The Theories and Practice of Problem-Based Learning (PBL)

(Hmelo-Silver & Barrows, 2006; Tan, 2003)

(behaviorism)(social constructivism) (situated cognition) (2009Bybee, 2002)(science of learning) (2009Bybee, 2002)

PBL 1960 Howard Barrows (Torp & Sage, 2002) (Boud & Feletti, 1997; Duch et al., 2001)1992 (2005, 2009)

PBLPBL Barrows (2002) Savery (2006) PBL

PBL(Evensen & Hmelo, 2000; Torp & Sage, 2002)(John Dewey)(constructivism)(information-processing)(meta-cognition)(situated learning)(situated motivation)

PBL(Barrows, 1996; Delisle, 1997; Torp & Sage, 2002)(ill-structured problem)(stakeholder)(tutor)(coach)(facilitator)(collaborative learning)

ill-structured problem?(Allen et al., 1996; Duch, 2001; Schmidt & Moust, 2000)

PBLPBL (Barrows, 1986; Charlin et al., 1998)PBL PBL (full PBL) PBL (hybrid PBL) (, 2005)

PBL(Duch, 2001; IDEAS, 2001) (medical school model) 8-101 (floating facilitator model) 14-5 (peer tutor model) (large class model) PBL

PBL Barrows(1986); Ross(1991); Savoie & Hughes(1994) () () ()

PBL Barrows(1986); Ross(1991); Savoie & Hughes(1994) () ()(tutor) ()

PBL Barrows(1986); Ross(1991); Savoie & Hughes(1994) () () ( )

PBL(Barrows, 1986; Norman & Schmidt, 1992)self-directed learning, SDL

(tutor)PBL(Gallagher, 1997; Hmelo-Silver & Barrows, 2006) (inquiry)

(tutor)PBL(Gallagher, 1997; Hmelo-Silver & Barrows, 2006) (mentor) 1. 2.

PBL 1. 2. 3.

PBL (self-study) ()

(Delisle, 1997)

PBL ()

PBL (Dochy et al., 2003; Groh, 2001; Dolmans & Schmidt, 2000)

*http://pbl.cycu.edu.tw *