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, , , . . 25-30% , , , , , . , .5. . , .6. .. .7 .00.00.
() 63-66% 14-18. . 16-24 . 1 . : .7. . , , , .8. . , , , . , .9.
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2,03971,94
1,00,1599,850,9985
:105,5--89,06
1. , :G.. = (G )/100, (1) G. , , % = (100-W), (2) W-, % =
100-14,5=85,5 % = 100- 75=25 % = 100- 3=97 % = 100-0,15=99,85 %
G = (10085,5)/100=85,5 G = (2,525)/100=0,625 G =
(1,099,85)/100=0,9985 G = (2,097)/100=1,94
2. , %: = (1- /100)(1-/100)(1-/100), (3) - 100 , %; - , %; - % ;
- % .=100/(100-W), (4) - , =89,06100/(100-43,5)=157,63 %,3. : =3,5
%; =8 %; =4 %; W=44,5 %.. .
00.00.00.
= 157,89(1-3,5/100)(1-8/100)(1-4/100)=132%.3. 100 , := (5) =
157,63 89,06= 65,83. . . 7- . 0,55/3 . , -25.1. , /: = nn1m60/t (6)
n- ; n1- ; m- ; t- .n=B-a/b+a,n1=L-a/l+a, L , l () () , ; (20-40
).n=2100-25/(140+25)=12 .n1=12000-25/(140+25)=72 .
=12720,260/20=518,4/2. , /.=518,423=11914 /. (7)3. , 3:V=/, (8)
, ; , /3 (=0,55)= 100/, (9) - ,% (=132); ,
;=11914100/132=9025,75.V=9025,75/0,55=16,4 34. , := n, (10) n ,
(n=7)
=9025,757=63180,255. , 3:V.= / (11)V.=63180,25/0,55=114,8736.
:N= V./V (12)N=114,87/50,3=2,28 ( 3 )
. .
. .5 00.00.00.
1. , :Gc=McC/100, (13). .6 00.00.00.
, / Mc- (Mc=9025,75 /)G=9025,752,5/100=225,64
/G=9025,752,0/100=180,515 /G=9025,751,0/100=90,26 /2. , /:Gc= 100/,
(14)G=518,4100/132=392,73 /G=518,42,5/132=9,82 /G=518,42,0/132=7,85
/G=518,41,0/132=3,93 / 1--2( 2 ). 180,515 11 (2000/180,515). 2-
180,52 (90,262) 90,26 :V..= Gc100J../, (15) Gc- , ; - (=1,25) J..-
, (J.=2) - , 100(=63
100)V..=90,261001,252/55=410,27.___________________* .. , ./.., ..,
.. ; . . -. ,2002.-36. . :
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. .10 00.00.00.
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.7 .6181-31
, . 1, 3, 4, 15, 5 9. 1 2, 3- - 5 , 16 14 , 7 8 , . 6, . , . 10.
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3.2 -( , )1. (/) :=z(D2-d2)snpK1K2K3/240,/, (16) z ; D
(0,25...0,30), ; d (0,04...0,05), ; s , S=(1,1...1,2)D,; n , /; ,
/3; K1 , (K1 =0,2...0,5 );. .2 00.00.00.
K2 (2=0,15...0,2); 3-, , (3=0,55...0,7)
=23,14(0,252+0,042)1,10,255011000,20,150,55/240=525 /.2. ( ). 3
2 ., (17) - , /; t , .; , %; , %; ; q0 , 100 , , . =
6.V=518,4240656/(132265600)=4,7 33. , 3:, (18) q 100 , ,
(32). q .4. , 3:Vm=518,450/(613232)=0,43 3 (19)5. :
=3,7560/6-1=45 . (20)6. :nc=60/=60/45=1,3 (21)7. () :N = 0,4mRz /
1000 , (22) m , ; R , ; z ; - , / (g = 9,81); - , /; - ( =
0,80,85)m= V=4,71100=5170 ; (23) = n / 30, / = 3,14 50 / 30 = 5,2
/N = 0,4 5170 0,153 5,2 2 / (10000,85)= 3,8 4,0.
3.3 .. .3 00.00.00.
**. N, . , 4 ( 19523-81).N=4,0 . 41126 - 4, , , 112 , , , , , .
1000/. /=2,0 . : 6;.L=452; H=198;.D=300; D1=265; D2=230; l=80;
l1=4; d=32; d0=15; 58.
. : . N=4,0, =3. , n= 1000 /. . 1. . . : lp=11,0, dp= 90, W=13,
T0=8,0, - =0,812, m - =0,1/, Lp=560-4000, L=Lp-L=33. 2. :
d1>dmin; d1=100. d2= d1=3100= 300. d2=315.
3. S=0,001.= d2/ d1(1 S) = 315/100(1 - 0,01)=3,18. (24)4. ,
:amin=0,55(d1+d2)+To=0,55(100+315)+8=236; (25)amax=
d1+d2=100+315=415. =325.5. , :Lp=2+/2(d1+d2)+ (d1 -
d2)2/4=2325+3,14/2415+2152/4325 = 1337. (26) 9.4 Lp=1400.6. ,
:=0,25[( Lp W )+], (27) W=0,5(d1+d2)= 0,53,14(100+315)=652. (28)=[
(d1 - d2)/2]2=[(315 -100)/4]2=11556.=0,25[( 1400 652 )+] = 358.
7. . .4 00.00.00.
2%, .. 7,16, 5,5%,.. 19,69.8. d1, 0:1=180 - 57 ( d2
d1)/=180-57(315-100)/358=146. (29)9. : =0,92; L=0,96; =1,5; : z=4,
. 267 z=0,9.10. 9.5 , ; Lp=1700. d1=100, =3,18 n= 1000/. =1,30.11.
, := L/ =1,300,920,96/1,5 = 0,765. (30)12. :z=/ z=2,2/0,7650,9
=3,19. z=3.13. S, ; : = d1 n1/60=3,140,11000/60=5,23/. (31) , =0,1(
.267)S=850 L/ z + 2 (32)S =8502,21,50,96/35,230,92+0,15,232=189,3.
14. , :Fn=2SoZsin1/2=2189,33sin146/2=1086H (33) 15. , , .
1284.2-80:=NLp/60 d1 n1. (34) N , .
N=5,7106=5,7106(7000/603,141001000)~2120. : 1284.2-89.
. ( ). , , , 450.
20. t, , , , hbb1 , 1 ,
d d1
8,003,002,315,007,51274,60,20
-8-4,6 13568-97.
1. , : =(3050)t; (35) = 408,00=320 . max=80t; (36). .5
00.00.00.
max=808,00=640 . min=0,6(D1+D2)+3050 . (37) D1 D2 . 592-81
D=t(+z-0,31/), (38) - , (=0,7); Kz- ; Kz=ctg 1800/z; - ; =t/D; D ;
D=d1. 2. : z1=29-2u3a/t(u-1), (39)z1=29-23=23, 3. z2= z1u; 120, z2
.z2=233=69, . 4. , : L=2a+0,5zct+2t2/a, (40) = z2 -z1/2; zc= z2
+z1.=69-23/(23,14)=7,3;
zc=69+23=92.L=2320+0,5928,00+7,328,002/320=1018 . 5.
:Lt=L/t=2at+0,5zc+2/at, (41)
at=a/t=320/8,00=40.Lt=240+0,592+6,22/40=126,9~126. Lt , , . 6. ,
:D1=t(+z1-0,31/), (42) - , (=0,7); Kz1- ; Kz1=ctg 1800/z1= ctg
1800/23=7,5; - ; =t/ d1
=8,00/10,16=0,78D1=8,00(0,7+7,5-0,31/0,78)=62,4 7. ,
:D2=t(+z2-0,31/), (43)Kz2=ctg 1800/z2= ctg
1800/62=13,0D2=8,00(0,7+13-0,31/0,78)=106 8. ,
:at=0,25(Lt-0,5zc+((Lt-0,5zc)2-82)1/2, (44) Lt- , zc- (zc=92),
=7,3.at=0,25(126-0,592+((126-0,592)2-87,32)1/2=39,32 9. ,
:=att=39,328,00=314,56 (45) 10. , /:=z1tn1/6010-3, n1-
,=238,00750/6010-3=2,3 / , , ( 10 /). 11. :. .6 00.00.00.
= 4z1n1/60 Lt; (46)=423750/60126=9,13 -1; :[]=508/t, -1
(47)[]=508/8,00=63,5 -1. .
** .. : - /.. , .., .. .- .:,1984.-560.
3.4 1. , AISI 304.2. - 3.
3.5 1. , , , , .2. , .3. . , .4. . .5. .6. .7. , , 10000.. .7
00.00.00.
8. , , .9., , , , .10. .
. .1 00.00.00. . .. . ..
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- . :- ( );- ( );- - ( ).
. .1 00.00.00. . .. . ..
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.1 .6181-31
1 .. :. ../... .: ,2001. 432.2 .. /.. . .: ,2003.-416.4 .. : -
/.. , .., .. .- .:,1984.-560.5 .. /.. . .: ,2000.- 320.6 .. , ./..,
.., .. ; . . -. ,2002.-36.7 . ., .. , , 1993. 222.
