-
6. (.. 25 31) 1682
-
: 6 : , ;, ; ; , , , .. , ; , ; ;
-
, . . , , . . N, 1/N. 1.() = N(A)/N, N(A) , , N
-
. 26 5 . . , : ) 4 ) 7 ) 11 ) .
-
. 26 5 :
1; 11; 21; 31; 41; 51; 62 ; 12; 22; 32;42; 52; 63; 13; 23; 33;
43; 53; 64; 14; 24; 34; 44; 54; 65; 15; 25; 35; 45; 55; 66; 16; 26;
36; 46; 56; 6
-
. 26 5 :
1; 11; 21; 31; 41; 51; 62 ; 12; 22; 32;42; 52; 63; 13; 23; 33;
43; 53; 64; 14; 24; 34; 44; 54; 65; 15; 25; 35; 45; 55; 66; 16; 26;
36; 46; 56; 6
-
. 26 7 , . . . : ) ;) .
-
. 26 7 :) , 1010=100, . 100 .
-
. 26 7 :
1; 11; 21; 31; 41; 51; 61; 71; 81; 91; 102; 12; 22; 32; 42; 52;
62; 72; 82; 92: 103; 13; 23; 33; 43; 53; 63; 73; 83; 93; 104; 14;
24; 34; 44; 54; 64; 74; 84; 94; 105; 15; 25; 35; 45; 55; 65; 75;
85; 95; 106; 16; 26; 36; 46; 56; 66; 76; 86; 96; 107; 17; 27; 37;
47; 57; 67; 77; 87; 97; 108; 18; 28; 38; 48; 58; 68; 78; 88; 98;
109; 19; 29; 39; 49; 59; 69; 79; 89; 99; 1010; 110; 210; 310; 410;
510; 610; 710; 810; 910; 10
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. 26 7 :) , 101010=1000, .
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. 26 8 : . . . , . .) . : , , , , , 6
-
. 26 8 : ) , . : , , .) , . ? : , , . ? : 6 .
-
. 26 9, . 28 9 . . . . , ax, bz. . ? , . . . . . , ax bz. . ,
.
-
. 26, 28 9 : : ax, ay, az, at, bx, by, bz, bt, cx, cy, cz, ct 12
. N = 12() = 1/12.
-
. 26 12* . , :) 2 : .) 3 : 1 . (1, 1, 1)) 4 : 3 . (1, 1, 2; 1,
2, 1; 2,1,1)
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. 26 13* . , :
)17 ; ) 16 ; ) 15 .
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. 26 13* :) 17 6 + 6 + 6 ;) 16 6 + 6 + 6; 6 + 6 + 5; 6 + 5 + 6;
5 + 6 + 6 - ;) 15 6 + 6 + 6; 6 + 6 + 5; 6 + 5 + 6; 5 + 6 + 6; 6 + 6
+ 4; 6 + 4 + 6; 4 + 6 + 6; 6 + 5 +5; 5 + 6 + 5; 5 + 5 + 6 .
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. 28 7 . : ) 3 ; ) 4 ; ) 10 .
-
.28 7 : . 16. , , 5 32 ..
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.32 7 : , , . ( ).: , . 2 2 = 4 = 22, 2 2 2 = 8 = 23.
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. 28 7 :) 3 : , , , , , , , . () = 1/ 8;) 4 : , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , . () = 1/16;) 10 1024; () = 1/1024.
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.28 12* . ? : ) 3 ; ) 4 .
-
. 28 12* :) 3 N = 63 = 216, () = 1/216; ) 4 N = 64 = 1296, () =
1/1296.
-
.29 7 . , . , :) ;) ;) ;) ;) ;) . ?
-
. 29 7 :) 3 : , , ) 3 : , , ) 4 : , , , ) 4 : , , , ) 4 : , , ,
)7 : , , , , , ,
-
.29 9 ,, . : , . . , :) " ") " ") " , ".
-
. 29 9 :1 2 3 : , , , , , .) " " 2 ) " " 4 ) " , " 4
-
:1. , .2. , , .3. , , .4. () = N(A)/N, N(A) , , N - .5. , . ,
.6. .
-
. 31 8 (), () (). . :) ;) ;) , ;) , .
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. 31 8 :
: ; ; ; ; ;
- 6
-
. 31 8 :
N(A) ()) ;; 22/6 = 1/3) ;; 22/6=1/3) , ;11/6) , ;; ; 33/6 =
1/2
-
. 31 11 , . . , :) h1; ) a5;) c4;) d7;) d5;) g3;
87654321abcdefgh
-
. 31 11 : , N = 64. . ) h1( ) : 8, b7, c6, d5, e4, f3, g2.N() =
7;() = N(A)/N; () = 7/64.
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.31 11 :) 5 ( ) b6, c7, d8, b4, c3, d2, e1.N() = 7;() =7/64.) 4,
() = 11/64, ) 9/64; ) 13/64;) 9/64.
-
. 31 12 4 : , , . , , . , , . , , :) )
-
. 31 12 : , : - 1; - 2; 3; - 4. 1234. , : 2; - 5; 6; 3.) . 4: 2,
5, 6, 3. : 12342, 12345, 12346, 12343. . N() = 2 ( 2, 3) () =
N(A)/N; () = 2/4 = 1/2.) . 6: (2;5), (2;6), (2;3), (5;6), (5;3),
(6;3). : 123425, 123426, 123423, 123456; 123453, 123463. . N() = 5.
: (2;5), (2;6); (2;3); (5;3), (6;3). () = 5/6.: ) 1/2; ) 5/6.
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.31 13 10 10 ( ), , .) - . ) .) .
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. 31 13 :
() = N(A)/N) - N(A) = 20 () = 20/100 = 0,2) N(A) = 4 () = 4/100
= 0,04) N(A) = 4 () = 4/100 =0,04
12345678910
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. 31 14* , - ( ). , : ) ; ) ; ) .
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.31 14* : - , . , . 3, 2, -1, : N = 23 + 32 + 4 = 16. . 4 , ..
N(A)=4. () = N(A)/N; () = 4/16 =1/4=0,25.
12345678910
-
.31 14* :) () = 6/16 =3/8 = 0,375;) () = 6/16 = 3/8 = 0,375. .:
) 0,25; )) 0,375.
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. 31 15* : : 11; 11; 12; 78; 88; 88; 89. N = 7. .) , 7 : 78. N()
= 1, () = N()/N, () = 1/7. ) , 7. : 78, 87, 88, 89. N() = 4; N = 7;
() = N()/ N; () = 4/7. : ) 1/7; ) 4/7.
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. 31 16* . , , . 3 . ?
-
. 31 16* : , , ( ) . , , 2 . - + 2 = + .
-
.31 16* : () = ( y)/( + ) () = 2y/( + y) 3 , , , , =7, .
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. 31 17* :1 : . , 2, 3, 4, 5, : , .. N=5. - . N(A) = 3; () =
N(A)/N; () = 3/5 = 0,6. : 0,6
14
325
36
-
.31 17*: , : (1; 2), (1; 3), (1; 4), (1; 5), (1;6), (2;3),
(2;4), (2;6), (3;4), (3;5), (3;6), (4;5), (4;6), (5;6). N= 15. - .
9 . N(A) = 9.() = N(A)/N; () = 9/15 =3/5= 0,6. 0,6.
14
325
36
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.31 18* : : (1;2), (1; 3), (1;4), (2;3); (2;4), (3;4). N = 6. (
) N(A) = 2; () = 2/6 = 1/3. ( ) N(B)= 4; () = 4/6 = 2/3. () = 1 ()
() = 1- 1/3 = 2/3. : 1/3 2/3
24 3
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