kaphttp://khinhuann.taibun.tw

1. Austroasiatic Origin in Taiwanese

2.Three Ancient Chinese Lexical Layer

3.Languages and Political Powers in Taiwan History

4. Taiwanese Place Names with Austronesian Origin

5. Siraya Origin Words

6. Austronesian Origin Forms in Taiwanese

FormGlossAustronesian Formstsa-*personu-tsao (Rukai) cho (Favorlang) sau (Pazeh) tat, in, ondi (Malay/Indonesian) di (Proto-Austronesian)lutto shedlutlut (Indonesian) luu (Hawaiian)tangyeartahun (Proto-Austronesian) taon (Tagalog)timquietdiam/diamdiam (Malay/Indonesian)thuhto perforate, to excavatetuktuk (Proto-Austronesian)

7.Differences in the Etymologically Related Words between Amoy and Taiwanese

8.Obsolete Forms in Taiwanese

9.Differences in Homophones between Amoy and Taiwanese

10.Differences of Neologisms between Amoy and Taiwanese

11. Amoy-only Neologisms

12.Taiwanese-only Neologisms*

13.Southeastern Asian Loanwords Shared by Amoy and Taiwanese before 1895

14.Amoy Modern Loanwords

15.Different Classifiers between Amoy and Taiwanese

kap

. / phonemic orthography

1. (narrow transcription) phn 2. (broad transcription) phn kan-na hit (meaningful) (underlying form) pn/ pen

/ts/ [-low] i (palatalization) k in kap kap kan-na thkoh khah

beh tng k (IPA) siuN IPA thTLPAlng lng khah ahlng

( Baudouin de Courtenay, 1871) 1. (phonetic) 2. (etymological) 3. (traditional)

autonomouskoh (artificial), siunkoh

khah koh th Finnish, Estonian

1. (transparency) 2. (learnability)kapkoh tik (general)

lng

, m m khahtng

. (The phoneme inventory)

hit kapt hit (innate)lnghit

lng /a//i//e//u//o/kap // k (nasal vowels) lng (meaningful) (nazalization)inlng /o/ lng

i i u

a

18

p t k ph th kh b d /l g s h ts tsh dz m n

tnghit (features) kan-nath kap TLPA lngtngbeh thitihk beh

6

aspiration kap TLPAIPAhstop /p/, /t/, /k/ kap (affricate) / ts/ lng /ph/, /th/, /kh/ kap /tsh/lng

voiceless vs. voiced kapvoiceless voiced/p//ph/ /b/ /k/ /kh//g//ts//tsh/ /dz/ koh

nasal vowels tshamtshamlngmajor vowelsnasalized vowelskapsexysexy

(abrupt tones/ unreleased final stops) (phonemic)behtkunreleased final stops,k-p-t-k(glottal stop) -pIPA[]bkhah

tones

itng(tonal languages)(tone languages) 2ttkhah86mkan-ta tshun 7

tone sandhi m-koh,Kohtkhahkhahm

. kap TLPA TLPA tshambehi beh khahbehkhah t thahTLPA k khah khah (spelling)

1. kap TLPA khah tsia lng ahkhah b b tih i k h ah khah beh tngkoh m tng tihbeh suah

2. /ts/ , /tsh / k (palatalization) [] ts ch chh 200120

TLPA 100% kap k k TLPA ts c (= ch)k TLPA tsh ch 200119

... (2001:180) TLPA / tu kun [+high, -back] (i.e. i, e)lngbeh k m koh kap m k hit (consistency)chh h h

Behkoh1992TLPA /ts/ kap /tsh/

3. oe, oa ue, ua ... [+back] kun u, o, tsia ui, oe, oa2001:21 tih t tsia m TLPA khah k h khahlng /u/ u --> o [-high]

4. n kap nn n n (segment)lng teh hit IPA a tih a

kap TLPA teh kaplng b hit nn teh lng h h suah sahn sahnn sanh IPA sa

5.// kap oo oo khah khah b tng m koh tsiah-nih thim Unicode ah

6. ek ik [ek] kap [it] [ih][ip] [eng] [] [i] khah [] khah /i/i.e., (i.e., tense lax)khah [] //

i --> _ [+]$

TLPA k e i m khah m tng ing tih lng koh k in kap / (2001:67 & 2001:13)

7. eng ing // + // eng /i/ + // ing [[] English eng kap sing ing lng []k eng ing ( 20024)6 /i/

[p][ph] vs. [b][p] [d](non-aspirated alveolor stop)[g](non-aspirated velar stop)In[t][][d]t

t

1 top [th] 2 stop [t] 3 attic [] 4 moutain [] 5 atom [d/]

feature[t] top stopflap

t(place of articulation)

tdthtd

utngtioh [t] t[t][th] [t]ti [d]tonset, hebmah

1 tea [t-a]teadea [d] 2 TaiwanTaiwan[Ti-un]iDaiwan3 ThailandThailandThaimTailand

lng[t]/[th]

(minimal pair)1. (minimal pair)

2. (phoneme)

3. (native speaker) (pair) stop top [s] /s/

stop t [t] t [th] sthop stop stop sthop [th] teh theh [th]

4.

5.

pa pi p p po. pha phi ph ph pho

IPATLPApphphphpp

p p p p po (p.) b b b b bo (b.)

:b b b bo (b.) m m m mo (m.)

: ta ti t t t to (t.) tha thi th th th tho (th.)

: ta t t t t to (t.) la l l l l lo (l.)

: la l l lo (l.) na n n no (n.)

:ka ki ku ke ko koo (ko.) kha khi khu khe kho khoo (kho.)

:k k k k k ko (k.) g g g g g go (g.)

:g g geh gi go (g.) ng ng ngeh ngi ngo (ng.)

tsa tsi tsu tse tso tso. tsha tshi tshu tshe tsho tsho.

: ts ts ts j j j

IPATLPAdzjjjrz

:s s s si sm j j j ji jm