Доп. часть - Скворцов(СП) - 85

1. . . A ( P2),

A.

. A P2. A , A. : [A]. : A = [A].

: 0 { (0, ,0) = 0 }; 1{ (1, ,1) = 1}; {(1, , ) = 0 11 }; {(1, , ) =

(1, , ) = (1, , )}; { => () ()} . A = {f1, f2, ...} P2 , : T0, T1, S, L, M.

. . A , N T0, T1, S, L, M

A N. [A] [N] = N P2 [A] P2. .

. 0, 1, , , . A 0 0, 1 1, , , . , [] [0, 1, , , ] = 2. : , .

a) . 0(1, . . . , ) 0 0() =0 (, , . . . , ). f0 , 0 (0) = f (0, 0, ..., 0) = 1. : 0 () = , 0 (x) 1. 1 (1, . . . , ) 1 1() =1 (, , . . . , ). f1 , 1 (1) = f (1, 1, ..., 1) = 0. : 1(x)= , 1 (x) 0. , . , , , . .

b) 0 1. . , fS ( a) , : [, ] [0, 1]. .

c) x y. . , ( ), , . , ,

: [ , 0, 1, ] [, ]. .

, [0, 1, , , ] [x, xy] = P2.

2. , , ; . . 1. V E V. : G = (V, E). 2. E , , . E , , . 3. (a, a) , (a, b) E , ( ). 4. ( ), , , . 5. , . 6. , , . 7. (deg v) ,

. . 25 1. ()

deg

=1

= 2, ,

. , , . , , , ( ). . .

1. . 2. G1 = (V1, E1) G = (V, E),

G = (V, E), G1 = (V1, E1) V1 = V.

1. G = (V, E) (a, b) G, G (a, b) . . , G (a, b) a b , a b . .

1. . . G , G . G , G - , . G1. 1 G1 . G1

, G1 , .

, E . .

2. , .

. G = (V, E). , , (, ) . G , v u. G C v u. C, (u, v), v. . 3. G = (V, E) p q . G p q . G , G p q . . H, u v, (u, v). u v H, 1. u, v H, . , 1. , q q. G G1 = (V, ) q , G

p q . G , G G1 (u, v). u, v

, G, 2, . , u, v (u, v) 1. G p q . .

1. , , , .

2. 1) , , , . 2) D1, D2, ..., Dm v1, v2, ..., vm, Di =

(Vi, Ei), Vi Vj = (i j). D = (V, E),

:

= 1 2 {}( , ), = 1 2 {(, 1), (, 2), . . . , (, )}

v, . 3) , 1) 2). 3. , 1) 2) Di .

. 3. q

4q

. . ,

. : 1) . : 2) , . 3) . 2 : , . , , , , , . 0 1 2q, . , , . , q , 0 1 2q,

22q

= 4q

. . , , : . . . q

q 4q

.

. , . , . q q , , , q . . .

1. , . 2. , , ( , ). . G = (V, E) p , q r : p q + r = 2.

. p q. G , q p 1. a) : q=p1. G q=p1, 3 2 G , , G . r = 1. p q + r = = p (p 1) + 1 = 2.

b) q: p 1 q < q0 . , q = q0

. G p q0

r . q0 > p 1, G .

, G . e . . e G. , G1 .

G1 p q0 1 r 1 . q0

1 < q0, , , G1 ,

p (q0 1) + (r 1) = 2, p q0 + r = 2. .

3. 1- . . . , , ( ).

()(1, . . . , ) () , 1, , , .

=< , , , >

, ,

n- f

: |=

I . | = (1, , )[1, , ], .. I 1, ,

1) (1, , ) = (1, , ), (1[1, , ], , [1, , ]) =

2) & 3) 4) , . 5)

, , . , . , , . , . , . : .

1) : ,

2) () Q1x1Q2x2 ...Qnxn (D1&D2&...&DN)

3) () xi1xi2 ...xik (D1&D2&...&DN)

4) S = {D1, D2, ...,DN} 5) ,

. :

:1 = 1

, 2 = 2

0 = 1 2

4. . ; . . = Const,Func,Pred , . ::= ::= | , ::= ; ::= ; ::= | ::= | ::= | ?

A0 A1,A2,...,An;

A1,A2,...,An,

A0.

A0 ,

A1,A2,...,An.

A0;

A0

. A0 .

?C1,C2,...,Cm

C1, C2, . . . , Cm? C1,C2,...,Cm.

,

D G ,

P ( ),

(), . . , . . , . . , . , G = ? C1,...,Ci,...,Cm ,

Ci ,

D = A

0 A

1,A

2,...,A

n ,

VarG VarD = ,

(Ci , A0) Ci

A0. G =

?(C1,...,Ci1,A1,A

2,...,A

n,Ci+1,...,Cm) SLD-

D G Ci

. G0 = ? C1,C2,...,Cm , P={D1,D2,...,DN}

. () SLD- , G0 P ( ) (Dj1,1,G1),(Dj2,2,G2),...,(Djn,n,Gn),...,

i, i 1,

> Dji P, i Subst, Gi ();

> Gi SLD- Dji

Gi1 i.

SLD- comp = (Dj1,1,G1),(Dj2,2,G2),...,(Djk ,n,Gn)

(SLD- ), Gn = ;

, comp ; , comp , Gn SLD-.

() SLD- TG0,P

G0 P

, G0 P

() G0 P

, () i- , (i 1)- ; , . , , . , , .

5. . . , ACID (Atomicy, Consistency, Isolation Durability). , .

(Atomicy). , , , , .

(Consistency). , , , .. , . , .

(Isolation). , ( ) .

(Durability). , , , . :

T1 , T2 . T1 , . .

T1 , T2 , T1 . T2 , . , .

T1 , T2 . T1 . .

, , , . S = {T1, T2, , Tn}. () S , (T i1, Ti2, , Tin). . , . , , .

, . . , . , , . T1 T2 :

W/W T2 , T1 ( );

R/W T2 , T1 ( );

W/R T2 , T1 ( ). .

6. - , , . , , : -, (.. ), -, ( ), , , -, ( , ). . (), . , ( ) . , , , . , , . , , , - . , . , . , .. . , , (.. , ), . : ( ), . , ( ), , . , , (.. ). , , ,

( ) , . . , , , . , , , . - . : ( , ) ( ). , . , ( , ). , , , , , . , , ( , ; ). , , , , , , - . . (.. ) , , , . , , , . . -, , , . , . -, , , - . , -,

( , .. ) . , , , , , . , , , : . : . , . . , , , , , . , , (, ) . , , : ,

, , , . , : .. , , , .. , . . , , . , . : , , , .

7. . . , , . , , . , , , , . . , .. , , . , . , . , , ( , , ). , , , . , , , . , , , .. . , . , , , , , . . , , , . , . , deadlock, , - . , , . . .

: down(S) ( P(S)) up(S) ( V(S)). P V, , proberen verhogen . down(S) S, , 1. , , down . up(S) 1. , , down , down, .. . . up down (), .. . , 1. . , down up , . , . , , , . ( , ), (). , , , . :

;

, ( ) , ;

, , , . . , ( , ). . . . : send ( ) receive ( ). : , .

. / . . send: - , . receive: - , . , , , . , send receive, 4 . , , , , . , / (, , ), . ; , (FIFO, LIFO ..). (FIFO) , . , , : . .

. . , : . , , . : , . . , , , . , , , , , , - ( , ).

. , , , . : , , , . (TakeForks).

mutex, . ( ). ( Test). Test , i- , (.. ), ( EATING), (, ). TakeForks, ( mutex), . Test , , down , . Test , , down , . PutForks mutex, . ( THINKING), : - , i- , , . mutex.

, ( mutex) , , , , , Test (, , ). , , - Test, . , if-. , . Test, , if-. . . . , . . , , . , , . , -, - , ( , ) . : , . .. - , - . - ( mutex),

, , 1. , (.. ), db, , , . db , , , , . (, , mutex.) ( mutex), . , . , , , db, ( ). , . , , db. - , , (, ) . , db. , , , , , .. . , . . , . , N , , . , . , . - . . - customers, 1. , , , . , , barbers, , . . . , , . , ( , mutex). customers.

, . ( barbers). , , , , . (GetHaircut).

8. . . , , . ? , (, , ). . , . . , , ( ) , , , . . (A..). , , (A..= A..). , ( ) 0, . , , .. , . , 0 A1, , K, . A.. , K A... , (.. K). , A..= A..+. , . , , . . . . : , , 2k. (, ..). , (! .): k ,

. .

, , . , . ( , ..). , . , (.. ) . : , , .

. . . N . , N . i- i, . i >= 0, , i- . i < 0, ,

0

1

0 k-1 k

:

0 k-1 k

k-1 k A..

A..

, , . . -, , i- , . -, , , (), .. i- , . , . , , . ( ), ( ). , . , ( ). , : , ( ) , .. , . , , . , . , , , : . . . -, , () : , (.., .. , , ). : , ( , ). , . , . ,

. , , , , .. . . , , , : ? , .

9. - . . . , -. . , . , , . . , - . LR n . L nl , R nr .

nl = nr, L nl

(n+1)- . nr(= nl)

R. , n + nl + 1. nl > nr, L nl .

R nr < nl ,

n + nl . nl < nr, L

(, (n + 1)-) nr R. n + nr + 1 .

( ). , , , - , "" , . , , , , , ,

. , , , . .

1) , 1, , 0

2) l1 l2,

l1 l2 l1 + 1, l1 = l2

. 1) 2) ,

, , ( R), . , ,

, , ( R) .

1) 1, MOVE X, R

R , , X ,

2) 0,

Op X, R

R , , X ,

, Op , 3)

,

Op R+1, R

R , , Op, ,

4) ,

Op R, R+1 MOVE R+1, R

10. - . "". , , , , . . . , . , . . . . , . - () :

. 1) , , , , . . . ( ), . 2) , ( ) (, ). , , . - , , . , . 3) , . : .

() . , , . ( ), ( ) ( ) . . , , , . , . .

11. ( , , , ..) , , . , , . : , , , . (, , ), . (, ). () ( , , ).

. , , . LL(1)- ( ), LR(1)- (LR(0), SLR(1), LALR(1) ). , LR(1) . . , , .

, - . , , "- ", , , , , . () . , , . . , . , . . / . . ( )

-. , , , . . - -, . - . , . , . , , , . , . , ( ) . , , , . , , , , . , , . , , .

12. .

. T

:

1) ( ) T;

2) {e} T (e );

3) {a} T ;

4) P Q T,

a. b. {| , } c. = =0 5) T.

(). T T :

1) () , ();

2) {e} , {e};

3) {a} , {a};

4) p q , P Q ,

a. (p|q) ,

b. (pq) , PQ,

c. (p*) , P*; 5) T.

(). () M = (Q, T, D, q0, F),

1) Q ,

2) T ( ),

3) D ( ( {}) Q), ,

4) 0 ,

5) . ().

M = (Q, T, D, q0, F) . M

(), : 1. D(q,e) = (), 2. D(q, a) . : > , . ->

. , , . -> . r T. . M = (Q, T, D, q0, F), L(M) = L(r).

. . Q D . 1-6: (1) (r)#.

(2) , nullable, firstpos, lastpos followpos. (3) q0 = firstpos(root), root .

(4) q0 Q .

(5) : while ( Q R){ R

for ( , R , . a){ ( . 1, , , = ()1 ) if ( ){ if ( )

( S Q )

(, ) = }

}

}

(6) F Q, , #.

13. LR(1) LR(1) .

. G = (N, T, P, S) -. . , , . S => u , u .

. D ( ) w - G = (N, T, P, S), : (1) D S;

(2) , e; (3) ; (4) X , X1, ... , Xn , X -> X1 ... Xk

P; (5) , , w. , , , , , . ( , ) , . .

, , . (-) M = (Q, T, , D, q0,

Z0, F),

1) Q , ;

2) T ; 3) ; 4) D Q x (T {e}) x

Q x *, ;

5) ; 6) 0 , (

);

7) - (q, w, u),

(1) ; (2) ; w ; w = e, , ;

(3) ; u ; u = e, .

- M = (Q, T, , D, q0, Z0, F)

, :

(1) D(q, a, u) , {}, , (2) D(q, a, u), D(q, a, v) u v, x , u=vx v=ux,

(3) D(q, a, u), D(q, e, v), x , u = vx v = ux.

LR(1) L , -, R , , , 1 , . LR(1)- :

LR(1) ;

LR(1) ;

LR(1) ;

, LR(1), , ( LL(1)). , , , (LR(1)-), (Action) (Goto). LR(1)-, . . , S0X1S1X2S2 ...

XmSm (Sm ). Xi

( ), Si . ,

( ) . , LR-. Action[Sm; ai] Sm

{ } :

shift S (), S , reduce A -> ( A -> ), accept (), error ().

Goto[Sm; A] Sm

:

S, S , error ().

LR(1)- , , :

(S0X1S1X2S2 ... XmSm, aiai+1 ... an$)

. , , . . , , . :

1) Action[Sm, ai] = shift S, ,

(01122 , +1 $)

, ai S,

Action[Sm, ai]. ai+1.

2) Action[Sm, ai] = reduce A -> , ,

(01122 , +1 $)

S = Goto[Smr; A] r , .

2r (r r

), Smr.

A , S ,

Goto[Smr, A].

. LR(1) Xm

r+1 ... Xm, ,

, .

LR(1), , , , , , . , Goto , G, , G.

3) Action[Sm, ai] = accept, .

4) Action[Sm, ai] = error, ,

. LR(1) .

LR(1)- [A->(?)., a], A-> , a $. . , LR(1)- [A ., a]

+, , + = a

w, w = e a = $. LR(1)-. . - G = (N, T, P, S).

. C LR(1)- G. . G' items, closure goto. function closure(I){ /* I */

do{

for ( [A .B, a] I,

B G', b

FIRST(a),

, [B ., b] I)

[B ., b] I; }

while ( I );

return I; }

function goto(I,X){ /* I ;

X */

J={[A X.;a]|[A .X,a]\inI};

return closure(J);

}

procedure items(G'){ /* G'

*/

I' = closure({[S' .S, $]}); C = {I0};do{ for ( I

C, X

, goto(I, X)

C)

goto(I, X) C;

}

while ( C

);

. C = {I0, I1, ... , In} LR(1)-

G. . Action Goto, LR(1)- G. . i Action[i, a] Goto[i, X] Ii:

(Action) i :

o [ . , ] (a ) goto(Ii, a)= Ij , Action[i, a] =

shift j;

o [ ; . , ] , A->S', Action[i, a] = reduce A ; o [ . , $] , Action[i, $] = accept. i :

goto(Ii, A) = Ij , Goto[i, A] = j ( A ). Action Goto, 2 3,

error.

, [S' .S, $].

Action Goto, , LR(1)-. LR(1)-, LR(1)- .

LR(1), - , , , , ( /), , ( /).

14. . . . x A

x ( ).

CAT

(x), CAS

(x)

A. A

() = max=n

() , () = max

=n

()

( n TA(n) SA(n)

). .

CAT

(x)

- , , , 1. TA(n)

. CAS

(x) ,

, SA(n)

. . .

. f (n) g(n) ( f (n) = (g(n))) , c1, c2, N ,

c1|g(n)| | f(n)| c2|g(n)| n > N.

f (n) = (g(n)) , c,N , n>N |f(n)| c|g(n)|.

. f (n) = O(g(n)), , {nk} , (k) = f (nk), (k) = g(nk)

(k) = ((k)).

() = max

21

() () = () () = (log2 + 1 (log2 + 1)

. . g(x) .

(i) TA(n) g(n), TA

(m) g(2m

),

(ii) TA(n) g(n), TA

(m) g(2m1

).

. m n , 2m1

n < 2m

, ,

2m1 < 2m

() = ()

g(x): (i)

() = () () (2)

(ii) () = () () (2

1)

. . f(x) .

TA

(m)=O(f(m)), TA(n)=O(f(log2 n+1)); , f(x + 1) =

O(f (x)) TA(n) = O(f(log2 n)).

. . g(x) .

(i) TA(n) = O(g(n)), TA

(m) = O(g(2m

))

(ii) TA(n)=(g(n)), TA

(m)=(g(2m1

)); , (

2)= (g(x))

TA

(m) = (g(2m

)).

15. . . . s Xs

s ,

A x (. . CAT

(x) CAS

(x))

s Xs.

.

()()

()()

. A

Xs, s ,

.

:

() =

()()

(max

()) ()

= ()()

= ()

. f(m), , , P(m)

, f (m) P(m) m N+. (,

, , P(m) ;

: f (m) = O(md

) d N f (m) = mO(1).)

. , , . : n, n X,

. , X, . , T(n) . , f(n) ( X n)

, , X , f(n)T(n).

16. . . , ARP, DHCP. IP, TCP, ICMP. . OSI . : , , , , , . TCP/IP 3 :

. TCP/IP , . Internet , , TCP/IP, . Internet . , . , , ( ). , -, , , , , . .

:

( ).

( ), .

.

ISP -.

. . . . . IP , . , , . , . , , . . .

(_, , 0) (_, _, ). , , , . . . , , .

Address Resolution Protocol . Ethernet . 48 . 32- IP. 32- IP , , Ethernet . IP Ethernet , IP . . , ARP . Internet . , , proxy ARP. . , . , . DHCP (. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ) , IP- , TCP/IP. -. - DHCP, . , . . DHCP TCP/IP. DHCP IP-:

. ( Ethernet MAC-) IP-. , , ( DHCP), .

. IP- .

. , , , . . IP- , (, , ). ,

. DHCP DNS, , . DNS, RFC 2136. DHCP -, DHCP DHCP. UDP, 67 68.

IP Internet Protocol ( ) TCP/IP. IP , . . IP , (). OSI. IP , , , ( ), ( ) . OSI, , TCP, IP . IP , IPv4. IP IP- 4 (4 ). . , , ( A, B, C; , ).

;

;

, ;

: IPv4 32 IPv6 128 ;

;

IP ;

;

IP ;

.

TCP TCP- . IP- 16- , . , . TSAP TCP. , .

. . 256 , . , FTP- 21- , FTP-, TELNET 23- . RFC 1700. - , .. . TCP- . - . TCP- , . , , . , - , , TCP- - . TCP-, , . TCP-. , , . TCP- PUSH, , - , . , TPDU- URGENT, TCP- . , .

ICMP ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), RFC 792. , IP-, . , . . ICMP IP-. . destination unreachable , , , , , , , , . time exceeded , . , IP- . ( , IP-, , - .) IP- parameter problem. source quench . - -, . , . ,

, - . , , - . redirect IP- . echo request echo reply : echo request echo reply, , echo request. time-stamp request time-stamp reply . , , .

ICMP . ICMP IP . ping traceroute ICMP.

17. . Ethernet WiFi. , , . . , :

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. IEEE 802.3. Ethernet(10Base5). 2.5 , , . , . , . , , , . 10 /, 500(10Base5). 10Base2. BNC-, - . 200 30 . , . . 10Base-. 10Base5 , 50. . , , . AUI. , , .

, , . 10Base2 , . 10Base-T . , 100. . IEEE 802.3 10Base-F, , . , , . 2.5 , .

. 802.11 (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum DSSS). DSSS 1 2 /c. . . . , , . , , () . , . . wifi . , . - . , , , , . 90 150. , , . . , (SSID), . , , . -, . -, SSID, . , .

. wifi 3 : , . IEEE802.3, : 1500 , 2346 . . , , :

1) . N (, , - . .). , . , , , , . , , , .

2) . . . . , .

3) . , . , , , . .

4) . : a. . .

, . , , ;

b. . , , , , , , , .

5) . : a. .

, . , , , , ;

b. . , . , .. , , , . , , - . , , . ALOHA. ,

. , . ALOHA: , , . , , .. , - , . . , . , , . , , . , , . , , . , , . , . t. , N t. , , n t, :

[] =

!

[] =

!, =

N > 1 , , 0 < N < 1. , , , - , G. ,

, . ( 0) , , , , G N. G > N. (S) , , . 0 , = 0.

, , . 0

t, . , , , ( ALOHA. , ), , 0 + 2.

, 0

,

. 2G,

0 = 2

, = 0 = 2

.

G = 0,5 =1

2,

18% .

ALOHA. ALOHA, . . , . -, , . , , . =

.

ALOHA G = 1,

S = =1

, .. 37% , ,

ALOHA. G . k .

, , k , =(1 )1 : =

=1 =

(1 =1)1 , G , . . , , , CSMA (Carrier Sensitive Multiple Access).

CSMA-. , , , . , . CSM- 1- CSMA-, , , 1, , . . , , , . , , . . , . . , . ,

, . , ALOHA, , . CSMA- CSM-. , . , . , , , . , . , , CSMA- . . , . , q = 1 . , . , . , , .

CSM- . . . 0

, , , . , , , . , , . , CSMA/CD : , ( ). . , , , , . t . 1 t = 5 . 2t. , , , , 2t . ALOHA 2t . , . , , , .

18. , . (switch). (, ). . , , . FIFO, , , , , - . , , . : , . , . . (. Weighted fair queuing, WFQ) . . . (. Fair Queuing) (FQ). FIFO- . , R N , R/N . . N , 1, ..., , i- :

=1

FIFO , .

: . , .

Waited Fair Queuing (WFQ) , bit-by-bit finishing time.

: :

.

FIFO . , . , + ., , = , = 1 , ( ).

. , . , , . , , . , , , . , . , . , . . .

+ = , =

,

, /, /, . , , 2 . :

1) . 2)

.

2 , = (

+

+ ())

, .

, , WFQ, .

. .

, 2 . , , - , , . , , . ; , , . .

1. . . (, ) , XOFF . ,

. . XOFF, , , XON .

: 1) , .

, , , , .

2) , .

3) , .

4) , . . . : , , . , , , , , .

2. . . K NACK. ACK , NACK . , , , , . () , , . , . . , . .

. , D. Z, K NACK. . Z . :

1) ( ) - .

423, 23, . 2 .

2 23, / .

2) 2 , . = 01 = 10, = 00, = 11.

3. . XON XOFF .

19. : . , , BGP. . : AIMD . . . , .. , : . , , . , , .. . , .. , , , . ( ) : , , , , .

1) , , , . . , .

2) , : , , .

3) - , , ( , ..). , .

4) . , - , . , , , .

5) , , , , , .. , - . , .

, , . ( , ). . . , , . . , (hop). , , . : . . . . , , . ( ), ( T , ) , (, , ..).

. , . , J I K, J K . , J K , I K, I K. , , . : , , , .. , , , , , , , . , , . , , . , , .

IP-. , , IP-. , . DNS, . , , . , . , , , , . - , . , , , . , URL (Universal Resource Locator). URL :

, .. (http, gopher, WAIS, ftp, file, telnet .);

( - );

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MPI: . int MPI_Send(void* buf, int count, MPI_Datatype datatype, int dest, int msgtag,

MPI_Comm comm)

buf count datatype dest - msgtag comm msgtag, count datatype, dest. buf. count . datatype . . . : dest,

MPI. , MPI_Send , dest, , , , MPI_Send. int MPI_Recv(void* buf, int count, MPI_Datatype datatype, int source, int msgtag,

MPI_Comm comm, MPI_Status *status)

OUT buf count datatype source - msgtag comm OUT status msgtag source . count. count, , buf , . , MPI_Probe. , buf. - MPI_ANY_SOURCE , . MPI_ANY_TAG , . MPI_Recv, , .

int MPI_Get_count( MPI_Status *status, MPI_Datatype datatype, int *count) status datatype OUT count status ( MPI_Recv) ( MPI_Probe MPI_Iprobe) datatype. int MPI_Probe( int source, int msgtag, MPI_Comm comm, MPI_Status *status) source

- MPI_ANY_SOURCE msgtag MPI_ANY_TAG comm OUT status . , - . status. , , .

/ int MPI_Isend(void *buf, int count, MPI_Datatype datatype, int dest, int msgtag,

MPI_Comm comm, MPI_Request *request)

buf count datatype dest - msgtag comm OUT request , MPI_Send, , buf. , . (.. , buf ) request MPI_Wait MPI_Test. , MPI_Send MPI_Isend, MPI_Recv MPI_Irecv. int MPI_Irecv(void *buf, int count, MPI_Datatype datatype, int source, int msgtag,


OUT buf count datatype source - msgtag comm OUT request , MPI_Recv, buf. request MPI_Wait MPI_Test. int MPI_Wait( MPI_Request *request, MPI_Status *status) request OUT status

MPI_Isend MPI_Irecv,

request. , status. int MPI_Waitall( int count, MPI_Request *requests, MPI_Status *statuses) count requests OUT statuses , , , . , statuses . int MPI_Waitany( int count, MPI_Request *requests, int *index, MPI_Status *status)

count , requests OUT index OUT status , - , , . , . index requests, . int MPI_Waitsome( int incount, MPI_Request *requests, int *outcount, int *indexes,

MPI_Status *statuses)

incount requests . OUT outcount OUT indexes OUT statuses . , , , . outcount , outcount indexes requests . outcount statuses . int MPI_Test( MPI_Request *request, int *flag, MPI_Status *status) request OUT flag OUT status MPI_Isend MPI_Irecv, request. flag 1, , 0 . , status. int MPI_Testall( int count, MPI_Request *requests, int *flag, MPI_Status *statuses)

count , requests OUT flag OUT statuses . flag 1, , , ( statuses). 0, statuses .

int MPI_Testany(int count, MPI_Request *requests, int *index, int *flag, MPI_Status

*status) count requests OUT index OUT flag OUT status , flag 1, index requests, status . int MPI_Testsome( int incount, MPI_Request *requests, int *outcount, int *indexes,

MPI_Status *statuses)

incount requests OUT outcount OUT indexes OUT statuses , MPI_Waitsome, , . , outcount . int MPI_Iprobe( int source, int msgtag, MPI_Comm comm, int *flag, MPI_Status

*status) source - MPI_ANY_SOURCE msgtag MPI_ANY_TAG comm OUT flag OUT status . flag 1, ( MPI_Probe), 0, .

MPI: Send. int MPI_Send(void* buf, int count, MPI_Datatype datatype, int dest, int msgtag,

MPI_Comm comm)

buf count datatype dest - msgtag comm msgtag, count datatype, dest. buf. count . datatype . . . : dest, MPI. , MPI_Send , dest,

, , , MPI_Send. int MPI_Isend(void *buf, int count, MPI_Datatype datatype, int dest, int msgtag,


buf count datatype dest - msgtag , comm OUT request , MPI_Send, , buf. , . (.. , buf ) request MPI_Wait MPI_Test. , MPI_Send MPI_Isend, MPI_Recv MPI_Irecv. int MPI_Send_init( void *buf, int count, MPI_Datatype datatype, int dest, int msgtag,


buf count datatype dest - msgtag comm OUT request . , MPI_Isend, MPI_Startall. int MPI_Sendrecv( void *sbuf, int scount, MPI_Datatype stype, int dest, int stag, void

*rbuf, int rcount, MPI_Datatype rtype, int source, MPI_Datatype rtag, MPI_Comm

comm, MPI_Status *status)

sbuf scount stype dest - stag OUT rbuf rcount rtype source - rtag comm OUT status . . , MPI_Sendrecv, , MPI_Sendrecv ,

MPI_Send. . MPI: . . , , . , . , , , , , , ( ). int MPI_Bcast(void *buf, int count, MPI_Datatype datatype, int source, MPI_Comm

comm)

OUT buf count datatype source comm source , . buf source . count, datatype source . int MPI_Gather( void *sbuf, int scount, MPI_Datatype stype, void *rbuf, int rcount,

MPI_Datatype rtype, int dest, MPI_Comm comm)

sbuf scount stype OUT rbuf rcount rtype dest , comm OUT ierror rbuf dest. , dest, sbuf dest. rbuf, . rbuf , count, datatype dest . int MPI_Allreduce( void *sbuf, void *rbuf, int count, MPI_Datatype datatype, MPI_Op

op, MPI_Comm comm)

sbuf OUT rbuf count datatype op comm count op count rbuf. . count datatype . , op . int MPI_Reduce( void *sbuf, void *rbuf, int count, MPI_Datatype datatype, MPI_Op

op, int root, MPI_Comm comm)

sbuf OUT rbuf count datatype op root - comm , rbuf root. int MPI_Barrier( MPI_Comm comm) comm , , , comm .

MPI: , . int MPI_Comm_split( MPI_Comm comm, int color, int key, MPI_Comm *newcomm)

comm color key , OUT newcomm , comm, color ( ). . color MPI_UNDEFINED, newcomm MPI_COMM_NULL. int MPI_Comm_free( MPI_Comm comm) OUT comm , comm, MPI_COMM_NULL.

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