台湾の水稲生産システムの環境影響および経済評価 Environmental impacts and financial implications of Taiwanese rice cultivation Hung-Chun Lin, Yasuhiro Fukushima

台湾の水稲生産システムの環境影響および経済評価

Environmental impacts and financial implications of Taiwanese rice

cultivation

Hung-Chun Lin, Yasuhiro FukushimaEnvironmental Systems Engineering Laboratory

Department of Environmental EngineeringNational Cheng Kung University, Taiwan 1

2011 2011 日本日本 LCALCA 学会研究発表学会研究発表会会

EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKUSituation on Taiwan

• Rice– A main starch source

for Taiwanese– 60 kg/person/year

• Rice industry– GHGs emission– Resource consumption– Less preferable career

2million ton

Imported99.37%

Domestic0.63%

Energy Supply (2009)


EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKURice Cultivation System

Seedling Transplanting

FarmManaging

HarvestingPlowing

and Watering

Rice

Fertilizer Pesticide

Water

SeedlingMachinery

-$

+$

3


EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKUObjective

• To clarify environmental and economic aspects of rice cultivation in Taiwan

4

Data source– Interview

e.g. fertilizer, electricity bill, etc.

– Literature review e.g. Irrigation water, GHGs from rice paddy, etc.

– Database • Bureau of Energy, Taiwan, etc.• Ecoinvent, etc.

Impact categories– GHGs (CO2, CH4,

N2O)

– Freshwater– Energy


EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKU

N N

H

O

Cl

Pencycuron

GHGs emission (1/3)A. Chemicals– Fertilizer: (NH4)2SO4

• Ammonium sulphate, as N, at regional storehouse, Ecoinvent

NH

H

O

N

H

Cl

Cl

Diuron

5

– Pesticide1. From database2. Associated chemical

• Pencycuron • Chemical class: Phenylurea• Associated chemical in

Ecoinvent: Diuron


EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKU 6GHGs emission (2/3)

B. Rice paddy– Measured data

C. Seedling

FertilizerSeedling

Seed

Local data

Database


EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKUGHGs emission (3/3)

D. PowerElectricityElectricity bill (Emission factor: 0.623 kg-CO2 equiv./kWh)

DieselFarming machineryhorsepower x working hour ÷ engine efficiencyTruckTransport lorry 3.5-16t, fleet average, Ecoinvent

7


EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKUResource consumption

• FreshwaterCategory PurposeIrrigation To irrigate the rice paddyPesticide To dilute pesticideSeedling To dilute pesticide and fertilizer

Category PurposeFuel Produce diesel and electricity, operate machinesElectricity Pump waterProcedure utilities Fertilizer, pesticide

• Energy

8


EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKUCase Study

Farming activities time/CS

Plowing 2

Transplanting 1

Applying fertilizer 4

Applying pesticide 4

Harvesting 1

• Location: Hou-Bi Township, Tainan (southern Taiwan)

• Temperature: 24.7℃(18~29 ℃)

• Crop season (CS): 2 seasons– 1st CS: Jan. ~ May– 2nd CS: Jul .~ Nov.

• Rainfall: 1809 mm (11.2~445.7mm)

• Yield: – 1st CS: 1,080~1,320 kg/fen– 2nd CS: 780~840 kg/fen

9


EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKUResults (1/3)

Rice paddy > Power > Chemicals > Seedlings

10

GHGs emission: 1,797.24 kg-CO2 equiv./fen/year


EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKUResult (2/3)

• Resource consumption

Freshwater: 6,740 m3-water/fen/year

Energy: 14,977 MJ/fen/year

11


EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKUResult (3/3)

• Financial flow Income: 29,760− Expenditure: 16,348 13,412 NTD

C1: FertilizerC2: PesticideC3: FuelC4: ElectricityC5: Plowing

C6: TransplantingC7: Spraying (fertilizer)C8: Spraying (pesticide)C9: HarvestingC10: Seedling

Wages > Chemicals > Power > SeedlingNo.1 Fertilizer (C1)No.2 Plowing (C5)No.3 Electricity

(C4)

12


EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKU 13Summary

• For 1 kg rice– 0.97 kg-CO2 equiv.

– 3.6 m3 water– 8.1 MJ– 8.8 NTD (cost)

• For 1 fen rice paddy, 1 year– 1,797.24 kg-CO2 equiv.

– 6,740 m3 water– 14,977 MJ– 13,412 NTD (net income)

How to reduce the environmental impact? How to increase the income of farmers?

Annual income Farmer: 134,120 NTD (10 fen)Laborer: 444,300 NTD 70% less!


EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKUDiscussion (1/3)

• ElectricityCategories With

pumpingWithout pumping

Reduction Unit(/kg-rice)

GHGs emission 0.97 0.70 28% kg-CO2 equiv.

Energy consumption 8.1 2.0 75% MJ

Cost 8.8 7.7 12% NTD

14



kg-CO2 equiv.

1st CS1st CS 2nd CS 2nd CS

Discussion (2/3)• Comparisons on GHGs emission between 1st CS,

2nd CS, fallow period

15

1st CS: Jan.~May.2nd CS: Jul.~Nov.

If we want to make land fallow, which season is better? GHGs emission Water availability



• Subsidy for fallow land– 4,500 NTD/fen/CS– Cost for green manure– Given to land owners,

but not farmers

• Wages – 47% of the total expenditure– Different percentage for

farmers with machine

Discussion (3/3) 16

Green manure


EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKUConclusion (1/2)

• The major sources– GHGs emission: CH4 (44%)

– Freshwater consumption: Irrigation (>99%)– Energy consumption: Electricity (75%)– Expenditure: Fertilizer (15%)

• To reduce environmental impacts– Choosing a place with rivers or spring nearby

• 28%, 75%, and 12% reduction of GHGs emission, energy consumption, and cost of rice, respectively

– Making land fallow• Food security and farmers’ welfare

17


EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKUConclusion (2/2)

• To complete the study– Seedling preparation– Indirect emission from electricity

18

• Relatively high labor cost– Price of labor

Suggestion

Thanks for your attention!

Hung-Chun [email protected]

19

mailto:[email protected]

Documents

台湾の水稲生産システムの環境影 響および経済評価 Environmental impacts and financial implications of Taiwanese rice cultivation Hung-Chun Lin, Yasuhiro Fukushima

台湾の水稲生産システムの環境影響および経済評価 Environmental impacts and financial implications of Taiwanese rice cultivation Hung-Chun Lin, Yasuhiro Fukushima