1

SFC

No. # 2

*

201210

SFC

46201235168

4

20112012

Development of Submarine Cables in the Pacific Ocean:

A Large Artery for the Information Society

Motohiro TSUCHIYA

Professor, Keio University Graduate School of Media and Governance

* taiyo@sfc.keio.ac.jp

2

20

20 21

20

3

1.

19 20

1892

1850

1858 1866

1902

Cyrus Field

4

WJohn W. Mackay

Clarence Mackay

20

19 20

2 3

4

5

2.

2.1.

RDaniel R. Headrick

11941

1 DR

1989196

Daniel R. Headrick, The Invisible Weapon: Telecommunications and International Politics 1851-1945, New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. DR

2005 93139

5

2

19 20 100

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1871 4

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Great Northern Telegraph Company

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5

2.2.

19 6

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OPTRONICS 3 2003174179 35

4 2007 2532

1869 19691972

1971Jorma

Ahvenainen, The Far Eastern Telegraphs: The History of Telegraphic Communications between the Far East, Europe and America before the First World War, Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, 1981. 5 51971290299 6 3 3

1971

18681968

1972Hugh Barty-King, Girdle round the Earth: The Story of

Cable and Wireless and Its Predecessors to Mark the Groups Jubilee 1929-1979, London: Heinemann, 1979. Bern Dibner, The Atlantic Cable, New York: Blaisdell, 1964. P. M. Kennedy, Imperial Cable Communications and Strategy, 1870-1914,

The English Historical Review, vol. 86, no. 341, 1971, pp. 728-752. 7

1988

1992 KDD 21

1993

2004

2010

7

8

Tom Standage19

CD

The Victorian Internet19

9

10

19

3.

8 NTT KDDI

ITU Telegeography

http://www.telegeography.com/

Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_submarine_

communications_cables Gregs Cable Maphttp://www.cablemap.info/

9 Tom Standage, The Victorian Internet, New York: Walker and Company, 1998, p. xiii. 10 19 GLOCOM Review

3 3 1998

2001 3

NTT2007 2

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Charles Wheatstone111837

1850

Jacob Brett

John Watkins Brett

12

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Cyrus W. Field

1866 13

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19 20 Guglielmo Marconi

11 1971 3

8 12 1117 13 2125

9

Paul Reuter

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1892

66.31908 56.2

1

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21872 3

1875

1906

10

18921908

Daniel R. Headrick, The Invisible Weapon: Telecommunications and

International Politics 1851-1945, New York: Oxford University Press, 1991, p. 94.

4.

4.1.

1870

DDavid D. Porter1879

14F

Thomas F. Bayard15

19

14 15 David M. Pletcher, The Diplomacy of Involvement: American Economic Expansion across the Pacific, 1784-1900, Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2001, pp. 234-235.

1892 1908

km % km % km %

163,619 66.3 265,971 56.2 102,352 45.2

38,986 15.8 92,434 19.5 53,448 23.6

21,859 8.9 44,543 9.4 22,684 10.0

13,201 5.3 17,768 3.8 4,567 2.0

4,583 1.9 33,984 7.2 29,401 13.0

4,628 1.9 18,408 3.9 13,780 6.1

246,876 100.0 473,108 100.0 226,232 100.0

11

Grover Cleveland

Benjamin Harrison 22 24

1887

50

DC

16

1889 3 1893 3

1891 1

1893

1893 3

1897

William McKinley, Jr.

1898

1893

TAlfred T. Mahan

Hawaii and Our Future Sea Power17

16 105124 17 Alfred T. Mahan, Hawaii and Our Future Sea Power, The Forum, March 1893.

Alfred T. Mahan, The Interest of America in Sea

12

1895 1 9

18

All Red Line

Power: Present and Future, Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1917, pp. 31-55.

2012 8 20 18 Grover Cleveland, Message from the President of the United States, Submitting

Dispatches and Accompanying Documents from the United States Minister at Hawaii,

Relative to the Lease to Great Britain of an Island as a Station for a Submarine

Telegraph Cable, United States Congress (53rd, 3rd Session), Senate, Committee on

Foreign Relations, January 9, 1895 (available at University of Hawaii, Manoa:

Hamilton Hawaiian-Library, TK5613.U58).

13

19

John Pender

Pacific Cable Board

1888 1902

20 1

19

20 1937112

114

14

20

1905

4.2.

1896

SZephaniah S. Spalding

Pacific Cable Company of New Jersey

AJames A. Scrymser

Pacific Cable Company of New York

21

Foreign Relations Committee

21

15

Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce22

1823

1896 4 1

24

1898 2 15

USS Maine, ACR-1 4

George O. Squier

25

1899 2 10

26

22 Pletcher, op.cit., p. 248. 23 Pletcher, op.cit., p. 248. Headrick, op.cit., p. 100. 24 Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations in Regard to the Bills, S.1316,

To Facilitate the Construction and Maintenance of Telegraphic Cables in the Pacific

Ocean for the Use of the Government in its Foreign Intercourse, Represented by

Messrs. Z. S. Spalding and Wagner Swayne, and S.876, To Provide for Telegraphic

Communication between the United States of America, the Hawaiian Islands, And

Japan, And to Promote Commerce, Represented by Messrs. James S. Scrymser and

Edmund L. Baylies, April 1, 1896, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1896

(available at University of Hawaii, Manoa: Hamilton Hawaiian-Library, TK5613.U56). 25 183185 26 William McKinley, Jr., Cable Communication with Pacific Islands: Message from

16

1900 4 11

30 20

27

4.3.

W

28

Commercial Pacific Cable Company

1901 8 22 John

Hay1902 9

29

1902

the President of the United States, Relative to Necessity for Speedy Cable

Communication between the United States and All the Pacific Islands, February 10,

1899 (available at University of Hawaii, Manoa: Hamilton Hawaiian-Library,

TK5613.U64). 27 Commercial Pacific Cable Company, Pacific Cable: Should the Government Parallel

the Cable of the Commercial Pacific Cable Company Greatly Reduced Rates, Not for

Publication, 1902 (available at University of Hawaii, Manoa: Hamilton

Hawaiian-Library, TK5613.C65). 28 Jack R. Wagner, The Great Pacific Cable,

Westways, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 8-9. 29 Commercial Pacific Cable Company, op.cit.

17

1903 1 2

5 24

Anglia

1903 7 4

Theodore Roosevelt

William H. Taft

6

Postal Telegraph

1906

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1928 ITTInternational Telephone

and Telegraph

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ITT 1962

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5.

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1957 10 4

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IEEJ Journal 130 10 2010694697

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W3CWorld Wide Web Consortium IP

ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and

NumbersITU

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130 11 2010760763

1971

2002

27

2010

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1989

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2005

76 21993

116120

1978

1987

1992

1988

1937

Ahvenainen, Jorma, The Far Eastern Telegraphs: The History of Telegraphic

Communications between the Far East, Europe and America before the First World

War, Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, 1981.

Barty-King, Hugh, Girdle round the Earth: The Story of Cable and Wireless and its

Predecessors to Mark the Groups Jubilee 1929-1979, London: Heinemann, 1979.

Cleveland, Grover, Message from the President of the United States, Submitting

Dispatches and Accompanying Documents from the United States Minister at

Hawaii, Relative to the Lease to Great Britain of an Island as a Station for a

Submarine Telegraph Cable, United States Congress (53rd, 3rd Session), Senate,

Committee on Foreign Relations, January 9, 1895 (available at University of

Hawaii, Manoa: Hamilton Hawaiian-Library, TK5613.U58).

Commercial Pacific Cable Company, Pacific Cable: Should the Government

Parallel the Cable of the Commercial Pacific Cable Company Greatly Reduced

Rates, Not for Publication, 1902 (available at University of Hawaii, Manoa:

Hamilton Hawaiian-Library, TK5613.C65).

Dibner, Bern, The Atlantic Cable, New York: Blaisdell, 1964.

28

Headrick, Daniel R., The Invisible Weapon: Telecommunications and International

Politics 1851-1945, New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Kennedy, P. M., Imperial Cable Communications and Strategy, 1870-1914, The

English Historical Review, vol. 86, no. 341, 1971, pp. 728-752.

Mahan, Alfred T., Hawaii and Our Future Sea Power, The Forum, March 1893

(contained in Alfred T. Mahan, The Interest of America in Sea Power: Present and

Future, Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1917, pp. 31-55) .

McKinley, Jr., William, Cable Communication with Pacific Islands: Message from

the President of the United States, Relative to Necessity for Speedy Cable

Communication between the United States and All the Pacific Islands, February

10, 1899 (available at University of Hawaii, Manoa: Hamilton Hawaiian-Library,

TK5613.U64).

Pletcher, David M., The Diplomacy of Involvement: American Economic Expansion

across the Pacific, 1784-1900, Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2001.

Standage, Tom, The Victorian Internet, New York: Walker and Company, 1998.

Wagner, Jack R., The Great Pacific Cable, Westways, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 8-9.