Изкуствен интелектИзкуствен интелект

Упражнение № 9

спец. Информатика, ФМИ

2004/2005

Формална граматикаФормална граматика букви правила лексикон - списък от думи групирани в

категории (части на речта): отворени класове

• съществителнo (noun,pronoun)• глагол (verb)• прилагателно (adjective)

затворени класове• определителeн член (a definite article, determiner)• предлог (preposition)• съюз (conjunction)• наречие (adverb)

Формална граматикаФормална граматика нетерминални символи

S (sentence) NP (noun phrase) VP (verb phrase) PP (prepositional phrase) RelClause (relative clause)

Формална граматикаФормална граматикаS NP VP

S S Conjunction S

NP Pronoun

NP Noun

NP Det Noun

NP NP PP

NP NP RelClause

Формална граматикаФормална граматикаVP Verb

VP VP NP

VP VP Adjective

VP VP PP

VP VP Adverb

PP Preposition NP

RelClause that VP

Обработка на естествен Обработка на естествен езикезик

Синтактичен анализ (syntactic analysis, parsing)

Семантичен анализ (semantic analysis)

Основни алгоритмиОсновни алгоритмиза синтактичен анализза синтактичен анализ

Отгоре надолу (Top-down parsingTop-down parsing)Отдолу нагоре (Bottom-upBottom-up parsingparsing)

Отдолу нагоре Отдолу нагоре ((Bottom-up parsing)Bottom-up parsing)

the cat is dead

DetDet cat is dead (Det->the)

Det NounDet Noun is dead (Noun->cat)

NPNP is dead (NP -> Det Noun)

NP VerbNP Verb dead (Verb->is)

NP Verb AdjNP Verb Adj (Adj->dead)

NP VPNP VP (VP-> Verb Adj)

SS (S-> NP VP)

Отгоре надолу Отгоре надолу ((Top-down parsing)Top-down parsing)

SS

NP VPNP VP (S-> NP VP)

Det Noun VPDet Noun VP (NP -> Det Noun)

the Noun VPNoun VP (Det->the)

the cat VP VP (Noun->cat)

the cat Verb Adj Verb Adj (VP-> Verb Adj)

the cat is Adj Adj (Verb->is)

the cat is dead (Adj->dead)

S

NP VP

Det Noun Verb Adj

The deadiscat

S

NP VP

Det Noun Verb Adj

The bigisdog

Отгоре надолуОтгоре надолу

det([the]).det([the]).

det([a]).det([a]).

noun([cat]).noun([cat]).

noun([dog]).noun([dog]).

verb([is]).verb([is]).

adj([big]).adj([big]).

adj([dead]).adj([dead]).

Недетерминиран Недетерминиран appendappend

append([X|Y],Z,[X|L]):-append([X|Y],Z,[X|L]):-

append(Y,Z,L).append(Y,Z,L).

append([],X,X):-!.append([],X,X):-!.

sentence(S):-sentence(S):-

append(NP,VP,S),append(NP,VP,S),

np(NP),np(NP),

vp(VP).vp(VP).

np(NP):-np(NP):-

append(Det,Noun,NP),append(Det,Noun,NP),

det(Det),noun(Noun),det(Det),noun(Noun),

write(det=Det),nl,write(noun=Noun),nl.write(det=Det),nl,write(noun=Noun),nl.

vp(VP):-vp(VP):-

append(Verb,Adj,VP),append(Verb,Adj,VP),

verb(Verb),adj(Adj),verb(Verb),adj(Adj),

write(verb=Verb),nl,write(adj=Adj),nl.write(verb=Verb),nl,write(adj=Adj),nl.

ПримерПример

| ?- sentence([the,cat,is,dead]).| ?- sentence([the,cat,is,dead]).

det=[the]det=[the]

noun=[cat]noun=[cat]

verb=[is]verb=[is]

adj=[dead]adj=[dead]

yesyes

S

ProN VP

VerbNP PP

saw

PPNounDet NP

NounDet

Prep

NP

NounDet

Prep

I theman onthe telescopethewithhill

S

ProN VP

VerbNP PP

saw

PP

NounDet NP

NounDet

PrepNP

NounDet

Prep

I theman onthe telescopethewithhill

sentence --> noun_phrase verb_phrasesentence --> noun_phrase verb_phrase

noun_phrase --> determiner noun rel_clausenoun_phrase --> determiner noun rel_clause

noun_phrase --> proper_nounnoun_phrase --> proper_noun

verb_phrase --> trans_verb noun_phraseverb_phrase --> trans_verb noun_phrase

verb_phrase --> intrans_verbverb_phrase --> intrans_verb

rel_clause --> that verb_phraserel_clause --> that verb_phrase

rel_clause --> or verb_phraserel_clause --> or verb_phrase

rel_clause -->rel_clause -->

determiner --> everydeterminer --> everydeterminer --> adeterminer --> anoun --> mannoun --> mannoun --> womannoun --> womannoun --> studentnoun --> studentproper_noun --> johnproper_noun --> johnproper_noun --> maryproper_noun --> marytrans_verb --> lovestrans_verb --> lovestrans_verb --> istrans_verb --> istrans_verb --> livestrans_verb --> lives

Отдолу нагореОтдолу нагоре

% noun(Sentence,Rest,Var,LF)% noun(Sentence,Rest,Var,LF)

noun([man|Rnoun([man|Restest],],RestRest,X,man(X)).,X,man(X)).

noun([woman|Rnoun([woman|Restest],],RestRest,X,woman(X)).,X,woman(X)).

noun([student|Rnoun([student|Restest],],RestRest,X,student(X)).,X,student(X)).

% proper_noun(Sentence,Rest,LF)% proper_noun(Sentence,Rest,LF)

proper_noun([john|Rproper_noun([john|Restest],],RestRest,john).,john).

proper_noun([mary|Rproper_noun([mary|Restest],],RestRest,mary).,mary).

% % trans_verbtrans_verb(Sentence,Rest,Var1,Var2,LF)(Sentence,Rest,Var1,Var2,LF)

trans_verb([loves|Rtrans_verb([loves|Restest],],RestRest,X,Y,loves(X,Y)).,X,Y,loves(X,Y)).

trans_verb([is|Rtrans_verb([is|Restest],],RestRest,X,Y,is_a(X,Y)).,X,Y,is_a(X,Y)).

% in% intrans_verbtrans_verb(Sentence,Rest,Var,LF)(Sentence,Rest,Var,LF)

intrans_verb([lives|Rintrans_verb([lives|Restest],],RestRest,X,lives(X)).,X,lives(X)).

:-op(800,xfy,#).:-op(800,xfy,#).

:-op(700,xfy,&).:-op(700,xfy,&).

rel_clause([that|Rrel_clause([that|Rest1est1],],RestRest,X,N,X,N_LF_LF,(,(N_LF N_LF && VP_LF VP_LF)):-)):-

verb_phrase(verb_phrase(Rest1Rest1,,RestRest,X,,X,VP_LFVP_LF).).

rel_clause([or|rel_clause([or|Rest1Rest1],],RestRest,X,N,X,N_LF_LF,(,(N_LF N_LF ## VP_LF VP_LF)):-)):-

verb_phrase(Rverb_phrase(Rest1,Restest1,Rest,X,V,X,VP_LFP_LF).).

determiner([every|Rdeterminer([every|Restest],],RestRest,X,,X,RR_LF,V_LF_LF,V_LF,all(X,(R,all(X,(R_LF _LF ->-> VV_LF_LF))).))).

determiner([a|Rdeterminer([a|Restest],],RestRest,X,,X,

RR_LF_LF,,V_LFV_LF,exists(X,(,exists(X,(R_LF R_LF && V_LF V_LF))).))).

sentence(S,sentence(S,RestRest,,LFLF) :-) :-

noun_phrase(noun_phrase(SS,,NPRestNPRest,X,,X,VVPP_LF_LF,,LFLF),),

verb_phrase(verb_phrase(NPRestNPRest,,RestRest,X,,X,VP_LFVP_LF).).

noun_phrase(S,noun_phrase(S,RestRest,X,,X,VP_LFVP_LF,,VP_LFVP_LF) :-) :-

proper_noun(proper_noun(SS,,RestRest,X).,X).

noun_phrase(S,noun_phrase(S,RestRest,X,V,X,VP_LFP_LF,,LFLF) :-) :-

determiner(S,Ddeterminer(S,DRestRest,X,,X,R_LFR_LF,V,VP_LFP_LF,L,LFF),),

noun(noun(DRestDRest,,NRestNRest,X,N,X,N_LF_LF),),

rel_clause(rel_clause(NRestNRest,,RestRest,X,,X,N_LFN_LF,,R_LFR_LF).).

verb_phrase(S,verb_phrase(S,RestRest,X,L,X,LFF) :-) :-

trans_verb(S,trans_verb(S,VRestVRest,X,Y,V,X,Y,V_LF_LF),),

noun_phrase(noun_phrase(VRestVRest,,RestRest,Y,V,Y,V_LF_LF,L,LFF).).

verb_phrase(verb_phrase(SS,,RestRest,X,,X,LFLF) :-) :-

intrans_verb(intrans_verb(SS,,RestRest,X,,X,LFLF).).

rel_clause(S,rel_clause(S,SS,_,,_,LFLF,,LFLF).).

ПримерПример| ?- sentence([a,man,loves,a,woman],Rest,LF).| ?- sentence([a,man,loves,a,woman],Rest,LF).

Rest = [],Rest = [],

LF = exists(_A, man(_A)&LF = exists(_A, man(_A)& exists(_B, exists(_B,

woman(_B)&loves(_A,_B))) ?woman(_B)&loves(_A,_B))) ?

yesyes

| ?- sentence([john,loves,mary],Rest,LF). | ?- sentence([john,loves,mary],Rest,LF).

Rest = [],Rest = [],

LF = loves(john,mary) ?LF = loves(john,mary) ?

ПримерПример|?-sentence([every,man,that,lives,loves,a,woman],|?-sentence([every,man,that,lives,loves,a,woman],

Rest,LF).Rest,LF).

Rest = [],Rest = [],

LF = all(_A,(man(_A)&lives(_A)-> LF = all(_A,(man(_A)&lives(_A)-> exists(_B,woman(_B)&loves(_A,_B)))) exists(_B,woman(_B)&loves(_A,_B))))