-Congenital abnormalities-Cysts-Endocrine changes

Cause/etiology The failure of cartilage to stiffen with

development

Population with high risk Neonate

Location Epiglottis

Be too pliabe and collapes into the airway

Typical symptoms Stridor （喘鸣）

Evident at birth or within the first few hours or days of life

No hoaseness Dyspnea（呼吸困难）

In severe condition

Examinations Transnasal fiberoptic laryngoscopy

Direct laryngoscope Big and pliable or curly epiglottis No stridor after moving epiglottis

Treatments Mild to moderate

outgrow laryngomalacia by 18 months

Severe Supraglottoplasty（声门上成形术） tracheostomy（气管切开术）

Definition A lumen 4.0 mm in diameter or less at the

level of the cricoid cartilage

Cause/etiology Congenital – embryological development

Cricoid cartilage The conus elasticus （弹性圆锥）

Acquired endotracheal intubation

Scarring Hypertrophy

Population with high risk Neonate

Typical symptoms - In severe condition

Dyspnea （呼吸困难） Stridor Exercise intolerance

Treatments (stenosis grading) Grade 1 to 2

careful observation

Grade 3 to 4 Endoscopic or surgical intervention Voice therapy to followed

Definition TEF are opennnings that occur between

the esophagus and trachea

Cause/etiology Vascular compromise to developing

esophagus

Typical symptoms Gastric distention Direct tracheal aspiration Reduced diaphragmatic excusion

Treatments (stenosis grading) surgical intervention Voice and therapy to followed

Cause/etiology Abnormal blockage of the ductal system of

laryngeal mucous glands Congenital Acquired

Location Vocal folds – inner margin, superior or

inferior surface Ventricular folds - anywhere Unilateral

Typical symptoms Low vocal quality - hoarseness

Breathness Lower pitch Increased aperiodicity

Examinations Fiberoptic laryngoscopy Stroboscopy Biopsy

Treatments

Typical symptoms – before 4-5 days before menstruation in 33% of women

Vocal fatigue Reduced pitch range Hypophonia Loss of certain harmonics

Videostroboscopic examination Congestion 充血 Microvaries VF thickening Reduced vibratory amplitude

Treatment Oral contraceptive pills

Typical symptoms