АНГЛИЙСКИЙ НА ВОЗДУШНОМ ТРАНСПОРТЕvenec.ulstu.ru/lib/disk/2015/Voronyanskaya_1.pdf · CONTENTS CHART No page Topic Grammar Vocabulary Pronunciation

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ТРАНСПОРТА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

УЛЬЯНОВСКОЕ ВЫСШЕЕ АВИАЦИОННОЕ УЧИЛИЩЕ ГРАЖДАНСКОЙ АВИАЦИИ (ИНСТИТУТ)

Е.Л. Воронянская

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК НА ВОЗДУШНОМ ТРАНСПОРТЕ

Допущено УМО по образованию

в области аэронавигации в качестве учебного пособия для студентов высших учебных заведений, обучающихся по направлению подготовки «Аэронавигация» и специальностям высшего профессионального образования «Эксплуатация

воздушных судов и организация воздушного движения», «Летная эксплуатация воздушных судов» и «Аэронавигационное обслуживание и использование

воздушного пространства»

Ульяновск 2007 ББК Ш 143.21-09 я7

В-75 Рецензенты: кандидат филологических наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой языковой подготовки СПб ГУ ГА Добрунова Т. В.; кандидат педагогических наук, доцент, заведующая кафедрой иностранных языков УВВИУС Шилак Л. В. Воронянская Е.Л. Английский язык на воздушном транспорте: учеб. пособие / Е.Л. Воронянская.

– Ульяновск: УВАУ ГА, 2007. – 143 с. ISBN 5-7514-0138-7 Содержит аутентичные авиационно окрашенные тексты и упражнения для формирования, развития и

закрепления лексических навыков и активизации грамматических навыков профессионально ориентиро-ванного английского языка.

Разработано в соответствии с государственным общеобразовательным стандартом Российской Федерации и программой обучения курсантов высших авиационных училищ.

Предназначено для студентов высших и средних учебных заведений гражданской авиации, дос-тигших уровня языковой подготовки Pre-Intermediate/Intermediate и начинающих изучение дисцип-лины “Авиационный английский язык”, а также специалистов, работающих в области авиации.

CONTENTS

Предисловие……………………………………………………………………………...3 Contents chart……………………………………………………………………………..5 Section 1. History of aviation…………………………………………………………..6 Section 2. Russian civil aviation………………………………………………………25 Section 3. Airlines………………………………………………………………….…42 Section 4. Airline operation…………………………………………………………...55 Section 5. Airports………………………………………………………………….…71 Section 6. Airport operation…………………………………………………………..83 Section 7. Aviation safety…………………………………………………………….98 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………115 Appendix I Test………………………………………………………………………116 Appendix II. The List of Proper Names……………………………………………….125 English-Russian Dictionary…………………………………………………………….126

ISBN 5-7514-0138-7 © Е.Л. Воронянская, 2007 © Ульяновск, УВАУ ГА, 2007

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Учебное пособие “Английский язык на воздушном транспорте” рассчитано на сту-

дентов высших и средних авиационных училищ, достигших уровня языковой подго-

товки Pre-Intermediate/Intermediate и начинающих изучение дисциплины “Авиацион-

ный английский язык”, а также специалистов, работающих в области авиации.

Пособие подготовлено на кафедре иностранных языков Ульяновского высшего

авиационного училища гражданской авиации (УВАУ ГА).

Учебный материал, рассчитанный на 100 часов, включая практические занятия и

самостоятельную работу, характеризуется достаточно высоким уровнем сложности,

соответствующим требованиям, предъявляемым к языковой подготовке будущих

авиаспециалистов.

Пособие содержит семь разделов по следующим темам: 1) история авиации,

2) российская авиация, 3) авиакомпании мира, 4) деятельность авиакомпаний, 5) аэро-

порты мира, 6) эксплуатация аэропортов, 7) безопасность на воздушном транспорте.

Каждый раздел пособия составлен по единой структуре и включает в себя: фоне-

тику; глоссарий; предтекстовые упражнения; текст; вопросы, контролирующие по-

нимание текста; серию послетекстовых лексических упражнений, грамматический

раздел, проблемные ситуации для обсуждения в устной и письменной форме. Для

более полного усвоения материала целесообразно последовательно прорабатывать

все предлагаемые в разделе задания. Цель пособия – научить студентов практиче-

скому использованию лексико-грамматического материала в устных и письменных

высказываниях на темы как достаточно общего характера, так и непосредственно

связанные с профессиональной деятельностью обучаемых. Лексические упражнения

представлены в двух категориях – упражнения, нацеленные на достижение макси-

мального количества повторных обращений к тексту, и упражнения, основной зада-

чей которых является дальнейшая активизация лексических навыков. Грамматиче-

ский раздел содержит краткий грамматический справочник и ряд упражнений, на-

правленных на активизацию грамматических навыков, обеспечивающих коммуни-

кацию без искажения смысла при письменном и устном общении.

Упражнения, отмеченные *, должны выполняться с помощью словаря; упражнения

для самостоятельной работы отмечены символом **. В конце учебного пособия име-

Е.Л. Воронянская Авиационный английский на воздушном транспорте | 3

© НИЛ НОТ НИО УВАУ ГА(и), 2009 г

ются тест, список встречающихся в пособии имен собственных и англо-русский сло-

варь для облегчения самостоятельной работы студентов. Надеемся, что данное посо-

бие будет способствовать обеспечению непрерывности языковой подготовки сту-

дентов, поддержанию их интереса к изучению иностранного языка.

Автор выражает искреннюю благодарность:

• кандидату филологических наук, профессору, заведующей кафедрой языко-

вой подготовки СПб ГУ ГА Добруновой Т. В., кандидату филологических наук, до-

центу кафедры языковой подготовки СПб ГУ ГА Сувориной К. М. и доценту кафед-

ры языковой подготовки СПб ГУ ГА Яковлевой И. М. за конструктивные замечания

и ценные советы;

• кандидату педагогических наук, доценту, заведующей кафедрой иностран-

ных языков УВВИУС Шилак Л. В. и доценту, заведующей кафедрой иностранных

языков УВАУ ГА Шавкуновой Л. В. за полезные комментарии и рекомендации,

сделанные в ходе работы над рукописью.



CONTENTS CHART

No page

Topic Grammar Vocabulary Pronunciation Writing and Speaking

I p. 6

The history of aviation

1 Past Simple 2 Present Perfect

1 Noun suffixes 2 Compound adjectives 3 Time expres-sions 4 Like or as?

1 Past Simple endings 2 Ways of pro-nouncing 'ea', 'g'; 'm(b)', 'oo', 'u'

Discussion

II p. 25

Russian civil avi-ation

1 Present tenses 2 Since/for

1 Adjective suf-fixes 2 Phrasal verbs 3 Take + noun structure

1 Present Simple endings 2 Related words 3 Vowels 'a', 'u'

1 Presenta-tion 2 Discourse markers

III p. 42

Airlines

Past tenses Latin and Greek prefixes

Ways of pro-nouncing 't', 'c', 'ch', 'wh'; 'ng', '(w)r'

Presenta-tion

IV p. 55

Airline operation

1 Modal aux-iliary will 2 Future Forms 3 Time and If -clauses

1 Making oppo-sites 2 Phrasal verbs

Diphthongs Formal let-ter

V p. 71

Airports The passive Verb suffixes

Vowels 'o', 'i', 'e' Essay

VI p. 83

Airport opera-tion

1 Adjectives and adverbs 2 Comparison

1 Noun suffixes -er and -ee 2 Often con-fused words

Ways of pro-nouncing 's', 'th'; '(k)n', 'cei'

1 Discussion 2 Report

VII p. 99

Aviation safety 1 -ing or to? 2 Modal Verbs

1 Countable/ uncountable 2 Plural/ Singular 3 Often con-fused words

Consonants [j], [h], [r], [f], [v], [kw]

1 Discussion 2 Essay



Section I

HISTORY OF AVIATION

Phonetics

Ex. 1. Read these words and practise saying them.

[J] sea, dream, steam, peace, mean, deal, heat, reason, feature [e] head, death, steady, ready, heavy, leather, weather, feather, measure [eI] great, break, steak [Iq] clear, hear, near, rear, dear, tear, real; appear [eq] pear, bear, swear, wear, tear [H] soon, food, true, prove, rule, truth, fruit, rooster; balloon [u] pull, full, could, would, should [m] bomb, bomber, climb, limb, numb, dumb, lamb [g] get, ground, glider, good, great, August, growth, segment [G] large, jet, passenger, German, rigid, engine, journey, injured; mythology; under-carriage, generation [Z] fuselage, cabotage, sabotage, mirage, garage.

Ex. 2. Categorize the verbs into three groups according to the sound of their endings. Practise reading.

Note: There are three different ways of pronouncing the endings of regular verbs in the Past Simple: [t], [d], [id]

Dreamed, melted, journeyed, attempted, wished, designed, travelled, contained, started, respected, proved, crashed, injured, performed, soloed, replaced, introduced, op-erated, outnumbered, developed, considered, used, transported, increased, improved, dawned, connected.

Ex. 3**. Practise reading these international words and expressions. Mythology, balloon, start, passenger, pioneer, propeller, design, military, metal, bomber,

person, aeroplane, to solo, monoplane, automatic pilot, company, type, service, civil aviation, mass, popular, astronaut, cosmonaut, economical, globe, to navigate, industry, aspect, seg-ment of transportation system, millions of dollars, list of careers [kq'rIq(r)z].



Vocabulary

Ex. 4**. Study Glossary 1

The abbreviations used in the Glossary:

nc – countable nouns that are used with a or an or a number and have a plural; nu – uncountable nouns that cannot be used with a or an or a number and have no

plural; pl – nouns that are used only in the plural and always take a plural verb; vi – intransitive verbs that have no direct object; vt – transitive verbs that have a direct object; adj – adjective; no comp – cannot be used as a comparative or superlative; attrib – adjectives that can only be used before a noun (an attributive position); pred – adjectives that can never be used before a noun (a predicative position); adv – adverb; sb – somebody; sth – something

accept vt acceptable adj

[qk'sept]

[qk'septqbl]

принимать; приемлемый, подходящий

advance nc, nu in advance advance vi

[qd'vRns]

[qd'vRns]

прогресс, успех; заранее, заблаговременно; делать успехи, развиваться

airborne adj ['eqbLn] перевозимый по воздуху; оторвавшийся от земли; находящийся в воздухе

aircraft nc (pl aircraft) ['eqkrRft] летательный аппарат, самолет

airline nc airliner nc

['eqlaIn]

['eqlaInq]

транспортная авиакомпания; транспортный самолет, авиалайнер

airship nc ['eqSIp] дирижабль



aloft adj (pred), adv [q'lPft] ав. в полете, в воздухе

appear vi [q'pIq(r)] следовать, быть очевидным

attempt vt; nc [q'tempt] пытаться, попытка

beneficial adj ["benI'fISl] выгодный

business nc ['bIznIs] коммерческое предприятие

climb vt, vi; nc [klaIm] ав. набирать высоту; набор

contain vt [kqn'teIn] содержать

destination nc ["destI'neISn] пункт назначения

efficient adj [I'fISnt] эффективный, действенный

equip vt [I'kwIp] оборудовать, оснащать; equip sb/sth (with/for sth) equipment nu [I'kwIpment]

оборудовать что-л. чем-л.; оборудование

evident adj ['evIdqnt] очевидный, ясный

facilities nc usually pl [fq'sIlqtI] средства, оборудование

fail vt, vi failure nc, nu

[feIl]

['feIljq]

тех. отказывать отказ, неисправность

framework nc ['freImwWk] конструкция

glider nc ['glaIdq] планер

head for vt, vi [hed] направляться, держать курс

improve vt,vi improvement nc, nu

[Im'prHv]

[Im'prHvmqnt]

улучшать, совершенствовать; улучшение

increase vt, vi increase nc, nu

[In'krJs]

['InkrJs]

увеличивать; увеличение, возрастание, рост

injure vt ['InGq] ранить, повредить;

injury nu, nc ['InGqrI] ущерб, рана, ушиб

involve vt [In'vPlv]

включать в себя; вовлекать; осложнять; погружаться (во что-л.);

involve sb in sth to be involved in sth involvement nc, nu

[In'vPlvmqnt]

вовлекать кого-л. во что-л.; быть занятым, увлеченным чем-л.; увлеченность, занятость



jet adj jet engine/plane /propulsion

[Get] реактивный; реактивный двигатель/самолет/тяга

load vt, vi; nc [lqud] грузить, груз, загрузка

mercy nu be at the mercy of

['mWsI]

милосердие, сострадание; быть во власти

performance nc [pq'fLmqns] выполнение, исполнение; эффективность работы;

ав. летно-технические характеристики

practicable adj ['prxktIkqbl] осуществимый, реальный

propulsion nu [prq'pAlSn] движение вперед; тяга

replace vt replacement nu

[rI'pleIs]

[rI'pleIsmqnt]

заменять; замена

retract vt, vi [rI'trxkt] ав. убирать (шасси)

revenue nu or pl ['revqnjH] доход

rigid adj ['rIGId] жесткий

steam-driven adj ['stJm"drIvn] тех. паровой, с паровым двигателем

steering nu ['stIqrIN] управляемость

undercarriage nc ['AndqkxrIG] ав. шасси

vehicle nc flying/ground vehicle

['vJIkl] транспортное средство; воздушное/наземное транспортное средство

Ex. 5. Read and translate these word combinations.

The first successful flying vehicle, to send aloft, to journey 24 meters aloft, to be at the mercy of the winds, to head for the destination, to design an efficient airship, to be fatally injured, to have only a single 220 horsepower engine, to be capable of climbing with a full load, after failure of one engine in flight, the development of jet propulsion, to in-crease the size and the speed, to improve the performance of passenger aeroplanes, to get more environmentally acceptable and socially beneficial.



Reading

Ex. 6. Answer these questions. Tell the class.

1. Who do you think was the first mythological hero to leave the ground? 2. Which event did the aviation community celebrate in December 2003? 3. What is the role of aviation in modern life?

Ex. 7. Read the text and check your answers.

THE HISTORY OF AVIATION

From earliest of times it appears that man dreamed of flying like the birds, and there are many stories of his attempts. One of the oldest stories from mythology tells of Icarus flying so high that the Sun melted the wax that held together his feathered wings, causing him to fall to his death.

Man’s first successful flying vehicle was a lighter-than-air craft, the hot-air balloon. It got its start when the Montgolfier brothers sent aloft the world’s first airborne passengers – a sheep, a rooster and a duck. Man himself left the ground for the first time when Pilatre de Rozier journeyed 24 meters aloft in a Montgolfier balloon during a four-and-a-half minute flight in 1783.

Man at last was off the ground. However, it soon became evident that the balloon was at the mercy of the winds. If the balloonist could find an altitude at which the wind was travelling in the direction he wished to go, fine. If not, he might find himself heading for England when his destination was the south of France.

In 1837 the great English pioneer of flight, Sir George Cayley, designed an efficient airship. It contained steam-driven propellers for steering and propulsion. The Germans, however, were the first to discover a use for this first satisfactory airship. In 1874 Graf Ferdinand von Zeppelin started to design military aircraft. He used a rigid metal frame-work to build a true flying ship and the Zeppelin airships were the most highly respected aircraft in the air, as bombers in war and as airliners in peace.

A 19th century German, Otto Lilienthal, was the person who proved that human flight in heavier-than-air craft was practicable. Before his glider crashed and fatally injured him in 1896, he had made more than 2,000 flights.

Orville and Wilbur Wright performed the first controlled flights in December 1903. Their four flights that month, totaling 97 seconds of air time, made their ‘Flyer’ the most famous aeroplane in history.



The first four-engine aeroplane to fly was the highly successful ‘Russian Knight’ bip-lane designed, built and flown by Igor Sikorsky in 1913.

In 1927 Charles Lindbergh became a world hero when he soloed across the Atlantic. The New York to Paris flight was made in the monoplane ‘Spirit of St. Louis’, which had only a single 220 horsepower engine.

The Boeing 247, built in 1933, was the first of the modern, all-metal, single-wing air-liners. It could carry ten passengers and could cross the United States in less than twenty hours. The aeroplane had de-icing equipment, an automatic pilot, a retractable undercar-riage, and it was the first twin-engine monoplane capable of climbing with a full load after failure of one engine in flight. Even though the Boeing 247 was good, it was soon replaced by the new low-wing monoplane airliner introduced by the Douglas Company. The perfor-mance of the DC-3 aeroplanes was so extraordinary that 30 years after its first flight in 1935, the DC-3s still outnumbered any other type of aircraft in world-wide service.

The development of jet propulsion is considered to be the greatest advance in aviation since the first flight of the Wright brothers. Frank Whittle of Britain operated his turbojet engine with success on April 12, 1937, but it was not until August 27, 1939, that the world’s first jet plane, built by the Germans, was flown.

The Russian Tupolev TU-104 was in wide use during the latter months of 1958, and America’s Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8 aeroplanes soon were transporting passengers across the Atlantic.

Mass travel became so popular that aircraft designers increased the size and the speed and improved the performance of passenger aeroplanes. Perhaps one day passenger will fly from one point to another at speeds which are presently known only to the astronauts and cosmonauts. Every new generation of aircraft is getting more economical, environ-mentally acceptable and socially beneficial.

The Aviation Age dawned at 10.35 on December 17, 1903 near Kitty Hawk, NC when Orville Wright, manning the 1903 ‘Flyer’, left the ground for a self-propelled flight of 120 feet in 12 seconds. Within a century, a man would navigate the globe by air, walk on the moon and send probes to distant Mars. Aviation has come a long way since its birth and now represents a very important industry. It is an industry touching every aspect of our lives, of our growth and our future. Civil aviation has developed to the point where it is now the largest and, in many ways, the most important segment of the whole transporta-tion system, representing thousands of jobs, millions of dollars in revenues, the growth of thousands of cities, businesses, services and manufacturing facilities throughout the world.



Millions of people have connected their lives with the exciting world of civil aviation. There is an almost endless list of careers directly associated with civil aviation, the list growing longer day by day. And besides the full-time civil aviation careers, there are liter-ally thousands of opportunities to involve aviation in one’s life.

Ex. 8. Read the text again and answer these questions.

1. Who designed the first hot-air-balloon? 2. Why did this craft prove to be impracticable? 3. When was the first efficient airship designed? 4. Where did it get propulsion from? 5. What made Charles Lindbergh a world hero? 6. What kind of aircraft was the Boeing 247? 7. Which invention is considered to be the greatest advance in aviation?

Vocabulary practice

Ex. 9. Find an equivalent phrase in the text for each of the following.

Летательный аппарат легче воздуха, первые воздушные пассажиры, приводимые в действие паром пропеллеры, для управления и создания тяги, жесткая металлическая конструкция, выполнить первый управляемый полет, самолет цельнометаллической конструкции, противооблединительное оборудование, автопилот, убирающееся шас-си, моноплан с низкорасположенным крылом, турбореактивный двигатель, находить широкое применение.

Ex. 10. Find words in the text that mean the same as the following definitions. They are in the same order as they appear in the text.

Something with wheels, a cock, to move towards, highly regarded, possible, to do something alone, to go higher, a breakdown, remarkable, (to cause something) to become greater, (to cause a person or a thing) to become better, a person who travels in a space-craft.

Noun suffixes A suffix is a combination of letters added at the end of a word, or word root. Its func-

tion is either to form a new word or to show the function of the word.



-Er/ -or and -ist are common noun suffixes added to existing nouns or verbs, and they describe people and their jobs.

e. g. operate – operator; economy – economist. -Ist is also used for people's politics, beliefs and ideologies (anarchist). Many nouns are formed from verbs, with the suffixes: -ion, -ation, -ance, -ence, -

ment, etc. e.g. appear – appearance; equip – equipment. Nouns are also formed by adding a suffix to an adjective. Two often added suffixes are

-ness and -ity. e. g. weak – weakness; popular – popularity.

Ex. 11*. Use the -er/-or and -ist suffixes to write down the name of the person who does these things.

1. manage – ... 2. control – ... 3. direct – ... 4. meteorology – ... 5. design – ... 6. balloon – ... 7. translate – ... 8. economics – ... 9. psychology – ...

Ex. 12*. Fill in the chart. Use your dictionary where necessary. Check the pronunciation.

Verb Noun Adjective Noun perform ... similar ... develop ... dark ... improve ... happy ...

refer ... real ... navigate ... capable ... accept ... bright ...

represent ... kind ...

Ex. 13. Cross odd one out.

1. Hot-air balloon, glider, airship, aircraft, ground vehicle. 2. High wing, low wing, bottom wing, mid wing. 3. Monoplane, hydroplane, biplane, triplane, quadruplane. 4. Flight, performance, size, speed. 5. Jet engine, turboprop engine, turbofan engine, feather engine.



Ex. 14. Three of these verbs can not be used in combination with ‘aircraft’. Which are they?

To fly, to design, to manufacture, to perform, to control, to increase, to build, to board, to melt, to load, to operate.

Ex. 15. A: Match the words in column A with those in column B. B: Learn these word combinations and use them in the sentences

of your own. e.g. The TU-104 was the first Russian jet aircraft.

A B

a. supersonic aircraft 1. сверхзвуковой самолет

b. passenger aircraft 2. учебно-тренировочный самолет

c. cargo aircraft 3. транспортный самолет

d. military aircraft 4. пассажирский самолет

e. training aircraft 5. военный самолет

f. transport aircraft 6. грузовой самолет

Compound adjectives A compound adjective is formed from two different words, and occasionally three. They are usually written with a hyphen (e. g. single-engined), and the stress is usually

the same on both parts of the compound. It is common to combine a number and a singular noun to form a compound adjective ( a two-hour delay). Other common compounds are: a full-time job, a first-class ticket, north-west of here.

Ex. 16. Fill in the gaps using the compound adjectives given below

high-wing low-wing mid-wing single-engined twin-engined

Depending on the number and position of main planes there is the monoplane which has only one wing or, as it is sometimes considered preferable to say, one pair of wings. In some of them the wing is set at the top of the body, in others – at the bottom and in others it occupies an intermediate position. They are referred to respectively as … , … and … machines.



Then there is the biplane which has two pairs of wings, one set above the other. There are also aeroplanes which have more than two planes – the triplane and the quadruplane.

The aircraft equipped with one engine are … , with two engines - … .

Ex. 17. Form compound adjectives using the hints below. e.g. a flight + 45 min = a forty-five minute flight

a journey + 2days a flight + 3 and a half hours

a building + 3 storeys a note + 10 pounds

a walk + 3 miles a course + 6 days

an aircraft + 2 seats a holiday + 4 weeks

a lesson + 2 hours a fence + 2 metres

a wall + 2 metres a delay + 1 hour and a half

Ex. 18. Translate into English using compound adjectives.

Полуторачасовой полет, двухмоторный самолет, пятисотлитровый бак (a tank), четырехместный самолет, трехдневное путешествие, двухэтажное здание, сторуб-левая купюра, двухнедельный отпуск, пятиминутный перерыв, шестичасовое за-нятие, десятидневный курс, пятнадцатиминутная прогулка, сорокапятиминутный урок.

Ex. 19. A: Translate the sentence from the text.

And besides the full-time civil aviation careers, there are literally thousands of oppor-tunities to involve aviation in one’s life. Note: to work full-time means that you work for a full day, e. g. 9 a.m. – 5 p. m.

Some more common compounds and collocations with ‘time’. Part-time: If you work part-time, you only work for a part of the day or week. Overtime: If you work overtime, you work beyond your regular working hours. From time to time: occasionally For the time being: temporarily Behind the times: old-fashioned, out-of-date In no time: very quickly In time: not too late On time: punctual



B: Complete the following paragraph with the appropriate words.

Tom Laker dreamed of being an astronaut, so he was happy when he saw an adver-tisement for vacancies in a space research centre. Unfortunately his application form didn’t arrive … time for a …-time job, but he was happy to accept a …-time post … the time being. He always arrived at the centre … time, and he worked very hard. … time … time, he even did … , and he got promoted … no time. One day, the director sent for Tom to congratulate him on his progress. “What area of research are you particularly interested in?” he asked. “Well, sir,” Tom said, “I’d like to go to the moon”. “I’m afraid you’re … the times”, replied the director. “We’re trying to send men to Mars!”

Like and as

Look at the sentences from the text: From earliest of times it appears that man dreamed of flying like the birds. The Zeppelin airships were the most highly respected aircraft in the air, as bombers

in war and as airliners in peace. We can use like or as to say that things are similar. Like is similar to a preposition. We use it before a noun or pronoun: e. g. It flew like

the wind. We can use like to give examples: She is good at social sciences, like economics. As is a conjunction. We use it before a clause and before an expression beginning with

a preposition: e. g. When in Rome, do as the Romans do. Another use of as is to say what function or role a person or thing has. In this case, as

is used like a preposition, before a noun: e. g. He flew as a pilot for Aeroflot for ten years.

Ex. 20. Use as or like in these sentences.

1. The air balloon was at the mercy of the wind … a toy. 2. A sheep, a rooster and a duck are known … the world’s first airborne passengers. 3. Some of the aircraft go straight up and down and hover overhead … a humming

bird does. 4. The availability of an airport has a number of advantages, … proximity to raw mate-

rials, lower land and capital investment costs, etc. 5. The effective use of a plane, … a key tool in operations, contributes to the success

of a company.



6. The Zeppelin airships were the most highly respected aircraft in the air, … bombers in war and … airliners in peace.

7. In 1939, … in 1914, everybody seemed to expect war. 8. Everybody regards the development of jet propulsion … the greatest advance in

aviation since the first flight of the Wright brothers. 9. Our ability to fly, … passengers, to almost any part of the world is an integral part

of the global economy. 10. The international aviation industry which makes this possible is … the proverbial

iceberg of which the passenger perceives only the tip. 11. In 1919 the International Air Traffic Association (IATA) was established … a vo-

luntary association of international airlines. 12. In 1945 IATA was reborn … the International Air Transport Association.

Ex. 21. Fill in the gaps with the correct prepositions where necessary.

… the beginning … time man dreamed … escaping the bonds … earth, but when … last he was … the ground it became evident that his craft was … the mercy … the winds. The balloonist could fly only … the direction the wind was travelling. Aviation got its start … 10.35 … 17th … December, 1903 … Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, when Orville Wright took … leaving the ground … a 12 second self-propelled flight. … a century aviation has become a significant industry which … many ways benefits the lives … individuals and society as a whole.

Grammar

Ex. 22. Complete the chart with the missing forms of each verb.

Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle Present Participle to fly flew flown flying

… … … leaving

… … … finding

… … … containing

… … … driving

… … … having

… … … building

… … … making



Past Simple

is used to talk about: • past habit or state, complete action or event which happened at a stated past time:

e. g. In 1837 the great English pioneer of flight, Sir George Cayley, designed an effi-cient airship.

• action which happened at a definite past time although the time is not mentioned. This action is not connected with the present: e.g. The Montgolfier brothers sent aloft the first passengers. (The brothers are now dead – period of time now finished).

• past actions which happened one after the other: e. g. He got into the plane, started the engine and flew off into the clouds. The Past Simple is often used with time expressions such as: yesterday, (how long)

ago, then, when, just now, last year, in 1874, on April 12 etc

Ex. 23. Which of these words can be used with the expressions below?

in during this ago last on at the 19th century the war the 27th of August the weekend ages the latter months of 1958 flight April August 27, 1939 Sunday week summer December 1903 1913 1927

Ex. 24. Write down six dates or time expressions that are significant to the history of aviation. What happened then?

e.g. The 27th of August - On August 27, 1939 the world’s first jet plane, built by the Germans, made its first flight.

Ex. 25. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple.

1. Icarus (to use) feathers attached with wax to his arms. 2. What Icarus (to make) his wings of? 3. In the first two decades of aviation people (not to build) all-metal aircraft, because

steel (to be) too heavy. 4. In May 1903 Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (to publish) his paper 'Exploration of the Un-

iverse with Rocket Propelled Vehicles”.



5. That paper (to lay) a theoretical foundation for ballistic missiles as we know them today.

6. When the man first (to orbit) the Earth? 7. Who (to prove) that human flight in heavier-than-air craft (to be) practicable? 8. In 1915 German's Hugo Junkers (to build) and (to fly) the J-1, the world's first all-

metal aircraft. 9. The J-1 (to fly) more than 100 mph, but (not to climb or turn) well, and (not to ad-

vance) beyond the 'Flyer”. 10. When aviation (to get) its start?

Present Perfect is used to talk about: • recently completed actions: e. g. The plane has just arrived. • actions which happened at an unstated past time and are connected with the present:

e. g. He has lost his keys. • personal experiences/changes which have happened: e. g. He has been to India. • emphasis on number: e. g. She has called on two clients since 10 o'clock. The Present Perfect is often used with indefinite time adverbials: ever, never, already,

yet (negations and questions), before, just, recently, how long, so far, since (= from a starting point in the past), for (= over a period of time) , always, today, this week/month etc

Ex. 26. Find sentences in the Present Perfect in the text and explain their usage. Work in pairs and discuss your answers.

Ex. 27. Complete the sentences using the Present Perfect of the verbs in brackets.

1. Since its birth aviation (to advance) into a very important industry. 2. Man always (to dream) of flying like the birds. 3. Within a century aircraft designers (to increase) the size and the speed of passenger

aircraft. 4. The aircraft (to become) so powerful and reliable that they satisfy the demands of

the community. 5. Edward (to fly) his own private jet for 5 years.



6. International aviation organizations always (to pay) great attention to the develop-ment of civil aviation facilities throughout the world.

7. So far International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) (to play) an important dip-lomatic role, primarily by settling differences among Contracting States.

Past Simple versus Present Perfect

Past Simple Present Perfect complete action which happened at a statedtime in the past e. g. She left yesterday. (When did she leave? Yesterday.)

complete action which happened at an un-stated time in the past e. g. He has left for Paris. (We don't know when he left; unstated time; he's now there or on his way there.)

past action which is not connected with the present and happened at a definite past time not mentioned e. g. He met Yuri Gagarin. (He won't meet him again; he's dead. - period of time finished.)

past action which is connected with thepresent and happened at a definite past time not mentioned e. g. He's spoken to Mr Neradko. (He may speak to him again; he's alive. - period of time not finished yet.)

Ex. 28. Choose the correct item.

1. The arrival of the jet engine changed/has changed aircraft design. 2. Aviation changed/has changed dramatically with the arrival of new technologies. 3. On April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin shouted/has shouted his famous 'Poyekhali!' ('Let's

go!') from the seat of Vostok 1 and became/has become the first man to orbit the Earth. 4. A new generation of aircraft became/has become more economical, environmentally

acceptable and socially beneficial. 5. Aviation specialists rose/have risen a question about the development of space tour-

ism industry. 6. The historic conference held at ICAO headquarters in February 2002 rose/has risen

a question about strengthening aviation security. 7. Pilatre de Rozier travelled/has travelled 24 meters aloft in a Montgolfier balloon in

1783. 8. My chief travelled/has travelled around the world. 9. Aviation became/has become a leading tool in the economic growth of the na-

tions of the world. 10. Alexei Leonov became/has become the first spacewalker.



Ex. 29. Put the verbs in these sentences into the Past Simple or Present Perfect.

1. In the early days of aviation man (to dream) of flying like the birds, but he (not to understand) the complicated working of a bird’s wing.

2. Later, applying the technology of his day, Leonardo da Vinci (to suggest) that man (may) add some special device to his muscle power.

3. The aviation industry (to grow) significantly since that windy December afternoon when the Wright brothers (to make) the first controlled flight.

4. In 1906 Alberto Santos-Dumont (to perform) the first officially observed European flight in his aircraft which (to fly) tail first.

5. By making a flight across the English Channel on July 25, 1909, Louis Bleriot (to focus) world attention on the future potential of the aeroplane.

6. The Germans (to be) the first to operate the airplane services. 7. In 1910 a Zeppelin airship (to begin) her service with the airlines. 8. Together with her sister ships, she (to carry) 35,000 passengers over 170,000 miles

between major cities in Germany. 9. Igor Sikorsky (to build) the first practical helicopter. 10. Civil aviation (to come) a long way in the past 100 years. 11. Surveys of major corporations (to show) that most of them are unwilling to locate

factories and offices far from airports. 12. Lately the companies (to learn) the value of owning their own aircraft. 13. The man involved in aviation always (to be) a partner in the team of enthusiasts

who (to help) in the development of aviation. 14. Since the birth of aviation, the skills and knowledge required of the present-day

aviation specialist (to undergo) significant changes.

Ex. 30. Express the same idea in English.

1. С давних пор люди начали мечтать о том, чтобы летать, как птицы, и пытались подражать полету птиц.

2. В России человек впервые попытался подняться в воздух с помощью деревян-ных крыльев во времена Ивана Грозного.

3. Великий русский ученый Михаил Ломоносов изобрел и испытал вертолет. 4. В 1887 году Менделеев совершил полет на управляемом воздушном шаре.



5. Самолет Можайского, оснащенный паровым двигателем, имел все черты со-временного самолета.

6. В 1885 году Можайский доказал, что полет человека на летательном аппарате тяжелее воздуха возможен.

7. Профессор Жуковский внес огромный вклад в развитие русской авиации. 8. Бомбардировщик АНТ-4, сконструированный в бюро Туполева, был первым в

мире двухмоторным монопланом цельнометаллической конструкции. 9. Изобретение реактивной тяги было величайшим достижением авиации, и уже

22 марта 1956 года в аэропорту Лондона совершил посадку первый русский реак-тивный авиалайнер Ту-104.

10. Со времени своего возникновения русская авиация прошла долгий и славный путь развития. Ни какое другое достижение прошлого века не оказывает такого суще-ственного влияния на экономическую и социальную жизнь страны.

Speaking and Writing

Ex. 31. There are many career opportunities available in the world of civil aviation. Match a worker and the major job duties performed by him in a particular occupation.

Worker Duties

1. Airport Director or Manager a. He plans improvements and expansion of the airport, supervises construction, directs main-tenance of runways, taxiways, hangars and ter-minal buildings.

2. Air Traffic Controller b. He provides the day-to-day, hour-to-hour analyses, forecasts, observations, warnings and advice to pilots, airport operators and airlines. He reports weather con-ditions expected at airports, present weather and fore-casts.

3. Pilot c. He makes airport rules and regulations, plans and supervises maintenance programmes, makes recom-mendations on future needs of the airport.



4. Managerial and Administrative

Staff

d. He coordinates flights to prevent accidents and minimize delays in take-offs and landings. Some re-gulate airport traffic, others regulate fights between airports.

5. Airport Engineer e. They include executives responsible for the direc-tion and supervision of research and production, and officials in departments such as marketing, sales, purchasing, public relations, accounting

6. Meteorologist f. He is a skilled, highly trained professional who has been carefully selected for his personal and physical qualities and ability to fly safely.

Ex. 32. In small groups discuss the questions about aviation careers in Ex. 31. Suggest your ideas and give reasons for them.

• Which of the fields look especially promising for employment opportunities? • What type and how much training and education does the job require? • What are the typical working conditions? • What personal qualities are important? • What are the physical demands of the work? • What is the present pay of the job? • What are the opportunities to travel? • What are the opportunities for advancement? • What is the importance of the job for society? • Which aviation career appeals to you?

When interacting in the discussion: 1. Don't try to dominate the discussion. Listen to what the other person says. 2. When you want to say something, wait for the other person to pause. 3. If you have to interrupt, use the polite expressions (e.g. Can I interrupt a moment? Can I say something? I'd just like to say...)

4. Involve the other person, asking his/her opinions (e.g. What do you think about ... What's your opinion of ...)



5. If you disagree, do it politely (e.g. I don't agree ... I don't think so ... Maybe, but ... Not necessarily ... Not really ... You've got a point, but...)

Ex. 33**. Think about your future job. Now use the questions in Ex. 32 and write a few comments about it.



Section II

RUSSIAN CIVIL AVIATION

Phonetics


[A] trunk, fund, Russian, hundred, number, structure; reduction other, company, country; another, among [R] grant, fast, task, market, aircraft, forecast; demand, enhance, advance [eI] date, rate, scale, safe, safety, major, operate, aggravate; regulation, aviation, declaration [x] back, carry, standard, practice, matter, factor, actually, accident, aggravate;

establish, imagine [q] company, relative, constant, aggravate, standard; among; declaration.

Ex. 35. Categorize the verbs into three groups according to the sound of their endings. Practise reading.

There are three different ways of pronouncing the –s ending in the Present Simple: [s], [z], [Iz]

Dates, spawns, contributes, imagines, connects, calls, experiences, has, advances, car-ries, proves, falls, seems, solves, organizes, intends, enhances, refers, requires, promotes, creates, avoids, takes, steps, believes, grows, increases, analyses, drives, realizes, extends, affords, addresses, seeks, achieves, exceeds, reflects, stabilizes.

Ex. 36. A: Practise reading related words.

Related words can have different stress patterns. Mind that in nouns the stress falls mainly on the first syllable, in verbs – on the second.

Nouns Verbs 'transport trans'port 'conduct con'duct 'increase in'crease 'content con'tent



'defect de'fect 'contest con'test

'decrease de'crease 'converse con'verse 'record re'cord

B: Add some other words you know.

Ex. 37**. Practise reading these international words and expressions.

Role, positive, technical, political and economic effect, to transport, transport and communications, the declaration of sovereignty ['sPvrIntI], problem, standards and rec-ommended practises, licensing, certification, personnel, restructuring, to reorganize, the reform of the transport management system, sphere, competence, economic category, commercial aviation, commercial interests, risk, fatal, to address, global economy, to bal-ance, to stabilize.

Vocabulary


acute adj [q'kjHt] острый

aggravate vt aggravation nu

['xgrqveIt]

["xgrq'veISn]

ухудшать; ухудшение

airworthiness nu ['eq"wWDInIs] летная годность

aviation security авиационная безопасность

capacity nc, nu [kq'pxsqtI] 1. nu способность, возможность; 2. nc должность, качество

carry vt carriage nu carrier nc

['kxrI]

['kxrIG]

['kxrIq(r)]

везти, перевозить ком. перевозка, транспортировка; стоимость перевозки, доставки перевозчик

community nc [kq'mjHnqtI] 1. (the ~) общество; 2. сообщество, содружество



concern vt, nc [kqn'sWn] заботиться, беспокоиться; забота

consequence nc ['kPnsIkwqns] последствие

cost-effective adj ['kPstI'fektIv] экономически эффективный

crew nc [krH] экипаж

decline vt, vi; nc

[dI'klaIn] убывать, приходить в упадок; упадок; падение

diminish vi, vt [dI'mInIS] уменьшать

enhance vt [In'hRns] повышать

ensure vt (US=insure) ensure sth/that

[In'Suq(r)] обеспечивать, гарантировать; гарантировать что-л.

establish vt establishment nu

[I'stxblIS]

[I'stxblISmqnt]

создавать, устанавливать; введение, установление

expeditious adj ["ekspI'dISqs] быстрый, скоростной

experience vt; nc, nu [Ik'spIqrIqns] испытывать, опыт

extend vt

extension nu

[Ik'stend]

[Ik'stenSn]

удлинять, расширять; предоставлять, оказывать распространение, расширение

flight operations летные перевозки

flight safety безопасность полетов

grant vt (formal) grant rights

[grRnt]

предоставлять; юр. давать права;

grant a request take sth for granted

удовлетворять просьбу; считать само собой разумеющимся

impact vt, vi impact nc the impact of sb on sth

[Im'pxkt] ['Impxkt]

влиять, воздействовать; влияние, воздействие; влияние кого-л. на что-л.

insure vt, vi insure sth/sb against sth insurance nc, nu insurance against fire

[In'Suq (r)]

[In'Suqrqns]

страховать; страховать кого-л. от чего-л.; страховка; страхование на случай (пожара)

intend vt be intended for sb/sth intention nc, nu

[In'tend]

[In'tenSn]

1. намереваться; 2. предназначать(ся) для кого/чего-л. намерение



large-scale adj (attrib) ['lRGskeIl] крупномасштабный

maintain vt maintenance nu

[meIn'teIn]

['meIntqnqns]

поддерживать, сохранять тех. техническое обслуживание

noise abatement proce-dures

[noIz q'beIment

prq'sJdZq]

эксплуатационные приемы снижения шума

precise adj [prI' saIs] точный

rebound vi [rI'baund] воспрянуть, оживиться

scheduled trunk services

регулярные магистральные перевозки

slowdown nu ['slqudaun] спад

solvency nu ['sPlvqnsI] платежеспособность

sound adj [saund] здравый, разумный

state body государственный орган

strict adj [strIkt] строгий

sustain vt [sq'steIn] поддерживать

undergo vt ["Andq'gqu] подвергаться; претерпевать

vary vi, vt vary from sth, sb variety nu various adj

['veqrI]

[vq'raIqtI]

['veqrIqs]

менять(ся), изменять(ся); отличаться от чего/кого-л.; разнообразие; различный, разнообразный

violate vt violation nc, nu

['vaIqleIt]

["vaIq'leISn]

нарушать; нарушение


To have a major positive impact on something, to be the most convenient and expedi-tious means of transport, to fall apart into local carriers, sound competition among the air-lines, the violation of standards and recommended practices, to aggravate flight operations and flight safety, to maintain airworthiness, the establishment of strict standards, to oper-ate scheduled trunk services, to undergo large-scale restructuring, to enhance the role of state management, to be the main concern of all civil aviation organizations, to sustain this vital industry.



Reading


1. What date is considered to be the birthday of Russian civil aviation? 2. Why is there a great demand for air transport at present? 3. Are there any problems faced by Russian civil aviation? What are they?

Ex. 41. Read the text and check you answers.

RUSSIAN CIVIL AVIATION

Russian civil aviation dates back to February 9, 1923. It was the birth of a new industry that would spawn other industry and contribute to developing towns, jobs and communi-ties. It was the beginning of Russian civil aviation. In the early days of aviation few could have imagined the role it is now called on to play. Since then it has come a long way expe-riencing both ups and downs. The Second World War had a major positive impact on the technical development of the aircraft and aviation advanced into a very important industry with social, political and economic effects.

In 1980 Russian civil aviation carried 130 million passengers and proved to be the most convenient and expeditious means of transport and communications both internally and externally. In 1991 after the declaration of sovereignty by Russia, civil aviation fell apart into five hundred local carriers. It seemed that sound competition among the airlines could solve all the problems, but actually the violation of standards and recommended practices aggravated flight operations and flight safety. Precise rules for considering appli-cations for licensing and certification were established. According to new operating rules, on-ly airlines having their own maintenance facilities, a licence to extend maintenance services, funds for maintaining airworthiness and conditions for personnel training are allowed to fly. The establishment of strict standards reduced the number of airlines to 227 and only 20 of them were granted rights to

operate scheduled trunk services. At present all industries, including civil aviation, are undergoing large-scale restructur-

ing. In 2000 the Federal Air Transport Authority was reorganized into the State Civil Avi-ation Authority of Russia Ministry of Transport. The fast-going reform of the transport management system is intended to enhance the role of state management. Strict state regulation is required, above all, in flight safety, aviation security and the extension of high-quality services to air passengers and airlines.



The top priority tasks of Russian civil aviation include: • enhancing responsibility of civil aviation management at all levels; • creating equal conditions for all businesses operating on the market; • avoiding interference of state bodies in the activities of businesses in the spheres

beyond their competence; • ensuring flight safety and aviation security; • supporting Russian aviation enterprises on the world air transport markets.

Flight safety has always been the main concern of all civil aviation organizations and Russian civil aviation steps up its efforts to improve it. Flight safety is considered as an ‘economic category’ because in commercial aviation driven by commercial interests, there will always be an attempt to run a risk. If the risk is clearly defined, one can always take measures to avoid it, but if an airline fails to realize the degree of the risk and if no one can help the airline to realize it, the consequences may be fatal.

We cannot afford to ignore the main environmental problems, associated with civil avia-tion, namely aircraft noise and the impact of aircraft engine emissions. This complex issue must be addressed collectively in a way that is environmentally and economically responsible, and in a way that is responsive to the needs of all nations. Aviation is so important that we must find the best way to sustain this vital industry and thereby contribute to the future health of the global economy. Together with the whole aviation community our country seeks solu-tions to this problem. The best solution is to balance the various technologically feasible re-duction measures so that environmental progress is achieved without diminishing the benefits of the air transport industry. Our goal is to achieve maximum environmental benefit in the most cost-effective manner.

One of the acutest problems faced by international civil aviation community today is the continuing decline in air transportation. The traffic decline reflects a general economic slow-down. In Russia air transport capacity exceeds the population solvency. Civil aviation has eve-rything it needs to meet passenger demand: aircraft, highly skilled crews, airports and equip-ment, however the demand for air tickets has been declining because of the low incomes of the majority of the Russian population. As soon as the demand grows, the volume of air transporta-tion will increase. According to forecasts, the total domestic and international traffic carried by Russian airlines will stabilize and rebound, followed by further growth.


1. Why did the Second World War have a positive impact on the development of avia-tion?

2. Which factors influence restructuring of the transport management system?



3. What are the top priority tasks of Russian civil aviation? 4. What allows civil aviation to meet passenger demand? 5. Why have flight safety and aviation security always been considered as ‘economic

categories’?

Vocabulary practice


Испытывать взлеты и падения, правила эксплуатации, разрешение на оперативно-техническое обслуживание, средства для поддержания летной годности, Федеральная служба воздушного транспорта России, Государственная служба гражданской авиации в составе Минтранса России, жесткое государственное регулирование, управление транспортным комплексом, обеспечить безопасность полетов, усилить авиационную безопасность, вмешательство государства в экономическую деятельность, вне чьей-либо компетенции, деятельность хозяйствующих субъектов, четко определить риск, искать решение проблемы, превышать платежеспособность населения.

Ex. 44. Match the definitions with the words given below. to seek carrier major impact to advance sound

expeditious to aggravate strict to enhance to spawn

1. to improve sth or to add (to the value, reputation, power, price, etc) 2. reliable, based on logic or facts 3. to produce in large numbers 4. to make worse or more serious 5. a business carrying goods or people for payment 6. greater or more important 7. look for, try to find 8. a strong influence or effect 9. clear and exact 10. to make progress 11. acting quickly and efficiently.

The common adjective suffixes are -able, -ible, -al, -ive, -ous, -ful, -less, -y. Mind that • quite often, suffix -able (and -ible) has the meaning 'can be done'. For example, some-

thing that is reliable can be relied on or trusted.



• the suffix -ful often means 'full of' + the meaning of the adjective: careful, you are full of care.

• the suffix -less means 'without' + the meaning of the adjective: if you are careless, you do something 'without care'.

Ex. 45*. Form adjectives from these words.

Create, culture, respect, change, control, peace, success, attract, consider, use, accept, fear, technique, expedite, response, believe, cloud, commerce, trust, wind, danger.

Ex. 46*. How many of these words can form opposites with the suffix -less?

Successful, useful, careful, awful, tactful, thoughtful, beautiful, hopeful.

Ex. 47*. Fill in the chart to find the other parts of speech. Use your dictionary where necessary. Check the pronunciation.

Verb Noun Adjective

1.to believe belief believable

2.to reduce … …

3. … … competitive

4. to avoid … …

5. … requirement …

6.to vary … …

7. … … relative

8. … extension …

9. to refer … …

10. … … contributory

Phrasal Verbs A phrasal verb is a verb combined with an adverb or preposition, and occasionally with

an adverb and preposition. These phrasal verbs occur in Sections I and II: • be off: to leave • head for: to move towards a place • pass over: (of a storm, pain, bad experience) to come to an end • pull together: (of a group of people) to work together using all the abilities and

effort



• date back to/from (a particular period): to have existed since • call on somebody to do something: to ask • fall apart: to break into pieces • step up something: to increase or improve something.

Ex. 48. Find these phrasal verbs in the texts (Section I – ex. 7, Section II – ex. 41) and make sure you understand their meanings in the context of the passages.

Ex. 49. Use a suitable phrasal verb in the list to complete these sentences.

1. Aviation … that historic day in 1903, when the Wright Flyer made its epoch – mak-ing, if very short, flights.

2. One of the resolutions adopted by the meeting … governments to help ensure a sus-tainable future for international air transport in various ways.

3. Not least among aviation’s benefits is its ability to … nation’s military strength. 4. Every day millions of people of widely varying ages … ground and … their destina-

tion – sometimes over very long distances. 5. The Soviet Union certainly did good for sport aviation, which produced sport air-

craft of incredible quality, but when the USSR …, money for operations stopped. 6. Advance Sukhoi Technologies (AST) designers … and made the most successful

competition aircraft of all time – the SU-29 and SU-31. 7. In spite of a severe storm the flight … without any incident.

‘Take’ is used with many nouns referring to activity where ‘take + noun’ has the same meaning as the verb form of the noun, as in take a walk (=walk).

‘Take’ is also used with many nouns in special senses, e. g. take place (=happen) to take steps to do sth to take notice of sth to take measures to do sth to take an opportunity of sth to take measures against sth to take an opportunity to do sth to take part in sth to take sth into account to take a risk to do sth to take control of sth to take a decision to do sth to take place to take a decision on/about sth to take charge of sth



Ex. 50. Translate the given above ‘take + noun’ structures into Russian and fill in the gaps with a suitable expression.

1. The aircraft designers took … to improve aircraft performance as well as to reduce noise level and engine emissions.

2. The company will take an … to supply medicine and food to the citizens of the dis-tressed areas.

3. The environmentalists are taking … against environment pollution. 4. The protests of Green Peace are finally making the government take … of this sig-

nificant concern. 5. The Committee took a … to hold a conference on flight safety problems. 6. Most pilots don’t take a … to fly in stormy weather. 7. The 33rd ICAO Assembly took … at ICAO headquarters in Montreal. 8. Delegations from 169 countries took … in the 2001 Assembly. 9. Achievements and significance of civil aviation are all the more remarkable consi-

dering that the first powered and controlled flight took … with the Wright Flyer only 100 years ago.

Ex. 51. Think of your own sentences with the expressions given above.

e.g. If the risk is clearly defined, one can always take measures to avoid it.

Ex. 52. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate prepositions.

100 years ago, two fearless brothers ... Ohio took man’s first flight ... a powered air-craft. Their desire to do what nobody else could do before, and their drive to overcome endless challenges ... order to succeed, gives an example of the human spirit ... its greatest – a spirit which has continued to make the aviation industry one ... the most exciting. The event had a major positive impact ... the development ... the communities and changed the world forever. Aviation advanced ... a very important industry and contributed ... develop-ing towns and jobs. ... the century since the Wright Brothers’ historic flight, companies have enhanced the technology and services ... aviation to make flight safer, more secure, more efficient and more acceptable.



Grammar


Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle Present Participle

to begin began begun beginning

to fall … … …

to enhance … … …

to grow … … …

to carry … … …

to take … … …

to set … … …

to establish … … …

to ensure … … …

to require … … …

Present Tenses

1. The Present Simple is used to talk about: • permanent situations or states: e.g. Russian civil aviation steps up its efforts to im-

prove flight safety. • Repeated/habitual actions (especially with frequency adverbs: usually, often etc): e.

g. The ICAO Assembly meets every three years. • Permanent truths or laws of nature: e. g. Air flows from areas of higher pressure to

areas of lower pressure. The Present Simple is often used with time expressions such as: every year, usually,

often, always, rarely, never, sometimes, at night, on Sundays etc

2. The Present Continuous is used to talk about:

• temporary actions: e. g. At present all industries, including civil aviation, are un-dergoing large-scale re-structuring.

• actions happening at or around the moment of speaking: e. g. He is working in Afri-ca at the moment.

• changing or developing situations: e. g. The climate is getting warmer.



The Present Continuous is often used with time expressions such as: now, at the mo-ment, at present, nowadays, still etc

3. The Present Perfect /The Present Perfect Continuous Compare these sentences: Since then it has come a long way experiencing both ups and downs. The demand for air tickets has been declining. In the first, the Present Perfect is used to show the completeness of the action – aviation is

a very important industry now. In the second, we use the Present Perfect Continuous to talk about an ‘unfinished

past’ when we want to focus on the activity or situation itself, to show the continuity of the action.

The Present Perfect Continuous is often used with time expressions such as: how long, since, for

Ex. 54. Scan the text and find some examples of the Present Tenses and explain their usage.

Ex. 55. Fill in since or for.

Since refers to the beginning and for to the length of the period.

1. Aviation has come a long way ... birth. 2. Man has had a desire to escape the bonds of earth ... the beginning of time. 3. The development of jet propulsion has been the greatest advance in aviation ... the

first flight of the Wright brothers. 4. Air travel has grown substantially ... the last 40 years. 5. ... the events of September 2001 aviation has been wrestling with their conse-

quences. 6. Aviation specialists have discussed possibility of space tourism industry ... 45 years

now but we have not seen any real tourism yet. 7. Aircraft designers have been working on the aircraft capable of lifting large loads

independent of aerodromes ... years. 8. ... it was adopted at the Chicago Conference of 1944, the Convention on Interna-

tional Civil Aviation (also known as the Chicago Convention) has been accepted by 188 countries throughout the world.

9. ... the last 25 years powerful alliances have characterized the airline industry. 10. It is a long time ... he was here.



11. He has not been here ... a long time. 12. How long is it ... he got the job?

Ex. 56. Put the verbs in these sentences into the Present Simple or Continuous, Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous.

1. The global aviation industry (to be) a vital component of a global economy which (to be) essential to increasing the prosperity of the world.

2. The threat situation that (to arise) since 11 September first (to need) to be ana-lyzed.

3. International civil aviation community already (to take) major initiatives to ensure that civil aviation never again (to provide) the means for such violent acts.

4. In spite of the events of 11 September, civil aviation (to remain) fundamentally safe and secure.

5. Many surveys (to show) that more people (to avoid) flying because of the inconve-nience involved than because of the fear of another terrorist attack.

6. In the area of aviation security, International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) (to develop) preventive measures since 1968, and continually (to strengthen) them.

7. From a long-term historical perspective, it can be seen that aviation security and safety (to improve) dramatically throughout the past decade.

8. Since its birth the global aviation community (to do) everything possible to save lives and to protect the enormous economic and social benefits of civil aviation.

9. The world community still (to learn) how to combat acts of violence involving avia-tion.

10. Safety and security always (to be) among global aviation industry’s top priori-ties.


1. С момента своего возникновения русская авиация превратилась в одну из са-мых важных и развитых отраслей.

2. Менеджмент в гражданской авиации всегда играл важную роль в развитии процесса планирования на мировом и региональном уровнях.

3. Менеджеры принимали также самое активное участие в разработке стандартов и рекомендуемых практик и в решении возможных юридических вопросов.

4. Несмотря на высокую стоимость авиаперелетов, авиация играет жизненно важную роль в развитии страны.



5. За последнее десятилетие гражданской авиации пришлось столкнуться с ря-дом различных проблем.

6. Последние десять лет были очень трудными для гражданской авиации России и стран СНГ.

7. Согласно докладам около 300 авиакомпаний РФ и СНГ владеют авиапарком в количестве 7 352 воздушных судов.

8. Большая часть российского авиапарка состоит из самолетов, находящихся в эксплуатации свыше 20 лет.

9. Очевидно, что российским авиакомпаниям необходимо увеличить количество самолетов в ближайшее время.

10. Большинство недавно приобретенных самолетов были иностранного произ-водства, главным образом Боинги Б-737 и 767, Аэробусы А-310.

11. Совместные соглашения российских авиакомпаний с американскими и западно-европейскими не гарантируют решения текущих проблем российской авиапромышлен-ности, так как у каждой стороны есть свои приоритеты и интересы.

12. Финансовое здоровье авиакомпаний остается нестабильным. 13. Согласно статистическим данным, большинство пассажиров приобретают

авиабилеты по более низким ценам, в то время как авиакомпаниям приходится ра-ботать в условиях постоянного роста цен.

14. Авиакомпании принимают меры по повышению качества своей работы. 15. В последнее время все больше авиакомпаний предпринимают шаги для ре-

шения проблем, связанных с защитой окружающей среды, таких как авиационный шум и выхлопные газы.


Ex. 58. Read the example of the presentation (i. e. a formal talk in which you

describe or explain something to a group of people) about aviation noise. Find the expressions which are used:

1. to start off the presentation 2. to introduce the first topic 3. to refer to a photo, diagram or chart 4. to introduce a new topic 5. to introduce a new topic with a question 6. to introduce the conclusion



7. to finish the presentation

Right, today I'm going to talk about aircraft noise and the ways of its reducing. It can-not be denied that today aviation is the safest and the most efficient means of transport of people and goods. However, there are some concerns over aviation's environmental im-pact. One of these concerns is aircraft noise level.

Well, first I'd like to talk about the main noise sources. The engine has always been the major source of aircraft noise. However, on modern aircraft the noise produced by the air-frame moving through the air is almost as important as aircraft noise when on approach to landing. Furthermore, the aircraft low-speed performance has an important influence on take-off noise. Finally, noise abatement procedures play an important role in minimizing community noise.

OK, what about the notable achievements in this respect? Well, for the past 40 years aircraft and engine manufactures – together with research establishments and universities – have worked aggressively on the development of low-noise component technology. In fact, since the introduction of jet aircraft in the late 1950s and early 1960s, aircraft noise levels have been reduced by approximately 20 decibels (dB), as you can see in this chart. In addition, major advances in airframe and engine component designs, combined with improvements in aircraft performance, contributed to reducing aircraft noise. Furthermore, there are special programmes aimed at reducing noise around airports, but additional noise reductions are necessary.

So, how can further improvements be achieved? Through a programme which takes in-to account the need to balance four elements of noise management, namely: first, the re-duction of noise at source; second, land-use planning and management; third, noise abate-ment procedures; and last but not least, operating restrictions on aircraft use.

Right, now let's look at the future of noise performance. Based on a study of the impact of aircraft noise, it is expected that the size of the affected by noise population could de-crease by 30 percent globally by 2006.

To sum up, noise still remains a major concern and the aviation industry is aggres-sively working to minimize its impact on the environment. Significant progress has al-ready been made, and in the years ahead the industry will continue improving its product with the help of the balanced approach.

That's all, thank you. If you happen to have any questions, do not hesitate to ask them.



Ex. 59*. Study the discourse markers given below and use them in your presentations.

Discourse markers

1. Focusing and linking 2. Balancing contrasting points with reference to talking/speaking of/about regarding, as regards as far as … is concerned as for …

on the one hand on the other hand while whereas

3. Similarity 4. Counter-argument similarly in the same way

however even so but nevertheless all the same still

5. Structuring 6. Adding first(ly)/second(ly)/third(ly) first of all lastly finally to begin/start with in the first/second/third place for one/another thing

moreover in addition another thing is what is more besides in any case as well as that

7. Logical consequence 8. Summing up therefore/ so/ then as a result

in conclusion briefly in short to sum up

Ex. 60**. Prepare a three-minute presentation about one of the topics given below:

1. A contemporary or historical person involved in the world of aviation. 2. The role of aviation in our life.



3. Aviation's environmental impact. 4. Problems associated with living in the neighbourhood of an airport.

When preparing and giving the presentation:

1. First, make sure you understand the subject and have collected enough information. 2. To prepare, choose the most interesting information. Then write notes about what

you want to say. Do not write out your presentation. 3. Find visual aids to help you: slides, photos, diagrams, etc. 4. Practise giving your presentation to yourself. Go through it again just before you

give it. 5. At the start, state clearly what you are going to talk about. 6. If you make a mistake or forget something, don't worry – continue talking. 7. Finish your presentation with a summary of the main points and then ask for any

questions.

Ex. 61. Give your presentation to the rest of the class. When listening to other people, take notes about their talk and be ready to ask questions to get some additional information.

Ex. 62. Work in pairs. Discuss these things:

1. Which was the most interesting presentation? Why? 2. Which subject would you like to know more about? 3. What were the biggest problems you had when preparing and giving presentation?



Section III

AIRLINES

Phonetics

Ex. 63. Read these words and practise saying them. Mind the different ways of pronunciation of these letters.

T t [t] [S] [tS]

profit aviation manufacture entire national structure

country transportation future fleet operation nature

network execution mixture aircraft conditional creature

objective declaration temperature

C c [k] [S] [s]

decade special civil company efficient introduce

carrier ocean peace cargo efficiency receive

committee social service victory coefficient defence

category commercial facility

Ex. 64. Practise saying these words aloud.

[C] breach, reach, charter, choice, purchase, change, challenge [k] epoch, school, technical, chemical, schedule; mechanical; technological [w] which, what, why, when, where, while, white, wheel, whether, whisper [h] who, whom, whose, whole, wholly; whoever [r] wrestle, write, writer, wreck, wrist, wrong, wretch, wrinkle [w-v] vital work, aviation world, civil war, weak voice, wide variety,

wonderful service, move westwards, receive a warning, very well



[N] length, single, pricing, aggravating, marketing, bankruptcy; distinct, among.


Decade, aerial fleet, national, international, regular transportation of passengers, pe-riod, epoch ['JpPk], operation, pilot, symbolic, ton(ne) [tAn], the declaration of sove-reignty ['sPvrIntI], Soviet, finances, million, billion, bankruptcy ['bxNkrqpsI], corporate strategy, optimization, structure, transit, alliance [q'laIqns], strategic, corporate image, press-conference, business practices, a standard, Aeroflot management.

Vocabulary


advent nc ['xdvqnt] прибытие, появление

air-defence nu ['eqdI'fens] воен. противовоздушная оборона

alliance nc, nu work in alliance with sb enter into an alliance with sb

[q'laIqns] союз, альянс, объединение работать в союзе с кем-л. вступить в союз с кем-л.

astonish vt [q'stPnIS] удивлять, изумлять

at least [qt 'lJst] по крайней мере

backbone nc ['bxkbqun] перен. основа, суть

bankruptcy nc, nu file for bankruptcy

['bxNkrqpsI] банкротство, несостоятельность; объявлять себя банкротом

be short of sth испытывать недостаток в чем-л.

breach nc [brJC] воен. брешь

cargo nc, nu ['kRgqu] груз

domestic adj [dq'mestIk] внутренний

drastic adj ['drxstIk] радикальный

efficiency nu [I'fISnsI] работоспособность

entire adj [In'taIq(r)] полный, целый, весь

eternal adj [I'tWnl] вечный



expand vt, vi expansion nc, nu

[Ik'spxnd]

[Ik'spxnSn]

расширять; рост, увеличение, расширение

expense nu at the expense of one’s health/life expenses (usually pl)

[Ik'spens] перен. счет, цена; за счет здоровья, ценою жизни; расходы, издержки

file vt file a complaint file an application

[faIl]

подавать документы; подать жалобу; подать заявление

first and foremost в первую очередь

fledgling nc ['fleGlIN] перен. неоперившийся юнец

gain nc, nu; vt

[geIn] доходы, выигрыш, увеличение, прибыль, прирост; получать, приобретать; получить права;

gain rights gain a victory

извлекать пользу, выгоду; одержать победу

haul nc long-haul medium-haul short-haul

[hLl]

пробег, пройденное расстояние магистральный дальний (зд. о ВС) магистральный средний магистральный ближний

innovation nc, nu ["Inq'veISn] новшество

invest vt, vi invest (money) in sth investment nu

[In'vest]

[In'vestmqnt]

инвестировать; вкладывать деньги во что-л.; капиталовложение

Joint Stock Company открытое акционерное общество

perform vt perform a task perform a flight

[pq'fLm]

выполнять выполнять задание выполнять полет

preliminary adj [prI'lImInqrI] предварительный

profit nc, nu net profit operating profit

['prPfIt]

прибыль чистая прибыль прибыль от основной деятельности



resume vt, vi [rI'zjHm] возобновлять

route nc [rHt] маршрут

share nc

the lion’s share go shares (with sb) (in sth) on shares hold shares in a company (bank)

[Seq(r)]

1.часть, доля, львиная доля, честно поделиться (чем-л. с кем-л.); 2. ком. акция, пай на паях иметь акции какой-л. компании (банка)

terminal nc ['tWmInl] ав. аэровокзал

viable adj ['vaIqbl] жизнеспособный


A fledgling national carrier, domestic and international routes, at the expense of their lives, to gain a victory over the enemy, to resume peace-time civilian flights, advent of jet propulsion, to become the backbone of transport system, compared to an operating profit of, to file for bankruptcy, to hold on to the market share, to expand the route structure, to gain rights to operate transit flights, to be short of long-haul airliners capable of covering long distances non-stop, to compete in alliances, to enter into an alliance, a vital strategic move, to deserve reputation for innovation and efficiency, to bring about a drastic change in the corporate image, an economically viable air transport system.

Reading


1. What does the name 'Aeroflot' mean? 2. What do you know about the history of Aeroflot?




AEROFLOT – RUSSIAN AIRLINES

Only 15 years ago the name Aeroflot referred to the entire civil aviation of our country. This name, which means the aerial fleet, was given to a fledgling national carrier on Feb-ruary 25, 1932, at time when the regular air transportation of passengers and cargo had just begun. Over the 1932-1941 period, a network of passenger and cargo carriage was set up.

The aircraft designed by Andrei Tupolev, Alexander Yakovlev, Oleg Antonov, Sergei Ilyushin marked a new epoch in the world aircraft manufacturing. Since 1935 Aeroflot had in operation only Soviet-built aircraft. New domestic and international routes were intro-duced. By 1940 Aeroflot pilots had been performing scheduled international flights from Moscow to Sofia, Berlin, Stockholm, from Tashkent to Kabul, from Ulan-Ude to Ulan Ba-tor.

During the Second World War civil aviation pilots, shoulder to shoulder with all Russian people, at the expense of their lives gained the victory over the enemy. It is quite symbolic that it was a civilian crew who on May 9, 1945 flew to Moscow the declaration of uncondi-tional surrender by Nazi Germany.

The company had resumed peace-time civilian flights by the end of next year. In 1955 Aeroflot carried the annual total of 70,000 passengers, 3,000 tonnes of cargo and 2,700 tonnes of mail.

Advent of jet propulsion was one of the greatest advances in aviation and on March 22, 1956 the London airport received the first Soviet TU-104 jetliner. “Russia astonishes the West…”, “TU-104 makes a huge breach in western air-defences…”, “In aircraft manufac-turing the Soviets are at least two years ahead of the USA…” – ran the headlines. The air-craft had a long and remarkable life. In recognition of its outstanding services this aerial toiler was given the eternal parking at Vnukovo. Civil aviation continued to expand and became the backbone of transport system.

In 1991 after the declaration of sovereignty by Russia, Aeroflot fell apart into hundreds of local carriers. But someone had to fly the colours and in July 1992 Aeroflot – Russian Airlines Joint Stock Company was re-established by the Government in the capacity as a national carrier. Today the Russian flag-carrier Aeroflot transports every fourth passenger on the domestic routes and services 25 destinations across the Russian Federation. It is found fit to operate scheduled flight service into 78 destinations in 54 countries.



After the events of September 2001 both global passenger traffic and revenues declined considerably. Airlines finances suffered accordingly. According to preliminary figures com-piled by ICAO, the world’s airlines lost nearly $11 billion that year, compared to an operating profit of $10.7 billion in 2000 and some of them were forced to file for bankruptcy. Aeroflot suffered too, but managed not only to hold on to its market share but also to advance. In 2001 Aeroflot’s net profit reached 1315 million roubles.

Here are the outlines of Aeroflot corporate strategy. The first and foremost, to carry on with the optimization of destination network and flight schedules, which is the backbone of any modern carrier. It is important to expand the route structure into Western Europe, Russia and South-East Asia as well as to gain rights to operate transit flights from Eastern and Southern Europe to the Far East and South-East Asia. This is quite possible: the East-ern-European carriers are short of long-haul airliners capable of covering these distances non-stop.

Another major task is to provide for transit flights from Russia and the CIS (the Com-monwealth of Independent States) via Europe to the Caribbean, Central and South Ameri-ca, and Africa.

Today the carriers are competing in alliances, which brings serious competitive advan-tages. Without any new investments a carrier can attract new passengers and offer them a wider choice of destinations and convenient transit flights. Aeroflot considers entering into an alliance a vital strategic move required for securing a proper place among the global carriers.

In recent years the company has done a lot to deserve reputation for innovation, effi-ciency and quality. Aeroflot has a really ambitious goal: to become one of the world’s ten best-service carriers. “We’re doing a tremendous job to bring about a drastic change in our corporate image”, – announced Valery Okulov, Aeroflot’s Director General at a press-conference – “all our business practices are being reexamined to meet the growing expec-tations of our passengers”.

Within the next few years the company intends to spend on its development $54 mil-lion, which is a lot of money by any standard. Aeroflot management regards it as an in-vestment into the future success of this high-flying company. Aeroflot has one major over-all aim: to serve the best interests of the country by making its operations safe, efficient and responsive to national needs, thus encouraging a safe and economically viable air transport system.




1. When was Aeroflot called ‘a fledgling national carrier’ and why? 2. What aircraft was given the eternal parking at Vnukovo? Why? 3. What happened to Aeroflot after the declaration of sovereignty by Russia? 4. Why do you think this very company was re-established by the Government in the

capacity as a national carrier? 5. What are the outlines of Aeroflot corporate strategy? 6. Why does Aeroflot consider entering into an alliance a vital strategic move? 7. What is Aeroflot major overall aim?

Vocabulary practice


Создать сеть пассажирских и грузовых перевозок, выполнять регулярные меж-дународные рейсы, акт о безоговорочной капитуляции, пробить брешь в воздушной мощи Запада, воздушный труженик, поставить на вечную стоянку, открытое акцио-нерное общество, быть вновь утвержденным в качестве национального перевозчика, по предварительным данным ИКАО, основные принципы корпоративной стратегии, продолжать совершенствовать расписание полетов, СНГ, важный стратегический шаг, занять должное место среди мировых перевозчиков, таким образом поддержи-вая экономически способную систему воздушного транспорта.


An inexperienced person, at the cost of, very big, deserving attention, better than oth-ers, a hard worker, lasting for ever; the most important part of an organization, set of ideas etc; before anything else, a union, showing strong desire, including everything.

Ex. 73. Match the antonyms in columns A and B.

A B 1. domestic a. minor 2. major b. to decline 3. to gain c. to lose



4. peace d. international 5. to expand e. defeat 6. to fall apart f. to contract 7. to increase g. war 8. victory h. to unite


Verb Noun Adjective 1.to astonish astonishment astonishing 2. to carry … … 3. … … regular 4. to declare … … 5. … expectation … 6. to decide … … 7. … … responsive 8. … safety … 9. to optimize … … 10. … … introductory

Ex. 75. Read, translate and remember these international prefixes and their meanings.

Note the words: monoplane, international, re-establish. All three of them have pre-fixes. A prefix is a combination of letters placed before a word to change its meaning. The following is a list of common Latin and Greek prefixes which are useful in helping you to understand unfamiliar words. Some of the words are used with a hyphen. Check in a dic-tionary if you are not sure.

prefix meaning example anti against anti-war bi two biplane co with, together cooperate de out, down de-icing dis bad, wrong disorder ex former ex-student



inter between international mono one monoplane

re again reorganize semi half semi-final

Ex. 76*. Use one of the above prefixes to change the meaning of the words.

Annual, exist, lingual, write, president, place, centralize, examine, metallic, circle, freeze, order, focal, operation, ability, social, plane, detached, continental, war, automatic, militarized, governor.

Ex. 77. Complete the following sentences, using the correct form of the word in brackets. Add an appropriate prefix.

1. The Boeing 247 was soon (place) by the new low-wing monoplane airliner intro-duced by the Douglas Company.

2. The performance of the DC-3 aeroplanes was so (ordinary) that 30 years after its first flight in 1935, the DC-3s still outnumbered any other type of aircraft in world-wide service.

3. At present Germany and France (operate) on the design of a new space-rocket. 4. He works in London and in Peking so he is (lingual). 5. Aviation has caused twentieth-century man not only to (assess) his concept of geo-

graphy, but also to (evaluate) his social traditions, his cultural structures, his economic principles and his business practices.

6. It was a (lateral) agreement signed by India and Pakistan. 7. The aircraft which has only one wing or, as it is sometimes considered preferable to

say, one pair of wings is called a (plane). 8. Does (national) aviation really improve relations between countries?

Ex. 78*. Study the definitions of these words. Think of your own examples.

AIM = what you are hoping to achieve by a plan, action, or activity. OBJECTIVE = an aim that you are trying to achieve, especially in business

or politics. GOAL = something that you hope to achieve in the future.

e.g.



− The main aim of the Aviation English course is to improve students’ communication skills and to enlarge their vocabulary.

− The main objective of the aviation company policy is to reduce risk. − Aeroflot has a really ambitious goal: to become one of the world’s ten best service

carriers.

Ex. 79*. Define these words.

carrier, route, management, bankruptcy, advantage, alliance.

Ex. 80. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate prepositions.

American Airlines (AA), one ... the world’s largest airlines, dates back ... 1926. The first regular scheduled flight of what was to become AA took off ... 15 April when pioneer aviator Charles Lindbergh, then chief for Robertson Aircraft Corporation of Missouri, flew the mail ... a DH-4 biplane from St. Louis ... Chicago. Between 1929 and 1930 American Airlines was set ... and, four years later, this company was recognized and became AA.

Through strong leadership and a quality, today American provides ... least 95,000 jobs ... the globe and has ... operation a fleet ... 650 aircraft. AA has built its success ... the tra-dition ... providing quality service ... all its passengers, both ... flight and ... the ground. The airline has won a lot of awards in Europe ... the last years from its customers and the travel trade ... recognition ... its high performance. American Airlines looks forward ... re-maining the first ... the top 10 air carriers.

Grammar


Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle Present Participle to run ran run running

… gained … …

… resumed … …

… made … …

… fell … …

… brought … …



… marked … …

… received … …

… found … …

… held … …

… lost … …

Past Tenses 1. The Past Continuous is used to talk about: • action in the middle of happening at a stated past time: e. g. The aircraft was cross-

ing the border at 12.15. • past action in progress interrupted by another past action: e. g. The lightning struck

the aircraft while it was flying in clouds. • two or more simultaneous past actions: e. g. The pilots were flying the aircraft while

the cabin attendants were serving lunch to the passengers. The Past Continuous is often used with time expressions such as: while, when, as etc. 2. The Past Perfect is used to talk about past action which occurred before another ac-

tion or before a stated past time: e. g. By the end of 1957, the Soviet Union had sent Sput-nik 1 aloft.

The Past Perfect is often used with time expressions such as: never, for, since, al-ready, after, just,yet, before, by, by the time etc.

3. The Past Perfect Continuous is used to talk about action continuing over a period up to a specific time in the past: e. g. The storm broke out after we had been flying for two hours.

The Past Perfect Continuous is often used with time expressions such as: for, since.

Ex. 82. Find the examples of Past Tenses in the text and explain their usage.

Ex. 83. Put the verbs in these sentences into the Past Simple or Continuous, Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous.

1. In the early days of the last century, mass transportation (to be) earth-bound and rel-atively slow. It (to take) days and even weeks to cross a continent or an ocean. Then (to come) flight. Reality finally (to catch up) with a concept that (to fire) the imagination for thousands of years, embodied by the mythological figure of Icarus.



2. Before his glider (to crash) and fatally (to injure) him in 1896, Lilienthal (to make) more than 2,000 flights.

3. Less than four years after the end of World War II, Britain (to fly) the de-Havilland Comet, powered by four turbojets.

4. In the period up to September 2001, the volume of traffic (to be unchanged) from the same period in 2000, but after September both traffic and revenues (to decline).

5. Only weeks after the hijackers (to convert) commercial air transports into weapons of mass destruction, delegations from 169 countries (to meet) at ICAO headquarters for the 33rd ICAO Assembly.

6. Reported monthly traffic figures suggest that up to September 2001 there (to be) lit-tle change in overall tonne-kilometres performed over the same period in 2000.

7. Until September 2001 the financial situation of international airports (to continue) to improve on an annual basis for many years.

8. In Russia in 1998, air-passenger traffic (to reduce) by 11 % compared to 1997 – from 25,1 million to 22,4 million passengers. Before the August 1998 crisis the results were a little better than those of 1997, but by September they already (to suffer) a drop of 33 %. In 1999, the number of air passengers (to fall) by 3,9 %, to 21,46 million, but by 2000 they (to rise) once again to 21,76 million, up 1,4 % on the previous year.

9. By 1999, as a government-sponsored report published by Russia’s Audit Chamber noted, the number of newly built commercial aircraft (to reduce) to nine.

10. In the year 2000 the entire Russian commercial aircraft industry (to produce) and (to sell) only four new aircraft.


До 1991 года воздушный транспорт Советского Союза обслуживал один из крупнейших в мире рынков авиаперевозок. После того как Россия приняла Деклара-цию о независимости, на ее воздушном транспорте произошли значительные изме-нения. До распада Советского Союза гражданская авиация перевозила миллионы пассажиров и была самым удобным, рентабельным и скоростным видом транспорта.

В 1991 году гражданская авиация России распалась на сотни местных авиаком-паний. Среди многих новых российских авиакомпаний была и базирующаяся в Уль-яновске грузовая авиакомпания «Волга-Днепр». Со времени своего возникновения компания заслужила репутацию надежности, эффективности, качества. За время своего существования «Волга-Днепр» стала заметной величиной в мировых чартер-ных перевозках сверхтяжелых и негабаритных грузов.



Один из наиболее интересных полетов – перевозка ядерного реактора из Пе-тербурга в Хьюстон для использования в международной космической програм-ме. Два самолета Ан-124 перевозили 232 тонны сценического оборудования во вре-мя десятинедельного мирового турне американского певца Майкла Джексона. С ян-варя по октябрь 2003 авиакомпания перевезла свыше 46 тысяч тонн груза.

Топ-менеджеры «Волга-Днепра» заявили, что авиакомпания уже давно планиро-вала начать регулярные грузовые перевозки по маршрутам, связывающим Европу и Азию. К октябрю 2003 года авиакомпания уверенно лидировала, контролируя 51 % мирового рынка уникальных и крупногабаритных грузов.


Ex. 85**. Imagine that you are the Director General of an airline and you have to make a short speech to present you company. Outline your aims, goals and objectives. (Refer to Section II, Ex. 58-60)



Section IV

AIRLINE OPERATION

Phonetics


[Iq] area, carrier, variable, various, media, medium, premium; appear, behaviour

[eq] pair, air, airline, fare, rarely, share, area, vary, various, variable [uq] tour, actual; contractual, brochure [aI] price, fly, high, flight, type, online, primarily, advertise,

specialize; itinerary [aIq] flyer; require, environment, alliance, variety [eI] way, change, able, daily, complicate; campaign, behaviour,

available, create [qu] low, close, own, both, go, over, sold, poster, follow; promotion, although [au] how, round; allow, amount, discount [OI] choice, voice, noise; destroy, employment.


Product, deregulated, to dictate, industry, a function of economic factors, marketing disciplines, to identify market segments, to differentiate the product, an Internet distribu-tion service, pricing analysts, marketing personnel, the airline’s initiative, premium, web site, discount, potential, computer reservation system, specialized agents, tariff ['txrIf], traditional, the Internet, channel, business passengers, campaign, theme, brochure ['brquSuq(r)]

Vocabulary


anticipate vt ["xn'tIsIpeIt] ожидать, предвидеть

availability nu

[q"veIlq'bIlqtI]

наличие; имеющийся в распоряже-нии/наличии,



available adj [q'veIlqbl] наличный, доступный

banner nc ['bxnq(r)] полигр. газетный заголовок во всю ширину полосы

billboard nc ['bIlbLd] рекламный щит; доска для афиш и объявлений

commercial nc [kq'mWSl] рекламный ролик; передача реклам и объявлений

connection nc [kq'nekSn] стык рейсов

consolidate vt, vi consolidation nc, nu consolidator nc

[kqn'sPlIdeIt]

[kqn"sPlI'deISn]

[kqn"sPlI'deItq]

фин.объединять, консолидировать консолидация ком. 'оптовик'

consumer nc consumer goods (attrib)

[kqn'sjHmq(r)] потребитель; потребительские товары

cost vt, vi (no passive) cost nc, nu

[kost]

[kost]

ком. назначать цену; 1. цена, стоимость, себестоимость; 2. usually plural расходы, издержки, затраты

demand nu (or a(n)+adj+demand) a demand for labour to be in great demand supply and demand

[dI'mRnd]

эк. спрос; спрос на рабочую силу; быть в большом спросе; спрос и предложение

determine vt [dI'tWmIn] определять, устанавливать

discrepancy nc, nu [dI'skrepqnsI] несоответствие, расхождение

distinct adj [dI'stINkt] отдельный; определенный

fare nc to mark the fare up

[feq(r)] плата за проезд, тариф ввести надбавку на тариф

issue nc to take issue (with sb)

['ISH; 'IsjH]

зд. спорный вопрос, предмет об-суждения; обсуждать разногласия с кем-л.

itinerary nc [aI'tInqrqrI] предполагаемый маршрут



margin nc ['mRGIn] эк. разница между себестоимостью и продажной ценой; прибыль

medium nc pl media

['mJdIqm]

['mJdIq]

средство информации

online adj (attrib) ['PnlaIn] комп. интерактивный, оператив-ный, в режиме реального времени

poster nc ['pqustq(r)] плакат, объявление

predominant adj (formal) [prI'dPmInqnt] преобладающий

premium nc ['prJmIqm] фин. премия, надбавка

provision nc [prq'vIZn] положение, условие

refund vt refund nc, nu refundable adj

[rI'fAnd]

['rJfAnd] [rI'fAndqbl]

возмещать, выплачивать; возмещение убытков; подлежащий возмещению

remain vi [rI'meIn] оставаться

restrict vt restriction nc, nu restriction of expenditure without restriction to impose/to place restric-tions to lift restrictions

[rI'strIkt] [rI'strIkSn] ограничивать; ограничение; ограничение расходов; без ограничения; вводить ограничения; снимать ограничения

supply nu goods are in short supply

[sq'plaI]

эк. предложение; запасы товаров истощаются

target nc ['tRgIt] объект, предмет

vendor nc ['vendL] ком. продавец; оптовая фирма, предлагающая то-вар

yield nc, nu (formal) [jJld] эк. доход


To set airline fares, the airline’s costs, to cover operating costs, the availability of the fares, a round trip, a single route, to be available for purchase, to create a large discrepancy between the lowest and highest available fares, to remain competitive, to add a premium to certain fares, to examine an anticipated market share, to offer a non-stop service, the connec-



tion of flights, to place airline seats in the market, to reach the greatest number of potential customers, to search for itineraries based on lowest available fares, to be available both through traditional consolidators and online vendors, to be referred to as off-tariff, last minute travel, the high-yield business passengers.

Reading

Ex. 90. Read the text. Match these titles with the sections.

Market placement. Airlines in deregulated environments. Products offered. Adver-tisement and promotion. Airline pricing.

AIRLINES OPERATION

The way airline fares are set in a given market is generally more complicated than con-sumer product pricing because airline fares in deregulated environments are primarily market-based. In other words, airfares reflect what the passenger is willing to pay and not a certain margin over the airline’s costs.

The law of supply and demand dictates airfares, and if a passenger does not cover op-erating costs, the carrier will normally not fly the route. In any industry, including civil aviation, the marketing mix is essential to understanding how products are sold. The four “Ps” of the marketing mix – product, price, place and promotion – are important factors in determining the actual fares that appear in the market.

The products offered are a function of the following economic factors: 1) economic behaviour of airline passengers; 2) the interaction of marketing disciplines within an air-line; and 3) the amount of competition. The airlines have identified a number of distinct market segments and developed a number of fares and restrictions to meet the needs of these segments. There may be several advance purchase levels (e.g., 30-day, 14-day, sev-en-day and three-day) and certain length of stay provisions for some levels: one that re-quires a Saturday stay, another that does not. To further differentiate the product, one fare may allow refunds, the other may not. The availability and price of these fares may vary by departure time or day of week. Some may be round trip, others one way. Thus a single route can easily have 20 or more fares available for purchase, creating a large discrepancy between the lowest and highest available fares. For example, on flights between Dallas-Fort Worth and Seattle on Delta Air Lines, the fare can be as low as $154 with a seven-day advance purchase and Saturday night stay, but will increase to $1,072 for a walk-up fare returning the same day (from Orbitz, an Internet distribution service).



Pricing analysts set the actual price that airlines charge for each fare product. They work closely with revenue management analysts and other marketing personnel on many pricing issues, and are responsible for determining when a change in price is necessary. Such changes may result from the airline’s own initiative, or may be necessary to remain competitive.

Although airlines match each other on price in many markets, there are some mar-kets in which the pricing analyst may be able to add a premium to certain fares availa-ble from competitors. Pricing analysts examine their airline’s anticipated market share when making such determinations. As a result, an airline that offers a non-stop service in a market may charge more than competing connecting services. Such premiums are also common in markets where one carrier offers more daily flights than the competi-tion. According to United’s web site, a passenger purchasing a 30-day advance round-trip ticket to fly to San Francisco from Washington, D.C. has the choice of paying $2,418 to travel non-stop from Washington Dulles or $506 to go non-stop from Balti-more-Washington International.

The means of placing airline seats in the market helps explain airfares as well. To reach the greatest number of potential customers, airlines generally offer most of their published fares through various computer reservation systems (CRSs). Travel agents, web sites and even other airlines access these CRSs, and almost all systems allow users to search for itineraries based on lowest available fares. On a given route, if two airlines offer a seat with the same restrictions and one airline charges one dollar less than its competitor, the customer will likely book on the former. This is because the latter carrier’s flight will either be listed at the bottom of the listing or not at all. Therefore, airlines often charge the same amount for similar fare types, particularly for discount fares.

Airlines also distribute their fares through specialized travel agents known as consoli-dators. The airline receives a base price for each ticket sold; the consolidator then marks the fare up for sale to the passenger. These fares are unpublished and often referred to as off-tariff, and are available both through traditional consolidators and online vendors. Another type of unpublished fare is the Internet-only fare. Although many of these are for last minute travel, several advance-purchase fares are sold through this channel.

Promotion will depend heavily on the medium, but airlines have been trying to attract pas-sengers, especially the high-yield business passengers, with ads in printed matter, television commercials, billboards and posters, online banner ads, and direct mail campaigns. Air car-riers’ practices are not unusual, nor different than many other competitive industries. They



feature campaigns promoting the air carrier, an alliance, or a specific route. Advertise-ments typically run in a variety of business magazines, predominantly promoting the carri-er or alliance, and newspapers (promoting the carrier, alliance, introduction of a new route, or fare sale). The theme also can be featured in direct mail brochures and billboards near airports, occasionally in different languages to appeal to the targeted passengers.


1. What do airfares reflect? 2. Which economic factors specify the products offered? 3. What effects the availability and the price of airfares? 4. Why might it be necessary to change the price of some fare products? 5. Why do pricing analysts need to examine anticipated market? 6. How can airlines reach the greatest number of potential customers? 7. What channels for distributing airfares can you specify? 8. How can airlines appeal to the targeted passengers?

Vocabulary practice


Образование цен на потребительские товары, в условиях дерегулирования, над-бавка к издержкам авиакомпании, маркетинговая среда, взаимодействие сбытовых механизмов, продвижение товара, выявить ряд отдельных секторов рынка, вид предварительного приобретения, возврат денег, приобретение билетов в день вы-лета с возвращением в этот же день, служба продажи через Интернет, специалист по ценообразованию, устанавливать фактическую цену для каждого вида билетов, специалисты по управлению доходами, ввести надбавку к определенным тарифам, беспосадочные рейсы, стыковочные рейсы, выход на рынок, автоматизированные системы бронирования, льготный тариф, нетарифные цены, приносящие высокий доход пассажиры из деловых кругов, печатные издания, ТВ реклама, рекламные щи-ты и плакаты, заголовочные анонсы для пользователей Интернетом, кампании рас-сылки материалов по почте, рассылаемые по почте брошюры.




Difficult to understand, most important, a total sum, limit, to change, difference, ex-pected, that will probably happen or come into existence, a person that uses something, a plan for a journey, the first (mentioned) of two people or things, the second (mentioned) of two people or things.

Phrasal Verbs

These phrasal verbs occur in Sections III and IV: • set sth up: to establish a business, an office etc • hold on: to remain in a dangerous position and continue to survive • carry on: to continue • look forward to: to think about sth that will happen in the future with pleasure • hand over: to give • go with: to be attractive, suited etc when combined with something • bring sth about: to cause something to happen • mark sth up: to increase the price of something for sale.

Ex. 94. Find these phrasal verbs in the texts (Section III – ex. 69, Section IV – ex. 90) and make sure you understand their meanings in the context of the passages.

Ex. 95. Use a suitable phrasal verb in the list to complete these sentences.

1. On 2 June, 2003 the International Air Transport Association (IATA) … the first Global Aviation Leadership Award to ICAO Council President Dr. Assad Kotaite to rec-ognize his outstanding contribution to air transport.

2. Step by step, networks of passenger and freight air services … . 3. As the global aviation industry embarks on a new century of flight, it can … a safer

operational environment, with personnel who have clearly demonstrated the required competencies.

4. New ways of making goods, new products, and changes in living standards constant-ly … some new types of jobs.

5. Many agents will add service fees to … the fare … for sale to increase profits.



6. Alexander Yakovlev’s son, Sergei, who … in the footsteps of his famous father, was one of the two designers of the Yak-50.

7. Faced with difficult times and an uncertain future, major airlines turned aggressively to experimental business strategies in an effort to … to their market share.

8. The prospect of any armed conflict always … global financial losses.

Ex. 96. A: Study the usage of these terms: cost, price, charge, fare, premium. B: Think of your own examples.

Cost, price, charge, fare, premium Look at the dictionary entry for ‘cost’. There are notes explaining difference between

the words. ‘Cost’ is used when referring to an amount to be paid (e.g. for building, repairs, paying

fees etc) which involves paying people for labour, materials, rent, means etc. ‘Price’ is used when referring to payment to be paid when buying individual things as in shops.

The price of a thing is what it costs you, or what the person who is selling it charges you for it: What is the price of this watch? What does it cost? How much did he charge you for repairing the car?

The value of a thing is what it is worth: He sold it at a price below its real value. Cost, not price, is used: • for services: the cost of having the house painted • for more general things: the cost of living. Expense is used like cost, especially when this is thought of as too large: the terrible

expense of having the house painted. A person makes a charge, charges a price, or (for professional services) a fee. A thing costs a sum of money: This watch costs $10.

Ex. 97. Look at the definitions from column A and match them with the words from column B.

A B 1. an amount of money for which something is sold or bought a. fare 2. the amount of money paid or asked for goods or services b. charge 3. a cost of a journey by bus, ship, taxi etc. c. price 4. the price asked or paid for goods or services d. premium 5. a charge or payment for professional advice or service e. fee 6. an addition to ordinary charges f. cost



Ex. 98. Test yourself choosing the best answer: A, B or C.

1. Airlines began offering … via the Internet as early as 1997. A – fares B – prices C – costs

2. In any industry, the amount of competition will determine the ability to set … A – charges B – fares C – prices 3. Fares are generally not effected by …

A – price B – cost C – charge 4. However, the sharp increase in fuel … in 2000 has increased the overall …

A – prices… fare B – cost … charge C – fare … price 5. Rising labour … have resulted in fare increases.

A – charge B – costs C – prices 6. Since certain times and days of week are more popular than others, airlines can dif-

ferentiate the … they offer on this basis. A – fares B – costs C – prices

7. A main reason the carriers are willing to offer such low … via the Internet is the low … of this distribution channel.

A – costs … fares B – prices … fares C – fares … cost 8. The carrier made a … of $887 for a middle seat.

A – charge B – cost C – price

Prefixes with the meaning 'not' Look at these words from the text: unpublished, unusual. They are formed with the help of the prefix un-. Adding a prefix such as un- to the be-

ginning of an adjective, noun or verb changes them into their opposites. Some other pre-fixes are:

dis- in- il- im- ir-

disappear inoperative illogical immovable irrational

disconnect insecure illegible impossible irresistible

Note: un- is used with many different words, e. g. unemployed (=without a job)

im- is used before some words beginning with m or p, e. g. impolite il- is used before some words beginning with l, e. g. illogical ir- is only used before some words beginning with r, e. g. irresponsible



dis- is used before some adjectives, e. g. dishonest, and a few verbs, e. g. disagree in- is used before a limited number of words, e. g. invisible

Ex. 99*. Make the opposites of the words using the prefixes.

Important, legible, practical, distinct, developed, direct, attractive, frequent, to approve, certain, honest, variable, reparable, attentive, legal, patient, responsible, practicable, to agree, liberal, integration, regular, mobile, to organize, religious, significant, to appear.


Since certain times and days … week are more popular than others, airlines operating … deregulated environment can differentiate the fares they offer … this basis. Once a flight departs the seats that were unsold cannot be sold … the future. An airline’s prod-uct is therefore not just a seat; it is the availability … a seat … a particular day, … a par-ticular time and … a particular flight.

Passengers travel … a variety … reasons and develop their need ... travel …different times. For some, usually vacationers, specific dates and times are … no importance. … other, travel is related … a specific event, sometimes known well … advance. The exis-tence … such competing needs allows airlines to differentiate the products that appear … the market, creating a large discrepancy … the fares.

Grammar



to meet met met meeting

… cost … …

to identify … … …

… … required …

… created … differentiating

… … resulted …

to remain … … …



… … … anticipating

to pay … … …

… filed … …

… … reached …

Ex. 102. In each of the sentences below the modal auxiliary ‘will’ is used. Decide which of them is:

a) a prediction b) a decision taken at the moment of speaking c) information about the future d) a refusal e) a promise f) an instruction g) a threat h) a general rule, characteristic behaviour

1. ‘The buses are on strike today’, - ‘OK. I’ll get to the airport by taxi’. 2. I don’t care what you say, I won’t book the tickets via the Internet. 3. They’ll arrive next Friday. 4. Will you send me the bill, please? 5. I promise I won’t buy a walk-up ticket again. 6. If you do it again, I’ll report it to the manager. 7. Perhaps the greatest air transport growth in the future will occur in the air freight

field. 8. For each fare product, prices to a single destination from cities in a given area will

often be similar.

Ex. 103. Scan the text and find some examples of ‘will’ used to refer to characteristic behaviour.

Ex. 104. Answer these questions:

1. Will the price remain unchanged if the level of demand decreases? 2. What will happen to the price if the supply increases? 3. What will dictate airfares?



4. What will a passenger do if he wants to ensure seat availability on a particular day? 5. How much will the passenger who books latest pay? 6. How much will the passenger who books well in advance pay? 7. How long will it take to fly from Ulyanovsk to Moscow?

Time and if-clauses -We never use future forms after: when, while, till/until, after, before, as soon as

(time conjunctions ); if, (conditional). When the verb of the main sentence is in a present or future form, the verb of the time or if-clause is in a present form.

-If is used for things which may possibly happen. When is used for things which are sure to happen.

-When the if-clause is before the main clause, we separate the two clauses with the comma.

-Unless, as long as, on condition that, providing/provided that can be used instead of if. Unless means if not.

-However we can use when or if+will if when is a question word and if means wheth-er. e. g. I don't know if he will accept our invitation. (=whether)

Ex. 105. Put the verbs into the correct form: will/won’t or the Present Simple.

1. When the level of demand (to increase) and supply (to be unchanged), the price (to rise).

2. Prices generally (to fall) as soon as the supply (to increase). 3. If the carrier (to charge) $2,000 for all seats, only 10 passengers (to buy) a seat, and

the aircraft (to depart) with a 7.5 percent load factor. 4. If the carrier (to charge) $1,000, 80 passengers (to buy) a seat, giving a 60 percent

load factor. 5. If the carrier (to sell) tickets for a full flight at $400 each, all seats (to be sold). 6. The carrier normally (not to fly) the route if passenger revenue (not to cover) oper-

ating costs. 7. The carrier (to increase) revenue if it (to differentiate) its products based on the var-

ious needs of the passengers. 8. If the carrier (to offer) three different products at three different fare levels: a 30-

day advance purchase fare at $400, a 7-day advance purchase fare at $1,000, and a walk-up fare at $1,600, it (to earn) $75,000 more.



9. When an airline (to offer) a non-stop service, it (to charge) more than competing connecting services.

10. As long as travellers (to book) flights online, carriers (not to have) to pay agents’ commissions and they (not to need) to employ as many reservation agents.


1. Образование цен на авиабилеты аналогично образованию цен на потребитель-ские товары: при увеличении предложения цены, как правило, снижаются.

2. Если предложение не изменяется, а уровень спроса растет, то цены повыша-ются.

3. Если определенное время года и дни недели более популярны, чем другие, то авиакомпании будут дифференцировать предлагаемые ими продукты, такие, как та-рифы, не подлежащие возмещению, или специальные тарифы при предварительном приобретении билета.

4. Перевозчик увеличит выручку, если будет дифференцировать цены на авиа-билеты, исходя из различных потребностей пассажиров.

5. Если на одном и том же маршруте действуют (имеются в наличии) несколько тарифов, то разница между самым низким и самым высоким тарифом будет весьма значительна.

6. Например, на некоторых рейсах, цена билета при продаже в день вылета поч-ти в 10 раз больше, чем в случае предварительного приобретения за 14 дней.

7. Как правило, издержки не влияют на тарифы. Однако резкий рост цен на то-пливо привел к повышению общей цены на билет.

8. Если будут увеличиваться затраты на рабочую силу, то авиакомпании будут вынуждены компенсировать связанные с этим расходы путем увеличения тарифов.

9. При постоянном уровне спроса именно конкуренция, или, точнее, страх ут-ратить долю рынка, удерживает цены на низком уровне.

10. Если авиакомпания хочет охватить максимальное число потенциальных по-купателей, то она разместит рекламу на телевидении и в Интернет, в газетах и жур-налах для деловых людей, на рекламных щитах и плакатах.




Ex. 107. Mark Sedov is interested in applying for the post of a ticket courier. Read his CV and letter and decide whether you think he would be considered a suitable candidate. Why/Why not?

Curriculum Vitae Personal Information Name: Mark Sedov Date of birth: 13.02.86 Nationality: Russian Address: 8/8 Mozhaisky St., Ulyanovsk, Russia Education and Qualifications Secondary school: Ulyanovsk, 1994-2004 Experience Holiday job as an office-manager for a travel agency (2004) Other Skills and Achievements Completed a course in English (Pre-Intermediate); driving licence Interests Reading, swimming, computer



~SKYWINNER~ WORLD-WIDE CARRIER

WANT TICKET COURIERS

Do you need a part-time job? Are you responsible and full of energy? Have you got good interpersonal skills? Can you speak and understand English? Have you got a full clean driving licence? Please write to the following address for an application form and additional infor-mation: Skywinner Inc, PO Box 3255, Stanford, UK.

8/8 Mozhaisky St. Ulyanovsk Russia Tel 8422 344275 16 July 2005 Skywinner PO Box 3255 Stanford Dear Mr or Mrs, I saw your advertisement in the News and I want to be a ticket courier for Skywinner. I am 19 years old and I study at Ulyanovsk Higher Civil Aviation School. I have put my c.v. with this letter so that you can see what I have done. I’d love to come to an interview any time you like. How about sending me an application form and some more information about the job? I can’t wait to hear from you! Yours, Mark

Ex. 108. Improve Mark's letter by using some of these phrases.

I look forward to hearing from you. Dear Sir or Madam(,) … Yours faithfully(,) I would/should be grateful if you would send me information about … I am writing in response to your advertisement in ‘The News’. I should like to apply for … Could you also tell me whether … I would also like to learn about ... With reference to your advertisement in ‘The News’, I would like more details… Dear Mr Hopkins(,) … Yours sincerely(,) I enclose my curriculum vitae for your attention. I look forward to hearing from you at your early convenience/as soon as possible I wish to apply for the post/position of … at … as advertised in ‘The News’ on Friday,

16th July 2005.



Ex. 109**. Write your CV and a letter applying for the post of a ticket courier.

When writing a letter of application: 1. Put your address at the top on the right. 2. Put the date directly under the address. 3. Put the name and address of the person you are writing to on the left side of the page, starting on the same level as the date or slightly below. 4. Begin the letter on the left with the greeting. 5. In Paragraph 1 simply state your reasons for writing. 6. In Paragraph 2 explain why you are interested in a job. 7. In Paragraph 3 give examples to show your personal qualities. 8. In Paragraph 4 write about your qualifications and practical skills. 9. Put a closing formula. Formal letters which begin with the person's name usual-ly finish Yours sincerely. Letters which begin Dear Sir(s) or Dear Madam usually finish Yours faithfully. 10. Put your full typewritten name after your handwritten signature.



Section V

AIRPORTS

Phonetics


[P] body, along, complex, popular, concept, modernize; consolidate; telescopic [qu] most, growth, process, cosy, radio; remote, appropriate, location [L] stall, airport, automated; install, aboard, support, according [H] move, group, through; improve [q] custom, innovator; provide, prohibit, community, development; personnel [A] other, some, done, something, government, comfort, comfortable [au] now, how, found, lounge, counter, output, thousand; allow, however [aI] flight, high, size, find, tighten, private, modernize; design, device [I] link, city, similar, catalyst; activity, exist, delivery; individual [J] means, seem, keep, lead, speed, screen, free; receive.


An international airport, plans to modernize and coordinate, fragmented airport system, infrastructure for business operators, to formulate plans for a basis airport design, business aviation, a dynamic airport, economic activity, a catalyst, regional business, a complex, pa-rallel, an interval, the personnel, a unique hangar, electric, radio, electronic, navigation, Domo-dedovo Passenger Terminal, computerized control system, radio control, stationary metal detec-tors, information displays, Information Display System, monitors, conveyor, baggage carrousels ["kxru'zel], restaurants, cafes, cocktail, public telephones, investment programmes.

Vocabulary


accuracy nu accurate adj

['xkjqrqsi]

['xkjqrqt]

точность, правильность; точный, правильный

amenity n (usually plural) [q'mJnqtI] удобства



appropriate adj [q'prquprIqt] соответствующий, подходящий

area nc ['eqrIq] площадь, участок, район, область

assure vt assurance nc, nu

[e'Suq(r)]

[e'Suqrqns]

1. уверять, заверять 2. обеспечивать, гарантировать; заверение, гарантия; уверенность

avionics nu ["eIvI'PnIks] авиационная радиоэлектроника

centerline nc runway centerline

['sentqlaIn] осевая линия осевая линия ВПП

conveyor-belt nc baggage conveyor-belt

[kqn'veIqbelt] транспортерная лента устройство раздачи багажа

deliver vt delivery nc, nu

[dI'lIvq(r)]

[dI'lIvqrI]

передавать, вручать, доставлять доставка

device nc [dI'vaIs] приспособление, устройство

furbish vt ['fWbIS] подновлять, приводить в порядок

gate nc [geIt] выход на посадку

handle vt handling nu

['hxndl]

['hxndlIN]

обращаться; управлять; обращение, обслуживание; обработка грузов

install vt installation nc

[In'stLl]

["Instq'leISn]

тех. устанавливать; установка, размещение

item nc an item of income the first item on the agenda items of clothing interesting news items/ items of news

['aItqm] пункт, статья; статья дохода; первый вопрос в повестке дня; предметы одежды интересные новости

jet-way nc ['GetweI] посадочная галерея для пассажиров

lack vt; nc, nu a lack of sth

[lxk]

испытывать недостаток, нуждаться; недостаток, (полное) отсутствие

lounge nc [launG] комната отдыха

process vt; nc ['prquses] обрабатывать; обработка



prohibit vt prohibition nc, nu prohibited imports

[prq'hIbIt]

['prquIbISn]

запрещать; запрещение; товары, запрещенные к ввозу

reside vi (formal) resident nc residential adj residential area

[rI'zaId]

['rezIdqnt]

['rezI'dqnSl]

проживать постоянно; постоянный житель; жилой; жилые кварталы районы

runway nc ['rAnweI] ав. взлетно-посадочная полоса

simultaneous adj ['sIml'teInIqs] одновременный

sophisticated adj [sq'fIstIkeItId] сложный

taxiway nc ['txksIweI] ав. рулежная дорожка


To lack the appropriate infrastructure, new residential areas of the city, to receive all ex-isting aircraft types, to be used independently and simultaneously, to carry out technical maintenance, sophisticated devices, to provide a full range of services related to avionics, re-cently refurbished terminal, to process a passenger, a procedure of customs clearance, to detect prohibited items, to install baggage transportation conveyor-belts and modern pick up baggage carrousels, to handle luggage, to reduce luggage delivery waiting time, to get aboard through telescopic jet-ways, to assure reliable on-time operations.

Reading

Ex. 114. Read the text. Match these titles with the sections.

Domodedovo Passenger Terminal. Contribution to the total output of the economy. Airport development alternatives. Aerodrome complex. Crucial problems of Moscow airports.

DOMODEDOVO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

Drastic changes in the aviation industry have prompted the need to modernize and coor-dinate Moscow fragmented airport system. Something has to be done with airports, which now lack the appropriate infrastructure for business operators. All heads of Moscow airports



and aerodromes have expressed intentions to develop business flight sectors; however, plans for a basis airport design that will serve business aviation have not been formulated. She-remetyevo, Moscow airport most popular with business operators, will seemingly keep its leading role in the foreseeable future. However, its land expansion is limited, which makes Russian business operators look for other opportunities. Some of them find Vnukovo Airport more attractive, although it may also have the similar problem because of its location close to the new residential areas of the city.

The third largest Moscow airport, Domodedovo, does not have land problems, and the city is already well along in developing Domodedovo. It is a dynamic airport which creates, attracts and supports economic activity. It acts as a catalyst for business development and an innovator in regional business development. The airport creates jobs, which are located on or near it. There are thousands of jobs directly or indirectly related to the airport. According to a 1999 study, Domodedovo has an annual economic impact of $200 million.

Domodedovo is a complex of up-to-date facilities including two runways (RWYs) and an apron with more than 90 parking stands. The aerodrome is able to receive all existing na-tional and international aircraft types on its two parallel RWYs which can be used indepen-dently and simultaneously. The spacing interval between the RWYs centerlines is 2000 m. The aerodrome is provided with a network of taxiways (TWYs).

Aircraft Maintenance Base (AMB) was founded in 1963 and since has been the most ad-vanced enterprise in the history of Russian aviation. Suffice it to say that the personnel of AMB was the first to carry out technical maintenance of the famous supersonic TU-144. A unique hangar is capable of accommodating four wide-body aircraft like the IL-96 or A-310. It is the largest hangar of the kind in the CIS. Sophisticated devices engaged in technical maintenance of electric, radio, electronic, navigation equipment enables AMB to provide a full range of services related to avionics.

Recently expanded and refurbished Domodedovo Passenger Terminal is the first passenger terminal in Russia to inaugurate a new high tech check-in procedure pro-vided for all 32 check-in counters both for international and domestic destination. Com-puterized departure control system enables to process a passenger in no more than 30 seconds.

New most advanced procedure of customs clearance allows passengers to check-in the luggage while checking in for a flight and go through the customs control with just the hand luggage. On its way to the aircraft the luggage will be examined by X-ray scanning. In case prohibited items are detected a passenger will be invited to a special area for a more detailed control. The customs and security control lines are equipped with radio control, stationary metal detectors and X-ray scanning facilities.



New information displays of the Flight Information Display System (FIDS) replaced the old monitors. They will provide customers with the most accurate information on arrivals, departures, location of check-in counters and gates.

Four Van Der Lande baggage transportation conveyor-belts and five modern pick up baggage carrousels for arriving passengers have been installed at the airport. Their high output capacity – each one is capable of handling 650 pieces of luggage hourly – considera-bly reduces luggage delivery waiting time.

Passengers get aboard the plane through telescopic jet-ways straight from the Passenger Terminal.

Restaurants, cafes, cocktail lounges, gift shops, newsstands, duty free shops for interna-tional flights, restrooms, public telephones offer convenient services for the travelling public. Other amenities include a first aid station, bus services and a cozy and relaxing hotel for people travelling both on business and for pleasure.

The airport expects to handle 6 million passengers this year, compared with 3.9 million in 2001. The large-scale investment programme is aimed to improve the efficiency of the airport. It is one of the most aggressive programmes the airport has experienced in years and, when com-pleted, will have significantly improved every aspect of airport service, assuring air carriers relia-ble, on-time operations through Domodedovo.


1. What has prompted the need to modernize Moscow airports? 2. What makes Domodedovo International Airport attractive for operators? 3. Why can we call the airport a catalyst for business development? 4. Why is it so important to strengthen security? 5. Which amenities are at the disposal of travelling public?



Ex. 116. Scan the text and find the following numbers. What do they refer to? Make a sentence about each number.

200, 90, 2000, 1963, 32, 30, 650, 6

Ex. 117. Decode these abbreviations.

ICAO CIS IATA CRS RWY TWY AMB FIDS

Vocabulary practice


Сохранять ведущую роль в обозримом будущем, искать другие возможности, иметь территориальные проблемы, создавать и поддерживать экономическую деятельность, служить катализатором в развитии бизнеса, являться новатором в развитии регионально-го бизнеса, создавать рабочие места, ежегодно вкладывать в экономику страны 200 мил-лионов долларов, комплекс современного оборудования, принимать все существующие типы воздушных судов, расстояние между осевыми линиями двух ВПП, авиационно-техническая база, осуществлять техническое обслуживание ВС, широкофюзеляжный са-молет, уменьшить время ожидания доставки багажа, проходить на борт самолета, высо-кая пропускная способность, широкомасштабные инвестиционные программы, быть на-правленным на улучшение эффективности работы аэропорта.


The structure or system of organization for a business, government, society or other group; having great energy; of one year; modern; synchronous; employees; unequaled; an instrument; to redecorate; taxes due to the government on goods imported into a country; forbidden; the government department that collects customs; an act of using special electron-ic equipment to examine somebody or something; a comfortable sitting-room.




A B 1. sophisticated a. behind the times 2. prohibited b. mobile 3. unique c. a decline 4. dynamic d. simple 5. up-to-date e. allowed 6. strength f. ordinary 7. growth g. inefficient 8. stationary h. weakness

Ex. 121*. Divide these collocations into three groups depending on their meaning (1 – old, 2 – modern, 3 – free). Take at least five of these collocations and write a sentence to show how they are used.

Free of cost, up to the minute, dime a dozen, of other times, for nothing, of the old school, up-to-date, for free, out of date, abreast of the times, free of charge, out of fashion, on the house, brand-new, for a song, old-fashioned, behind the times, new-fashioned, without charge.

Ex. 122. Match the definitions with the words given below.

RWY apron aerodrome airport

1. A defined area on land or water (including any buildings, installations and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure, and movement of air-craft.

2. An area on land or water that is used or intended to be used for the landing and takeoff of aircraft and includes its buildings and facilities, if any.

3. A defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft.

4. A defined area on a land aerodrome intended to accommodate aircraft for purposes of loading or unloading passengers, mail or cargo, refueling, parking or maintenance.


maintenance base terminal hangar gate TWY parking stand



Ex. 124*. Make verbs from these words. e.g. memory – memorize; tight – tighten Note: common verb suffixes are: -ate,-en, -fy/ -ify, -ize.

strength, domestic, regular, active, wide, classification, modern, private, popular, facility, broad, intensity, computer, simple, significant, light, hospital, circle.


Verb Noun Adjective

1. to attract attractiveness attractive

2.to install … …

3. … intensity …

4. … … residential

5. … assurance …

6. … … memorable

7. to prohibit … ...

8. ... ... residential


Originally known as Mines Field, Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) has been used as a field ... light aircraft since 1928. ... World War II, it was used ... military flights. Commercial airline service started ... December 1946. Today LAX is the third busiest airport ... the world based ... number ... passengers. In 2002 more than 56 million people travelled ... LAX. A com-merce leader, its ever-expanding air cargo system handled more than 2 million tonnes ... goods. Convenient location and sophisticated facilities have led to LAX’s designation as a world-class airport. ... the airport there are nine terminals with a number ... stands. LAX is provided ... four parallel runways and a network ... taxiways. According ... a 1995 study, LAX has an annual economic impact ... $60 billion. The employment ... the City of Los Angeles thanks … the air-port is 158,000 jobs. One ... 20 jobs in Southern California is related ... LAX.



Grammar



to meet met met meeting

… … … handling

… … … assuring

… … … residing

… … … installing

… … … prohibiting

… … … tightening

… … … processing

The passive We form passive verbs with the different tenses of ‘be’ + Past Participle.

Present Simple am/is/are + Past Participle

Past Simple was/were + Past Participle

Future Simple will be + Past Participle

Present Continuous am/is/are + being + Past Participle

Past Continuous was/were + being + Past Participle

Present Perfect have/has + been + Past Participle

Past Perfect had + been + Past Participle

Future Perfect will have + been + Past Participle

Remember: 1. We use the Passive only with transitive verbs (verbs which take an object). e. g. They built the airport in 1996. The airport was built in 1996. 2. The rules for choosing tenses in the Passive are the same as in the Active.

Ex. 128. Complete the sentences using the Passive.

1. City officials aim at expanding Vnukovo, the oldest Moscow airport. At present a study ... (to conduct) to renovate Vnukovo.



2. Different options ... (to study) lately. 3. The approved project ... (to aim) at almost tripling airport capacity, to 12 million pas-

sengers per year. 4. The cost of project ... (to estimate) by the project managers as much as $500 million. 5. The third-busiest air traffic facility in Russia, after cross-town rivals Sheremetyevo

and Domodedovo, Vnukovo … (to construct) in 1941 about 15 km. southwest of the capital. 6. Scheduled domestic flights, international charters and business aviation flights ... cur-

rently (to serve). 7. According to a project with foreign partners the existing 22-year-old Sheremetyevo-2

international terminal ... (to refurbish) at the moment. 8. A new international terminal ... (to build), domestic terminal buildings ... (to renovate)

and a third runway ... (to construct) in the nearest future. 9. The airport capacity ... (to expand) to 19 million passengers by 2020. 10. Up-to-date equipment allowing night operations ... (to install) this time last year.

Ex. 129. Put these sentences into the Passive as in the example.

e.g. They will construct a new taxiway next year. A new taxiway will be constructed next year.

1. Drastic changes in the aviation industry prompted the need for the airport master plan update.

2. Airlines deregulation created a change in the domestic air travel system. 3. The changing international market has caused tremendous growth and competition in

the international air market. 4. Major forces within the industry today did not even exist when airport management

prepared the previous master plan. 5. Local planning officials and management analysts had analyzed airport needs before

they made their recommendations. 6. This time last year they were studying the ways of increasing airport capacity. 7. The updated master plan has outlined and documented a programme for the orderly

development of the airport. 8. The plan outlines its recommendations in three stages. 9. According to the master plan engineers will install the most sophisticated facilities

available twenty-four hours a day in all weather conditions. 10. By 2010 they will have completed construction of a new international terminal. 11. They are expanding the recently rebuilt passenger terminal building. 12. The plan aims to meet aviation demands and to provide systematic guidelines to air-

port management in their operation of the airport.




Пассажиры, вылетающие из аэропорта Гэтвик (Лондон) рейсами авиакомпании Амери-канские авиалинии, имеют возможность зарегистрировать свой багаж на железнодорож-ном вокзале Виктория. Они могут сесть на поезд до аэропорта и по прибытии пройти пря-мо к выходу на посадку. Их багаж будет доставлен с вокзала Виктория на самолет служа-щими Американских авиалиний. По пути к самолету багаж будет исследован с помощью рентгеновского аппарата. Для обеспечения безопасности пассажиров предпринимаются все возможные меры.

Недавно в аэропорту Хитроу и в Цюрихе были открыты стойки регистрации на рейсы авиакомпании. Пассажиры могут избежать утренних очередей, приехав в аэро-порт накануне ночью, чтобы зарегистрировать свой багаж, получить посадочные тало-ны и на следующее утро просто пройти к выходу на посадку. Кроме того, для пасса-жиров, имеющих только ручную кладь, все формальности могут быть ускорены. В этом случае пассажиру необходимо зарегистрироваться по телефону за два часа до вы-лета в любой европейской стране, куда летают самолеты Американских авиалиний. Обо всем позаботятся агенты: пассажиру нужно просто подойти к стойке регистрации данной авиакомпании за 45 мин до вылета, чтобы взять свой посадочный талон.


Ex. 131. Read the essay (i. e. a short piece of writing on a particular subject). Match these headings with the paragraphs.

1. conclusion (your opinion) 2. arguments for aviation 3. introduction of the topic 4. arguments against aviation

AVIATION: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Since its birth in December, 1903 aviation has grown significantly and now represents a very important industry. No other achievement of last century has effected the lives of people as profoundly as aviation. It has become part of our life but at the same time the sub-ject of community's concern.

Some people find it necessary to further develop aviation industry, because it successfully fulfills society's demand for fast and economic transportation of people and goods. For ex-



ample, in 2003 the world's airlines carried 1,657 million passengers and 35 million tonnes of freight. Also, aviation creates jobs and makes a significant contribution to the total output of the economy. On the plus side is the mobility of the labour force and development of new markets. Moreover, it has literally pulled the world closer together. The great distances are passed over in a matter of minutes. Consequently, aviation exposes us to ideas and the culture of other people, places and countries.

On the other hand, it is strongly felt by some people that there are some problems, asso-ciated with aviation. One of the reasons for this is possibly the fact that an engine produces pollutant exhaust at take-off and landing which affects local air quality. Furthermore, 'greenhouse gas' emissions change the ozone layer and consequently, the ultraviolet radiation and raise the Earth's temperature. Another reason is that the noise produced by the aircraft affects people at or around airports and as a result residents are driven to seek other com-munities.

All things considered, I believe that despite all the disadvantages, the volume of air traffic will continue to increase due to advances in technology and society's demand. But the whole aviation community can not afford to ignore the environmental problems. It must find the best way to mi-nimize its impact on the environment.

Ex. 132**. Write an essay with the title: “Should new airports be constructed?”

When writing an essay: 1. Introduce the topic. Give some background. This may be historical or per-

sonal. 2. Make a list of arguments 'for'. Choose two or three main points. Give

examples where possible. 3. Make a list of arguments 'against'. Choose two or three main points. Back up

your arguments with examples. 4. In conclusion give your own personal opinion about the topic ( In my opi-

nion, ..., All things considered, I believe that ...). 5. Write in a formal or neutral style, using formal vocabulary and phrases, for-

mal linkers (moreover, ... furthermore, ... also, ... however, ... ) and passives when appropriate.



Section VI

AIRPORT OPERATION

Phonetics


[s] stall, emphasis, warehouse, lease; lessee, assign, substantial [z] warehouses, merchandise, compromise; compose, desirable; expertise [S] sure, pressure, mission, session; ensure, insurance, concession, profession [Z] usual, usually, visual, measure, leisure, pleasure, treasure, casual [Zn] invasion, decision, provision, confusion, precision; supervision [T] through, theme, thick, thin, think, thought, month, path, birth [D] they, their, them, that, those, this, these, though, otherwise; although [sJ] ceiling; receive, receipt, deceive, perceive, conceive

[n] knot, knee, kneel, knife, knight, knock, know, knowledge.


To compromise, restaurant, bar, cafeteria, bank, taxi, automobile parking, souvenir, liq-uor, tobacco, perfume, camera, radio, computer, calculator, optical, electronic, traditionally, historically, to lease, office, airlines agencies, hangar, commercial activities, to specialize, contract, conference, airport administration, the circulation of promotional material, interest, group, local, proportion, Europe, America, Asia, region.

Vocabulary


aeronautical adj ["eqre'nLtIk(q)l] авиационный, аэронавигационный

asset nc capital asset

['xset] актив основной капитал, основные фонды

beverage nc ['bevqrIG] напиток (любой, кроме воды)



bulk nu buy in bulk sell in bulk the bulk of sth bulky adj

[bAlk] большие размеры,большое коли-чество делать оптовые закупки продавать оптом/без упаковки большая часть чего-л. большой, объемистый

cater vi cater for dinners catering nu

['keItq(r)]

['keIt(q)rIN]

снабжать продовольствием обслуживать обеды поставка продуктов

circumstance nc in/under the circums-tances under no circums-tances

['sWkqmstqns] обстоятельство, условие при данных обстоятельствах ни при каких условиях

concede vt concession nc grant/renew conces-sions concessionaire nc

[kqn'sJd]

[kqn'seSn]

[kqn"seSq'neq]

уступать уступка, концессия предоставить/возобновить кон-цессии концессионер

confectionery nu [kqn'fekSqnrI] кондитерские изделия

entity nc ['entqtI] бухг. самостоятельное хозяйст-венное подразделение

expertise nc, nu ["ekspW'tJz] специальные знания, компетентность, эрудиция

incur vt (-rr-) incur losses incur debts incur great expense

[In'kW(r)] подвергаться потерпеть убытки влезть в долги нести большие расходы

lease vt; nc lease sth (to sb) lease sth (from sb) put sth out to/on lease take sth on lease lessor nc lessee nc

[lJs]

['lesq]

[le'sJ]

cдавать/брать в аренду; аренда сдавать что-л. в аренду кому-л. арендовать что-л. у кого-л. сдавать что-л. в аренду брать что-л. в аренду арендодатель арендатор



merchandise vt; nu ['mWCqndaIz] торговать; товары, уст. торговля

outlay vt (outlaid) outlay nc enormous outlay on/for sth

[aut'leI]

['autleI]

расходовать, тратить деньги расходы, затраты огромные расходы на что-л.

overall adj (attrib), adv

["quvqr'Ll] полный, общий

permit vt, vi (-tt-) permission nu

[pq'mIt]

[pq'mISn]

позволять, разрешать разрешение

premises n pl off/on the premises

['premIsIz] недвижимость; помещение, зда-ние на/за пределами территории;

rapid adj ['rxpId] быстрый, скорый

receive vt receipt nu on receipt of the news receipt (pl) receipt nc get a receipt for the goods sign a receipt

[rI'sJv]

[rI'sJt]

получать получение по получении новостей денежные поступления, выручка расписка в получении, квитанция получить расписку за товар подписать расписку

recover vt recoverable adj recovery nu

recovery of damages

[rI'kAvq(r)]

[rI'kAvqrqbl)]

[rI'kAvqrI]

возмещать, покрывать возместимый возмещение возмещение ущерба

rent vt rent sth (from sb) rent sth (out) (to sb) rent nc, nu rental nc

[rent]

[rent]

['rentl]

сдать/брать внаем взять что-л. напрокат у кого-л. дать что-л. напрокат кому-л. рента; арендная плата сумма арендной платы

retain vt retain control over sth retention nu (formal) the retention of funds

[rI'teIn]

[rI'tenSn]

сохранить, удержать сохранить контроль над чем-л. сохранение, удержание сохранение фондов

stall nc [stLl] ларек, киоск



substantial adj substantial building a substantial sum of money

[sqb'stxnSl]

1. прочный, солидный прочное здание 2. важный, существенный значительная сумма денег

transaction nc, nu [trxn'zxkSn] сделка, операция

vicinity nu, nc in close vicinity to the airport in the vicinity of the airport

[vI'sInqtI]

соседство, близость в непосредственной близости к аэропорту в районе аэропорта

warehouse nc ['weqhaus] склад

workshop nc ['wWkSPp] мастерская


To recover total costs, to incur losses on aeronautical activities, to compromise safety or security, rentals of leased land and premises, receipts from commercially-oriented non-aeronautical activities, food and beverage concessions, airline catering services, to contain shops or stalls dealing in such items as confectionery, to include such bulky merchandise as automobiles, in the vicinity of the airport, rentals of workshops and warehouses, to retain overall control through contractual arrangements, to possess the expertise and marketing knowledge, to require substantial capital outlays, charges on air traffic.

Reading


1. What is the main function of the airport? 2. Which non-aeronautical activities are carried out at airports? 3. Which concessions are most frequently found at airports?




AIRPORT OPERATION

Revenues from non-aeronautical activities are in fact the principal means by which a growing number of airports are able to recover their total costs, because their profits from these activities more than cover the losses most of them incur on their aeronautical activities. However, it is im-portant to ensure that no concession be permitted that could in any way compromise safety or se-curity on airport land and premises.

Non-aeronautical activities occupying airport building space and land are many and va-ried. They include a wide range of different shops, offices and other premises occupied by air-lines and governmental agencies. Airport revenues from non-aeronautical activities chiefly con-sist of fees for the rights to operate businesses at the airport, rentals of leased land and premises and, to a much lesser extent, receipts from commercial activities operated by the airport itself.

Most common commercially-oriented non-aeronautical activities are aviation fuel suppli-ers, food and beverage concessions (restaurants, bars, cafeterias, etc.) duty-free shops, banks and foreign exchange facilities, airline catering services, taxi services, car rental agencies and automobile parking. Even the smallest airport terminal buildings usually contain shops or stalls dealing in such items as confectionery, reading material and souvenirs.

Duty-free shops exist at most international airports, although sales may be restricted to liq-uor, tobacco and perfumes at the smaller locations. As traffic increases, duty-free sales tend to expand, often rapidly, to include watches, cameras and optical equipment, radios and other sound-producing equipment, various electronic devices (computers, calculators, games, etc.). Although the emphasis is on high value portable items, duty-free sales at a number of airports have in recent years expanded to include such bulky merchandise as automobiles. While access to duty-free shops has been traditionally limited to departing traffic, in recent years a number of airports have also successfully operated duty-free shops for arriving passengers.

Historically, most of the concession trade has been aimed primarily at travellers and ac-companying friends and relations. However, a growing number of airports have been paying increasing attention to the market composed of people working at the airport and those living in its vicinity, developing for this market such concessions as supermarkets, cinemas and res-taurants.

In addition to the rental of premises for merchandising purposes, office space in terminal buildings, if available, can be leased. The main lessees would normally be airlines and gov-ernment agencies. Rentals of hangars, workshops and warehouses by the airport tend to be



less common. Although these facilities are usually constructed on land leased from the air-port, they are often owned by other entities.

At most airports non-aeronautical commercial activities are conducted by outside parties specialized in the businesses while airports retain overall control through contractual ar-rangements. This is because airports generally do not possess the expertise and marketing knowledge required to conduct these activities. In some circumstances, however, it may be more advantageous for an airport to operate certain activities itself, particularly those not re-quiring specialized knowledge or substantial capital outlays, such as automobile parking or the provision of conference facilities. As non-aeronautical activities expand, airport admin-istrations may find it necessary or desirable to assign their supervision to a separate ma-nagerial unit.

Particularly important but sometimes overlooked is the promotion of the airport as an at-tractive market or location for various types of businesses. This is because the business community may not fully appreciate the commercial opportunities offered by the airport, par-ticularly in the early stages of its development of non-aeronautical activities; consequently, the airport needs to actively promote itself by such means as the preparation and circulation of promotional material. Also, the media should be used to publicize the airport as a place of trade; and contacts should be established with such interest groups as local chambers of commerce, etc.

More and more airports recover their expenses through charges on air traffic and income from concessions, rentals and other non-aeronautical sources. The proportion of income from non-aeronautical sources has continued to increase and is now the main source of income (more than 50 percent) for major airports in Europe and North America, as well as the Mid-dle East, Asia and the Pacific Regions.


1. Why is it important to promote airport non-aeronautical activities? 2. What do they include? 3. Which changes have occurred in duty-free shops operation recently? 4. Who is the airport concession trade aimed at? 5. What facilities are usually leased?



6. Why do most airports prefer to arrange for non-aeronautical commercial activities to be conducted by outside parties?

7. Who retains overall control? 8. How can airport non-aeronautical activities be promoted?

Vocabulary practice


Покрывать затраты, ставить под угрозу безопасность, доходы аэропорта от нелет-ной деятельности, плата за право осуществлять коммерческую деятельность, плата за сданную в аренду землю и постройки, поставщики авиационного топлива, крупнога-баритные товары, находиться во владении самостоятельных хозяйственных подразде-лений, посторонняя организация, сохранять общий контроль путем контрактных со-глашений, при некоторых обстоятельствах, отдельное управленческое подразделение, полностью оценить коммерческие возможности, на ранних стадиях развития.


To get back; to bring (something bad or unpleasant) on oneself; to allow; a building with its land; a right given by owner(s) of land or by a government to do something; a table, small open shop used by a trader in a market, on a street etc; regular payment for the use of land, a building, offices, machinery etc; something that has an independent existence; expert know-ledge and skill; an amount of money that is spent.


beverage, confectionery, duty-free shops, catering, foreign exchange facilities.


A B 1. losses a. to decrease 2. to permit b. slowly 3. wide c. profits 4. to include d. to exclude



5. compact e. to prohibit 6. high f. narrow 7. to increase g. to contract 8. to expand h. bulky 9. rapidly i. minor 10. major j. low

Noun suffixes -er and -ee Common noun suffixes –er/-or are used for the person who does an activity, (e.g. a writ-

er) and also for things which do a particular job (e.g. a projector). -er and -ee can contrast with each other meaning “person who does something” (-er/-or)

and “person who receives or experiences the action” (-ee). e.g. employer – a person who employs others, employee – a person who is employed.

Ex. 144*. A: Form nouns from these verbs with the suffixes -er, -or.

Fly, propel, adapt, receive, design, consume, hold, contain, travel, calculate, clean. B: Which of them mean a thing, a person, or both?

Ex. 145*. Form nouns from these verbs with the suffixes –er and –ee. Explain their meanings.

To train, to examine, to address, to recover, to send, to evacuate, to assign, to promise, to transfer, to lease, to pay.

Ex. 146. A: Study the usage of these terms: income, profit, revenue, yield, gain B: Think of your own examples.

income a gain or recurrent benefit that is usually measured in money and for a given period of time, derives from capital, labour, or a com-bination of both, includes gains from transactions in capital assets, but excludes unrealized advances in value: commercial revenue or receipts of any kind except receipts or returns of capital.

profit 1. the excess of returns over expenditure in a transaction or series of transactions.

2. the ratio of profit for a given year to the amount of capital in-vested or to the value of sales.



revenue the return from landed property or other source of income. yield the return upon a financial investment usually expressed as a per-

centage of cost (a 4% yield). gain an increase of value

Ex. 147. Look at the definitions from column B and match them with the words from column A.

A B 1. income a. доходы; денежные поступления. Доход от любой собственности

или услуги. 2. profit b. прибыль. Величина, на которую доходы превышают затраты на их

получение. 3. revenue c. прибыль; прирост. 4. yield d. доход; поступление; прибыль.

1) поступления от собственности, например рента, проценты, диви-денды, прибыли и выплаты за использование авторского права или патента; 2) денежные суммы или другие материальные преимущест-ва, полученные от использования земли или труда; 3) величина, на которую доходы превышают связанные с ними расходы за отчетный период.

5. gain e. доходность. Годовая величина коэффициента окупаемости капи-таловложений, подсчитанная путем деления годовой прибыли на сумму инвестиций, выраженная в процентах.


Prior … setting a concession fee or rental charge it is necessary to estimate the costs to the airport of providing building premises or land to each … the various concessionaires or lessees involved, … order to establish a minimum for the fees and charges to be set … each case. This is to prevent the airport … incurring any losses … the activities concerned. However, since a prime objective is normally for the airport to derive as much profit as possible … non-aeronautical activities, it is necessary, particularly … relation … commercial trading activities, to establish the market value … the various airport premises for different non-aeronautical activ-ities. An assessment of the market value … the premises offered usually involves comparison … premises of similar character … the vicinity … the airport or in the downtown area.



Ex. 149. A: Learn to distinguish between the words which are often confused.

1. Access (n) – the way in(to) a place; Excess (adj) – additional.

2. Among (prep) – of more than two; Between (prep) – for two only.

3. Amount (n) – with uncountable nouns; Number (n) – with countable nouns.

4. Differ from (v) – to be unlike, not the same; Different from (adj) – unlike, not the same.

5. Farther (adj) – used for distance; Further (adj) – used for distance, time, degree, and quality.

6. Fewer (adj) – with countable nouns; Less (adj) – with uncountable nouns.

7. Like (prep) – in the same way as (+object); Such as (prep) – for example.

8. Most (adj) – the greatest part; Almost (adv) – very nearly.

9. Personal (adj) – private; Personnel (n) – the people employed in a business or organization.

10. Principal (n, adj) – very important, primary; the director of a school; Principle (n) – a generally known truth or belief.

B: Choose the correct word to complete the sentences.

1. According to forecasts, the total domestic and international traffic carried by world air-lines will stabilize and rebound followed by farther/further growth.

2. There is an almost/most endless list of careers associated with aviation. 3. Aviation has caused twentieth-century man to re-evaluate his social traditions and his

economic principles/principals. 4. Aeroflot considers excess/access to an alliance a vital strategic move required for se-

curing a proper place among/between the global carriers. 5. The airliners have identified a number/amount of distinct market segments. 6. Promoting the air carrier does not different/differ from other competitive industries’

practices.



7. Marketing personal/personnel is responsible for determining when a change in price is necessary.

8. Other amenities like/such as a first aid station, bus services and cafes offer convenient services for the travelling public.

C: Take at least three of the words you didn’t choose above and write a sentence to show how they are used.

Grammar

Ex. 150. Match the adjectives in column A with their corresponding nouns in column B.

A B long, short weight wide, narrow depth heavy, light width big, small length deep, shallow height high, tall, low size

Adjectives and adverbs Adverbs are normally (but not always) formed by adding –ly to an adjective. However

some adjectives end in –ly ( e.g. friendly) and some words can be used both as an adjective and an adverb (e.g. fast). In other cases, the adverb may have two forms (e.g. late and late-ly), one like the adjective and the other with –ly. There is usually a difference of meaning or use: lately = recently; hardly = scarcely; nearly = almost; highly – figurative; deeply – fi-gurative.

Most adjectives go before a noun (a prime objective) and after be, seem, appear, look, smell, taste, feel, sound, become, get (good).

Adverbs describe a verb (to expand rapidly), an adjective (really important) or another adverb (extremely well). An adverb usually follows a verb, but may also be found in other places in a sentence.



Ex. 151. Divide the following words into adjectives and adverbs. Which can be used as both?

Little, lonely, primarily, significant, fast, lovely, rapidly, substantial, hard, well, low, free, deep, lately, friendly, successfully, high, wide, early, chiefly, far, nearly, generally, late, hardly

Ex. 152. Choose the correct form in these sentences.

1. Icarus flew so high/highly that the Sun melted the wax that held together his feathered wings.

2. The Zeppelin airships were high/highly respected aircraft, as bombers in war and as airliners in peace.

3. At present all industries, including civil aviation, are undergoing fast/fastly changes. 4. After the events of September 2001 both traffic and revenues declined considera-

ble/considerably. 5. Late/lately there has been a significant/significantly reduction in traffic volume. 6. An international/internationally airport usual/usually plays a major role in a state’s

economy. 7. Non-aeronautical activities are essential/essentially located in or by the terminal. 8. Airport management has been working hard/hardly to recover all airport costs. 9. The financial situation of the airport seemed sound/soundly. 10. The promotion of the airport as an attractive/attractively market depends

heavy/heavily on media.

Ex. 153*. Complete the chart.

positive comparative superlative long

difficult longer

more difficult the longest

the most difficult good/well … …

… less … … farther … … … most

light … … advantageous … …

… … the most expensive … … the worst … more important …



Ex. 154. Make all the changes and additions to produce nine sentences according to the pattern.

Example: more money/airport/make/rich/become The more money the airport makes, the richer it becomes. We use “the+comparative (+subject+verb)” pattern to say that things change or vary to-gether, or that two variable quantities are systematically related.

1. wide/range of non-aeronautical activities/high/profits 2. high/profits/less/losses/airports/incur on their aeronautical activities 3. more/traffic/increase/more/duty-free sales/expand 4. more/non-aeronautical activities/expand/desirable/it/to assign their supervision to a

separate managerial unit 5. high/supply/low/prices 6. more/level of demand/increase/high/prices 7. more/information/come in/distinct/picture 8. remote/location of building space or land/lower/ the market value 9. large/airport/wide/range of activities

Ex. 155. Supply the correct form of the adjectives and adverbs in brackets. Add any other words that may be necessary.

Everyone knows that ______ (great) advantage of passenger transport by air is speed – but it is ______ (expensive) than any other means of transport. Or is it? A modern airliner in flight is six or seven times ______ (fast) as travel by train, bus or car. But its access time – the time consumed in getting to the airport, waiting to board the aircraft, waiting to get your luggage at the end of the flight, getting to your destination – reduces this advantage. Even so, aircraft travel is nearly three times ______ (fast) than any of the others. ______ (long) the flight, of course, ______ (much) time saved by air travel. If time has some value, air travel is unquestionably ______ (cheap) form of passenger transport. Surveys show that about one-half of the passengers on an airline flight are businessmen, the others are flying for personal reasons. This suggests that people travel on business ______ (often) as they do for pleasure.




На протяжении многих лет, вплоть до 2001 года, финансовое положение междуна-родных аэропортов продолжало улучшаться частично оттого, что все больше и больше аэропортов возмещали свои расходы, взимая плату за воздушные перевозки и благода-ря доходам от концессий, арендной платы и других видов нелетной деятельности. Фактически, в 2002 году доходы от нелетной, или коммерческой деятельности соста-вили более 50 % от общей выручки аэропортов мира, и стали основным источником дохода большинства крупнейших аэропортов Европы и Северной Америки, а также Ближнего Востока. Финансовое положение международных аэропортов Африки и Ла-тинской Америки было не таким благоприятным, как в других регионах, и доходы от нелетной деятельности были намного ниже.


Ex. 157. A: Categorize the activities into two groups:

1. commercially-oriented non-aeronautical activities. 2. air transport-related activities.

Food and beverage concessions, aircraft repair, aircraft maintenance, air navigation ser-vices, banks/foreign exchange facilities, business centres, taxi services, airline booking, car rentals, duty-free shops, aircraft servicing, car parking, hotels/motels, ground handling, ca-tering services producing in-flight meals, airport/city communal transport services.

B: Discuss in pairs, then in groups the following questions:

Which commercially-oriented non-aeronautical activities are more profitable? Which of them would you develop first? Why?

Ex. 158**. Write a short report (i. e. a spoken summary or written document that gives information about a particular subject, situation, or event) that conveys the information displayed in the charts.

Some 4,000 airports are open for scheduled operations, including about 1,200 interna-tional airports around the globe. The charts below show the percentages of the world’s air-ports total revenues. What do the charts tell you?

Use expressions below:



According to a recent survey … A new survey of … conducted by … found that … The report found that … This suggests that a significant number … In fact … Actually … In addition … The report concluded that …

World’s Airports Total Revenues

(Source: recent survey by the Airports Council International )

1

2

1

2

1 – non-aeronautical activities (53.5%=$22.6 billion) 2 – aeronautical activities (46.5%=$19.6 billion) Employment – 4.5 million jobs worldwide

2001

1 – non-aeronautical activities (30%) 2 – aeronautical activities (70%) Employment – 3.8 million jobs

worldwide

1990



Section VII

AVIATION SAFETY

Phonetics


[j] year, yet, yesterday, young, you, youth, use, human, failure; continuous; evaluation

[h] history, hazard, hazardous, whole, whose, health; historically, however, enhance; uphold

[r] growth, traffic, barrier, strain; result, rely, reliable, respond, create, proactive, occurrence

[kw] equip, equipment, quick, question, quarter, quality, quantity, consequence, qualify; require, requirement; questionnaire, qualification

[f] force, safety, factor, emphasis, sphere, physics, phase, phrase, photocopy ; effective, performance, defence, phenomenon

[v] improve, advance, achieve, activity, evolve; evolution, evaluation, investigation, aviation

[f-v] vital forces, aviation safety, improve safety, manage safety effectively, prevent failure, favourable environment, perform to perfection, function collectively, achieve safety, improve performance, evaluation of performance, evolution of movement


The history of aviation, a decade, complex technical systems, the component of the avia-tion industry, transportation infrastructures, air navigation services, types and configurations, factors, demonstrable results, barriers, traditionally, management programmes, historically, management processes, organizational, commercial, industry leaders, management systems, the characteristics of a system, monitoring and documentation, organization, to function col-lectively, a standard, to address, potential, operational systems, aspects of the service or products.



Vocabulary


conform vi conform to/with sth conformity nu conformity to/with sth

in conformity with instruc-tions (formal)

[kqn'fLm]

[kqn'fLmqtI]

согласоваться, соответствовать соответствовать, подчиняться чему-л. соответствие, согласованность соответствие чему-л.

в соответствии с указаниями

deficiency nc, nu deficient adj deficient in knowledge

[dI'fISnsI]

[dI'fISnt]

отсутствие, нехватка; недостаток несовершенный, недостающий с пробелами в знаниях

eliminate vt elimination nu

[I'lImIneIt]

[I"lImI'neISn]

устранять, исключать удаление, исключение

evolve vi, vt evolve (sth) from/out of sth evolution nu

[I'vPlv]

["Jvq'lHSn]

развиваться развить что-л. из чего-л. развитие, эволюция

feedback nu ['fJdbxk] обратная связь, связь с потребителем

hazard vt; nc take hazards run/stand the hazard at all hazards hazardous adj

['hxzqd]

['hxzqdqs]

рисковать; риск, опасность идти на риск рисковать любой ценой

рискованный, опасный

International Standards Or-ganization ISO

["aI es 'qu] Международная организация по стандартизации

latent adj (no comp) ['leItqnt] скрытый, латентный

layer nc ['leIq(r)] слой, пласт

occur vi (-rr-) occur to sb occurrence nc

[q'kW(r)]

[q'kArqns]

случаться, происходить приходить в голову случай, происшествие

overlap vt, vi (-pp-) ["quvq'lxp] заходить один за другой; перекры-вать; частично совпадать



proactive adj [prqu'xktIv] заблаговременный, предупредитель-ный, предусмотрительный

strain vt, vi; nc, nu [streIn] напрягаться, делать усилие; напряжение, перегрузка

uphold vt (formal) [Ap'hquld] поддерживать


To strain most transportation infrastructures, to insist on improved services and enhanced safety, layers of overlapping defences, to respond to feedback, to coincide with the evolution of the “quality movement”, to uphold safety, according to ISO 9000, to eliminate failures, to achieve the ideal standard of zero defects, conformity to standards, latent conditions, proac-tive management of safety.

Reading

Ex. 163. Answer the question. Tell the class.

Why is it important to enhance aviation safety?

Ex. 164. Read the text and check you answer.

AVIATION SAFETY

The history of aviation has been one of continuous change. In the past two decades com-plex technical systems have been introduced into most components of the aviation industry. Global economic forces have led to growth in air traffic that has strained most transportation infrastructures. Airlines now demand higher standards of efficiency from air navigation ser-vices, increased capacity from airports, and a wider selection of aircraft types and configura-tions. The flying public insists on improved services and enhanced safety.

These factors have caused a need to manage aviation safety effectively. Safety must be managed purposefully, with targeted goals and demonstrable results. The emphasis must be on performance. Aviation safety is achieved by building layers of overlapping defences. Cir-cumstances leading to occurrences are predicted, and barriers (or defences) preventing acci-dents are constructed. Traditionally, these barriers have depended on people and equipment functioning in a reliable and predictable manner. For these reasons, quality man-agement programmes have played an important role in aviation for many years.



Historically, aviation safety has been built on quality management processes. Equipment must function reliably, people must perform dependably, and organizations must respond to feedback.

However, safety cannot be upheld by quality management alone. Technical systems and equipment do fail and people err, especially during times of significant operational, organiza-tional and commercial change. Those industry leaders who understand accident causes, have started to combine quality and safety management systems so they benefit from the strength of reliable quality management system (QMS) processes and the proactive measures of an advanced safety management system (SMS). Safety and quality management systems share certain characteristics. Both rely on measurement, monitoring and documentation. Both also rely on the whole organization functioning collectively to improve performance.

According to ISO 9000, a quality management system encourages “organizations to ana-lyse customer requirements, define the processes that contribute to the achievement of a product which is acceptable to the customer, and to keep these processes under control.” Fur-thermore, an organization that operates a quality management system “creates confidence in the capability of its processes and the reliability of its products, and provides a basis for con-tinual improvement.”

Quality management systems, like all other management systems, have weaknesses. Firstly, even where an organization's quality goals are based on performance, the evaluation or measurement of actual performance is often overlooked. Secondly, most quality manage-ment systems regard human and organizational errors not as predictable consequences, but as signs of carelessness and failures that can be eliminated. Such organizations direct their energies to achieving the ideal standard of zero defects.

A carefully constructed safety management system can address many of these potential defi-ciencies. In fact, the safety management system has evolved because accidents occur even when non-compliance with existing standards was not a factor. Latent conditions exist in or-ganizations or in operational systems despite the appearance of conformity to standards. As accident investigations have shown, latent conditions may remain unnoticed. System hazards can be unidentified despite quality management processes. The characteristics of an advanced SMS make it possible to identify such latent conditions.

A quality management system applies to all aspects of the services or products that an or-ganization provides. One of its greatest strengths is the potential to achieve improvements. The great strength of a safety management system is its capability to assess relative safety risks associated with the services or products they provide, thus contributing to the proactive management of safety.




1. Which factors have caused a need to manage safety effectively? 2. How can aviation safety be achieved? 3. Why is quality management so important in aviation? 4. What common characteristics do QMS and SMS share? 5. What is the purpose of quality management system according to ISO 9000? 6. Which weaknesses of quality management system can you name? 7. What is the greatest strength of SMS and QMS?

Vocabulary practice


Безопасность на воздушном транспорте, увеличение пропускной способности аэро-портов, намеченные цели, наглядные результаты, создание перекрывающих друг друга пластов защиты; зависеть от людей и оборудования; понимать причины происшествий; предупредительные меры; анализировать потребности покупателя; приемлемый для по-купателя; создать основу для непрерывного совершенствования; упускать из вида оценку или мерило фактической деятельности, не как предсказуемые последствия, а как признаки небрежности и неудач; потенциальные недостатки (недочеты); несмотря на кажущееся (внешнее) соответствие стандартам; расследование происшествий.


A period of ten years; to try very hard to do something; a happening; comments about how well or how badly someone is doing something, which are intended to help them do it better; taking action and making changes before they need to be made, rather than waiting until problems develop; a fault; to develop from an earlier or simpler state; present but not yet active, developed or visible.


Global, performance, to fail, a weakness, deficiency, a hazard.

Ex. 169*. Match the formal words in column A with their neutral



equivalents in column B.

A B 1. to uphold a. to live 2. receipt b. according to 3. to grant c. prevalent 4. in conformity with d. to make a mistake 5. predominant e. to maintain 6. to reside f. receiving 7. to err g. to begin 8. to commence h. to give

Ex. 170. A: Learn to distinguish between the words which are often confused.

1. Accept (v) – take, receive, agree; Except (prep) – not including.

2. Affect (v) – influence or change, esp in a harmful way; Effect (v) – cause (something) to happen as a result.

3. Beside (prep) – near to; Besides (prep) – in addition to.

4. Former (n) – the first of two people or things; First (number) – the first of three or more people or things.

5. Later (adj) – the comparative form of ‘late’: Latter (pron, adj) – the second of two people or things.

6. Lay (v) (pres p laing; pt,pp laid) – place or put (+object); Lie (v) (pres p lying; pt lay, pp lain) – be, put oneself flat on a surface (never takes an object).

7. Lie (v) (pres p lying; pt lay, pp lain) – be, put oneself flat on a surface; Lie (v) (pres p lying; pt,pp lied) – not to tell the truth.

8. Passed (v) – went by or through; Past (n) – all the time before the present.

9. Raise (v) – lift (+object); Rise (v) (pt rose, pp risen) – go up or higher (never takes an object).

10. Special (adj) – not usual or ordinary; Especially (adv) – particularly.



B: Choose the correct word to complete the sentence.

1. The World Tourism Organization has raised/risen a question about the development of essential air services for tourism to the least developed countries.

2. The Tupolev TU-134 was in wide use during the later/latter months of 1958. 3. A new generation of aircraft will be economical and environmentally accepta-

ble/exceptable. 4. No other achievement of last century has effected/affected the lives of people as pro-

foundly as aviation. 5. Beside/besides the full-time civil aviation careers, there are thousands of opportunities

to involve aviation in one’s life. 6. If two airlines offer a seat and one airline charges one dollar fewer/less than its com-

petitor, the customer will likely book on the first/former, because the latter/later will be listed at the bottom of the listing.

7. Some airlines try to attract passengers, special/especially the high-yield business pas-sengers, with ads in printed matter, TV commercials, etc.

8. The project is intended to lay/lie the foundations for future research.

C: Take at least three of the words you didn’t choose above and write a sentence to show how they are used.

Ex. 171*. Categorize the nouns into three groups:

1. uncountable 2. countable 3. both countable and uncountable uses, perhaps with some difference of meaning.

Experience, news, area, vehicle, advance, restriction, bulk, paper, conformity, emer-gence, elimination, glass, time, device, challenge, relation, permission, demand, billiards, ha-zard, layer, poster, occurrence, catering, solvency, load, measles, feature, deficiency, mathe-matics, strain.



Making uncountable words countable You can make many uncountable nouns singular by adding a bit of or a piece of. Simi-

larly you can make such nouns plural with bits of or pieces of. (Bit is less formal than piece.) Although bit and piece can be used with the majority of uncountable nouns there are also a number of other words which can be used with specific uncountable nouns, e. g. a gust of wind, a state of emergency.

Ex. 172. Change the uncountable nouns to countable by using a bit/piece of.

Advice, news, information, furniture, bread, equipment, research.

Ex. 173*. Match the words in the list on the left with their partner on the right. e. g. a loaf of bread (1 – d)

1. a loaf of a) chess 2. a game of b) health 3. a flash of c) luck 4. a stroke of d) bread 5. a state of e) lightning 6. an article of f) rain 7. a shower of g) clothing

Ex. 174. Give the singular of each of the following.

Parties, days, crashes, echoes, photos, halves, feet, people, children, men, aircraft, run-ners-up, oxen, CDs, games, headquarters, calculators.

Ex. 175. Give the plural of each of the following.

Bus, hero, radio, life, series, person, woman, sheep, means, passer-by, watch, MP, kilo, ray, computer, community, itinerary, goal, camera.

Ex. 176. Study plurals of nouns of foreign origin.

1. –is [Is] (Greek and Latin) becomes –es [Jz]: analysis – analyses crisis – crises

2. –on (Greek) becomes –a:



criterion – criteria phenomenon – phenomena

3. –um (Latin) becomes –a: bacterium – bacteria curriculum – curricula

4. –us (Latin) becomes –i: bacillus – bacilli nucleus – nuclei

5. –ex, –ix (Latin) becomes –ices: appendix – appendices matrix – matrices

6. –a (Latin and Greek) becomes –ae: lamina – laminae alga – algae.

Note: the regular plural ( in -s) may be used for ‘appendix, cactus, formula, fungus, index, maximum, medium, memorandum, nucleus, radius’.

Ex. 177. Give the plural of each of the following.

Axis, candelabrum, criterion, radius, thesis, radix, narcissus, stratum, phenomenon, ellip-sis, spectrum, stimulus, oasis, cactus, formula, hypothesis, quantum, fungus, metamorphosis, basis, maximum, antithesis, bronchus, medium, diagnosis.

Ex. 178. Fill in the gaps using the words given below in a proper form.

phenomenon analysis emphasis curriculum crisis basis medium spectrum

1. States meet on a regular … and cooperate in planning the facilities, services and pro-cedures needed to support international civil aviation.

2. ICAO assists Contracting States to develop their own civil aviation facilities, provid-ing guidance on training … .

3. Training planning could provide sufficient information to enable training centres to develop sound business plans based on the equivalent of a market … .

4. The conference managed to satisfy a full … of interests. 5. There has never been a serious study of these … . 6. Among the other subjects discussed at the meeting were environmental issues with an

… on the environmental benefits of implementing new systems.



7. The … should be used to publicize the airport as a place of trade. 8. This course will provide personnel with the knowledge and skills needed to de-

velop and implement sound … operational procedures.

Grammar

Ex. 179**. Choose the correct form of the verb in these sentences.

1. Anybody who have/has lost his boarding-pass should report to the desk. 2. Everyone know/knows that the chief advantage of travelling by air is speed. 3. General aviation, together with commercial aviation, make/makes up the world’s ba-

lanced air transportation network. 4. In fact, one out of every three inter-city passengers travel/travels on a plane. 5. Every participant have/has been notified of the change in schedule. 6. The news was/were very alarming. 7. Physics is/are very difficult. 8. The crew is/are coming back to their homes. 9. The crew is/are flying to London, Heathrow. 10. Mr. Robbins, accompanied by several members of the committee, have/has pro-

posed some changes. 11. Neither of the cars in the accident was/were insured. 12. None of the information was/were made public. 13. None of the tickets was/were sold. 14. Either Mary or her brother is/are booking the tickets. 15. If either of you take/takes a vacation now, we will not be able to finish the work. 16. Neither Jill nor her parents have/has flown before. 17. No problem is/are harder to solve than this one. 18. The majority of airports in Europe and North America has continued/have continued

to increase revenues from non-aeronautical activities. 19. A small but growing number of airports successfully operate/operates duty-free shops

for arriving passengers. 20. Why is/are the number of flights constantly growing? 21. A number of people have/has called about the advertisement. 22. The number of people at the airport was/were amazing. 23. The majority believe/believes that aviation is the safest means of transportation.



24. Half of the tickets was/were sold via the Internet. 25. Neither the cost nor the access time reduce/reduces the advantage of flight.

Ex. 180. Complete the sentences by changing the words in brackets to either to + base form or an –ing form.

Note: Some verbs must always be followed by the infinitive.

afford, agree, appear, arrange, attempt, decide, demand, expect, fail, forget, help, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, refuse, want, wish

Other verbs must always be followed by the gerund.

admit, avoid, can’t help, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, finish, give up, involve, keep, mind, miss, postpone, practise, quit, regret, report, risk, suggest

Some verbs can be followed by either the infinitive or the gerund with little change in meaning.

be accustomed, begin, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, start

• However, to + base form sometimes suggests an action on a specific occasion while –ing sometimes suggests a general statement. 1. The human race can not afford (ignore) the main environmental problems, associated

with aviation. 2. After the events of September 2001 aviation flew into crisis and keeps on (wrestle)

with the challenges. 3. Some airlines managed not only (hold) on to their market shares, but also (advance). 4. Most companies consider (enter) into alliances a vital strategic move. 5. Businesses need (find) a balance between supply and demand. 6. Surveys of major corporations have shown that most of them refuse (locate) plants and

offices in an area that lacks adequate airport facilities.



7. The global aviation safety plan, or GASP, aims (reduce) the number of accidents and fatalities irrespective of the volume of air traffic.

8. A company’s safety management system helps (manage) air safety as an integral part of the company’s business management activities.

9. In 1874 Graf Ferdinand von Zeppelin started (design) military aircraft. 10. Civil aviation continued (expand) and became the backbone of transport system. 11. All people involved in the process will help (reduce) the company’s safety risks to

levels as low as reasonably achievable. 12. Most companies prefer (work) in close cooperation with business partners.

Modal verbs Ability can/be able to (ability in the present/future). Can is more usual and less formal was able to (=managed – ability in the past) is used for either repeated or single actions could (ability in the past). Could is more usual than was able to; it is used in statements

for repeated actions. Can is the Present Simple and could is the Past Simple. Can borrows the rest of the

tenses from be able to.

Ex. 181. Fill in can or be able to in the appropriate tense and form.

1. The aviation industry ... increase its revenues by $ 6.9 billion last year. 2. It is necessary to provide financial assistance to States that ... to get funding through

traditional means of financing. 3. Lately airlines ... to introduce non-stop flights without increasing costs. 4. From a long-term historical perspective it ... be seen that aviation safety has improved

dramatically throughout the past decade. 5. One day people ... go to the moon on holiday. 6. The Wright brothers ... succeed in flying because of their overall design methodology

– they combined theory, experiment and flight test. 7. Revenues from non-aeronautical activities are in fact the principal means by which

airports ... recover their total costs. Possibility: may/might/could+present infinitive (perhaps; it is possible that something will happen

in the future or perhaps it is true at the moment)



may/might/could+perfect infinitive (perhaps something happened in the past) could+perfect infinitive is also used for something which was possible but did not ac-

tually happen Probability: ought to/should+present infinitive (something is probable now or in the future) ought to/should+perfect infinitive (we expected something to happen but we don't know

if it happened or not Logical assumptions: can't/couldn't+present infinitive (I don't think; it is logically improbable) must+present infinitive (I think, I'm fairly sure; it's logically probable) can't is the opposite of must can't/couldn't+perfect infinitive (it is impossible that something happened in the past) must+perfect infinitive (it is very possible that something happened in the past)

Ex. 182. Match the expressions of certainty in column A to those in column B. Work with a partner.

A B a) I’m absolutely sure 1. I might, it might not be, we could be b) I’m almost sure 2. it must be, that can’t be, it will be, it

won’t be c) I’m not really sure 3. it should(n’t) be, she ought(n’t) to

be, it may (not) be

Ex. 183. Fill in: could, may, might, should, ought to, can't, must.

1. It is hard to imagine how air transport ... evolve in the next 100 years. 2. The plane ... have arrived by now. 3. It ... be true. It ... be a lie. 4. War ... break out any day. 5. General aviation ... be further defined as either personal, sport, or business/corporate. 6. The availability and price of fares ... vary by departure time or day of week. 7. In the early days of aviation few ... have imagined the role it is now called on to play.



Obligation – Necessity must/have to (it is necessary, I'm obliged to) must is used only in the present and future when the speaker decides have to is used when the necessity comes from outside the speaker or when others decide

for him ought to/should (duty; it's the right thing to do but people don't always do it) need (it's necessary) Absence of necessity: needn't/don't have to/don't need to (it is not necessary in present or future) didn't need to/didn't have to (it wasn't necessary in the past and we may not know if the

action happened or not) needn't +bare perfect infinitive (we know that something happened in the past although

it was not necessary) Prohibition mustn't (it's forbidden) can't (you aren't allowed to)

Ex. 184. Work with a partner and match the following headings to the four sets of modal verbs and equivalents in the table below: permission, no obligation, obligation, prohibition

A _______ must have to have got to should/ought to is/are supposed to

C _______ don’t have to haven’t got to don’t need to/needn’t

B _______ can’t isn’t/aren’t allowed to mustn’t isn’t/aren’t supposed to

D _______ can is/are allowed to

Ex. 185. Fill in: must, ought to, should or need(n't), have to in the correct form.

1. The media ... be used to publicize the airport as a place of trade.



2. As you direct more revenue towards non-aviation sectors, then airport managers ... start behaving like managers in all other industries do.

3. We ... protect the environment, but we don't always do it. 4. Applications ... be sent before December 30th. 5. The global aviation community ... do more to save lives and to protect the enormous

economic and social benefits of civil aviation. 6. Aviation security ... be treated in the same way as any other element of national de-

fence. 7. Installing modern technologies, such as passenger identification systems, in airports ...

be very expensive.

Ex. 186. Choose an appropriate modal verb. Explain why you use it.

1. Passengers … carry more than one piece of hand luggage onto the aircraft. a) mustn’t b) haven’t got to c) shouldn’t

2. … you read that billboard from this distance? a) must b) should c) can

3. The Boeing 247, built in 1933, … cross the United States in less than twenty hours. a) had to b) could c) can

4. In 1992 Aeroflot was reestablished in the capacity as a national carrier because some-one … fly the colours.

а) must b) had to c) has to 5. In order to improve the airport, its current performance status first … be measured and

evaluated. а) has to b) may c) have to

6. Unusual events which … affect performance figures … recorded, otherwise changes in data … be wrongly attributed to management strategy.

а) should … might … might b) might … should … might 7. Such concessions as supermarkets, cinemas, restaurants … be located in prime space

in the major passenger flow areas, thus permitting more profitable use of building space and land.

a) mustn’t b) shouldn’t c) need not 8. Something … be done with Moscow airports, which now lack the appropriate infra-

structure for business operators. a) has to b) had to c) can




Мир все больше зависит от сильной и динамичной системы гражданской авиации, способной обеспечить безопасную перевозку пассажиров и грузов.

Понятие 'безопасность' в применении к гражданской авиации чрезвычайно емко и делится на две составляющие: безопасность полетов и авиационную безопасность. Первая зависит в основном от персонала авиакомпаний – людей, которые управляют самолетами, ремонтируют и обслуживают их на земле. Она, как мозаика, складывается из сотен отдельных кусочков и зависит от множества факторов – от настроения пилота (так называемый 'человеческий фактор' (human factor), до качества болта, которым крепится та или иная важная деталь.

А вот авиационная безопасность – это защита авиации от актов незаконного вме-шательства в полеты (unlawful interference), то есть, как минимум призвать к порядку буянящего на борту самолета пьяного пассажира, как максимум – обезвредить терро-ристов, решивших захватить воздушное судно (to hijack).

Обеспечение высокого уровня безопасности международного воздушного транс-порта было и остается важнейшей задачей авиационного сообщества.


Ex. 188. Think about the place where you work or study. Are there many rules and regulations? What are they?

e. g. You can't smoke in the office unless you're working late. You are allowed to have your lunch at your desk. You don't have to dress smartly.

Ex. 189. Look at the time management matrix and match the following sentence beginnings to the squares on the matrix.

I must do it today … I should do it today … I must do it soon … I should do it soon …

urgent not urgent important 1 2

not important 3 4



Ex. 190. Complete the sentences in Ex. 189 with an appropriate ending.

1. ... but if I run out of time I can leave it until first thing tomorrow. 2. ... so I'll see if I've got time next week. 3. ... there'll be trouble tomorrow. 4. ... so I'll do it next week.

Ex. 191**. Write your ‘things to do’ list according to the matrix above. Use it to talk to your partner about your priorities for today/this week/this month.

Ex. 192**. Write an essay discussing this statement: “Civil aviation has become the safest means of transport in the world today”.

(Refer to Section V, Ex. 131, 132 and Section II, Ex. 59)



BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. DOC 9713. International Civil Aviation Vocabulary. Parts 1, 2. – ICAO, 2001. 2. DOC 9835. AN 1453. Manual on the Implementation of ICAO Language Proficiency

Requirements. – ICAO, 2004. 3. MACMILLAN Advanced Dictionary. – 2000. 4. Марасанов В.П. Англо-русский словарь по гражданской авиации/ В.П. Мараса-

нов. – М.: Русский язык, 2000. 5. Мюллер В.К. Новый англо-русский словарь: 160 000 слов / В.К. Мюллер. – М.,

2001. 6. Anchorage International Airport. Master Plan Summary Report. 7. Банковское дело. Словарь. – М.: Инфра-М, 2001 8. Harris M., Mower D., Sikorzynska A. Opportunities (Intermediate). - Longman. –

2004. 9. Redman Stuart. English Vocabulary in Use. Pre-Intermediate and Intermediate. Cam-

bridge University Press. – 1997. 10. Round-Up 5. Pearson Education Limited, Harlow Essex, England. – 2003. 11. ICAO/Cessna-air Age Education Programme. Students’ Textbook. – 1999. 12. Soars J., Soars L. New Headway (Intermediate) / John Soars, Liz Soars. – Oxford

University Press. – 1998. 13. Neradko A. Revival of the Russian Civil Aviation //Aerospace Сourier. –2003. – №

1. 14. Zheleznyak S. Aeroflot – Yesterday and Now // Aerospace Сourier – 2003. –№ 1. 15. Giovanni Carnaroli H. Airfares in a deregulated environment shaped by several market-

based factors / H. Giovanni Carnaroli, FAA. – ICAO Journal. – Volume 56. – 2001. 16. Kay S. & Jones V. Inside Out (Intermediate). – Macmillan Heinemann, 2004. 17. Mein D. Safety Management Systems Promote a Positive Safety Culture That Can

Pay Dividends // ICAO Journal. – Vol. 57. – 2002. – № 4. 18. Mein D. Quality and safety management processes // ICAO Journal. – Vol. 58. –

2003. – № 4.



Appendix I

TEST ОП AVIATION ENGLISH FOR MANAGERS

Test yourself choosing the best answer: A, B or C.

1. Aviation got its start in December, … at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. A 1904 B 1905 C 1903

2. The first four-engine aeroplane to fly was the highly successful ‘…’. A Russian Knight B Flyer C Spirit of St. Louis

3. The development of … is considered to be the greatest advance in aviation.

A an automatic pilot B jet propulsion C a metal framework

4. The … is an aeroplane which has two pairs of wings, one set above the other. A monoplane B biplane C triplane

5. If you work … , you work beyond your regular working hours. A part-time B from time to time C overtime

6. Our ability to fly, … passengers is an integral part of the global economy. A like B sо C as 7. A new generation of aircraft ... more economical, environmentally acceptable and socially beneficial A become B has become C have become

8. In 1910 a Zeppelin airship … her service with the airlines. A begаn B had begun C has begun

9. Aviation has changed man’s concept of the relationship … time and distance. A between B of C amоng



10. … plans improvements and expansion of the airport, supervises construction, directs maintenance of runways, taxiways, hangars and terminal buildings. A a meteorologist B an airport engineer C an airport manager

11. Man himself left the ground for the first time in a Montgolfier … . A balloon B aircraft C airship

12. Russian civil aviation dates back to February 9, … . A 1917 B 1925 C 1923 13. Latent conditions may ... dormant, their presence sometimes obscured by the standards in place. A lie B lay C lain

14. In Russia air transport … exceeds the population solvency. A ability B capacity C capability 15. Not least among aviation’s benefits is its ability to … nation’s strength. A step up B fall apart C head for

16. The Committee took a … to hold a conference on flight safety problems. A risk B measures C decision

17. Aviation advanced ... a very important industry and contributed ... developing towns and jobs. A forward, to B into, to C to, to

18. Air travel has grown substantially ... the last 40 years. A since B for C during

19. Since its birth the global aviation community ... everything possible to protect the enormous economic and social benefits of civil aviation. A is doing B has done C has been doing

20. The world community … still ... how to combat acts of violence involving aviation. A is learning B was learning C has learned



21. Safety and security always ... among global aviation industry’s top priori-ties. A have been B has been C are

22. Only 15 years ago the name Aeroflot referred ... the entire civil aviation of our country. A for B at C to

23. The Boeing 247 was soon ... by the new low-wing monoplane airliner intro-duced by the Douglas Company. A displaced B replaced C interplaced

24. Something that you hope to achieve in the future is your ... . A objective B goal C aim

25. The airline considers entering into an alliance a vital strategic move required for securing a proper place ... the global carriers. A among B between C in

26. Lately the company … a lot to deserve reputation for innovation, efficiency and quality. A did B has done C does

27. In the early days of the last century, mass transportation ... earth-bound and relatively slow. A was B has been C had been

28. Until September 2001 the financial situation of international airports ... to im-prove on an annual basis for many years. A had continued B continued C had been continuing

29. Less than four years after the end of World War II, Britain ... the de-Havilland Comet, powered by four turbojets. A had been flying B flew C was flying



30. Profit left after paying tax is ... profit. A net B gross C anticipated

31. The four “Ps” of the marketing mix – product, ... , place and promotion – are important factors in determining the actual fares that appear in the market. A payment B price C profit 32. Pricing ... set the actual price that airlines charge for each fare product. A analysts B analysers C analists

33. To reach the greatest number of potential customers, airlines generally offer most of their published fares through various ... . A CSRs B RSCs C CRSs

34. Airlines also distribute their fares through specialized travel agents known as ... . A consolidators B customers C cashiers

35. Step by step, networks of passenger and freight air services were set … . A out B up C forward

36. Many agents will add service fees to … the fare up for sale to increase profits. A move B mark C make

37. ... is used when referring to payment to be paid when buying individual things as in shops. A price B cost C fare

38. The amount of money paid or asked for goods or services is … . A price B cost C fare

39. The cost of a journey by bus, ship, taxi is ... . A price B cost C fare



40. ... price is a price that is not controlled or limited in any way. A free-market B inflated C consumer product

41. Promotion of an airline depends heavily ... the medium. A on B from C of

42. If the level of demand increases and supply is unchanged, the price will .... . A remain steady B fall C rise

43. Prices generally fall if the supply ... . A increases B will increase C increase

44. If an airline offers a non-stop service, it ... more than competing connecting services. A charged B will charge C is charging

45. The positive impact of aviation’s development ... in greater economic strength and growth for mankind A has resulted B had resulted C have resulted

46. The news ... very alarming. A are B was C were

47. The third largest Moscow airport, ... , does not have land problems. A Sheremetyevo B Vnukovo C Domodedovo 48. The airport acts as a ... for business development and an innovator in regional business development. A catalysis B catalyst C catalizator

49. In case prohibited items are detected a passenger ... to a special area for a more detailed control. A will be invited B are invited C is inviting

50. The large-scale investment programme is aimed ... improving the efficiency of the airport. A for B to C at



51. When completed, the programme ... every aspect of airport service. A improves B will improve C will have improved

52. IATA stands for International Air Transport ... . A Administration B Association C Authority

53. An area on land or water that is used or intended to be used for the landing and takeoff of aircraft and includes its buildings and facilities is an ... . A aerodrome B airport C apron

54. A defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft is ... . A a taxiway B a runway C an apron

55. At present scheduled domestic flights, international charters and business atio

ation flights ... . A are serving B have been served C are being served

56. The cost of project ... as much as $500 million. A is estimated B estimates C estimated

57. Up-to-date equipment allowing night operations ... this time last year. A was being installed B was installed C installed

58. According to a project with foreign partners the existing international terminal ... at the moment. A is refurbishing B is refurbished C is being refurbished

59. The plan ... its recommendations in three stages. A is outlined B outlines C outlining

60. FIDS provide customers ... the most accurate information ... arrivals, depar-tures, location of check-in counters and gates. A - , on B with, on C with, in



61. The emphasis in airport merchandise trading is ... light and compact items. A on B at C in

62. Anybody who ... lost his boarding-pass should report to the desk. A have B is C has

63. The majority ... that aviation is the safest means of transportation. A is believing B believe C believes

64. The owner of land or a building who agrees to let another have the use of it for a certain time for a fixed money payment is a ... . A lessee B lessor C lesser

65. Half of the tickets ... sold via the Internet. A were B was C is

66. In the early days of aviation few ... imagine the role it is now called on to play. A was able B could C were able

67. The media should ... to publicize the airport as a place of trade. A use B be use C be used

68. There has never been a serious study of these … . A phenomena B phenomenon C phenomens

69. ... is a gain or recurrent benefit that is usually measured in money and for a given period of time. A revenue B income C profit

70. The airlines have identified a ... of distinct market segments. A plenty B number C amount



71. Marketing ... is responsible for determining when a change in price is neces-sary. A personal B personell C personnel

72. After the events of September 2001 both traffic and revenues declined ... . A considerably B considerable C considerablly

73. The financial situation of the airport seemed ... . A sound B soundly C soberly

74.. A modern airliner in flight is six or seven times ... as travel by train, bus or car. A faster B as fast C so fast

75. Which commercially-... non-aeronautical activities are more profitable? A operated B oriented C orientised

76. Global economic forces have led ... growth in air traffic that has strained most transportation infrastructures. A for B at C to

77. Safety ... be managed purposefully, with targeted goals and demonstrable re-sults. A has B must C ought

78. Aviation safety has been built on ... management processes. A quality B quantity C qualification

79. Neither safety ... quality can be achieved easily. A no B not C nor

80. ISO stands for International ... Organization. A Standards B Standardization C Standard



KEY

1 C 2 A 3 B 4 B 5 C

6 C 7 B 8 A 9 A 10 B

11 A 12 C 13 A 14 B 15 A

16 C 17 B 18 B 19 C 20 A

21 A 22 C 23 B 24 B 25 A

26 B 27 A 28 C 29 C 30 A

31 B 32 A 33 C 34 A 35 B

36 B 37 A 38 B 39 C 40 A

41 A 42 C 43 A 44 B 45 A

46 B 47 C 48 B 49 A 50 C

51 C 52 B 53 B 54 B 55 C

56 A 57 A 58 C 59 B 60 B

61 A 62 C 63 C 64 B 65 A

66 B 67 C 68 A 69 B 70 B

71 C 72 A 73 A 74 B 75 B

76 C 77 B 78 A 79 C 80 A

Test evaluation criteria: 80 – 73 (correct answers) = excellent (5) 72 – 61 (correct answers) = good (4) 60 – 48 (correct answers) = satisfactory (3)



Appendix II

LIST ОF PROPER NAMES

Baltimore ['bLltImL]

Boeing ['bquIN]

Charles Lindbergh ['CRlz 'lIndbqg]

Chicago [SI'kRgqu]

Columbus [kq(u)'lAmbqs]

Douglas ['dAglqs]

Frank Whittle ['frxNk 'wItl]

George Cayley ['GLG 'keIlI]

Icarus [aI'keqrqs]

Kabul ['kRbul, kq'bHl]

Kitty Hawk ['kItI 'hLk]

Los Angeles [lPs'xnGqlqs]

Mines Field ['maInz 'fJld]

Missouri [mI'zuqrI]

Montgolfier [mPnt'gPlfIq]

Montreal ["mPntrI'Ll]

North Carolina ['nLT "kxrq'laInq]

Ohio [q(u)'haIq(u)]

Orville Wright ['LvIl 'raIt]

Otto Lilienthal ['Ptqu 'lIljentRl]

Peking ['pJ'kIN]

Pilatre de Rozier [pI'lxtrq "dq 'ro(u)zjq]

Seattle [sI'xtl]

Sofia ['squfIq]

Southern California ['sADqn "kxlI'fLnjq]

St. Louis [sn(t) 'lu(:)Is]

Stockholm ['stPkhqum]

Wilbur Wright ['wIlbq 'raIt]

Zeppelin ['zepqlIn]

Zurich ['zuqrIk]



ENGLISH-RUSSIAN DICTIONARY

Note 1: the numbers in the index are section numbers. Note 2: the abbreviations used in the Glossary: nc – countable nouns that are used with a or an or a number and have a plural; nu – uncountable nouns that cannot be used with a or an or a number and have no plural; pl – nouns that are used only in the plural and always take a plural verb; vi – intransitive verbs that have no direct object; vt – transitive verbs that have a direct object; adj – adjective; no comp – cannot be used as a comparative or superlative; attrib – adjectives that can only be used before a noun (an attributive position); pred – adjectives that can never be used before a noun (a predicative position); adv – adverb; sb – somebody; sth – something

accept [qk'sept] vt (1) acceptable [qk'septqbl] adj

принимать приемлемый, подходящий

access ['xkses] nu (4) доступ accuracy ['xkjqrqsi] nu (5) accurate ['xkjqrqt] adj

точность, правильность точный, правильный

actually ['xkCulI] adv (2) фактически acute [q'kjHt] adj (2) острый advance [qd'vRns] nc, nu (1) in advance advance [qd'vRns] vi

прогресс, успех; заранее, заблаговременно; делать успехи, развиваться

advent ['xdvqnt] nc (3) прибытие, появление aeronautical ["eqre'nLtIk(q)l] adj (6) авиационный, аэронавигационный aggravate ['xgrqveIt] vt (2) aggravation ["xgrq'veISn] nu

ухудшать ухудшение

airborne ['eqbLn] adj (1) перевозимый по воздуху; оторвавшийся от земли, находящийся в воздухе

aircraft ['eqkrRft] nc (pl aircraft ) (1) летательный аппарат, самолет



air-defence ['eqdI'fens] nu (3) воен. противовоздушная оборона airline ['eqlaIn] nc (1) airliner ['eqlaInq] nc

транспортная авиакомпания транспортный самолет, авиалайнер

airship ['eqSIp] nc (1) дирижабль airworthiness ['eq"wWDInIs] nu (2) летная годность alliance [q'laIqns] nc, nu (3) work in alliance with sb enter into an alliance with sb

союз, альянс, объединение работать в союзе с кем-л. вступить в союз с кем-л.

aloft [q'lPft] adj (pred), adv (1) ав. в полете, в воздухе amenity [q'mJnqtI] n (usually plural) (5)

удобства

annual ['xnjql] adj (3) ежегодный anticipate ["xn'tIsIpeIt] vt (4) ожидать, предвидеть appear [q'pIq(r)] vi (1) следовать, быть очевидным appropriate [q'prquprIqt] adj (5) соответствующий, подходящий apron [eI'pr(q)n] nc (5) ав. перрон area ['eqrIq] nc (5) площадь, участок, район, область assess [q'ses] vt (3) assessment [q'sesmqnt] nc, nu

перен. оценить оценка

asset ['xset] nc (6) capital asset

актив основной капитал, основные фонды

assure [e'Suq(r)] vt (5) assurance [e'Suqrqns] nc, nu

1. уверять, заверять 2. обеспечивать, гарантировать; заверение, гарантия; уверенность

astonish [q'stPnIS] vt (3) удивлять, изумлять at least [qt 'lJst] (3) по - крайней мере attempt [q'tempt] vt; nc (1) пытаться ; попытка availability [q"veIlq'bIlqtI] nu (4) available [q'veIlqbl] adj

наличие имеющийся в распоряже-нии/наличии, наличный, доступный

aviation security (2) авиационная безопасность avionics ["eIvI'PnIks] nu (5) авиационная радиоэлектроника



avoid [q'vOId] vt (2) avoidance [q'vOIdqns] nu

избегать избежание, уклонение

backbone ['bxkbqun] nc (3) перен. основа, суть bankruptcy ['bxNkrqpsI] nc, nu (3) file for bankruptcy

банкротство, несостоятельность объявлять себя банкротом

banner ['bxnq(r)] nc (4) полигр. газетный заголовок во всю ширину полосы

be short of (3) испытывать недостаток в … beneficial ["benI'fISl] adj (1) выгодный beverage ['bevqrIG] nc (6) напиток (любой, кроме воды) billboard ['bIlbLd] nc (4) рекламный щит,

доска для афиш и объявлений breach [brJC] nc (3) воен. брешь bulk [bAlk] nu (6) buy in bulk sell in bulk the bulk of sth bulky adj

большие размеры, большое количество делать оптовые закупки продавать оптом/без упаковки большая часть чего-л. большой, объемистый

business ['bIznIs] nc (1) зд. коммерческое предприятие capacity [kq'pxsqtI] nc, nu (2,6) 1. nu способность, возможность;

2.nc должность, качество; 3. nu пропускная способность

cargo ['kRgqu] nc, nu (3) груз carry ['kxrI] vt (2) carriage ['kxrIG] nu carrier ['kxrIq(r)] nc

везти, перевозить ком. перевозка, транспортировка; стоимость перевозки, доставки перевозчик

cater ['keItq(r)] vi (6) cater for dinners catering ['keIt(q)rIN] nu

снабжать продовольствием обслуживать обеды поставка продуктов

cause [kLz] vt; nc, nu (1) быть причиной; причина centerline ['sentqlaIn] nc (5) runway centerline

осевая линия осевая линия ВПП



challenge ['CxlInG] vt; nc (2) бросать вызов; вызов circumstance ['sWkqmstqns] nc (6) in/under the circumstances under no circumstances

обстоятельство, условие при данных обстоятельствах ни при каких условиях

climb [klaIm] vt, vi; nc (1) ав. набирать высоту; набор commercial [kq'mWSl] nc (4) рекламный ролик,

передача реклам и объявлений community [kq'mjHnqtI] nc (2) 1. (the ~) общество

2. сообщество, содружество concede [kqn'sJd] vt (6) concession [kqn'seSn] nc grant/renew concessions concessionaire [kqn"seSq'neq] nc

уступать уступка, концессия предоставить/возобновить концессии концессионер

concern [kqn'sWn] vt, nc (2) заботиться, беспокоиться; забота confectionery [kqn'fekSqnrI] nu (6) кондитерские изделия confidence ['kPnfidqns] nu (2) доверие conform [kqn'fLm] vi (7) conform to/with sth conformity [kqn'fLmqtI] nu conformity to/with sth in conformity with instructions (formal)

согласоваться, соответствовать соответствовать, подчиняться чему-л соответствие, согласованность соответствие чему-л. в соответствии с указаниями

connection [kq'nekSn] nc (4) стык рейсов consequence ['kPnsIkwqns] nc (2) take/accept the consequences face the consequences as a consequence/in consequence of no/little consequence

последствие, результат отвечать за последствия столкнуться с последствиями в результате несущественно, не имеет значения

consequent ['kPnsIkwqnt] adj (formal) consequential ["kPnsI'kwqnSl] adj (formal) consequently ['kPnsIkwqntlI] adv

являющийся результатом логически вытекающий; важный следовательно, в результате

consolidate [kqn'sPlIdeIt] vt, vi (4) consolidation [kqn"sPlI'deISn] nc, nu consolidator [kqn"sPlI'deItq] nc

объединять(ся), сливаться консолидация ком. “оптовик”



consumer [kqn'sjHmq(r)] nc (4) consumer goods (attrib)

потребитель потребительские товары

contain [kqn'teIn] vt (1) cодержать contribute [kqn'trIbjHt] vt, vi (2) способствовать conveyor-belt [kqn'veIqbelt] nc (5) baggage conveyor-belt

транспортерная лента устройство раздачи багажа

cost [kost] vt, vi (no passive) (4) cost [kost] nc, nu

ком. назначать цену 1.цена, стоимость, себястоимость 2. usually plural расходы, издержки, затраты

cost-effective ['kPstI'fektIv] adj (2) экономически-эффективный crew [krH] nc (2) экипаж decline [dI'klaIn] vt, vi; nc (2)

убывать, приходить в упадок; упадок; падение

deficiency [dI'fISnsI] nc, nu (7) deficient [dI'fISnt] adj deficient in knowledge

отсутствие, нехватка; недостаток несовершенный, недостающий с пробелами в знаниях

deliver [dI'lIvq(r)] vt (5) delivery [dI'lIvqrI] nc, nu

передавать, вручать; доставлять доставка

demand [dI'mRnd] nu (4) (or a(n)+adj+demand) a demand for labour to be in great demand supply and demand

эк. спрос спрос на рабочую силу быть в большом спросе спрос и предложение

derive [dI'raIv] vt (6) получать, извлекать destination ["destI'neISn] nc (1) пункт назначения determine [dI'tWmIn] vt (4) определять, устанавливать device [dI'vaIs] nc (5) приспособление, устройство diminish [dI'mInIS] vi, vt (2) уменьшать discrepency [dI'skrepqnsI] nc, nu (4) несоответствие, расхождение distinct [dI'stINkt] adj (4) отдельный; определенный distinctive [dI'stINktIv] adj (2) отличительный, характерный domestic [dq'mestIk] adj (3) внутренний drastic ['drxstIk] adj (3) радикальный



efficiency [I'fISnsI] nu (3,б) работоспособность, эффективность efficient [I'fISnt] adj (1) эффективный, действенный eliminate [I'lImIneIt] vt (7) elimination [I"lImI'neISn] nu

устранять, исключать удаление, исключение

emerge [I'mWG] vi (7) emerge from/out of sth emergence [I'mWGqns] nu emergent [I'mWGqnt] adj

появляться; проясняться, выявляться появляться/возникать откуда-л. появление, выявление, проявление появившийся, возникающий

emission [I'mISn] nc, nu (2) выброс выхлопных газов enhance [In'hRns] vt (2) повышать ensure [In'Suq(r)] vt (US=insure) ensure sth/that (2)

обеспечивать, гарантировать гарантировать что-л.

entire [In'taIq(r)] adj (3) полный, целый, весь entity ['entqtI] nc (6) бухг. самостоятельное хозяйственное

подразделение equip [I'kwIp] vt (1) equip sb/sth (with/for sth) equipment [I'kwIpment] nu

оборудовать, оснащать оборудовать что-либо чем-либо оборудование

establish [I'stxblIS] vt (2) establishment [I'stxblISmqnt] nu

создавать, устанавливать введение, установление

eternal [I'tWnl] adj (3) вечный evaluate [I'vxljueIt] vt (3) evaluation [I"vxlju'eISn] nc, nu

определить важность, значение оценка, определение (значения)

evident ['evIdqnt] adj (1) очевидный, ясный evolve [I'vPlv] vi, vt (7) evolve (sth) from/out of sth evolution ["Jvq'lHSn] nu

развиваться развить что-л. из чего-л. развитие, эволюция

execute ['eksIkjHt] vt (1) execution ["eksI'kjHSn] nu executive [Ig'zekjutIv] nc the executive executive [Ig'zekjutIv] adj (attrib)

выполнять, исполнять выполнение, исполнение руководящий работник исполнительная власть/орган исполнительный, административный

expand [Ik'spxnd] vt, vi (3) expansion [Ik'spxnSn] nc, nu

расширять рост, увеличение, расширение



expeditious ["ekspI'dISqs] adj (2) быстрый, скоростной expense [Ik'spens] nu (3) at the expense of one’s health (life) expenses (usually pl )

перен. счет, цена за счет (здоровья); ценою жизни расходы, издержки

experience [Ik'spIqrIqns] vt; nc, nu (2) испытывать; опыт expertise ["ekspW'tJz] nc, nu (6) специальные знания, компетент-

ность, эрудиция extend [Ik'stend] vt (2) extension [Ik'stenSn] nu (2)

удлинять, расширять распространение, расширение

facilities [fq'sIlqtI] nc usually pl (1) средства, оборудование fail [feIl] vt, vi (1) failure ['feIljq] nc, nu

тех. отказывать отказ, неисправность

fare [feq(r)] nc (4) плата за проезд, тариф feature ['fJCq(r)] vt; nc (4)

быть характерной чертой; отличаться признаки, свойства, особенности

fee [fJ] nc (4) гонорар feedback ['fJdbxk] nu (7) обратная связь feather['feDq] nc (1) перо file [faIl]vt (3) file a complaint file an application

подавать документы подать жалобу подать заявление

first and foremost (3) в первую очередь fledgling ['fleGlIN] nc (3) перен. неоперившийся юнец flight operations (2) летные перевозки flight safety (2) безопасность полетов framework ['freImwWk] nc (1) конструкция furbish ['fWbIS] vt (5) подновлять, приводить в порядок gain [geIn] vt (3) gain rights/a victory gain [geIn] nc, nu (6)

получать; выиграть, завоевать получить права; одержать победу увеличение; выигрыш; прибыль, прирост

gate [geIt] nc (5) выход на посадку glider ['glaIdq] nc (1) планер goal [gqul] nc (2) перен. цель



grant [grRnt] vt (formal) (2) grant rights grant a request take sth for granted

предоставлять юр. давать права удовлетворять просьбу считать само собой разумеющимся

hand [hxnd] vt (4) hand over

вручать, давать передавать

handle ['hxndl] vt (5) handling ['hxndlIN] nu

обращаться; управлять обращение, обслуживание обработка грузов

haul [hLl] nc (3) long-haul medium-haul short-haul

пробег, пройденное расстояние магистральный дальний (зд. о ВС) магистральный средний магистральный ближний

hazard ['hxzqd] vt; nc (7) take hazards run/stand the hazard at all hazards hazardous ['hxzqdqs] adj

рисковать; риск, опасность идти на риск рисковать любой ценой рискованный, опасный

head for [hed] vt, vi (1) направляться, держать курс hijack ['haIdZxk] vt (�) угонять самолет impact ['Impxkt] nc (2) the impact of sb on sth

влияние, воздействие влияние кого-л. на что-л.

improve [Im'prHv] vt, vi (1) improvement [Im'prHvmqnt] nc, nu

улучшать, совершенствовать улучшение

income ['InkAm] nc (2,6) доход increase [In'krJs] vt, vi (1) increase ['InkrJs] nc, nu

увеличивать увеличение, возрастание, рост

incur [In'kW(r)] vt (-rr-) (6) incur losses incur debts incur great expense

подвергаться потерпеть убытки влезть в долги нести большие расходы

injure ['InGq] vt (1) injury ['InGqrI] nu, nc

ранить, повредить ущерб; рана, ушиб

innovation ["Inq'veISn] nc, nu (3) новшество



install [In'stLl] vt (5) installation ["Instq'leISn] nc

тех. устанавливать установка, размещение

insure [In'Suq(r)] vt, vi (2) insure sth/sb against sth insurance [In'Suqrqns] nc, nu insurance against fire

страховать страховать кого-либо от чего-либо страховка страхование на случай (пожара)

intend [In'tend] vt (2) be intended for sb/sth intention [In'tenSn] nc, nu

1. намереваться 2. предназначать(ся) для кого/чего-л. намерение

interfere ["Intq'fIq(r)] vi (2) interfere in sth interference ["Intq'fIqrqns] nu

вмешиваться вмешиваться во что-л. вмешательство

International Standards Organization (7) ISO ["aI es 'qu]

Международная организация по стандартизации

invest [In'vest] vt, vi (3) invest (money) in sth investment [In'vestmqnt] nu

инвестировать вкладывать деньги во что-л. капиталовложение

involve [In'vPlv] vt (not used in the continuous tenses) (1) involve sb in sth to be involved in sth involvement [In'vPlvmqnt] nc, nu

включать в себя; вовлекать; осложнять; погружаться (во что-л.) вовлекать кого-л. во что-л. быть занятым, увлеченным чем-л. увлеченность, занятость

issue ['ISH] nc (4) take issue (with sb)

спорный вопрос; предмет обсужде-ния обсуждать разногласия с кем-л.

item ['aItqm] nc (5) an item of income the first item on the agenda items of clothing interesting news items/items of news

пункт, статья статья дохода первый вопрос в повестке дня предмет одежды интересные новости

itinerary [aI'tInqrqrI] nc (4) предполагаемый маршрут jet [Get] adj (1) jet engine/plane/propulsion

реактивный; реактивный двигатель/самолет/тяга

jet-way ['GetweI] nc (5) посадочная галерея для пассажиров



Joint Stock Company (3) открытое акционерное общество lack [lxk] vt; nc, nu (5) a lack of sth

испытывать недостаток, нуждаться недостаток, (полное) отсутствие

large-scale ['lRGskeIl] adj (attrib) (2) крупномасштабный latent ['leItqnt] adj (no comp) (7) скрытый, латентный layer ['leIq(r)] nc (7) слой, пласт lease [lJs] vt; nc (6) lease sth (to sb) lease sth (from sb) put sth out to/on lease take sth on lease lessor ['lesq] nc lessee [le'sJ] nc

cдавать/брать в аренду; аренда сдавать что-л. в аренду кому-л. арендовать что-л. у кого-л. сдавать что-л. в аренду брать что-л. в аренду арендодатель арендатор

level ['levl] nc (2) уровень load [lqud] vt, vi; nc (1) грузить; груз, загрузка lounge [launG] nc (5) комната отдыха maintain [meIn'teIn] vt (2) maintenance ['meIntqnqns] nu

поддерживать, сохранять тех. техническое обслуживание

margin ['mRGIn] nc (4) эк. разница между себестоимостью и продажной ценой; прибыль

medium ['mJdIqm] nc (4) pl media ['mJdIq]

средство информации

merchandise ['mWCqndaIz] vt; nu (6) торговать; товары, уст. торговля mercy ['mWsI] nu (1) be at the mercy of

милосердие, сострадание быть во власти

noise abatement procedures (2) [noIz q'beIment prq'sJdZq]

ав. эксплуатационные приемы сни-жения шума

objective [qb'GektIv] nc (3) цель, задача occur [q'kW(r)] vi (-rr-) (7) occur to sb occurrence [q'kArqns] nc

случаться, происходить приходить в голову случай, происшествие

online ['PnlaIn] adj (attrib) (4) комп. интерактивный, оперативный



outlay [aut'leI] vt (outlaid) (6) outlay ['autleI] nc enormous outlay on/for sth

расходовать, тратить деньги расходы, затраты огромные расходы на что-л.

overall ["quvqr'Ll] adj (attrib), adv (6) полный, общий overlap ["quvq'lxp] vt, vi (-pp-) (7) заходить один за другой; перекры-

вать; частично совпадать perform [pq'fLm] vt (3) perform a task perform a flight

выполнять выполнять задание выполнять полет

performance [pq'fLmqns] nc (1,7) выполнение, исполнение; эффектив-ность работы; ав.летно-технические характеристи-ки

permit [pq'mIt] vt, vi (-tt-) (6) permission [pq'mISn] nu

позволять, разрешать разрешение

poster ['pqustq(r)] nc (4) плакат, объявление practicable ['prxktIkqbl] adj (1) осуществимый, реальный precise [prI' saIs] adj (2) точный predominant [prI'dPmInqnt] adj (formal) (4)

преобладающий

preliminary [prI'lImInqrI] adj (3) предварительный premises ['premIsIz] n pl (6) off/on the premises

недвижимость; помещение, здание на/за пределами территории

premium ['prJmIqm] nc (4) фин. премия, надбавка prime [praIm] adj (attrib; no comp) (6) prime [praIm] nu (6) in the prime of life

главный, важнейший, лучший лучшая часть в расцвете сил

proactive [prqu'xktIv] adj (7) заблаговременный, предусмотрительный

process ['prquses] vt; nc (5) обрабатывать profit ['prPfIt] nc, nu (3, 6) net profit operating profit

прибыль чистая прибыль прибыль от основной деятельности

profoundly [prq'faundlI] adv (5) глубоко, серьезно



prohibit [prq'hIbIt] vt (5) prohibition ['prquIbISn] nc, nu prohibited imports

запрещать запрещение товары, запрещенные к ввозу

promote [prq'mqut] vt (4) promotion [prq'mquSn] nc, nu

способствовать, содействовать содействие, поддержка; создание благоприятных условий для прода-жи, продвижение товара на рынке

propulsion [prq'pAlSn] nu (1) движение вперед; тяга provision [prq'vIZn] nc (4) положение, условие rapid ['rxpId] adj (6) быстрый, скорый ratio ['reISIqu] nc (pl -s) (6) отношение; коэффициент; пропор-

ция: соотношение

rebound [rI'baund] vi (2) воспрянуть, оживиться receive [rI'sJv] vt (6) receipt [rI'sJt] nu (formal) on receipt of the news receipt (pl) receipt nc get a receipt for the goods sign a receipt

получать получение по получении новостей денежные поступления, выручка расписка в получении, квитанция получить расписку за товар подписать расписку

recover [rI'kAvq(r)] vt (6) recoverable [rI'kAvqrqbl)] adj recovery [rI'kAvqrI] nu

recovery of damages

возмещать, покрывать возместимый возмещение возмещение ущерба

recurrent [rI'kArqnt] adj (6) recurrent expenses

повторяющийся время от времени, периодический; повторный текущие расходы

refer (to) [rI'fW(r)] vi (1) reference ['refrqns] nc, nu in/with reference to sb/sth

относить (к) ссылка, сноска cсылаясь на кого-л./что-л.



refund [rI'fAnd] vt (4) refund ['rJfAnd] nc, nu refundable [rI'fAndqbl] adj

возмещать, выплачивать возмещение убытков подлежащий возмещению

relate [rI'leIt] vt (2) relation [rI'leISn] nu relative ['relqtIv] adj

относиться отношение относительный

remain [rI'meIn] vi (4) (not usually used in continuous tenses)

оставаться

rent [rent] vt (6) rent sth (from sb) rent sth (out) (to sb) rent [rent] nc, nu rental ['rentl] nc

сдать/брать внаем взять что-л. напрокат у кого-л. дать что-л. напрокат кому-л. рента; арендная плата сумма арендной платы

replace [rI'pleIs] vt (1) replacement [rI'pleIsmqnt] nu

заменять замена

reside [rI'zaId] vi (formal) (5) resident ['rezIdqnt] nc residential ['rezI'dqnSl] adj residential area

проживать постоянно постоянный житель жилой жилые кварталы районы

restrict [rI'strIkt] vt (4) restriction [rI'strIkSn] nc, nu restriction of expenditure without restriction to impose/to place restrictions to lift restrictions

ограничивать ограничение ограничение расходов без ограничения вводить ограничения снимать ограничения

resume [rI'zjHm] vt, vi (3) возобновлять retain [rI'teIn] vt (6) retain control over sth retention [rI'tenSn] nu (formal) the retention of funds

сохранить, удержать сохранить контроль над чем-л. сохранение, удержание сохранение фондов

retract [rI'trxkt] vt, vi (1) ав. yбирать (шасси) revenue ['revqnjH] nu or pl (1,6) доход rigid ['rIGId] adj (1) жесткий route [rHt] nc (3) маршрут



runway ['rAnweI] nc (5) взлетно-посадочная полоса (ВПП) scheduled trunk services (2) регулярные магистральные перевозки share [Seq(r)] nc (3) the lion’s share go shares (with sb) (in sth)

1. часть, доля львиная доля честно поделиться (чем-л. с кем-л.) 2. ком. акция, пай

on shares hold shares in a company (bank)

на паях иметь акции какой-л. компании (банка)

simultaneous ['sIml'teInIqs] adj (5) одновременный skill [skIl] nc, nu (2) skilled [skIld] adj

навык квалифицированный, опытный

slowdown ['slqudaun] nu (2) спад solve [sPlv] vt (2) solution [sq'lHSn] nc, nu the solution of a question a solution to/for a puzzle

решать решение решение вопроса решение загадки

solvency ['sPlvqnsI] nu (2) платежеспособность sophisticated [sq'fIstIkeItId] adj (5) сложный sound [saund] adj (2) здравый, разумный stall [stLl] nc (6) ларек, киоск state body (2) государственный орган steam-driven ['stJm"drIvn] adj (1) тех. паровой, с паровым двигателем steering ['stIqrIN] nu (1) управляемость strain [streIn] vt, vi; nc, nu (7) напрягаться, делать усилие; напря-

жение, перегрузка strict [strIkt] adj (2) строгий substantial [sqb'stxnSl] adj (6) substantial building a substantial sum of money

1. прочный, солидный прочное здание 2. важный, существенный значительная сумма денег

supply [sq'plaI] nu (4) goods are in short supply

эк. предложение запасы товаров истощаются



survey [sq'veI] vt (1) survey ['sWveI] nc make/conduct a survey of sth

исследовать, изучать обследование, обзор проводить/делать обзор

sustain [sq'steIn] vt (2) поддерживать take off ['teIk(')O(:)f] v; nc (1) ав. взлетать; взлет target ['tRgIt] nc (4) объект, предмет taxiway ['txksIweI] nc (5) рулежная дорожка (РД) terminal ['tWmInl] nc (3) ав. аэровокзал trade [treId] vi ( 3,6) trade in confectionery trade [treId] nu, nc What's your trade? the building trade be in trade trade-mark

торговать торговать сладостями 1. занятие, профессия Чем вы занимаетесь? 2. промышленность строительная промышленность 3. торговля, отрасль торговли быть торговцем торговая марка

transaction [trxn'zxkSn] nc, nu (6) сделка, операция undercarriage ['AndqkxrIG] nc (1) retractable undercarriage

ав. шасси убирающееся шасси

undergo ["Andq'gqu] vt (2) подвергаться; претерпевать uphold [Ap'hquld] vt (formal) (7) поддерживать vary ['veqrI] vi, vt (2) vary from sth, sb variety [vq'raIqtI] nu various ['veqrIqs] adj

менять(ся), изменять(ся); отличаться от чего/кого-л. разнообразие различный, разнообразный

vehicle ['vJIkl] nc (1) flying vehicle/ ground vehicle

транспортное средство воздушное/наземное транспортное средство

vendor ['vendL] nc (4) ком. продавец; оптовая фирма, предлагающая товар

viable ['vaIqbl] adj (3) жизнеспособный



vicinity [vI'sInqtI] nu, nc (6) in close vicinity to the airport in the vicinity of the airport

соседство, близость в непосредственной близости к аэропорту в районе аэропорта

violate ['vaIqleIt] vt (2) violation ["vaIq'leISn] nc, nu

нарушать нарушение

warehouse ['weqhaus] nc (6) склад wax [wxks] nu (1) воск wing [wIN] nc (1) high wing

крыло высокорасположенное крыло

low wing mid wing

низкорасположенное крыло среднерасположенное крыло

workshop ['wWkSPp] nc ( 6) мастерская wrestle ['resl] vi (2) перен. упорная борьба yield [jJld] nc, nu (formal) (4,6) эк. доход, доходность



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АНГЛИЙСКИЙ НА ВОЗДУШНОМ ТРАНСПОРТЕvenec.ulstu.ru/lib/disk/2015/Voronyanskaya_1.pdf · CONTENTS CHART No page Topic Grammar Vocabulary Pronunciation