分散式系統 Pervasive Computing 台灣大學 _EMBA 資訊管理研究所九十二學年度第一學期指導教授：莊裕澤教授學生：沈富濤、江世祺、黃錫煙

分散式系統分散式系統 Pervasive ComputingPervasive Computing

台灣大學 _EMBA 資訊管理研究所九十二學年度第一學期

指導教授：莊裕澤教授

學生：沈富濤、江世祺、黃錫煙

是一般性電腦運算的拓展，可創造無所不在的計算環境，包括各種移動設備，如汽車、手機、 PDA等智慧型裝置

Pervasive ComputingPervasive Computing普及運算普及運算

甚至可以應用至家電設備，如電視機、電冰箱，甚至是販賣機、公共電話與網路住宅。這些裝置本身都具備簡單運算的能力，同時與網路、內部網路或是無線網路（Wireless）連接，讓使用者可隨時隨地獲取資訊。


設備的核心系統都是計算機處理器，多數以小型的嵌入式系統方式存在，而不像桌上型的電腦或是筆記電腦。


在這種情況下，有運算功能的設備基本上是可以無所不在，且滲透至人們的日常生活的各種層面當中；而當所有的設備都可連結網路，資訊的取得將更為容易。這些互相鏈結的設備所構築出的應用環境，基本上就稱為普及運算。


普及運算的應用目標是「任何時間、任何地點、任何設備」（ anytime、 anywhere、 any devices）輕鬆取得資訊且能進行回應。


Pervasive Computing Pervasive Computing OutlineOutline

The VisionThe EnablersExample ProjectsSummary

(Slides are taken from the presentations byProf. Friedemann Mattern of ETH Zurich&Chung-Ta King, Professor of CS NTHU )

Ubiquitous ComputingUbiquitous ComputingThe Ubiquitous Computing, - offers i

nformation on the age of calm technology

(calm computing), 1988

- 以人為中心 , 迎合人的習性 - 融入日常生活與使用工具當中 - 自主與使用者產生互動

Mark Weiser (July,23,1952 –April,27,1999), Chief technologist at XEROX Palo Alto Research Center.

Paper “The Computer for the 21st Century”, 1991.

Vision of PvCVision of PvC Visions

Everything, always, everywhere All objects becomes smart (Communication) Everything is connected to the Internet

Become true because of Cheaper hardware Smaller hardware Wireless communication almost no cost

Goals of PvCGoals of PvC

Integration of virtual and physical worlds

Invisible technology Throughout desks, rooms, buildings,

and life Take the data out of information,

leaving behind just an enhanced ability to act

Computing: The Computing: The TrendTrend

One computer for many people

One computer for each person

Many computers for each person

Size Number

As the Trend Goes ..As the Trend Goes ..

Dust can compute and communicate!

Size

Number

請掃床底下，我們有三吋

厚了！“Smart” Dust

When Everything When Everything Smart ..Smart ..

and Communicating

Computing BecomesUbiquitous!

Computing BecomesUbiquitous!

Phase IPhase I Phase I

Smart, I/O devices everywhere: tabs, pads, and boards

Hundreds of computers per person, but casual, low-intensity use

Many, many “displays”: audio, visual, environmental

Wireless networksLocation-based, context-aware servicesInteresting scenarios

Using a computer should be as refreshing as a walk in the woods

RequirementsRequirements Things must be smart …

small, cheap, lightweight, mobile processors, with sensors, actuators, and networking, with display…

in almost all everyday objects(embedded computing) , including on our body (“wearable computing”) Embedded in the environment(ambient intelligence)

and connected … wireless, most probably through the Internet

to form a smart space/environment Low power and is linked to the cyberspace

access to virtual world, virtual counterpart, augmented reality

The Disappearing ComputerThe Disappearing Computer

“In the 21st century the technology revolution will move into the everyday, the small and the invisible…”

“The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabrics of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it.”

Mark Weiser (July,23,1952 –April,27,1999), Chief technologist at XEROX Palo Alto Research Center.

A people-friendly Vision:A people-friendly Vision:Computing without ComputersComputing without Computers

Invisible, embedded processors support us when dealing with the real objects Bring the computer to the world, not the world

into the computer Concentrate on the task, not the tool

New picture of computing The notion “computer as a tool” does no longer

hold. Instead: an invisible, ubiquitous background

assistance.

A people-friendly Vision:Computing without Computers

“Invisible” stays out of the way of taskLike a good pencil stays out of the way of the

writingLike a good car stays out of the way of the driving

Bad technology draws attention to itself, not task

Like a broken, or skipping, or dull pencilLike a car that needs a tune-up

Computers are mostly not invisibleThey dominate interaction with them

Ubiquitous computing is about “invisible computers”

A people-friendly Vision:A people-friendly Vision:Computing without ComputersComputing without Computers

The most powerful technologies are invisible: they get out of the way to let human be effective Electricity

Electric motors hidden everywhere (20-30 per car)

Electric sockets in every wall and portably available through batteries

Integrated, invisible infrastructure

How to Do Invisible Computing?How to Do Invisible Computing?

Integrated computer systems approach

Invisible, everywhere, computing named “ubiquitous computing” in April 1989

Invisible: tiny, embedded, attachable, …

Everywhere: wireless, dynamically configurable, remote access, adapting, …

Making Things SmartMaking Things SmartSmart devices:

Computer:Portable, wearable

Smart ObjectsSmart Objects Real world objects are

enriched with information processing capabilities

Embedded processorsin everyday objectssmall, cheap, lightweight

Communication capabilitywired or wirelessspontaneous networking

and interaction Sensors and actuators

Smart Objects Smart Objects (cont.)(cont.)

Can remember pertinent eventsThey have a memory

Show context-sensitive behaviorThey may have sensorsLocation/situation/context

awareness Are responsive/proactive

Communicate with environmentNetworked with other smart objects

Smart Objects Smart Objects (cont.)(cont.)

Is this what we really want?



First Enabler: First Enabler: Moore‘s LawMoore‘s Law

Processing speed and storage capacity double every 18 months“cheaper, smaller, faster”

Exponential increasewill probably go on for the next

10 years at same rate

Generalized Generalized Moore’s Moore’s LawLaw

Most important technology parameters double every 1–3 years:computation cyclesmemory, magnetic

disksbandwidth

Consequence:scaling down

Problems:

• increasing cost

• energy

2nd Enabler: 2nd Enabler: CommunicationCommunication

Bandwidth of single fibers ~10 Gb/s2002: ~20 Tb/s with wavelength multiplex (often

at no cost for laying new cable!) Powerline

coffee maker “automatically” connected to the Internet

Wirelessmobile phone: GSM, GPRS, 3Gwireless LAN (> 10 Mb/s)Bluetooth

Room networks, body area networks Internet-on-a-chip

Ubiquitous Ubiquitous InformationInformation

PAN: Personal area network

Body Area NetworksBody Area NetworksVery low current (some nA), som

e kb/s through the human bodyPossible applications:

Car recognize driverPay when touching

the door of a busPhone configures itself

when it is touched

Spontaneous Spontaneous NetworkingNetworking

Objects in an open, distributed, dynamic world find each other and form a transitory community Devices recognize that they

“belong together”

3rd Enabler: New 3rd Enabler: New MaterialsMaterials

Important: whole eras named after materialse.g., “Stone Age”, “1st generation computers”

More recently: semiconductors, fibersinformation and communication technologies

Organic semiconductorschange the external appearance of computers

“Plastic” laserOptoelectronics, flexible displays,…

...

Smart Paper, Electronic Smart Paper, Electronic InkInk

Electronic inkmicro capsules, white on

one side and black on the other

oriented by electrical fieldsubstrate could be an

array of plastic transistors Potentially high contrast, low

energy, flexible Interactive: writable with

magnetic pen

Interactive MapInteractive MapFoldable and rollable

You are here!

Smart ClothingSmart Clothing Conductive textiles and inks

print electrically active patterns directly onto fabrics

Sensors based on fabrice.g., monitor pulse, blood

pressure, body temperature Invisible collar microphones Kids wear

game console on the sleeve?integrated GPS-driven locators?integrated small cameras (to keep

the parents calm)?

Smart GlassesSmart GlassesBy 2009, computers will disappear.

Visual information will be written directly onto ourretinas by devices inour eyeglasses andcontact lenses-- Raymond Kurzweil

Today’sToday’s Wearable Wearable ComputerComputer

ready to ware

Wearable Concept Wearable Concept (Motorola)(Motorola)

4th4th Enabler: Enabler: Sensors/ActuatorsSensors/Actuators

Miniaturized cameras, microphones,...

Fingerprint sensorRadio sensorsRFIDInfraredLocation sensors

e.g., GPS

...

Example: Radio Example: Radio SensorsSensors

No external power supplyenergy from the

actuation processpiezoelectric and

pyroelectric materialstransform changes inpressure or temperatureinto energy

RF signal is transmitted via an antenna (20 m distance)

Applications: temperature surveillance, remote control (e.g., wireless light switch),...

RFIDs (“Smart LabelsRFIDs (“Smart Labels”)”)

Identify objects from distancesmall IC with RF-transponder

Wireless energy supply~1mmagnetic field (induction)

ROM or EEPROM (writeable)~100 Byte

Cost ~$0.1 ... $1consumable and disposable

Flexible tagslaminated with paper

PDAs, mobile phones, and wireless Internet appliances become request devices for informationfind informationorder products...

Bar Code ReaderBar Code Reader

LegoLego

Making Lego Smart:Robot command Explorer (Hitachi H8 CPU, 32KB RAM, IR)

Lego MindstormsLego Mindstorms

Putting Them Putting Them AltogetherAltogether

Progress incomputing speedcommunication

bandwidthmaterial sciencessensor techniquescomputer science

conceptsminiaturizationenergy and batterydisplay technologies...

Enables new applications

“Post-PC era” business opportunities

Challenges for computer scientists, e.g., infrastructure

Issues To Be SolvedIssues To Be SolvedUser Intent & Context Awareness

Cyber ForagingAdaptation StrategySignificant mismatch between the supply and demand of a resource

High Level Energy ManagementPrivacy & Trust



Idea: Making Objects Idea: Making Objects SmartSmart

The Smart Its Project Vision: make everyday objects

as smart, interconnectedinformation artifactsby attaching “Smart-Its”

Smart labelsAtmel microcontroller:

(ETH Zurich)4 MIPS, 128 kB flash

““Smart-Its Friends”Smart-Its Friends”How do we establish that two

objects “belong together”?Hold them together and shake!

““Smart-Its Smart-Its Friends”!Friends”!

After the shared context has been established, the two devices can open a direct communication link to exchange application-specific data

Idea: Virtual Idea: Virtual CounterpartsCounterparts

Real World

Virtual World(Internet, cyberspace)

Pure virtualobjects

(e.g., every object has a web server)

Ex.: As Artifact Ex.: As Artifact MemoriesMemories

Updates triggered by events

Queries from the real world return memory content

Sensors generate events

Magnifying GlassMagnifying GlassAn object as a web link

e.g., by displaying a dynamically generated homepage

Contents may dependon circumstances, e.g.,context and privileges

possibly mediated bydifferent name resolvers

HP Cooltown project

CueCat & Its Business ModelsCueCat & Its Business Models Bar code scanner

LED basedAttached to computer

via keyboard port Scanners distributed free

$5-$10 per CueCat Sends the Web browser

directly to “right” locationwhen scanning the bar codeof an ad in a magazine

Other ApplicationsOther Applications Physical browsing (physical entity as an

icon or URL link to web pages) Physical objects as content repositories

(by associating objects with content) Copy-and-paste in the real world Objects as communication points (by

communicating content between two persons)

Objects as physical representation of virtual state, mixed reality, smart environment

AT&T Sentient AT&T Sentient SystemSystem

Timeline-based context storage

Location tracking

Position monitoring

MIT Oxygen ProjectMIT Oxygen Project

Berkeley’s Wireless Sensor Berkeley’s Wireless Sensor NetworkNetwork

MICA Motes, sensors, and TinyOS:

OceanStore: MotivationOceanStore: MotivationAre data just out there?OceanStore: An architecture for global-scale persistent storage



Other OpportunitiesOther Opportunities New digitally enhanced products

e.g., cooperating toys, air conditioner, ... New services (“e-utilities”)

e.g., management of smart devices at home, management of personal privacy,...

Detailed and timely knowledge of product location and life cycles, individual and dynamic prices for goods,...e.g., milk bottle reduces its price with its agee.g., higher taxes if product transported by

plane

ConsequencesConsequencesIndistinguishable and more tightly

integrated physical and virtual worlds

Scarcest resource:

human attention

New Science from Exploring UbicompNew Science from Exploring Ubicomp Theoretical computer science: network securit

y, caching over slow networks, … Operating systems: scalable to wristwatches, u

ser-extensible O.S.’s, reliable without redundancy, low power O.S.

User interfaces, hardware and software gestures, two-handed input, pie-menus, unistroke alphabets

Networking, hardware and software: radio, infrared, mobile protocols, in-building wireless LANs, over varying bandwidth

Computer architecture, hardware and software: post-it-note computers, low power O.S., multimedia pad computers

SummarySummaryPervasive computing emphasizes

metaphors of life, interaction with other people, invisibility, and is leading to new discoveries in computer science

“Using a computer should be as refreshing as taking a walk in the woods.”

Documents

分散式系統 Pervasive Computing 台灣大學 _EMBA 資訊管理研究所 九十二學年度第一學期 指導教授：莊裕澤 教授 學生：沈富濤、江世祺、黃錫煙

分散式系統 Pervasive Computing 台灣大學 _EMBA 資訊管理研究所九十二學年度第一學期指導教授：莊裕澤教授學生：沈富濤、江世祺、黃錫煙