\]`\am

: ����˝˚��) �"�)

`1/ab*,nb1E hb\ ,m ,]1`,m1 ]`S143*1b1 ,V*VdpOb\ ab`*ZdD ˙Wq ,*a ,a1 Z\,\1B Wp/SE \+mOh*SE 1/* S /*31 /1Zn-SD \ZqbZ\E hb\ ,m +d/1b1Z1YZ\-\ `*ab1`qZmD�*VS1 31 hd,ab,* Y\-db ,\4ZSVZdbn d h1O

W\,1V*E V\b\`my ,]1`,m1 +1`1b , `dVS �S+WSpD\ adbSE \bV`m,*q obd VZS-dE ,m \V*4m,*1b1an, /`1,Z1Y YS`1E -/1 /Wq ,*a ,a1 Z14Z*V\Y\D �*Y,m ,ab`1h*1b1 V*VSfOb\ eSWSabSYWqZE ab*WVS,*O1b1an a Z1]\ZqbZmYS \+mh*qYSE b*VSYS V*V `*4O`m,*ZS1 Z* a1+1 \/13/mE S d4Z* �1b1 \ Z\,\Y +WpO/1 ]\/ Z*4,*ZS1Y Y*ZZ* S Y\Z1b1E S4,1abZ\yV*V /`*fY* L�af\/ 5:B75C �Sada �*,SZ 57B6C6 �*YdSW* 7B75C �dVS 59B=MD �a1 ob\ Y\31b a+Sbna b\WVdD �*V 31 V*V S , aWdh*1 a ]`S14/\Y , /`dO-dp ab`*ZdE ,mE V\Z1hZ\ 31E +d/1b1 +W*-\/*`ZmE1aWS Vb\Ob\ \V*31b ,*Y ]\Y\knE \+lqaZS,E hb\ Vh1YdE Z1 ]`*,/* WSH

� �#& � ��"��

� Y\Y1Zb* Z*]Sa*ZSq ]1`,mf ab`\V �S+WSS ,XVI ,1V1 /\ ZD oD +mWS Wp/SE V\b\`m1 ]\Y\-*WS]\Zqbn b1Vab �,qk1ZZ\-\ Sa*ZSqD �*]`SY1`E�\Sa1yE ]1`,my ,\3/n �4`*SWqE \+lqaZqW Z*`\O/d Z*]Sa*ZZ\1 L�b\`\4*V\ZS1 5B9MD�]dabq ]`SY1`Z\ /1aqbn ab\W1bSy , Z*`\/1 ]\O

]`13Z1Yd +mWS \]mbZm1 Z*ab*,ZSVSE V\b\`m1Y\-WS `*4lqaZqbn Sa*ZSqD � 899 -\/d /\ ZD oD+\Wnj*q -`d]]* 1,`11,E ,VWph*q YZ\31ab,\ /1Ob1yE a\+`*W*an Z* \/Z\y S4 ]W\k*/1y , �1`dOa*WSY1D �*ab*,ZSVS whSb*WS ,aWdfx �,qk1ZZ\1Sa*ZS1D �\W11 b\-\E \ZS w]\Y\-*WS Z*`\/d ]\OZqbn b\E hb\ 4*hSbm,*W\anx L�11YSq <B5P<MD�1`14 9>> W1b , ]\/\+Z\y \+`*4\,*b1WnZ\y

/1qb1WnZ\abS dh*ab,\,*W �Sada �`Sab\aD � Z*`\O/1 \Z +mW S4,1ab1Z -W*,ZmY \+`*4\Y V*V dhSOb1Wn L�\*ZZ* 57B57MD �Z \+dh*W Wp/1y V*V+\WnjSYS -`d]]*YSE b*V S ]\ \b/1WnZ\abSD �/OZ*3/m \Z ,mabd]SW ]1`1/ +\Wnj\y *d/Sb\`SO1yE ]`\S4Z1aq a,\p 4Z*Y1ZSbdp �*-\`Zdp ]`\O]\,1/nE S wZ*`\/ +mW ]\`*31Z b1YE V*V \Z dhSWx

L�*be1q 9B5E 6C ;B6<MD � ,1aZ\y 77 -\/* ZD oD \Z+1a1/\,*W a /,dYq dh1ZSV*YSE V\b\`m1 Z*]`*,OWqWSan , /1`1,Zp +WS4 �1`da*WSY*E S w]\/`\+OZ\ \+lqaZqWx SY Sa*ZSq L�dVS 68B57P59E6;E 76MD�h1ZSVS �Sada* b\31 \+dh*WS /`d-Sf �W\,d

�\-*D *VOb\ `*4 \/SZ oeS\]aVSy ,1WnY\3* 1f*W, V\W1aZSg1 S hSb*W \b`m,\V S4 �,qk1ZZ\-\ SOa*ZSqD ˙\-Z*, 1-\E dh1ZSV SWS]] a]`\aSWB w\OZSY*1jn WSE hb\ hSb*1jnHx �1WnY\3* \b,1bSWBw*V 31 q Y\-d ]\ZqbnE 1aWS Vb\OZS+d/n Z1 Z*Oab*,Sb Y1ZqHx �\-/* SWS]] \+lqaZSW 1Yd 4Z*Oh1ZS1 b\-\E hb\ b\b hSb*W L˙1qZSq <B6;P79MD

� �#& ˚��˙�)

\/\+Z\ dhSb1WqY S Z*ab*,ZSV*Y ]`\jW\-\Ea1-\/Zq �,S/1b1WS �1-\,m b\31 ]`\,\/qb +S+OW1yaVdp \+`*4\,*b1WnZdp `*+\bd L�*be1q6<B5=E 6>MD *3/dp Z1/1Wp \ZS ]\Y\-*pb ]\OZSY*bn �S+WSp +\W11 h1Y = YSWWS\Z*Y h1W\,1V, 67= ab`*Z*f S b1``Sb\`SqfD �Z\-S1 S4dh*pOkS1 `*Znj1 Z1 +mWS 4Z*V\Ym a f`SabS*Zab,\YD˛*ZqbSq ]`\,\/qbaq +1a]W*bZ\ S ]`\f\/qb /\OY* SWS , Wp+\Y /`d-\Y ]\/f\/qk1Y Y1ab1D �1OV\b\`mY Z`*,Sbaq S4dh*bn ]\ b1W1e\Zd SWS ]\,S/1\a,q4S a ]\Y\knp V\Y]npb1`* SWS Y\+SWnOZmf dab`\yab,D�\W11 ]\/`\+Z\ \+ S4dh1ZSS �S+WSS Y\3Z\

d4Z*bnE \+`*bS,jSan V Wp+\Yd �,S/1b1Wp �1-\O,mD �m d,S/Sb1E hb\ �S+WSq P ob\ Z1 b*yZ* 4*a1Ynp ]1h*bqYSD �a1 Z*]Sa*ZZ\1 , Z1y w]\W14Z\/Wq \+dh1ZSqE /Wq \+WSh1ZSqE /Wq Sa]`*,W1ZSqE/Wq Z*ab*,W1ZSq , ]`*,1/Z\abSxE hb\+m wh1W\,1V+mW a,1/dk ,\ ,a1YE ]\WZ\abnp ]\/-\b\,W1Z V\,aqV\Yd /\+`\Yd /1Wdx L6 �SY\e1p 7B5:E 5;MD ˇ

�\Y\kn , ]\ZSY*ZSS S+WSS

�m Y\31b1 aV*h*bn S+WSp SWS]\]`\aSbn \+ S4dh1ZSS S+WSSE

]\a1bS, Z*j a*ybE jw.org

Y\b`Sb1 ,S/1\`\WSVw˛*h1Y S4dh*bn S+OWSpHx Z* a*yb1 jwDorg

w Y\b`Sb1 ,S/1\`\WSVw�*V ]`\f\/Sb S4dh1ZS1S+WSSHx Z* a*yb1 jwDorg

w

�\]`\amE V\b\`m1 h*ab\ 4*/*pb Wp/S

ˇ � h1Y aYmaW 3S4ZSH

ˇ �\h1Yd Wp/S dYS`*pbH

ˇ b\ ]`\Saf\/Sb ]`S aY1`bSHL Y\b`Sb1 ,VW*/Vd ��˚• ��˚ �˚��) ˛

���˚�% �� ��˚• ��˚ ����� %M

�*adkZm1 ]`\+W1Ym

ˇ �\Y\kn ab`*/*pkSY /1]`1aaS1y

ˇ �*V 3Sbn a f`\ZSh1aVSY 4*+\W1,*ZS1Y

ˇ ˙1Z13Zm1 4*b`d/Z1ZSq S /\W-SL Y\b`Sb1 ,VW*/Vd ��˚• ��˚ �˚��) ˛

���˚�% �� ��˚• ��˚ ����� %M

\Y\kn a1Yn1

ˇ �*V ]1`1ab*bn aa\`Sbnaq

ˇ �*V `*abSbn /1b1y \b,1bab,1ZZmYS Wp/nYS

ˇ �*V ]`S,S,*bn /1bqY Z`*,ab,1ZZm1]`SZgS]mL Y\b`Sb1 ,VW*/Vd ��˚• ��˚ �˚��) ˛

������ � ��˙��˚��M

�\]`\am Y\W\/13S

ˇ �*V ]`\bS,\ab\qbn a1Vad*WnZmY/\Y\-*b1Wnab,*Y

ˇ b\ /1W*bnE 1aWS Z*/ b\+\y S4/1,*pbaq

ˇ �*V a]`*,Sbnaq a \/SZ\h1ab,\YL Y\b`Sb1 ,VW*/Vd ��˚• ��˚ �˚��) ˛

��˙�� ���M

�\Y\kn \ZW*yZ

�\b1WS +m ,m a*Y\ab\qb1WnZ\ SaaW1/\,*bnS+WSpH �`S-W*j*1Y ,*a ]\a1bSbn a*ybjwDorgD �* Z1Y ]`1/ab*,W1Z* +1a]W*bZ*q SZOe\`Y*gSq \ S+WSS +\W11 h1Y Z* ;>> q4mOV*fD �* a*yb1 \a,1k*pbaq aW1/dpkS1 b1YmB

s

< ����˝˚��) �"�)

����•��� ,m`\aW* Z* \/Z\Y S4 \ab`\,\,�`1/S41YZ\Y\`nqD ˚k1 +d/dhS ]\/`\abV\YE

\Z* 3S,\ SZb1`1a\,*W*an ]\WSbSV\yD \4/Z11*Z*y\b* `*+\b*W* a1V`1b*`1Y ]*`bSyZ\y \`-*OZS4*gSS , a,\1y `\/Z\y /1`1,Z1D �Z* /*31 f\/SOW* ]\ /\Y*Y S a\+S`*W* a`1/ab,* /Wq Zd3/]*`bSSD �\ a\ ,`1Y1Z1Y 11 ]\abS-W\ `*4\h*`\,*OZS1D �1aY\b`q Z* b\ hb\ hW1Zm ]*`bSS Z*4m,*WS/`d- /`d-* wb\,*`Sk*YSxE a`1/S ZSf g*`SW\ VdOY\,ab,\E h1ab\Wp+S1E ,Zdb`1ZZS1 `*4Z\-W*aSq S4*,SabnD˙oZS1W S4 �`W*Z/SS ,m`\a , \h1Zn Z*+\3O

Z\y a1Yn1D �/Z*V\ \Z /\ aSf ]\` ]\YZSb WSg1Y1O`S1 a,qk1ZZSV\,E V\b\`m1 Z*]S,*WSanE S-`*WS ,*4*`bZm1 S-`m S ,\`\,*WS /1Zn-S a b*`1WVS /Wq]\31`b,\,*ZSyE * 1Yd -\,\`SWSE hb\ 4* -`1fS \ZY\31b ]\]*abn , \-Z1ZZmy */D˙31ee`S /\W-\1 ,`1Yq ]`\`*+\b*W , ae1`1

Y*`V1bSZ-* S ]`\/*3E a\b`d/ZSh*q a Y13/dZ*O`\/ZmYS ad/\,W*/1Wng*YS S4 �1WSV\+`Sb*ZSS S�"�D �Z Y\31b `*aaV*4*bn YZ\31ab,\ Sab\`SyEV\-/* 1-\ VWS1Zbm S Sf a\]1`ZSVS ]`S+1-*WS V,4qbV*Y ,\ ,`1Yq /1W\,mf ]1`1-\,\`\, a /\WO3Z\abZmYS WSg*YSD �ZS +mWS -\b\,m ]dabSbnaqZ* Wp+dp W\3nE WSjn +m 4*]\WdhSbn V\Zb`*VbD

a\3*W1ZSpE obS aWdh*S Z1 1/SZShZmD �Sg1OY1`S1 a1-\/Zq ]`\g,1b*1b ]\hbS ,\ ,a1f ae1`*fh1W\,1h1aV\y /1qb1WnZ\abSB , ]\WSbSV1E `1WSO-SS S +S4Z1a1D � `daaV\Y q4mV1 aW\,\ wWSg1Y1`xLhb\ +dV,*WnZ\ 4Z*hSb w]`SY1`qbn WSg*xM PV*WnV* -`1h1aV\-\ aW\,*E V\b\`mY Z*4m,*WS \`*Ob\`* SWS b1*b`*WnZ\-\ *Vb1`*E h*ab\ Y1Zqpk1O-\ Y*aVSD �\ ,`1Y1Z1Y ob\ aW\,\ ab*WS ]`SY1OZqbn V h1W\,1VdE V\b\`my ]`S+1-*1b V ]`Sb,\`Oab,dE hb\+m \+Y*Zdbn /`d-Sf SWS /\+Sbnaq a,\SfV\`mabZmf g1W1yD� YZ\-Sf WSg1Y1`S1 ,m4m,*1b -Z1,E -\`1hn S

\+S/dD �b*, 31`b,\y WSg1Y1`SqE h1W\,1V Y\31b, a1`/g*f ,\aVWSVZdbnB w˙* V\-/* 31 ob\ 4*V\ZOhSbaqHIx ah*abnpE �W\,\ �\-* 4*,1`q1b Z*aE hb\WSg1Y1`Sp aV\`\ ]`S/1b V\Z1gD

��� ��� � ˚�� %� ����)�)� ���˚ ˚��(

�4 �S+WSS ,S/Z\E hb\ ]1`,mY WSg1Y1`\Y +mWZ1 h1W\,1VE * Z1,S/SYmy /dfD � a*Y\Y Z*h*W1 h1OW\,1h1aV\y Sab\`SS �*b*Z* ˙nq,\WE ]`SV`m,*qan4Y11YE aW\,Z\ Y*aV\yE ]`SVSZdWaq +W*-\/1b1OW1YE hb\+m \+Y*Zdbn ]1`,dp 31ZkSZdE ˚,d L�mObS1 7B5P9MD � b1f ]\` YZ\-S1 Wp/S b\31 ,m/*O

���˚ ˚��˚I�`S/1b WS 1Yd V\-/*OZS+d/n V\Z1gH

5 ˙˚���) 6>59 =

pb a1+q 4* b1fE V1Y Z1 q,WqpbaqE hb\+m \+Y*Zdbn/`d-Sf S /\+Sbnaq a,\Sf V\`mabZmf g1W1yD\-/* /`1,ZS1 S4`*SWnbqZ1 Z*h*WS ]\VW\ZqbnO

aq W\3ZmY +\-*Y S ]`\q,Wqbn WSg1Y1`S1 ]\\bZ\j1ZSp V �\-dE �1-\,* Z1aV\WnV\ `*4 ]`1/dO]`1/SW Sf \ ]\aW1/ab,SqfD �1`14 ]`\`\V* �a*Sp�\- aV*4*WB w'b\b Z*`\/ ]`S+WS3*1baq V\ YZ1dab*YS S ]`\aW*,Wq1b Y1Zq WSjn -d+*YSE * a,\1a1`/g1 \ZS d/*WSWS \b Y1Zqx L�a*Sq 6=B57MD\aV\WnVd Z*`\/ d]\`ab,\,*W , a,\Sf -`1f*fE�\- ]\4,\WSW hd3141Yg*Y dZShb\3Sbn `1WS-SO\4Zmy g1Zb` �4`*SWq P �1`da*WSY S 1-\ f`*YD� :>; -\/d /\ ZD oD \Z +mW `*4`dj1Z ,*,SW\ZqOZ*YSE * 4*b1YE , ;> -\/d ZD oDE \V\Zh*b1WnZ\ dZSOhb\31Z `SYaVSYS ,\yaV*YSD *V ,S/Z\E �\- Z1a\+S`*1baq b1`]1bn WSg1Y1`S1 +1aV\Z1hZ\D� /`d-\y ab\`\ZmE �\- S 1-\ �mZE �Sada �`SO

ab\aE \h1Zn g1Zqb h1abZmf S SaV`1ZZSf Wp/1yD�*]`SY1`E , a*Y\Y Z*h*W1 aWd31ZSq �Sada* VZ1Yd ]\/\j1W h1W\,1V ]\ SY1ZS �*e*Z*SWD �,SO/1, 1-\E �Sada aV*4*WB w�\bE ]\SabSZ1 S4`*SWnObqZSZE , V\b\`\Y Z1b WdV*,ab,*x L�\*ZZ* 5B8;MD�*e*Z*SWE b*V31 S4,1abZmy V*V �*`e\W\Y1yEab*W \/ZSY S4 56 *]\ab\W\, L�dVS :B57P5:MD�Sada dhSW a,\Sf ]\aW1/\,*b1W1y aY\b`1bn Z*

,1kS b*V 31E V*V aY\b`Sb �\-D �`1/S ZSf Z1 /\WO3Z\ +mW\ +mbn WSg1Y1`SqD �Sada ]`1/\ab1`1-*WSf \b ob\y 4*]*/ZSD �Z ab`\-\ \ad3/*W WSg1Y1`OZm1 /1yab,Sq `1WS-S\4Zmf `dV\,\/Sb1W1y b\-\,`1Y1ZSD �*aaY\b`SYE , h1Y ]`\q,WqW\an Sf /,dOWShS1D

�ZS ,mab*,WqWS a,\p w]`*,1/Z\abnx Z*]\V*4D�Sada ]`1/d]`1/SW a,\Sf aWdj*b1W1yB w�ab1`1O-*yb1an ]\V*4m,*bn a,\p ]`*,1/Z\abn ]1`1/Wp/nYSE hb\+m ,*a 4*Y1bSWSDDD DDD'b\ /1W*pb WSOg1Y1`mxD �Z b*V31 aV*4*W SYE hb\+m Sf /\+`m1/1W* +mWS b*yZmYSE * Z1 ]\V*4ZmYSD �Y Z1 aW1O/\,*W\ Y\WSbnaq b*VE hb\+m ]`\S4,1abS ,]1h*bOW1ZS1 Z* /`d-SfD �\- \/\+`qW +m Sf ]\VW\Z1ZS1Eb\WnV\ 1aWS +m \Z\ +mW\ SaV`1ZZSY L�*be1q:B5P:MD

�ZS +mWS aVW\ZZm \ad3/*bn /`d-SfD �SadaaV*4*WB w�Sg1Y1`I �mZn aZ*h*W* +`1,Z\ S4 a,\O1-\ -W*4*E S b\-/* qaZ\ d,S/SjnE V*V ,mZdbn a\OW\YSZVd S4 -W*4* b,\1-\ +`*b*x L�*be1q ;B9MD ˚aOWS h1W\,1V V`SbSVd1b /`d-SfE f\bq a*Y a\,1`j*O

1b 1k1 +\W11 a1`n14Zm1 \jS+VSE \Z WSg1Y1`SbD�1/n Z* a*Y\Y /1W1 w,a1 a\-`1jSWS S WSj1ZmaW*,m �\-*x L�SYWqZ*Y 7B67MD

�ZS `dV\,\/ab,\,*WSan Z1]`*,SWnZmYS ]\+d3O/1ZSqYSD �/Z*3/m dh1ZSVS e*`Sa11, S ab\`\ZOZSVS �`\/* 4*/*WS �Sadad ,\]`\a \ Z*W\-*fD`S+1-Zd, V W1abSE \ZS Z*h*WS a b*VSf aW\,Bw�hSb1WnE Ym 4Z*1YE hb\ bm ]`*,/S, S dhSjn �\O3n1Yd ]dbS , a\-W*aSS a SabSZ\yxD ˛*b1Y \ZS 4*O/*WS 1Yd ]`\,\V*gS\ZZmy ,\]`\aB w˛*V\ZZ\ WS]W*bSbn ]\/djZmy Z*W\- V1a*`p SWS Z1bHx �SOada \b,1bSWB w˛*h1Y ,m Sa]mbm,*1b1 Y1ZqE WSg1OY1`mHx �mZ �\-* a]`*,1/WS,\ Z*4,*W Sf WSg1Y1O`*YSE ]\b\Yd hb\ Z* a*Y\Y /1W1 \ZS f\b1WSw]\/W\,Sbn 1-\ Z* aW\,1xE * Z1 ]\WdhSbn \b,1b Z*a,\y ,\]`\a L�*be1q 66B59P66MD\-/* , qbS/1aqbZSgd 77 -\/* ZD oD +mW\ \+O

`*4\,*Z\ f`SabS*ZaV\1 a\+`*ZS1E , Z1Y g*`SW*

*bY\ae1`* h1abZ\abS S /\,1`SqD �abSZZm1 f`SaObS*Z1 S4\ ,a1f aSW ab*`*WSan SaV\`1ZSbn , a1+1Wp+m1 ]`\q,W1ZSq WSg1Y1`SqD �*]`SY1`E 1b`E\/SZ S4 56 *]\ab\W\,E ]\+d3/*W a\,1`dpkSf]`\q,Wqbn w]\aWdj*ZS1 SabSZ1x a wZ1WSg1Y1`OZ\y +`*baV\y Wp+\,npx L5 1b`* 5B66MD �]\ab\W*,1W ]`S4m,*W a,\Sf a\b`d/ZSV\, ]`\q,WqbnwWp+\,n \b hSab\-\ a1`/g*E hSab\y a\,1abS S Z1OWSg1Y1`Z\y ,1`mx L5 �SY\e1p 5B9MD

��� ��˝&˚�� ����

˛*]Sa*ZZm1 , �S+WSS dh1ZSq �Sada* S 1-\*]\ab\W\, ]\O]`13Z1Yd /1yab,1ZZmD �]\ab\W*,1W Z*]Sa*WB w�W\,\ �\-* 3S,\ S /1yab,1ZZ\S \ab`11 ,aqV\-\ \+\p/\\ab`\-\ Y1h*E \Z\ ]`\OZSV*1b Z*ab\WnV\ -Wd+\V\E hb\ `*4/1Wq1b /djd S/dfE adab*,m S V\abZmy Y\4-E S `*a]\4Z* �1b YmaOWS S Z*Y1`1ZSq a1`/g*x L˚,`1qY 8B56MD �4dh1OZS1 �S+WSS S ]`SY1Z1ZS1 11 ]`SZgS]\, ]\Y\-W\

�abSZZm1 f`SabS*Z1 ]`\q,WqpbwWp+\,n \b hSab\-\ a1`/g*E hSab\ya\,1abS S Z1WSg1Y1`Z\y ,1`mxL5 �����˚( 5B9M

5> ����˝˚��) �"�)

YZ\-SY S4+*,Sbnaq \b WSg1Y1`Sq S ,ab*bn Z*]dbn h1abZ\abSD 'b\ f\`\j\ ]\/b,1`3/*1b ]`SOY1` b`1f h1W\,1VE d]\YqZdbmf , Z*h*W1 ab*ObnSD˝S4Zn *Z*y\bm V\`1ZZmY \+`*4\Y S4Y1ZSO

W*anE V\-/* \Z* a\-W*aSW*an ]`SybS Z* f`SabSO*ZaVdp ,ab`1hd , ˛*W �*`ab,* �,S/1b1W1y �1-\O,mD �Z* d,S/1W*E hb\ b*Y Z1 +mW\ WSg1Y1`Sq S]\V*4Z\y ]`*,1/Z\abSD *Z*y\b* `*aaV*4m,*1bBw� ˛*W1 �*`ab,* ,a1 ]`\q,WqWS /`d- V /`d-d Z*Oab\qkdp Wp+\,n S SaV`1ZZSy SZb1`1a P b\E h1O-\ q ZSV\-/* Z1 ,S/1W* 4* ,a1 -\/mE hb\ 4*ZSY*OW*an ]\WSbSV\yxD*Z*y\b* ab*W* S4dh*bn �S+WSp S a\ ,`1Y1O

Z1Y V`1abSW*anD 'b\ +mW\ 7> W1b Z*4*/D �\b hb\\Z* -\,\`Sb a1-\/ZqB w) Z*jW* SabSZZmy aYmaW

3S4ZS Z1 V\-/* f\/SW* ]\ /\Y*Y a ]\WSbSh1aV\y*-Sb*gS1yE * V\-/* ab*W* ]`\]\,1/\,*bn ,1abn \�*`ab,1 �\-* P 1/SZab,1ZZ\Y ]`*,Sb1Wnab,1EV\b\`\1 aY\31b dab*Z\,Sbn a]`*,1/WS,\abnxD˙oZS1W `\a /df\,Z\E S a\ ,`1Y1Z1Y 1Yd +mO

W\ /\,1`1Z\ +\Wnj1 \b,1bab,1ZZ\abS , f`SabSO*ZaV\Y a\+`*ZSSD �1aV\WnV\ W1b a]dabq \Z /\]dOabSW \jS+Vd ]`S ,mZ1a1ZSS \/Z\-\ `1j1ZSq S1-\ Z*h*W* YdhSbn a\,1abnD �Z -\,\`SbB w\YZq\ WSg1Y1`SSE V\b\`\1 q /\ ob\-\ Z*+Wp/*W , g1`OV,SE q Z1 ,S/1W /`d-\-\ ,mf\/*E V`\Y1 V*V aW\O3Sbn a a1+q ]\h1bZm1 \+q4*ZZ\abS , a\+`*ZSSD�Z1 +mW\ Z1,mZ\aSY\ /dY*bn \ b\YE hb\ a\,1`dOpkS1 +d/db ahSb*bn Y1Zq WSg1Y1`\YxD�\ ,`1Y1Z1Y ˙oZS1W ]\hd,ab,\,*WE hb\ Y\31b

a hSab\y a\,1abnp ,1`Zdbnaq V a,\SY \+q4*ZZ\OabqY , a\+`*ZSSD �*V*q SaV`1ZZqq h1abZ\abn P\bWShSb1WnZ*q h1`b* b1fE Vb\ aWd3Sb �\-d +14WSg1Y1`SqD �ZS , ]1`,dp \h1`1/n \+`*k*pb,ZSY*ZS1 Z* a,\S Z1/\ab*bVS SE ]`13/1 h1YaY\b`1bn Z* wa\W\YSZVdx , -W*4d +`*b*E aZ*h*W*ab*`*pbaq ,mZdbn w+`1,Z\x S4 a,\1-\ -W*4*D˙31ee`SE V\b\`my `*Znj1 4*ZSY*Waq +S4Z1O

a\YE aV*4*WB w�4dh*q �S+WSpE q ]\ZqWE hb\ +\WnOj1 Z1 Y\-d +mbn S4,\`\bWS,mY S Z*]\`SabmY/1Wng\YE -\b\,mY Z* Wp+\y \+Y*ZE WSjn +m4*]\WdhSbn V\Zb`*VbD �`1/S +S+W1yaVSf abSf\,EV\b\`m1 ]\,WSqWS Z* Y\p a\,1abnE +mWS `SbhS55B5E -/1 -\,\`SbaqE hb\ tY\j1ZZSh1aVS1 ,1am PY1`4\abn /Wq �1-\,mrxD � \bWShS1 \b b1fE Vb\ 4*O/*W �Sadad ,\]`\a \ Z*W\-*fE ˙31ee`S Z*dhSWaq/1yab,\,*bn +14 aV`mbmf Y\bS,\, , \+`*k1ZSS aa\,1`dpkSYS S /`d-SYS Wp/nYSD�SWWS\Zm �,S/1b1W1y �1-\,m ]\ ,a1Yd YS`d

ab`1Yqbaq ]`SY1Zqbn b\E hb\ \ZS d4Z* ‹pb S4�S+WSSD �ZS S4\ ,a1f aSW ab*`*pbaq w\+W1hnaq, Z\,dp WShZ\abnE a\b,\`1ZZdp ]\ ,\W1 �\-* ,SabSZZ\y ]`*,1/Z\abS S ]`1/*ZZ\abSx L'e1aqOZ*Y 8B68MD �m ]\+d3/*1Y ,*a d4Z*bnE Vb\ b*VS1�,S/1b1WS �1-\,m S ,\ hb\ \ZS ,1`qbD �ZS Y\-db`*aaV*4*bn ,*Y \+ \+1k*ZZ\Y �\-\Y Z\,\Y YSO`1E , V\b\`\Y w+d/1b \+Sb*bn ]`*,1/Z\abnx S d31Z1 +d/1b Y1ab* WSg1Y1`Sp L6 1b`* 7B57MD ˇ

w�a1 ]`\q,WqWS /`d-V /`d-d Z*ab\qkdpWp+\,n S SaV`1ZZSySZb1`1ax L����•���M

w�Z1 +mW\ Z1,mZ\aSY\/dY*bn \ b\YE hb\a\,1`dpkS1 +d/dbahSb*bn Y1ZqWSg1Y1`\Yx L˙'��˚�M

w) ]\ZqWE hb\ +\Wnj1Z1 Y\-d +mbnS4,\`\bWS,mY SZ*]\`SabmY /1Wng\YxL˙˝˚����M

� /\]\WZ1ZS1 V +S+W1yaV\Yd a\\+k1ZSp S4 ˙1qZSy 6B9P55 Ym`*a]\W*-*1Y a,S/1b1Wnab,\Y 1,`1yaV\-\ +\-\aW\,* b\-\ ,`1Y1OZS �SW\Z* �W1Va*Z/`SyaV\-\E V\b\`my Z*]Sa*WE hb\ , �qbS/1aqbOZSgd 77 -\/* ZD oD �1`da*WSY Z*]\WZSWS b\W]m Wp/1yD

� ]*W\YZSV*f , �1`da*WSY1 �SW\Z aV*4*WB w�Z\31ab,\ WpO/1y ]`Sf\/qb V*3/my ]`*4/ZSV , �`*Y S4 `*4Zmf -\`\/\,E a 4*O]*/* S a ,\ab\V*E a a1,1`* S a p-*E ]\ adj1 S ]\ Y\`pxD �*V31\Z ]`\gSbS`\,*W ]SanY\E V\b\`\1 �-`S]]* IE ,ZdV �`\/* I �1WSV\O-\E ]\aW*W `SYaV\Yd SY]1`*b\`d �*WS-dW1D � Z1Y �-`S]]* Z*]SOa*W \+ �1`da*WSY1B w˙\W31Z q aV*4*bn S \ ,qb\Y �\`\/1DDD ob\DDDY1b`\]\WSq Z1 b\WnV\ �d/1SE Z\ YZ\-Sf /`d-Sf 41Y1WnE S+\ V\-/*Ob\ 1,`1yaVS1 ]1`1a1W1Zgm \+\aZ\,*WSanDDD , a\]`1/1WnZmf ab`*OZ*fxD

�-`S]]* ]1`1hSaWq1b \+W*abSE , V\b\`mf Z*f\/SWSan Sd/1yOaVS1 ]\a1W1ZSqE , b\Y hSaW1 b*VS1 \b/*W1ZZm1 Y1ab*E V*V �1a\O]\b*YSqE 1,1`Z*q �e`SV*E �*W*q �4SqE �`1gSq S \ab`\,* `1/SO41YZ\Y\`nqD w�\bq �-`S]]* Z1 d]\YSZ*1b \ ]db1j1ab,Sqf , �1O`da*WSYEP \bY1h*1b +S+W1Sab �\*fSY �1`1YS*aEP \ZS q,Z\]\/`*4dY1,*pbaqE ]\aV\WnVd ]*W\YZSh1ab,\ , ob\b -\`\/ +mW\\+q4*b1WnZmY /Wq ,a1f ,4`\aWmf Sd/11,x L�b\`\4*V\ZS1 5:B5:MD ˇ

˛��˚�˚ �� �%H

�* a*Y\Y WS /1W1 Sd/1SE ]`Sj1/jS1, �1`da*WSY , �qbS/1aqbZSgd 77 -\/* ZD oDE+mWS wS4 ,aqV\-\ Z*`\/*DDD ]\/ Z1+\YxH

����� �˚�� �����E����˙�˚���) �(˙&��E

� �)��˙˚ )����� 77 ��˙� �D 'D

˚31-\/Z\ , �1`da*WSY1 \bY1h*WS b`S ]`*4/ZSV* P �*afdE�qbS/1aqbZSgd S �`*4/ZSV j*W*j1yD � ]1`,\Y ,1V1 , �1`dOa*WSY Z* obS ]`*4/ZSVS ab1V*WSan a\bZS bmaqh Wp/1y a\ ,a1-\�4`*SWq S /`d-Sf Y1abE -/1 3SWS Sd/1S L�dVS 6B85E 86C ˙1qZSq6B5E 9P55MD �a1Y obSY ]*W\YZSV*Y Zd3Z\ +mW\ -/1Ob\ \ab*Z\O,SbnaqD

�/ZS \ab*Z*,WS,*WSan d /`d41yE /`d-S1 , -\abSZSg*f SZ* ]\ab\qWmf /,\`*fD �Z\-S1 ab*,SWS j*b`m ,Zdb`S -\`\/aVSfab1Z SWS 4* Sf ]`1/1W*YSD �\-/* �Sada , ]\aW1/ZSy `*4 ]`SOj1W , �1`da*WSYE \Z 3SW , a\a1/Z1y /1`1,Z1 �Se*ZSS L�*be1q65B5;MD

�q/\Y a �1`da*WSYaVSY f`*Y\Y +mW\ \+Z*`d31Z\ YZ\-\ab`\1ZSy a Vd]*WnZqYSD �\W*-*pbE hb\ ob\ +mWS -\abSZSgm /Wq]*W\YZSV\,E , V\b\`mf \ZS Y\-WS \ab*Z*,WS,*bnaq S Ymbnaq ]1O`1/ ]\a1k1ZS1Y f`*Y*D � Z*/]SaSE Z*y/1ZZ\y , \/Z\Y S4 obSf4/*ZSyE -\,\`SbaqE hb\ �1\/\bSyE a,qk1ZZSV S Z*h*WnZSV Y1abOZ\y aSZ*-\-SE w]\ab`\SW obd aSZ*-\-d /Wq hb1ZSq ˛*V\Z*DDD b*V31/\Y /Wq -\ab1y S ]*W*bmE S gSab1`Zm /Wq ,\/mE /*+m \+1a]1hSbn3SWSk1Y SZ\41Yg1,E V\b\`m1 , ZSf Zd3/*pbaqxD ˇ

�/1 \ab*Z*,WS,*WSan bmaqhS Wp/1yEV\b\`m1 ]`Sf\/SWS Z* Sd/1yaVS1]`*4/ZSVS , �1`da*WSYH

����% ������&��• �����&��E�����˝˚���• � �˚�� ����˚

Todd Bolen/BiblePlaces.com

5 ˙˚���) 6>59 55

56 ����˝˚��) �"�)

˙�) YSWWS\Z\, V*b\WSV\, ]\ ,a1Yd YS`d /\-OY*bE ]`SZqbmy , 5<;> -\/d Z* 1`,\Y ,*O

bSV*ZaV\Y a\+\`1E q,Wq1baq ]\abdW*b\Y �1`V,SEZ1\a]\`SY\y SabSZ\yD �/Z*V\ ab\Sb \+ad/Sbn,\]`\aB \aZ\,*Z\ WS ob\ dh1ZS1 Z* �S+WSSH `\OY1 b\-\E Y\3Z\ WS ahSb*bn ]*]d `*ZgSaV* ]`1O1YZSV\Y *]\ab\W* 1b`*H � +mW WS 1b` ]1`,mY]*]\yH

w�� ˚ �� �˚ ) �˛˙� �˚����& �(x

˙\-Y*bE ]`SZqbmy , 5<;> -\/d Z* �*bSV*ZaV\Ya\+\`1E -W*,ZmY \+`*4\Y \aZ\,m,*1baq Z* b\WV\O,*ZSS �*be1q 5:B5:P5= S �\*ZZ* 65B59P5;D'bS S /`d-S1 +S+W1yaVS1 \b`m,VS ]\V*4m,*pbEhb\ *]\ab\Wd 1b`d +mW* \b,1/1Z* ,*3Z*q `\Wn ,Sab\`SS `*ZZ1-\ f`SabS*Zab,*D �31 ]`S ]1`,\y,ab`1h1 a 1b`\Y �Sada ]`1/aV*4*WE hb\ b\b +dO/1b ]`\q,Wqbn aSWnZm1 V*h1ab,* S ab*Z1b aV*W\yESWS \]\`\y /Wq /`d-Sf L�\*ZZ* 5B86MD �\ \b/*WWS �`Sab\a 1b`d ]1`,1Zab,\H

� �*be1q 5:B5;E 5< ]`S,\/qbaq aW\,* �Sada*EaV*4*ZZm1 1b`dB w�\,\`p b1+1B bm P 1b` �hb\\4Z*h*1b wV*Y1ZnC Vda\V aV*Wmx�E S Z* a1Y V*YZ1) a\4/*Y �1`V\,n �\px�D �Y1W WS �Sada , ,S/dEhb\ 1-\ w�1`V\,nxE SWS a\+`*ZS1E +d/1b ]\ab`\O1Z* Z* 1b`1E Z1a\,1`j1ZZ\Y h1W\,1V1H ˙\W31ZWS +mW 1b` ab*bn -W*,ZmY a`1/S ,a1f ]\aW1/\,*Ob1W1y �`Sab*H *V /`d-S1 *]\ab\WmE ]`Sadbab,\O,*,jS1 ]`S b\Y `*4-\,\`1E ]\ZqWS aW\,* �Sada*H�4 ˚,*Z-1WSy ,S/Z\E hb\ ]\4/Z11 \ZS Z1aV\WnV\`*4 a]\`SWSE Vb\ S4 ZSf a*Ymy -W*,Zmy L�*be1q6>B6>P6;C �*`V* =B77P79C �dVS 66B68P6:MD ˚aOWS +m �Sada d31 \b/*W ]1`,1Zab,\ 1b`dE ab*WS+m *]\ab\Wm a]\`Sbn \ b\YE Vb\ S4 ZSf +\WnjSyH*V a*Y 1b` ]\ZqW aW\,* �`Sab*H *V 1,O

`1yE 1b` +mW 4Z*V\Y a ]`\`\h1ab,*YS S4 �1bf\O-\ ˛*,1b* L˚,`1yaVSf Sa*ZSyME , V\b\`mf -\,\O`SW\an \ wV*YZ1x S wV`*1d-\WnZ\Y V*YZ1x

� �a1 +S+W1yaVS1 gSb*bm , ob\y ab*bn1 ,4qbm S4 �SZ\/*WnZ\-\]1`1,\/*D

mW WS �1b` ]1`,mY ]*]\y `SYaVSYH

w�1`f\,ZmY ]\ZbSeSV\Y +mW S4+`*Z V*`/SZ*W �\`f1 �*`S\1`-\Wn\ LS14dSbME ab*,jSy 6:9OY ]`11YZSV\Y �1b`*x L�������&��)�������������) ��˝� ��������E 57 ����� 6>57 ��˙�MD

w˚]SaV\] �SY* \+W*/*1b ]`SY*b\Y Z*/ �a1W1ZaV\y �1`V\,npE]\aV\WnVd q,Wq1baq ]`11YZSV\Y ,qb\-\ �1b`*E ]\WdhS,j1-\]`S,SW1-Sp aSp \b �\a]\/* �Sada* �`Sab*x L�˚� �� '�����D

������ ˚�� ���� ���� � �˚��%˚ ��� ���˚��)D 5=>7MD

w˚aWS Vb\ aV*31bDDD hb\ `SYaVSy ]1`,\a,qk1ZZSV Z1 1abn ]`11YZSV+W*31ZZ\-\ �1b`* , ob\Y ]1`,1Zab,1E /* +d/1b *Z*e1Y* �b\ 1abn +d/1bahSb*bnaq 1`1bSV\Y�x L�˚��%• ������� ��• ���E 5< �(�) 5<;> ��˙�MD

L�a*Sq <B57E 58C 6<B5:C ˛*f*`Sq 7B=MD �SbS`dq \/OZ\ S4 obSf ]`\`\h1ab, , ]SanY1 V a\,1`dpkSYE1b` \+lqaZSWE hb\ ]`1/aV*4*ZZmy wV`*1d-\WnOZmy V*Y1Znx P ob\ �\a]\/n �Sada �`Sab\aE �1aOaSqD �`1h1aV\1 aW\,\ ] ‹1b`* LV\b\`\1 b*V31,ab`1h*1baq , ,maV*4m,*ZSS �Sada* , �*be1q5:B5<M 1b` Sa]\Wn4\,*W b\WnV\ ]`SY1ZSb1WnZ\V �`Sabd L5 1b`* 6B8P<MD� hb\ Y\3Z\ aV*4*bn \+ *]\ab\W1 *,W1H �hSO

b*W WS ob\b ,1`Zmy f`SabS*ZSZE hb\ �Sada \b/*W]1`,1Zab,\ 1b`dH `S4Z*,*q ]\W\31ZS1 1b`*, a\+`*ZSS `*ZZSf f`SabS*ZE *,1W Z*4,*W 1-\wab\W]\YxD �\ *,1W Z*4m,*1b wab\W]*YSx S /`dO-Sf f`SabS*ZD �Z ]Sj1bB w�*V\, S Se* S �\O*ZZE ]\hSb*1Ym1 ab\W]*YSE ]\/*WS YZ1 S �*`Z*O,1 `dVd \+k1ZSqx L�*W*b*Y 6B=MD �\W11 b\-\E 1aWS+m �Sada Z*4Z*hSW 1b`* -W*,\y f`SabS*ZaV\O-\ a\+`*ZSqE `*4,1 \ Z1Y Y\3Z\ +mW\ +m aV*4*bnw]\hSb*1Ymy ab\W]\YxE b\ 1abn b\bE Vb\ b\WnV\ahSb*1baq ab\W]\YH

�]\YqZd, \ Z1]\aW1/\,*b1WnZ\Y ]\,1/1ZSS1b`*E *,1W Z*]Sa*WB w) WShZ\ ]`\bS,\ab*W1YdE ]\b\Yd hb\ \Z ]\/,1`-*Waq Z*`1V*ZSpx L�*OW*b*Y 6B55P58MD *,1W Z1 ahSb*WE hb\ �`Sab\a]\ab`\SW a,\p g1`V\,nE SWS a\+`*ZS1E Z* 1bO`1 SWS V*V\YOWS+\ /`d-\Y Z1a\,1`j1ZZ\Y h1OW\,1V1D �Z ,1`SWE hb\ \aZ\,*ZS1E Z* V\b\`\Y+mW\ ]\ab`\1Z\ a\+`*ZS1EP ob\ �Sada �`Sab\aD˙Wq *,W* wV*Y1Zn 31 +mW �`Sab\ax L5 \`SZeqOZ*Y 7B=P55C 5>B8MD

w�% P ˚��DDDx

�b*VE hb\ 31 \4Z*h*pb aW\,*B w�m P 1b`ES Z* a1Y V*YZ1 ) a\4/*Y �1`V\,n �\pxH �b\O+m ]`*,SWnZ\ ]\Zqbn Sf aYmaWE Zd3Z\ `*aaY\bO`1bn V\Zb1VabD � h1Y -\,\`SWS �Sada S 1b`H�Sada b\WnV\ hb\ a]`\aSW dh1ZSV\,B w� ,m 4* V\O-\ ]\hSb*1b1 �1ZqHx 1b` a`*4d 31 \b,1bSWBw�m P �`Sab\aE �mZ �\-* ˝S,\-\xD �Sada ]\Of,*WSW 1b`* S 4*b1Y aV*4*WE hb\ ]\ab`\Sb a,\p

b\ \4Z*h*pb aW\,* �Sada*Bw�m P �1b`E S Z* a1Y V*YZ1) a\4/*Y �1`V\,n �\pxH

5 ˙˚���) 6>59 57

w�1`V\,nxE SWS a\+`*ZS1E Z* a*Y\Y b,1`/\Y S4,a1f wV*YZ1yx P Z* b\YE , V\-\ 1b` b\WnV\ hb\,m`*4SW ,1`dE Z* �`Sab1 L�*be1q 5:B59P5<MD� obSY +mWS a\-W*aZm YZ\-S1 w�bgm �1`V,SxD

�ZS ahSb*WSE hb\ wV*Y1ZnxE d]\YqZdbmy , �*bOe1q 5:B5<EP ob\ �`Sab\aD �*]`SY1`E �,-dabSZL798P87> ZD oDM ]Sa*WB w) \h1Zn h*ab\ \+lqaZqWaW\,* �\a]\/*B t�m P 1b`E S Z* a1Y V*YZ1 ) a\O4/*Y �1`V\,n Y\pr P b*VB �1`V\,n +mW* ]\ab`\O1Z* Z* �1YE Z* �\YE V\-\ 1b` ]`S4Z*WE aV*4*,Bt�m P �`Sab\aE �mZ �\-* 3S,\-\rxD �,-dabSZ Z1O\/Z\V`*bZ\ ]\/h1`VS,*WE hb\ wV*Y1Zn L]1b`*M1abn �`Sab\axD˚aWS ad/Sbn \ aW\,*f �,-dabSZ* S /`d-Sf

Wp/1y a ]\/\+ZmYS ,4-Wq/*YS a ]\4SgSS b1VdOk1y /\Vb`SZm V*b\WSh1aV\y g1`V,SE b\ ,a1f SfaW1/\,*W\ +m ]`S4Z*bn 1`1bSV*YSD *V \bY1h*O1b j,1yg*`aVSy +\-\aW\, �Wn`Sf �dgE 1/SZ\O/djZ*q ]\4SgSq a\,`1Y1ZZmf +\-\aW\,\, ]\ ob\OYd ,\]`\ad +mW* +m \ad3/1Z* �*bSV*ZaVSY a\+\O`\Y 5<;> -\/* V*V 1`1anD

�� P �˚˚ ��� ˚���H

�]\ab\W* 1b`* ]`S 3S4ZS ZSV\-/* Z1 Z*O4m,*WS w]*]\yxD �Zb1`1aZ\E hb\ ,]W\bn /\ IX ,1OV* ob\b bSbdW ]`SY1ZqWS V a1+1 YZ\-S1 1]SaV\O]m 4* ]`1/1W*YS �SY*D �\ /\ ,b\`\y ]\W\,SZmXI ,1V* ob\ aW\,\ `1/V\ Sa]\Wn4\,*W\an , V*h1Oab,1 \eSgS*WnZ\-\ bSbdW*D �\W11 b\-\E ZSVb\ S4`*ZZSf f`SabS*Z Z1 ahSb*WE hb\ ]`1,\af\/ab,\EqV\+m /*`\,*ZZ\1 1b`dE ]1`1/*,*W\an V*VSYOWS+\ ]`11YZSV*YD \ aW\,*Y Z1Y1gV\-\ Sab\`SOV* S +\-\aW\,* �*`bSZ* �1Z-1WqE wZ1 adk1ab,dO1b ZSV*VSf q,Zmf Sab\`Sh1aVSf S b1\W\-Sh1aVSf\aZ\,*ZSy /Wq ,,1/1ZSq b\-\E hb\ ]\4/Z11 ab*W\S4,1abZ\ V*V ]*]aVSy ]`SY*b LSWS ]1`,1Zab,\]*]mMxD�b*VE +mW WS 1b` ]1`,mY ]*]\yH �mWS WS

d Z1-\ ]`11YZSVSH \/b,1`3/*1baq WS �,qk1ZOZmY Sa*ZS1Y V*b\WSh1aV\1 dh1ZS1 \ ]1`,1ZOab,1 ]*]mH ˚/SZab,1ZZmy ]`*,SWnZmy \b,1b Z*,a1 obS ,\]`\am wZ1bxD � �S+WSS \/Z\4Z*hZ\ -\O,\`SbaqE hb\ �Sada ]\ab`\SW a,\p g1`V\,nE a,\1SabSZZ\1 a\+`*ZS1E Z* a1+1 a*Y\Y L'e1aqZ*Y6B6>MD \ob\Yd V*3/\Yd S4 Z*a ab\Sb 4*/*bn a1+1,\]`\aB w�*j1W WS q ob\ SabSZZ\1 a\+`*ZS1Hx ˇ

76 ZD oD �Sada ]`1/aV*4m,*1bE hb\ ]\ab`\Sba,\p g1`V\,nE SWS a\+`*ZS1E Z* a1+1 a*Y\YC \ZZ1 Z*/1Wq1b *]\ab\W* �1b`* ,1`f\,Z\y ,W*abnp

99P:8 �]\ab\Wm �*,1W S �1b` ]Sjdb Z1aV\WnV\]Sa1YE , V\b\`mf ]\/h1`VS,*pbE hb\ �SadaP1/SZab,1ZZ\1 \aZ\,*ZS1 f`SabS*ZaV\-\ a\+`*ZSq

698P69; b1e*ZE 1]SaV\] �SY*E ,m/,S-*1bS/1p \ b\YE hb\E V*V ]`11YZSV �1b`*E \Z \+W*/*1b]`1,\af\/ab,\Y Z*/ /`d-SYS 1]SaV\]*YSC Z\/`d-S1 1]SaV\]mE b*VS1 V*V �S`YSWS*Z �1a*`SyOaVSy S �S]`S*Z �*`e*-1ZaVSyE \b,1`-*pb ]`SbqO4*ZSq b1e*Z*

6=:P7>8 �1`,\1 S4,1abZ\1 ]SanY1ZZ\1 d]\YSOZ*ZS1 bSbdW* w]*]*x ]\ \bZ\j1ZSp V 1]SaV\]d�SY*

V ,1V ˚]SaV\] �SY* �1, I aamW*1baq Z* �*be1q5:B5<E hb\+m db,1`/Sbn a,\1 ,1`f\,1Zab,\ Z*//`d-SYS 1]SaV\]*YS

VI ,1V �SYaVS1 1]SaV\]m ,a1 h*k1 Z*4m,*pbaq]*]*YSC \/Z*V\ ,]W\bn /\ IX ,1V* 1]SaV\]m 4*]`1/1W*YS �SY* ]`\/\W3*pb ]`SY1Zqbn ob\bbSbdW V a1+1

5>;9 �`S-\`Sy VII \+lq,Wq1bE hb\ bSbdW w]*]*x\bZ\aSbaq SaVWphSb1WnZ\ V 1]SaV\]d �SY*C ]\aW\,*Y \/Z\-\ Sab\`SV*E a\-W*aZ\ w˙SVb*bd]*]mx LDictatus PapaeME b1]1`n ]*]ab,\ we*VbSOh1aVS 4*Y1Zq1b a\+\y �`Sab*x

5<;> �1`,my ,*bSV*ZaVSy a\+\` ]`\,\4-W*j*1bEhb\ w�SYaVSy ]\ZbSeSV P ]`11YZSV W*31ZZ\-\�1b`*E �Zq4q *]\ab\W\,E \Z b*V31 SabSZZmy�SV*`Sy �`Sab* S �W*,* �a1W1ZaV\y �1`V,Sx

�*4,SbS1 /\Vb`SZm \ ,1`f\,1Zab,1 ]*]m

/

Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-DIG-pga-03306

5 ˙˚���) 6>59 59

�\3/1ab,\ S4/*,Z* ahSb*1baq b`*/SgS\ZZmY f`SabSO*ZaVSY ]`*4/ZSV\YE dab*Z\,W1ZZmY , h1abn `\3/1OZSq �Sada* �`Sab*D �/Z*V\ YZ\-SY Z1]\ZqbZ\E V*V`\3/1ab,1ZaVS1 \+mh*S a,q4*Zm a `\3/1ZS1Y �SOada*D�4qbnE V ]`SY1`dE YSe \ *Zb*O�W*da1D �S /Wq V\-\

Z1 a1V`1bE hb\ a\,`1Y1ZZmy \+`*4 \+*qb1WnZ\-\E `\O4\,\k1V\-\ *Zbm P a1/\+\`\/\-\ ab*`SV* , V`*aOZ\Y ]\Wdjd+V1 P ab*W S4,1ab1Z \+k1ab,1ZZ\abS ,5=75 -\/d +W*-\/*`q da]1jZ\Yd `1VW*YZ\Yd f\/d\/Z\y *Y1`SV*ZaV\y V\Y]*ZSS ]\ ]`\S4,\/ab,d +1O4*WV\-\WnZmf Z*]SbV\,D � 5=9>Of -\/*f , `*4SWSSZ1V\b\`m1 oZbd4S*abm ]\]mb*WSan 4*Y1ZSbn *Zb*O�W*da* Y1abZmY aV*4\hZmY ]1`a\Z*31Y ]\ SY1ZS˙1/djV* �Z/11gD � hb\ S4 ob\-\ ,mjW\H *Zb*O�W*Oda Z1 b\WnV\ ]\W\3SW Z* W\]*bVS ˙1/djVd �Z/1yg*EZ\ SE V*V Y1bV\ ]\/Y1bSW ]`\e1aa\` �*`Wdj �*ZbSOZ*bSE /*31 w]\+1/SW YW*/1Zg* �Sada* S ab*W \eSOgS*WnZmY ]`1/ab*,Sb1W1Y ]`*4/ZSV*E \bY1h*1Y\-\69 /1V*+`qxD �\ Y\3Z\ WS aV*4*bnE hb\ YSemE b*OVS1 V*V YSe \ *Zb*O�W*da1EP 1/SZab,1ZZ\1 waW*O+\1 Y1ab\x �\3/1ab,*H b\+m Z*ybS \b,1b Z* ob\b,\]`\aE /*,*yb1 ]1`1Z1a1Yaq ,\ ,`1Y1Z* `*ZZ1-\f`SabS*Zab,*D� w`Sb*ZaV\y oZgSVW\]1/SSx -\,\`SbaqB w�* ]`\O

bq31ZSS ]1`,mf /,df ab\W1bSy , f`SabS*Zab,1 `1OjSb1WnZ\ \b,1`-*W\an ]`*4/Z\,*ZS1 /Z1y `\3/1ZSqYdh1ZSV\, S /*31 a*Y\-\ �Sada* �`Sab*xD �\h1OYdH �`SabS*Z1 ahSb*WS ]`*4/Z\,*ZS1 /Z1y `\3/1OZSq q4mh1aV\y b`*/SgS1yE *+a\WpbZ\ Z1]`S1YW1Y\y/Wq ,1`dpkSfD �`\Y1 b\-\E /*b* `\3/1ZSq �Sada*�`Sab* ZS `*4d Z1 d]\YSZ*1baq , S+WSSD�\bq `*ZZS1 f`SabS*Z1 ,mabd]*WS ]`\bS, ]`*4/Z\O

,*ZSq /Z1y `\3/1ZSqE , IV ,1V1 ZD oD V*b\WSh1aV*qg1`V\,n dh`1/SW* �\3/1ab,\D �1`V\,n ab`1YSW*and]`\hSbn a,\1 ]\W\31ZS1E dab`*ZS, \/Z\ S4 -W*,Zmf]`1]qbab,Sy Z* a,\1Y ]dbS P ]\]dWq`Zm1 q4mh1aVS1VdWnbm S `SYaVS1 ]`*4/ZSVS 4SYZ1-\ a\WZg1ab\qZSqD� VZS-1 �1ZZ1 �1ab*/ w�\3/1ab,\ , �Y1`SV1x -\,\O`SbaqE hb\ 131-\/Z\ a 5; /1V*+`q ]\ 5 qZ,*`q w+\WnOjSZab,\ `SYWqZ dab`*S,*WS ]S`mE S-`mE -dWqZnqE j1Oab,Sq S dh*ab,\,*WS , /`d-Sf b\`31ab,*fE Z* V\b\O

`mf hbSWS a,\Sf +\-\,x LPenne LD RestadD Christmasin AmericaMD � 69 /1V*+`q `SYWqZ1 \bY1h*WS `\3O/1ZS1 �1]\+1/SY\-\ \WZg*D �h`1/S, , ob\b /1Zn�\3/1ab,\E g1`V\,n W\,V\ aVW\ZSW* YZ\-Sf `SYWqZ]`*4/Z\,*bn `\3/1ZS1 �Sada* �`Sab* ,Y1ab\ `\3O/1ZSq \WZg*D �/Z*V\ `SYWqZ1 wZ1 a\+S`*WSan \bOV*4m,*bnaq \b b`*/SgSy S \+mh*1,E a,q4*ZZmf aobSYS 4SYZSYS ]`*4/Z1ab,*YSxE \bY1h*1baq , VZSO-1 �1``S *dW1`* wS\-`*eSq *Zb*O�W*da*x LGerryBowler. Santa Claus, a BiographyMD �\ adbSE \ZS w\bY1Oh*WS Z\,m1 ]`*4/ZSVS Z* ab*`my W*/xD�*V ,S/Z\E `\3/1ab,1ZaVS1 \+mh*S SY1pb Z1f`SO

abS*ZaV\1 ]`\Saf\3/1ZS1D � a,\1y VZS-1 w\`n+* 4*�\3/1ab,\x bS,1Z �Saa1Z+*dY ]Sj1bE hb\ w�\3O/1ab,\ +mW\ q4mh1aVSY ]`*4/ZSV\Y , f`SabS*ZaV\y\+1`bV1 P S ZSh1Y +\W11x LStephen Nissenbaum. TheBattle for ChristmasMD �*VSY \+`*4\YE ]`*4/Z\,*ZS1�\3/1ab,* ]\4\`Sb \-* S 1-\ mZ*E �Sada* �`SOab*D 1`n14Zmy WS ob\ *`-dY1ZbH � S+WSS -\,\`SbOaqB w�*V\1 \+k1ZS1 Y\31b +mbn d ]`*,1/Z\abS a +14O4*V\ZS1YH �WS hb\ \+k1-\ d a,1b* a bnY\yHx L6 �\O`SZeqZ*Y :B58MD �*V V`S,\1 /1`1,\ wZ1Wn4q a/1W*bn]`qYmYxE b*V S �\3/1ab,\E V\b\`\1 S4Z*h*WnZ\w`\aW\x V`S,\ S4O4* q4mh1aVSf \+mh*1,E Z1,\4Y\3OZ\ a/1W*bn ]`S1YW1YmY f`SabS*ZaVSY ]`*4/ZSV\YL'VVW14S*ab 5B59MD ˇ

����˚�� ���˚�˚ �(� )

b\ ]W\f\-\ , `\3/1ab,1ZaVSf \+mh*qfH

�1Yd Z* a*Y\Y

/1W1 dhSb �S+WSqH

wp

15

12

/0

1-U

15

08

27

�\4Y\3Z\ WS d4Z*bn SabSZd\ \-1H\- ,a1-/* \+k*Waq a Wp/nYSD ]\Y\knp a,\1-\a,qb\-\ /df*E SWS /1yab,dpk1y aSWmE \Z ,VW*/m,*Wa,\S YmaWS , dYm ]Sa*b1W1y S+WSS L6 �1b`* 5B6>E65MD �\ob\Yd SabSZd \ \-1 Y\3Z\ d4Z*bnE hSb*q S+OWSpD L`\hSb*yb1 �\*ZZ* 5;B5;C 6 �SY\e1p 7B5:DM�* ab`*ZSg*f S+WSS \- YZ\-\1 \bV`m,*1b \ a1O

+1D �Z `*aaV*4m,*1bE /Wq h1-\ a\4/*W Wp/1yE hb\ \Za/1W*1b , +d/dk1Y S h1-\ \3S/*1b \b Z*a L˙1qZSq5;B68P6;MD \- �1-\,* f\h1bE hb\+m Ym 4Z*WS SabSOZd \ Z1YD L`\hSb*yb1 5 �SY\e1p 6B7E 8DM

�\h1Yd \- Wp+Sb b1fEVb\ Wp+Sb SabSZdH�1-\,* P \- SabSZmE S \Z ]\`dhSW a,\1Yd mZdE�Sadad �`SabdE `*aaV*4*bn Wp/qY SabSZd \ Z1YD �\oOb\Yd b1E Vb\ Wp+qb SabSZdE \f\bZ\ ]`SZSY*pb dh1ZSq�Sada* L�\*ZZ* 5<B7;MD \- f\h1bE hb\+m b*VS1 Wp/Sab*WS 1-\ aWd3Sb1WqYSD L`\hSb*yb1 �\*ZZ* 8B67E 68DM *b*Z* ˙nq,\W Y1j*1b Wp/qY d4Z*bn ]`*,/d \

\-1E `*a]`\ab`*Zqq \ Z1Y W\3Zm1 dh1ZSq L6 �\`SZOeqZ*Y 8B7E 8MD �p/SE V\b\`m1 Z1 Wp+qb /\+`\E \f\bOZ\ ]`SZSY*pb obS W\3Zm1 dh1ZSq L�SYWqZ*Y 5B69MD�\ YSWWS\Zm SaV`1ZZSf Wp/1y Z*f\/qb SabSZd \ \O-1 +W*-\/*`q S4dh1ZSp S+WSSD L`\hSb*yb1 ˙1qZSq5;B55DM

���˚�% �� ��˚• ��˚ ����� %

���˚�% �� ˙����˚ ��˚• ��˚ ����� %���•�˚ ����•�

��˚�� �� ��˚�E ��%�% ˛���� � ���� � �˚�H������•�˚ ������ 5;B7

\Wnj1SZe\`Y*gSSY\3Z\ Z*ybS, 5Oy -W*,1 ob\yVZS-SE S4/*ZZ\y ,S/1b1WqYS�1-\,m

�*V31 /\abd]Z*Z* a*yb1 jwDorg

\3*Wdyab*E ]`SjWSb1 YZ1 VZS-dw�1Yd Z* a*Y\Y /1W1 dhSb �S+WSqHx

)˛%� �������������������������������������������������������������������������������

��� ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������

�˙�˚ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������

�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

]Sa\V */`1a\, aY\b`Sb1 Z* ab`*ZSg1 6

s1a]W*bZ\ aV*h*yb1ob\b S ]`1/m/dkS1,m]daVS

Sb*yb1 S+WSp\ZW*yZ +\W11 h1YZ* 5>> q4mV*f

˛*y/Sb1 Z* a*ybwwwDjwDorg/ru SWS\baV*ZS`dyb1 V\/

no

p