001_028_Pejolčlkjhgfhic

7/30/2019 001_028_Pejollkjhgfhic

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. Pv, Stppg trt rght ctr: cct ru ?, PPP g. 48 (9), 163, tr. 1-8

STOPPAGE IN TRANSIT AND RIGHT OF CONTROL:

CONFLICT OF RULES?

ASLAV PEJOVIPrr Lw, Kyuhu UvrtyFukuk, JpE-: [email protected]

UDK 34.9.334.41

Org ctc pprRcv: /9/8Accpt r prt: 1/1/8

Stoppage in transit is a common law mechanism o protection o unpaid

seller aimed at protecting the seller against the risk o non payment othe price. Tis sellers right has been adopted in a modied orm bythe UN Convention on the International Sale o Goods (CISG). Onthe other hand, under the rules o maritime law, there is the righto control over the goods perormed by the holder o all originals othe negotiable transport document. Te stoppage in transit, as denedby the CISG contravenes the right o control under the maritime lawrules, particularly in civil law jurisdictions, where the seller does nothave the right to stop the goods in transit, unless he is in possessiono all originals o a transport document. Tis conict o rules becameapparent aer the UNCIRAL dra o the Convention on Contracts

or the International Carriage o Goods Wholly or Partly by Seawas adopted in July 2008. Diferently rom all previous conventionsregulating carriage o goods by sea, this UNCIRAL Dra expresslyregulates the issue o right o control during the carriage. Underthose provisions, the right o control is in the hands o the holder oall originals o a transport document. Hence, under the UNCIRALDra the seller does not have the right to stop the goods in transit,unless he is the holder o all originals o a transport document, whichis in conict with the CISG provision on the stoppage in transit. Tis

paper analyzes this conict o rules o these two conventions whichwere, interestingly, adopted by the same international organization.

Keywords: stoppage in transit, right o control, international sale,carriage o goods by sea, transport documents.

1 T ppr rgy pubh Pc Itrt Lw Rvw (8) V.XX, N.1 p.19-19. T ppr b th uthr prtt t crc rg by th ShghAcy Sc Scc th Shgh Mrt Curt h Shgh Mrch .

T uthr grtu t Hug brg Hr S r thr ctructv ct uggt whch hp t r th rtc. I xpr y grttu t Mr Prr rtg y txt. O cur, I r rpb r vtu rrr th rtc.


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. INTRODUCTION

A w prtt gt xpct t b urth upc th Ut Nt C Itrt r Lw(UNCIRAL). O Juy 3, 8, th UNCIRAL pprv th r Cvt Ctrct r th Itrt Crrg G Why r Prty by S(hrr rrr t th UNCIRAL Dr). T r Cvt wb prt t th Gr Aby r ccu tr 8. I ccrcwth th trt, c pt th w cvt ky t b thNw Yrk Ru. T w UNCIRAL gt h btu g t rtrth uct w tht rgut th trt crrg g by ,

prtt gt trt tr w.3

Prty thr r thr prt vrgt g rg rgutg th r w: th Hgu Ru (194), thHgu-Vby Ru (1968), th Hburg Ru (198). T vrgc grg , cur, t th trt g crtty.

T prt UNCIRAL Dr h tury ttrct grt ttt r gchr. T rtc w r y prt th UNCIRAL Dr: th rght ctr. T purp th rtc t t y th rvt prv th UNCIRAL Dr whch wth th u th rght ctr, but rthrt x th th ctxt thr txt pt by UNCIRAL, th UN

Cvt Ctrct r th Itrt S G (198)4

(hrrth CISG). T rtc w cu Artc 1() th CISG, whch wthth u tppg trt t rt t th rvt prv thUNCIRAL Dr.

Stppg trt h y b prcy x by trprtt wchr. T rtc t rg trprtt w prpctv tppg trt, cug th pb cct btw tw UNCIRAL txt: th prv th UNCIRAL Dr g wth th rght ctr th CISG prv tppg trt. T cu th rtc w b th rght tppg

trt up r th pb cct tht th xrc th rghty cu wth th ru gvrg th crrg g. T ru gvrg

See http://cc.u.rg/c/UNDOC/LD/V/881//PDF/V881.p?OpEt(t vt Juy , 8).

3 T tt th txt ct tht th UNCIRAL Dr t t t th crrg by butt cvr ut trprt wh prt th trprt crrg by .

4 Ut Nt Cvt Ctrct r th Itrt S G, Apr. 11, 198, 1489U.N..S. 3, 19 I.L.M. 61 (hrr CISG).

See Hug brg, Stppg rt, 1 Aur Drt Mrt t Ar-Spt 13(1993); Chr Dbttt, T Sr Rght Stppg G Crr by S - th CrrrD, ESSAYS IN HONOUR OF HUGO IBERG 181(Jurtrgt 1996).


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trt y vrp tut wth th ru gvrg thcrrg g. T y t cct ru btw tw g rgwhch rgut tct g u btw tct t prt. T ct thtctrbut t th cu tht th prt t bth th trct r th , bt ctg rt r. Ny, th r thctrct , t th t, th hppr ur th ctrct crrg,wh th buyr th cg.

Hpuy, th rtc w h w ght th u tppg trt bytrucg th trprtt w prpctv xg th crc wccpt. T prpctv bcg r rvt th t pt w trprtt w cvt ur th upc UNCIRAL pprchg. S prv th w UNCIRAL txt ct th xtc ptt cct btw th rght tppg trt trt w th rght ctr trt trprtt w.

2. BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM

Itrt crrg g r cy trrt th ctxt trt tr. Uk p uprrkt , whr th buyr thr prr thr bgt utuy t th pc t th t, trt uch r cpx. Itrt tt vvg ubr prt: th r bgt vry prrthrugh crrr ur ctrct crrg, wh th buyr bgt pyt prr thrugh bk.

A trt typcy cutry whr th vry by prtt cut t th bk ur ttr crt. rprtcut u ur th ctrct crrg py prtt r trt g. T r rqur t prt trprt cutwh th pyt by ttr crt. T p tht th r h bgt t k tw k vry: vry th g vry cut.6

A trt vv ubr rk r th prt. O thrk rt t th pyt th prc. I prctc, th r y vr thg br th buyr py th prc. T put th r t rk th buyr t py th prc, r bc vt ub t py. Crc w hvp ubr trut prtct gt uch rk. A rrvcbttr crt rw rputb bk th t ct r prtct

6 Artc 3 th CISG prv r th ub bgt: Te Seller must deliver the goods, handover any documents relating to them. . .CISG, supra t 4, rt. 3.


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r th r. I uch c, rght ctr b cut tt cprvt th buyr r rcvg g tht h h t p r. Athr pbry tppg trt, whch vb t c w, w cv w urct.

3. STOPPAGE IN TRANSIT IN COMPARATIVE LAW

a) Common Law

Stppg trt ry t curg th pyt th prc prtctg th trt up r. It w rgy vp by th

Egh Chcry Curt, w b th qutb ctr ur whch bc wr w w t trc th prprty h by ucry, cug b, v whr th prprty h b trrr. Whr r trrp th g t th buyr wthut rcvg pyt th prc, thtut c b cr ct vry p ctgt upth buyr kg pyt. I th buyr t , r t bc pprttht h ct py, th r tt t rr th crrr t tp th g trt. T rght w rgy b th prcp prvty ctrct, urwhch y th hppr th crrr h th rght ctrctu c gt

thr. T cg ght hv th rght ut y tt p t hup r by r rt.8 I tht c, th trr cut tt h th ct trrrg ctrctu rght t trr, tht hbc prty t th ctrct crrg wth th crrr, hvg th rght ut, ct th b g, th trrr.9 Sc tt ryw t p t th buyr u h py th prc, th hppr rt th rght tgv truct t th crrr v r th trr gtb cut tth buyr. T prbby rprt th b whch th rght tppg wrgy crt, thugh t qut cut t trc t htrc rg.

T rght tppg h b crprt t th gt tc w urct. Ur Egh w, tppg trt w th rght th up vr, cvry th vcy th buyr,

See R Htt Ett, (188) 13 Ch.D. 696 (A.C.) (U.K.); Npp Yu Kh v. RbSrw, [1938] A.C. 49, 4 (P.C. 1938) (pp tk r Ccutt H.C.) (U.K.).

8 See B Lg Act, 18, 18 & 19 Vct., 1 (rp rpc by th Crrg Gby S Act, 199) (U.K.).

9 Prtrr M/ Hbrg Vg Rr Frrch Dubr v. Grvr Gr FC. Lt., U Nt Cprtv Agrc Cr Aurc MutuAgrc, (T Hbrg), (1994) Ly Rp. 8 (Q.B.) (U.K.).


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twthtg tht h h ctructv vry th g t th buyr,t rtk th . . . br thy rch th buyr p.1 Sct 44 thBrth S G Act 199 ct - th Arc UrCrc C (hrr th U.C.C.) gv th up r g thrght t tp th g trt wh th buyr bc vt.11 Ur thry, th up r h th rght t rr th crrr t t vr th gt th buyr rgr whthr r t th buyr th wu hr thcut whch ct h th cg. T r h th rght t tpth g trt, v r h h c p ( g th g r trt), by gvg tc h c t th crrr r thr b hg cuty th g.1

T rght tppg xt whthr r t prprty h p t th buyr, xrc thr by th r tkg p th g r by rgth crrr h c t th g. By gvg th rr t th crrr, th r

1 Bth Sthp C., Lt. v. Crg Ft Ir C., Lt., (1916) K.B. , 8 (A.C.) (U.K.) (R-g, C.J.).

11 See S G Act, 199, c. 4, 44 (U.K.) (hrr S G Act), available athttp://www.ttutw.gv.uk/ctt.px?Lgyp=A+Prry&PgNubr=48&NvFr=&prtActvxtDcI=18368&ActvxtDcI=18368&=69 (t vt Mr., 8); Ur Crc C (hrr U.C.C.) - ().

1 See S G Act, supra t 11, 44.Subject to this Act, when the buyer o goods becomes insolvent the unpaid seller who has parted withthe possession o the goods has the right o stopping them in transit, that is to say, he may resumepossession o the goods as long as they are in the course o transit, and may retain them until paymento the price.

Id. Sct - th Ur Crc C prv:

(1) Te seller may stop delivery o goods in the possession o a carrier or other bailee when he dis-covers the buyer to be insolvent (Sct -) or i the buyer repudiates or ails to make a paymentdue beore delivery or i or any other reason the seller has a right to withhold or reclaim the goods.(2) As against such buyer the seller may stop delivery until(a) receipt o the goods by the buyer; or(b) acknowledgment to the buyer by any bailee o the goods except a carrier that the bailee holds thegoods or the buyer; or(c) such acknowledgment to the buyer by a carrier by reshipment or as a warehouse; or(d) negotiation to the buyer o any negotiable document o title covering the goods.(3)(a) o stop delivery the seller must so notiy as to enable the bailee by reasonable diligence toprevent delivery o the goods.(b) Aer such notication the bailee must hold and deliver the goods according to the directions o theseller but the seller is liable to the bailee or any ensuing charges or damages.(c) I a negotiable document o title has been issued or goods the bailee is not obliged to obey a noti-cation to stop until surrender o possession or control o the document.

(d) A carrier that has issued a non-negotiable bill o lading is not obliged to obey a notication to stopreceived rom a person other than the consignor.

U.C.C., supra t 11, -.


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p th crrr th bgt t rtur th g t h, thrby rugp th g, w th rght t r th.13

Tr r ur ct tht ut b u br th rght tppg cb xrc, y:

1. T buyr h t py th prc(y up r c xrc th rght);

. T buyr h bc vt;3. T r h prt wth th p th g; 4.T g ut b trt.14

T tppg g trt h th ct up prrcby th r. A r h rght tppg r th t th vry th

g t th crrr ut th t th g r h vr t th buyr. Tu,th g ut b trt th tht thy r vr by r t crrr but t yt vr by th crrr t buyr, .. urg th t th gr th cuty th crrr. ypcy, th g r th cuty crrr thr trt btw th r wh h prt wth, th buyrwh h t yt cqur, ctu p.1 T t t tppg trt tht t ut ccur prr t ctu phyc p th g bgcqur by th buyr; c th buyr h cqur p, th g r gr trt thy ct b tpp yr. T rght tppg xt

rgr whthr prprty h p t th buyr xrc thr byth r tkg p th g r by rg th crrr h ct th g.16

13 See S G Act, supra t 11, 46(4), 48(3).

14 See id. t 44; U.C.C., supra t 11, -(1).

1 Gb v. Crruthr, [1841] 8 M. & W. 31, 38.

16 Sct 46 r:

(1) Te unpaid seller may exercise his right o stoppage in transit either by taking actual possessiono the goods or by giving notice o his claim to the carrier or other bailee or custodier in whose pos-session the goods are.(2) Te notice may be given either to the person in actual possession o the goods or to his principal.(3) I given to the principal, the notice is inefective unless given at such time and under such circum-stances that the principal, by the exercise o reasonable diligence, may communicate it to his servantor agent in time to prevent a delivery to the buyer.(4) When notice o stoppage in transit is given by the seller to the carrier or other bailee or custodier

in possession o the goods, he must re-deliver the goods to, or according to the directions o, the seller;and the expenses o the re-delivery must be borne by the seller.

S G Act, supra t 11, 46.


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T rght tppg y xt v prprty h ry p t thbuyr.1 T qut whthr tt vr th g h p t rvt tth rght t tp vry.18 T pp y t th rt btw th r th buyr. Whr th b g h b trrr t thr prty ctg g th, th tppg trt h g ct.19 Ur Arc w, thr h rght tppg th trprt cut gtb gtt t th buyr.

b) Civil Law

Mt cv w urct t rcg tppg trt.1 It th c w prcp prvty ctrct, cv w rcg th prcp

ctrct r th bt thr prt. Ur th prcp, th trr gtb cut h th ct trrrg ctrctu rght t trr, thr prty t th ctrct btw th hppr th crrr. T wth th cv w thry Wertpapier(try: vub ppr), urwhch th thr prty hr gtb cut cqur ctrctu rght

1 See Benjamins Sale of Goods 193 (A.G. Gut, t . ., Swt & Mxw 194) (1868).

18 See I r Ktr Iu., Ic., 8 B.R. 8, 9 (Bkr. D. D. ).19 See S G Act, supra t 11, 4()().

See U.C.C., supra t 11, 2-705(2)().

1 T rght tppg trt rcg cv w urct. S, .g., CtrctLw Ch, rt. 38 (P.R.C.) (prugt by Nt Pp Cgr, Mr. 1, 1999, c-tv Oct. 1, 1999), vb t http://www.vxc.c/ctrct_w_99.ht (t vt Mr.6, 8), ttg tht:

Prior to carriers delivery o the cargo to the consignee, the consignor may require the carrier to sus-pend the carriage, return the cargo, change the destination or deliver the cargo to another consignee,

provided that it shall indemniy the carrier or any loss it sustains as a result.Id., Nrwg Mrt C 3, vb t http://k.u./rkr/WWW/NMC.p (t vt Mr. , 8). T Nrwg Mrt C prv:

Te right o a seller in the event o breach o contract to prevent delivery o the goods to the buyerorto demand their return, shall apply even though the bill o lading has been passed on to the buyer.Te right o stoppage can not be asserted against a third party who has acquired an order or bearerbill o lading in good aith.

Nrwg Mrt C 3. Othr Scv Mrt C ct r prv-.

Sct 364(1) th Gr Crc C prv tht th ct th rt

tht rght ur th r trut r trrr t th r. Hgtbuch[HGB] [Crc C] My 1, 189, Bugtbtt, I [BGB. I] 1, , 364(1) (F.R.G.).


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t thrugh trr rght, but r th gtb cut t.3 T twccpt r cptb, t ctrctry, bcu by th trr gtbcut t thr prty, ct, th rght b th cut r, ct, trrr. Tu, th trr bc prty t th ctrct crrgwth th crrr, wth th rght ut th trrr ct th gtb cut. B th prcp, th r th rght tgv truct t th crrr r h trr th gtb cut t thbuyr bcu h h t th urc th rght gt th crrr: th gtbcut. By trrrg th gtb cut, th ctrctu rght gtth crrr b tht cut r trrr, cug th rght ctr th rght ut.4 T , cur, tht th r prv th rght ctr, cug th rght t gv rr t th crrr, r htrr th b g t th buyr. T r y rt ctr vr th gy h rt rg cut. But th y ry w th r tprvt vry th g t th buyr, t cu th rght t gvtruct t th crrr. T crrr wh wu by th r rr t tp thg trt r th gtb cut trrr t th buyr wubrch th xpct ru gtbty. T crrr y by uch rr y th r c pruc th rg gtb cut. A rut, th rght tppg t rcg t cv w urct.

Cv w h vp t w trut r th r prtct, uch th rght rtt.6 T rc btw th rght rtt thrght tppg trt rt t th rght gvg rr t th crrr. Wthtppg trt, up r w t k rr t th crrr, wh th c rght rtt, th up r ct gv rct rr t thcrrr. Atrtvy, ur cv w, up r y ry uctgrt by th curt prv ry by whch th r y prvt thcrrr r vrg th g t th cg.

3 See Heinz Pssmann Diee Rae, Seeandelse 61 (Bck 3 . 199).

4 Fr xp, T Mrc rprtur II, th hppr cu t u th crrr v thughh ur bcu h trrr th b g t th cg. S Chbr c-rc t cr [C. c] [Crc Fc Chbr] Ju , 198, Bu. cv.IV, N. 198 198 69 [Fr.].

See, e.g., Hgtbuch [HGB] [Crc C] 64(1) (F.R.G.), whch xpry pr-v tht th crrr y t w th hppr truct t rturg r vrg thg xcpt wh cutrprt th b g r rtur t h. I. I r h-, 364(3) prv tht [t]h btr y bg t gv prrc up th urrr th rquh trut, cc wth rcpt. I. t 364(3).

6 See C Cv [C. i.] rt. 1613 (Fr.); Hgtbuch [HGB] [Crc C] 4(F.R.G.).


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4. STOPPAGE IN TRANSIT UNDER THE CISG

Ur th CISG, th r h t h p ubr r. O uchry th r h th tppg trt by Artc 1():

I th r h ry ptch th g br th gru crb th prcg prgrph bc vt, h y prvt th hgvr th g t th buyr v thugh th buyr h cutwhch tt h t bt th. T prt prgrph rt y t thrght th g btw th buyr th r.

T tht r wh h ry ptch th g y prvt

hg vr th g t buyr wh ru t py r bc ub t pyth prc, v thugh th buyr h th cut whch tt h t btth g. Artc 1() t rqur ctu brch ctrct by th buyr rr r th r t xrc th rght tppg. I rr t xrc th rght tppg, t ut b pprt tht th buyr w t utty u h uty pyt.8

T rght tppg rct gt th buyr, v h th wuhr gtb cut, whch gv h th ctructv p th g th rght t vry th g gt th crrr. Artc

1() w th r t rc p, v th r h t ctr p urg th cur th trct.9 T rght tppg trt wh th g r vr t th buyr.

Accrg t th t tc Artc 1(), th rght tppg rt tth rght th g btw th buyr th r. T y b trprt vru wy, whch r t utuy xcuv:

1) O trprtt tht th rght tppg h ct y btwth r th buyr. T r tt t tp th g trt, th r u th rght by rrg th crrr t tp vry t th

buyr, uch ct t t b cr brch th ctrct . Ith buyr ttpt t crcuvt th r rght, r xp by ug thcrrr r ur t vr th g, uch ct w b uwu, kgth buyr b g.) A c trprtt tht th tppg trt t vbt th r gt thr hr th b g r th buyr h

CISG, supra t 4, rt. 1().

8 See Axr v Zgr, T Rght Sup Stppg rt, J. L. Com. 33,368-69 (), available athttp://www.uctr.rg/p/gh/CISG/v%Zgr.p (tvt Mr. , 8).

9 See id. t 36.


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trrr uch b g t th thr prty. Obvuy, whr buyrh r th g t w buyr, th r c gr xrc thrght tppg trt gt thr prty. Mt tc w prtctth prprty rght g th purchr, whch tht th rwu t b b t xrc th rght tppg wh th g r r trt.3) Fy, thr trprtt tht th crrr t bu t cpywth rct th r t t h vr th g t th buyr. Tct th tppg rght wth rpct t th crrr rqur r tbrt.

Artc 1() w pprty r th b th c w ccpt

tppg trt, but wth prtt tct: t t pbgt up th crrr. O prt th rg Artc 3 th Cvtrtg t Ur Lw th Itrt S G, 1964 (ULIS) hb t bcu t p tht th rght tppg cu th r rghtt gv rr t th crrr. A rut, th cp Artc 1() th CISG wt t th rght btw th buyr th r3

T ct tht th CISG t th cp ppct th rght tppg tth rt btw th r th buyr k th tur th rght rtr th rght tppg t c w. Arc c w, prtcur,

r r th CISG t wy. Wh Artc 1() prt th r ttrcpt th g v thugh th buyr h cut whch tt ht bt th, ur U.C.C. ct -()(), r rght t tp g trt c up gtt t th buyr y gtb cut ttcvrg th g.

A ubr chr hv xpr ubt wth rgr t th prctcuu Artc 1(). Fr xp, ccrg t H, prgrph ()w b uu y uuu cbt crcutc31 Sry,ccrg t Btt, th ctv prt th prgrph cu thrr

b qut t.3 I ct, th prv y rv uu purp tutwhch y t hv b t by th rr: t y prtct th r wh

3 See rvr Btt, Artc 1, Biana Bonell, Commena on e Inenaional SalesLa 16-1 (198), available at http://cgw3.w.pc.u/cg/bb/btt-bb1.ht (tvt Mr. 6, 8).

31 Jon O. Honnold, Unifom La fo Inenaional Sales nde e 0 Unied Na-ions Conenion 431 (3 . 1999), available athttp://cgw3.w.pc.u/cg/bb/h-.ht#43 (t vt Mr. , 8).

3 Btt, supra t 31, t .


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rc th rght thrugh th curt by tprry uct.33 But, rtc1() w t t rv uch purp, t hu hv b r rty wthut pyg rt purp, r xp, wthut tg thtrr trprt cut t th buyr. I th r c t ppy r uct, t rrvt whthr th trprt cut trrr t thbuyr.

Tr thr wy whch th r y prvt vry th g tth buyr: th r y rt rg gtb cut by whch hc chg th buyr rght vry th g t th prt tt.I uch c, whr bth th r th buyr vry th gt th prt tt, ch prucg b g, th crrr bg t

vr th g t wrhu t curt tr wh h rght vr thg. T pprch t prbtc ur th prcp w, by th CISG, c th r y up prrc h bgt c tcptry brch. T t ctrry t th prcp trprttw, c gtb cut y b u upct rg. I th rrt rg, th y b ct wy prvtg th buyr rrcvg th g. But th c, th r t tt t gv tructt th crrr u h h rg cut. At t th th c cv w urct. Tu, th th ctuy rt t th rght ctr

hu b tguh r th c w ccpt rght tppg.

5. EFFECT OF THE RIGHT OF STOPPAGE AS BETWEEN SELLER

AND CARRIER

Artc 1() xpry t t prt y t th rght th g btw th buyr th r. T CISG ru r wrtt r-buyrctxt hu t b trprt t trr wth r th w tht th

CISG w t t t cvr. T CISG y r th prbty cvyc, t th pbty thr.34 Artc 1() ry cr tht r t brch ctrct wh, ur th crcutc t Artc1(), h prvt th crrr r hg vr th purch g t th buyrt th tt. T rght bgt th r twr th crrr ruct by Artc 1().3 T crrr , ccrgy, t bu t cpy wth

33 See Fiz Endelein Diei Maslo, Inenaional Sales La 8433: (199),available athttp://cgw3.w.pc.u/cg/bb/r.ht.

34 See Zgr, supra t 8, t 363.

3 See CISG, supra t 4, rt. 1() (ctg t r bgt twr thcrrr).


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rct th r t t h vr th g t th buyr. I, whrth buyr h cut whch tt h t bt th g, th crrry b prcu r wthhg th by h bgt ur th ctrct crrg.36

H rgu tht th ru tppg ct Artc 1() r t b v thugh thr cp r t y t rght btw th buyr th r. upprt th rgut, H tt tht v thugh th CISG t tt tht th crrr ut vr th g t th r, t tt thtth r y tp th g v thugh th buyr h cut whchtt h t bt th.3

Ur crt crcutc, th ru gvrg tppg trt thw y cct wth prcp th rvt trprttw. Dpg th ppcb w prtg t trprtt prprty,th r ght b t hv t ctr vr th g by trrrg gtb cut, whch wu thrr trr th rght ctr t thbuyr. Ur uch rg, th ctrct crrg ctvy pwr thbuyr t p th g urg trt. A prb y r th gtbcut ry trrr t th buyr wh t py th prc. C r prvt vry th g t th buyr uch c? T wr tth qut, whch y tr th ctv prt Artc 1(), t p. Tr r prtt rc g vru trprtt, w g t w.

Ur cv w, prcp, th r t hv th rght tppggt th crrr, bcu by trrrg th gtb cut h thrght ur th ctrct crrg. Oc th gtb cut trrrt th buyr, th r th rght t k y rr t th crrr rtt th p th g (u th r rt rg). My cvw urct xpcty prhbt th r, ctg th hppr, r gvgtruct t th crrr t th rtur r vry th g, u h p th rg.38 Wh th hppr vry thg t prt rt r th prt tt, th crrr t wt vr th g gt gtb cut, but rthr h ut rqurth u t gtb cut. T u t rg rqur rrt prtct th crrr gt th rk tht t th prt tt wu hr

36 See Zgr, supra t 8, t 366-6; Benjamins Sale of Goods, supra t 18, 1369.

3 S Honnold, supra t 31, t 43 (qutg CISG rt. 1()).

38 See, e.g., Hgtbuch [HGB] [Crc C] My 1, 189, Bugtbtt, I

[BGB. I] 1, , 64(1) (F.R.G.); Shh [Crc C], rt , pr XX, . XX(Jp); Suth Kr Crc C, 1991, rt. 81; w Mrt Crc C,Yr, rt. .


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th gtb cut y ppr vry th g. Tcpury bgt th crrr ctvy prv th r th rght tppg th urct.

At c w, th rght tppg cu th r rght t gv rrt th crrr. Ur Egh w, th r h ry vr th g t thcrrr, t rt th b g, h y t prvt vry thg t th buyr rtk p th g, v wh th buyr h b g.39 T y put th crrr prcru pt, c ccrg tct 46 th S G Act 199, th crrr ut r-vr th gt, r ccrg t th rct , th r, but , t th t, bg tvr th g t th wu hr th gtb cut. Ur th B Lg Act 18, th r rght tppg trt t prv vrth rght buyr th wu hr th gtb cut.4 Hwvr,ur ct ()() th UK Crrg G by S Act 199 (hrrCOGSA 199), r th trr th b g t th buyr, th r h ctrctu rght gt th crrr, cug th rght ctr vr thg.41

Ur U.S. w, th trprtt w prcp r rcg, ct-()() th U.C.C. ctt wth th Fr B Lg Act(hrr th FBLA). Ur ct -(3)(c) th U.C.C., crrr t rqur t by tp rr u gtb cut tt cvrgth g urrr. Sct 81(b) th FBLA k t cr tht thcrrr t xcu whr th r rr tppg but th b h b uygtt t g th purchr.4 T prv th U.C.C. FBLAput th ccy Artc 1() ubt ur Arc w, prtcury thprt Artc 1() whch prv tht th r y prvt th vry thg t th buyr v thugh th buyr h cut whch tt h t

39 See S G Act, supra t 11, 46.

4 See B Lg Act, 18, 18 & 19 Vct., c. 111, (rp rpc by th Crrg G by S Act, 199, c. ) (U.K.) (prvg tht thg hr ct h pruc rct y rght tppg trt . . . .).

41 See Crrg G by S Act, 199, c. , () (U.K.) (hrr COGSA 199). T ctrp th B Lg Act 18.

4 T Fr B Lg Act prv:

When a negotiable bill o lading is negotiated to a person or value in good aith, that persons right tothe goods or which the bill was issued is superior to a sellers lien or to a right to stop the transporta-tion o the goods. Tis subsection applies whether the negotiation is made beore or aer the common

carrier issuing the bill receives notice o the sellers claim. Te carrier may deliver the goods to anunpaid seller only i the bill rst is surrendered or cancellation.

Fr B Lg Act, 49 U.S.C. 81(b) (1994) (hrr FBLA).


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bt th.43 Ur ct 811 th FBLA, th r y t v rrt t ttcht thrugh uc prc u th b urrr t th crrrr t gtt . T tut , hwvr, rt th c -gtb trprt cut. Ur ct 8113() th FBLA, th crrrbty t th wr th g crr ur -gtb b ubct tth rght tppg trt.

Ur y ucp w, th trprtt w crt ru btcr th ctv prt Artc 1(). Wh th cp Artc 1() t t th rt btw th buyr th r t p ybgt th crrr, t p tht th r y gv rr t th crrr ttp th g trt. I tht rpct, Artc 1() ctrv t tcw gvrg th crrg g by , ur whch th r, ctg hppr, ctr vr th g r h trr th gtb cut tth buyr. T prtcury th c cv w urct whr th trr gtb cut cu th trr ctrctu rght b tht cut. Tu, th trrr h g tg t k y rqutt crrr r th cut tt trrr, c h gr h ctrctu rthp wth th crrr. Hc, t urct, r wh,ur Artc 1() th CISG h th rght t tp th g trt, w tb b t xrc tht rght ur th ctrct crrg r h h prt wthth gtb cut. H w hv t k thr t prvt vry th g by th crrr, .g. thrugh curt uct.

6. RIGHT OF CONTROL IN TRANSPORT LAW

T rght tppg trt ur th ctrct cy rt tth rght ctr ur trprtt w. Oy th pr wh h ctrvr th g trt th pt t gv rr t th crrr, cugth rr tppg g trt.44

ypcy, th hppr h th rght ctr vr th g trt. Trght cu th rght t gv rr t th crrr, t chg th tt rth cg (thugh th bur h t hw tht h t rt thpwr, whch rqur prtg u t b g). T rght ctrc b vry prtt r th hppr, c t b h ( r) t prvtvry t buyr wh t py th prc. I th rpct, th rght rbtppg trt ur c w, r th rght rtt cv w. T

43 CISG, supra t 4, rt. 1(). Cpr CISG, supra t , rt. 1(), wth U.C.C., supra t 11 2-705()(), 49 U.S.C. 81(b).



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cg prv th rght ctr u th rght w trrr t hbr th g wr vr r crrg. T tht th cg thv y rght t th g ut h rcv th, h ct r th urgth vyg.

T rght ctr p th w th prt. Prt r r ttr wh w hv th rght t ctr th g urg thr crrg. Ith vt th g hv b p r wrhp h b trrr t thcg up g th g, th trprt cut y tt tht thrght ctr th h th cg.

T ctt th rght ctr p th typ trprt cut.A tct h t b pg whthr gtb trprtcut h b u r t. Whr gtb trprt cut

u, th rght ctr prr thrugh uch trprt cut th crrr bg t vr th g t th hr th cut upprtt rg gtb cut. It w tht y th hr tht cut (whthr h b th rg hppr r trr) ttt vry h y y up prtt rgcut. T rght t th g r th crrr thu trrb bytrr th cut.

Ngtb cut, hvg th chrctr cut tt, uch thb g, tt th pr p uch cut t rcv, h

p th cut th g thy cvr. A gtb cut uby b r th g h p tt t hr t bt th gpc t r th b, r t p th by trrrg th cut. By g ct, th gtb cut t rprt th g tht p t quvt t p th g. T cut tt b t wu hr t u t t bt phyc vry th g t thprt tt, w t p th urg trt by trrrg thcut.

Ev whr th cut ut t th rr cg, th

hppr y, vrth, b tt t rrct th crrr t vr th gt thr pr.4 T hppr y t th th cg thrv th prt th cut bk r rt th thr cg,prv tht h h rt th rght p th g.46 T rght t,hwvr, c th hppr trr t t rg t th cg, wh, bybcg th wu hr th cut, cqur th rght t vry th g.4 Oc th hppr h trrr rg t trr, thrght t ctr trrr t th trr.

4 See id. t 1369.46 See id.

4 See id.


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T u prprty t rvt r th trprtt w prpctv.Fr th prpctv, th crrr bg t vr th g t th wuhr th cut, t rqur t vtgt th u wrhp.Strcty pkg, th rght ctr t b prprty rght bcu thctrg prty y t b th wr th g. T ctrg prty thpt t gv rr t th crrr, thr bcu h th hr gtbcut ( whch c h pwr ctr b th cut) rbcu h w gv th rght ctr ur th ctrct crrg. By ug gtb cut, th crrr thr crt prprty rght vr th g,r h th uthrty t . T crrr py cr rcpt th g crb th cut urtk t vr th t th wu hr th cut. O cur, th ct vry gtb cut yhv th ct trrrg tt. But r trprtt w tpt, thwrhp u t rvt t th xrc th rght ctr, r th rghtt rcv th g.48 T y u tht ttr ur ctrct crrg wh h th rght t vry th g.49 Wh gtb cut u,th y rvt ctr r th crrr : wh th wu hr th gtbcut?

I th c -gtb cut, thugh uch cut t cut tt, th r c t rt ctr vr th g trt, crc th g, c cvy th t thr prty, r c tp th trt.T r rt th k ctr by hvg th rght t gv truct tth crrr t th vry g. Wh th r gv truct tth crrr t vr th g t pr rt r th rgy cg, th crrr w b bg t by uch rr. T r tt tgv uch rr up ut th t th g rrv t th tt th cg t. At tht pt, ctr vr th g p t th cg.1

48 See UNCIRAL Dr, rt. 1() (g th uc th trr gtb trprtrcr, rtrctg th g uc trr t th xcuv ctr vr thrcr). Obvuy, th tt th rr tht th crrr hu t b ccr wthth ct tht th trr y hv btw th prt ut th ctrct crrg.

49 Cv Pvc, Dcut t Crrg G By S: Prt Sttu PbFutur Drct, J. Bs. L. 461, 4 (Spt. 1) .

Ur ct (3) th U.K. COGSA 199, v th buyr t wyb thr y t tr h vry truct t th crrr rrct th g t thr prty.See COGSA 199, supra t 43, (3).

1 Fr r t, see Hug brg, Lg Qut rprt Dcut, 3 l. Ma. L.J. 1,36 (1998).


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7. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STOPPAGE IN

TRANSIT AND RIGHT OF CONTROL

Tr r rt rc btw tppg trt th rght ctr. Frt, tr rt, bth rv k curty.Stppg trt th rght r wh tt, ur crt ct,t xrc th rght v whr h t th g wr th g. Rght ctr prtct th r, v r ctvy by wg thr t rt ctr vr th g ut th prc p. ypcy, th rght ctr w b trrr t th buyr gt th pyt th prc ur ttr crt.

T rc btw tppg trt th rght ctr thrc tur th b th rght. Stppg trt b thctrct , whch rv t trr th prprty rght pcc bct tth buyr rtur r th ttr pyt th purch prc t th r. I thbuyr t py th purch prc, th tppg trt rght t rtrth prprty t th r. O th thr h, th rght ctr h t b thrght rv r th ctrct crrg, prtcury th ru gvrg thgtbty trprt cut, whch tr th rght ctr vrth g. T rght y rcty rt t th prprty rght th

tht th ctrct crrg trut whch b th r t prrh uty ur th ctrct : vry th g.T rght ctr prtt tut whr th r t trut

th buyr, whr tppg trt rrvt whr th rh hw trut th buyr by grtg h crt, but th buyr tur ut tb ub t v up t tht trut. T r y rt th rght ctr xrc tppg trt g h th ctrg prty. Oc th rght trrr t th buyr, th r gr pt t xrc h rght tppg trt.

Wth rpct t trprtt w, th k btw tppg trt thrght ctr th qut wh h ctr vr th g trt.Oy th pr wth ctr vr th g th pt t gv rr t thcrrr, cug th rt t th tppg g trt. T tty th ctrg prty c b tbh th b th ctrct crrg trprt cut. I th c -gtb cut, th ctrgprty th hppr, u h h trrr th rght t th cg. I thc gtb cut, th ctrg prty th wu hr thcut.

I c trght b g, pt ctrctry vw, th tut t c-pct, t t th cv w yt. I prcp, th ctrg prty th hppr, pt


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8. POSITION OF THE CARRIER

A pcur tur th c w ccpt tppg trt thct tht th r r th crrr xrcg th rght. Fr xp, urEgh w th crrr ut by th r rr rtg t th vry g.3 T xrc th rght tppg trt y cu ru prbr th crrr whr th buyr p th gtb cut. Urth prcp gvrg crrg g, th crrr bu t vr thg t th wu hr gtb cut.4 T crrr ct ry th ctrct th r rght tppg gt th buyr,wh, ctg th cg, y u th crrr r wrgu vry. T bty

r wrgu vry ur th prcp y b vry hrh xp thcrrr t hgh rk. I th c wrgu vry, h y t ry thbt tt bty.

T ctrct crrg th ctrct r tw pt ctrctgvr by rt g rg. Lbty r -prrc th crrrbgt b th ru gvrg th crrg g, th crrr t w t ry th ru prcp gvrg th ctrct .Lgcy, th crrr wu k t th ctrct crrg, t whch h prty,rthr th t th ctrct. Cquty, th crrr wu ry vr

th g t th wu hr gtb cut. I th , why huth crrr br th cquc th r cr trrrg b g t buyr wh t py th prc?

T t cut tut wh th r trr gtb cutt th buyr wthut bg p th prc. I th c, thr r tw cptgc t th g: th r rv h c r h rght t tp th g trt, wh th buyr tt t rcv th g wu hr thgtb cut. T prty ur prur th tut th crrr. O h, h bg t by th r rr t tp vry th g, wh

th thr h, h rk bty t th cg r wrgu vry hby th r rr. T , t t, th tut ur Egh w.

th ct tht vry t b t pr. T hppr rt th rght t rpc th th cg, g h rt th p th trght b. Oc th cu-t g t th cg, th rght ctr trrr t th g. S CvPvc, T Strght B Lg: D W Ry N It?, 4 E. ans. L. 0 (2005).

3 SeeS G Act,suprat 11, 4 (th crrr ut r-vr th g t, r ccrg t thrct , th r).

4 See, e.g., S G Act, supra t 11, ; U.C.C., supra t 11, -()().

See COGSA 199, supra t 43, (1)() (ttg tht th buyr th wu hr ttt vry th g th crrr w brch th ctrct wth th buyr h by th


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I th k tut, th crrr hu k c by bcg thr rght tppg b ur th w wth th trprtt wru tht th g y b vr y t th wu hr th gtbcut. U thr r pc crcutc (.g. thr r g tbu rt btw th r th crrr), c gtb cut trrr t th buyr, th crrr w t prbby gr th r rqut tppg trt. A uthr tt, t cut t why th crrrhu put h t ct trub ccut prb crt by thr y (trrrg th b g br pyt) th buyr ut(-pyt).6

I th crrr c t gv prrc t th r rght tppg, thcrrr wu uuy rqur r th r ttr ty. By uch ttr,th r hu urtk th rk wrgu xrc th rght tppg trt, w cvr th xp cu by th xrc th rght. Hwvr,th y t xp th crrr t ru rk bcu h ght t b b t ry ttr ty u by th r th curt h tht uch ttr ruut. Mrvr, ur Arc w, pr y b h cry br ruut vt ru gvrg ut rt t trprt cut.8It uky tht ttr ty cu brg crt t pr tct pr.

Ur y ucp w, th crrr wu t hv qut prtct h r th rght tppg. It t cr wht g b th xrc th rght tppg y b pb urct tht t rcg uch rght.9 Ev t c w, th rght tppg y b w y t t trr wth th ru prtt gtb cut, th cwth th U.C.C. th FBLA prv.6 I thr tut, th r h t h

r truct rgrg t th vry). S Er Dptr L v. Zk Ihg, (TLyc), [1983] Ly Rp. 48.

6 Cales Deaisa, e Sale of Goods Caied Sea (2d ed., 1998).

Brw Jk & C. Lt. v. Prcy Dt (L) Lt., (19) Q.B. 61 (A.C.) (U.K.).

8 See FBLA, supra t 4 (prvg tht pr wh vt th prv th rght ctr ur th Act h b ur tt 18, pr r t r th yr, rbth . . . .).

9 I Siebel-Hegner & Co. v. Te Peninsular & Oriental Steam-Navigation Co, th Curt h tht thr rght tppg trt w t rcg by Jp w. I th c, th crrrru t vr th g t th cg bcu th r rr t tp th g trt. See Sb-Hgr & C. v. T Pur & Ort Stvgt C., (YkhDt. Ct., Oct. 9, 1918) (Jp).

6 Ur th U.C.C., th rght tppg c b xrc by th r ut gtt t th buy-r y gtb cut tt cvrg th g. U.C.C., supra t 11, -()()


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p thr, r ct, wy prtct. T r c xrc thrght by ug b g t h w rr r trr th b g t th buyr ut th prc p. T r y rt rgb g ut h , whch wu b h t prvt th buyrr rcvg th g wh th hp rrv t th tt. A, wh thb g gtt t th buyr, th r y r th buyr, by pprprt prcur, th rtur th b g thr cut.

T crrr bvuy t bu by th CISG, but rthr by w gvrgth crrg g. Fr th prpctv th crrr, th CISG rg rrvt, c th crrr t prty t th ctrct. H prty t crrg ctrct, whch gvr by th g rg gvrg th crrg g. Sc th CISG t p y bgt th crrr, th r

y y ry th crrr vutry cpc wth h truct rgrgtppg. T pt hr t whthr th r c thg r thcrrr, but whthr th crrr hu by uch . Why wu th crrrby uch rr rk bty r wrgu vry? T wr t thqut y t b p, w p th ru gvrg th crrg g rthr th th rgutg th ctrct.

9. UNCITRAL DRAFT TRANSPORT LAW

T UNCIRAL Dr rprt Lw r ubr u tht hvt b rgut r by prvu trt cvt. A th xtgtrt cvt gvrg crrg g by hv gr thu rt t th rght ctr. Drc g t w rtprctc y hv b th r tht th u wr by th rr th cvt. T grwg u -gtb cut ctrccut h brught th u th rght ctr t th ttt thrr th UNCIRAL Dr rprt Lw. T c th rght th

rght t gv th crrr truct wth rpct t th g, whch cutruct tht t y th ctrct crrg, g vry t thpc tt, rpcg th cg.61

Ur th FBLA,when a negotiable bill o lading is negotiated to a person or value in good aith, that persons rightto the goods or which the bill was issued is superior to a sellers lien or to a right to stop the trans-portation o the goodsTe carrier may deliver the goods to an unpaid seller only i the bill rst issurrendered or cancellation.FBLA, supra t 4, 81(b).

61 Ur UNCIRAL Dr, supra t , rt. 3(1),Te right o control may be exercised only by the controlling party and is limited to:a) Te right to give or modiy instructions in respect o the goods that do not constitute a variation


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T UNCIRAL Dr k cr tct btw tut whr -gtb cut u, whr gtb cut u. Wh gtb cut u th crrr h th g r thhppr r th prty, wh rcty r rcty cqur th rght ctr rth hppr.6 It prtt t t tht cg th ctrg prty whgt uch by th hppr. Wh th -gtb cut u,prvg tht t h b urrr rr t bt vry th g, thhppr, th ctrg prty, y trr th rght ctr t th cg th cut.63 Fy, wh gtb cut u, th hr uch cut th ctrg prty.64

0. CONFLICT BETWEEN THE CISG AND THE UNCITRAL DRAFT

T ct tppg trt t t th w , y ctrctth ru gvrg crrg g. Whr th buyr h cut whchtt h t bt th g, th crrr y b prcu r wthhgth by h bgt ur trprtt w.6 Accrg t Btt, uchcrcutc th ctv prt Artc 1() wu b qut t.66Wth th pt th UNCIRAL Dr, t w b v r t bcu pb cct ru btw th CISG th UNCIRAL Dr.

T ptt cct btw th CISG th UNCIRAL Dr r rth c-xtc th rght tppg ur w th rght ctrur trprtt w, tht th xrc th tw rght ct ththr rght. Ur th prcp trprtt w, th buyr, wh wuhr gtb trprt cut, h xcuv rght ctr

o the contract o carriage;b) Te right to obtain delivery o the goods at a scheduled port o call or, in respect o inland carriage,any place en route; andc) Te right to replace the consignee by any other person including the controlling party.

Id.

6 See UNCIRAL Dr, supra t , rt. 4(1)() (T hppr th ctrg prty u thhppr, wh th ctrct crrg ccu, gt th cg, th cutryhppr r thr pr th ctrg prty.).

63 See id. t rt. 4()() (T hppr th ctrg prty y trr th rght ctrt th cg th trprt cut r th ctrc trprt rcr by trr-rg th cut t th pr wthut rt.).

64 See id. t rt. 4(3)() (T hr r, r th rg th gtb cut u, th hr rg th ctrg prty.).

6 Btt, supra t 3, t .

66 Id.


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th r h rcur t prvt h r xrcg th rght. I th h buyr, uch cut cr th pwr t ctr th g thrvry t th tt, rgr whthr th purch prc h ryb p ccrc wth th ppcb w r t.6 O th thr h,ur Artc 1() th CISG, th r w t trcpt th crg brctu vry t th buyr, v whr th r h t ctr vr th g.I thr wr, th rght tppg ur Artc 1() ght b cct wthth rght ctr ur trprtt w prcp.

Ur th UNCIRAL Dr, th hppr h trrr th gtbcut t th cg, th h ct prvt vry th g t thcg. T r wu hv rght t k y rr t th crrr wh hgt th cg th ctrg prty ur Artc 4(1)(), wh htrr -gtb cut t th cg wthut rt urArtc 4()(), r wh th cg th hr gtb cutur Artc 4(3)(). Trr, ur th UNCIRAL Dr Itrut, thcrrr wu b brch h ut twr th ctrg prty h wr tby th r rr rt t tppg trt.

T urc th cct wth th UNCIRAL Dr th prt Artc 1() tht tt tht th r c xrc th tppg trt vthugh th buyr h cut whch tt h t bt th. Tp tht th r y gv truct t th crrr v th buyr p gtb cut. O th thr h, Artc 4(3)() thUNCIRAL Dr y thg t th ppt ct, .., tht th r tth ctrg prty ct gv truct t th crrr u h thhr th rg. Wht th CISG gv th r wth h tkwy by th thr h - th UNCIRAL Dr. T r y hv th rght tgv truct t th crrr ur th CISG, but t hv th rghtur th UNCIRAL Dr. Ur th CISG, th r w t gv rr tth crrr rt t th tppg, h w b prtct gt th buyr hxrc th rght. But wht th g hvg uch prtct th r( hppr) t w, ur th UNCIRAL Dr, t gv uch rr tth crrr? It c t th pt tht th r w b prtct by th CISG h xrc th rght tppg, whch h t w t xrc ur thUNCIRAL Dr. Whr th gc bg prtct thg h t w t ? Wht th purp hvg rght tht t xt th r wr? T cct y b urt -cct wy, th tht th r y gv rr ur th CISG t th crrr wh wut by th ur th Dr rprt Lw. But th g, wht th pt gvg rr tht w t b by?



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Artc 1() y ppy t tut whr th r rt rggtb cut. Such r y prvt th hg vr g t thbuyr by pprg t th prt tt wth r vry, rgr whthr r t rg th h buyr. But, g th c, thtxt Artc 1(), whch prv tht th r y prvt th hg vr g t th buyr v thugh th buyr h cut whch tt ht bt th, t cry, v cug bcu t y tht rg r th h th buyr.

Fy, thr pb u Artc 1() ght b th c r ug tprry uct. But th c, t bv, th prv huhv b r rty. I Artc 1() t t b u t prtct thr wh rrt t tprry uct, th prt tht tt tht th ry prvt hg vr th g v thugh th buyr h cutwhch tt h t bt th, wu b cug. T p rttut c th u wh h trprt cut rrvt t th u uct.

Hc, th bv c thr r th prt Artc1() whch prv tht th r y prvt th hg vr th g tth buyr v thugh th buyr h cut whch tt h t btth. T prv y b g crt ucry cu. Itr pu why th tc tr th txt Artc 1(). T Rprt th 19 UNCIRAL Ctt th Wh I rtg t th r Cvt th Itrt S G h ght hw t . I rctg prp t t th prv th tppg trt, th Rprt tttht t w pt ut tht th rght tppg trt th g, tut prgrph (), ppr y g yt. 68 Athr ytry hwth UNCIRAL Ctt c t th ccu tht th rght tppg trt, Artc 1(), ppr y g yt. T Cttwu hv b r ccurt h t tt tht th ccpt tppg trt, th CISG, t xt y g yt. I Egh w, th rght tppg cu th rght th r t gv rr t th crrr.69 UrArc w, th r h rght tppg th trprt cut gtb gtt t th buyr. I t cv w urct thccpt py t xt. T ccpt tppg trt ScvC ght b r; t r ky tht t ctuy crrp t th

68 Report o Committee o the Whole I relating to the dra Convention on the International Sale oGoods, [19] UNCIRAL Y.B. VIII, U.N. Dc. A/3/1, available athttp://cgw3.w.pc.u/cg/gtv/B1-1.ht (t vt Mr. , 8).

69 See S G Act, supra t 11, 46(1).

See U.C.C., supra t 11, -()().


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rght ctr b trprtt w prcp rthr th qutyprcp.

T rtc prv vc tht th rght tppg trt, Artc 1(), t xt y g yt. Mrvr, th CISG prv cct wth th ru trprtt t g yt. Prxcy,Artc 1() th CISG y prt wthut hrc th CISG pp th Ut Kg, th vry w vp cutr tht h t rtth CISG. Ev tht c, th r wu b b t ry th rght tppgy ur th ct by Sct 44 th S G Act 199.Oy r th ct r t c th r b tt t rqur thcrrr t rrct th g.1 T qut why r wht purp thprbtc tc bc prt Artc 1() r t wtg r cvcgwr. T rtc rprt ttpt t trt why Artc 1() wub bttr wthut tht tc.

T curt hv t h uch pprtuty t x th g u rtt tppg trt, pruby bcu up r hv prrr t curthr pt by r ct trut. A rut, thr tt rtgt rtg t th xrc th rght trt tr. T ct tht th twty yr c th CISG tr t rc thr h b y c whch th curt th CISG br tt wu ppy Artc 1() cvcg rgut r t ck prctc prtc. Hwvr, y tk th cvr trprtt rgu tht Artc 1() w r kuy cry tht t prt wthut cug y put. But r txt Artc 1(), th t ppr t b crb trprtt.It r ky tht th rght tppg trt rry, vr, xrc r prctc. Mrvr, th txt th prv cry ctrct th rugvrg crrg g th UNCIRAL Dr, whch uwctut tht cu hu hv b v. Wh th UNCIRAL Drvtuy c t rc t v ky tht y w u th rght tppg trt. Why wu y ry -xtt rght?

Artc 1() y t b hru, crt (thugh xtry rr)tut, t y py uu r. But wh brv th ght rprctc, whch r uch r r ct trut t prtct r,

1 See S G Act, supra t 11, 46.

See Ktgrcht Kt Zrch [Curt Ct Zrch], Apr. , , availableathttp://cgw3.w.pc.u/c/41.ht (t vt Mr. , 8), , Bugr-cht [BGr] [Fr Curt] Juy 1, , Etchug Schwrch Bugrcht[BGE] III (Swt.), vb t http://cgw3.w.pc.u/c/11.ht (t vt Juy

, 8). Hwvr, v th c t rt t th tut whr gtb cut trrr t th buyr. Mrvr, thr th UNILIEX r CLOU tb ct gc vvg tppg trt.


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th prv t b bt. Mrvr, t cct wth w tbhru rght ctr ur trprtt w t ccu tht thCISG wu b bttr wthut Artc 1(), r, r prcy, wthut thprv ttg tht th r c xrc th tppg trt v thughth buyr h cut whch tt h t bt th. I ct, th crtc th rtc pr by th prt Artc 1(). Wthut t, thprv wu b pr t th crtc, th uthr wu b prpg h t rt wrtg th rtc.

S ubt wth rpct t th vbty r uu Artc 1() hvry b xpr by ubr chr. It xtc h b prty utby th ct tht t y prt wth th trprtt w rt grg. Hwvr, c th UNCIRAL Dr trr t Cvt,th utct w gru. Wh prvu trt cvt t rgut th rght ctr, th UNCIRAL Dr xpcty r thu. T prt th UNCIRAL Dr, whch b w tt prcp trprtt w, cry ctrct Artc 1(). I th UNCIRAL Drbc wy pt Cvt, t wu gr b y t uty thctt Artc 1() by vkg th rc g th g rg.

T t cpct qut rgrg tppg trt r t cct wth w, but cct wth th pbty rcg thprcp thr w tht ct , uch trprtt w. TCISG t, cu t, r th ct ur whch th r yb b t rc tht rght th ctxt trprtt w, c tht up th g rg gvrg th crrg g.

. CONCLUSION

S th t cpct u w r tut whr thr cct btw th ru bgg t rt r w. I th tut, cut u y r: whch ru hu prv? T wr t th qut qut cut. T cu th cct ru rttrt, w rt bckgru rt r w. Tt why uch u rv prtcur ttt by th rr trtcvt.

T ct tht UNCIRAL th uthr bth th CISG th UNCIRALDr k th tut rthr . It cut t urt why th CISGct ru whch prv r rght vvg th brch thr ru,ur rt g rg, pt by th rgt. Wu t, prhp,hv b bttr t prv r rt rght whch t trr wth thtrprtt w ru wu b r ctv, uch th rght rtt?


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W uch prv cry t ? I th CISG h xpry xcu r thcp t ppct th ct whch th ctrct y hv tt r thg, why t rt th prv whch rt th c w trr prprty yt? Wut t hv b bttr t v th u t tw t?

Stppg trt utt trut trt . T rght tppg trt h t t prtc th r yt trt u t wpr u ttr crt rtt tt cu. Ir bu, th rght tppg ght b prtt y rr cwhr th crt th pyt thrugh p ccutup vry. I th tut, th t cvt wy whch upr c prtct h trt gt th buyr ut t rt p th cut tt ut pyt.

Pcy r pk gt th u tppg trt. T crrrhu t hv t gt vv g wrgg but th uprcy btwth rght tppg up r th ctructv p cqurby th wu hr b g. Aty, th k trrc wthth rght tppg wth th ru prtt gtb cut yvry ct th ttu b g ur th wh yt cg trt . A, r pcy r, cvt hut r prtct t prty whch prpt th thr prty t brk th ru thr cvt. I t urct, th r t w t gv rrt th crrr rt t vry th g r h ctvy ctr vrth g by trrrg gtb cut t th buyr. I th crrr byuch rr, tht wu vt ru trprtt w, rt c wrgu vry th g. O cur, th prty brchg thru wu b th crrr, but th CISG, , curg tht k brch.Lgt y t b cpb prvtg vt ru prctc, but, tt, t hu t curg uch vt.

Nw, wth th tut ry hvg b crt, t t rtc t xpcttht th CISG hu b rv. T prb prctc r t xpct t ppr bcu th ch th ttr crt h ry gcty tth rk prb rg th r. O th thr h, th UNCIRAL Drw b th ubct urthr ttt br th txt vtuy pt. I thtut, th rr th UNCIRAL Dr hu t py uch ttt tth CISG prv th tppg trt, y cct Artc1() by th UNCIRAL Dr y t th vt r trt wtt ru trprtt w. Hc, th UNCIRAL txt hu r wth th trt prcp trprtt w.

It w kw tht th u y b rty wh brvr rt g. Fr th prpctv w, Artc 1() h t


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gc prtctg up r. O th thr h, wh brv r thprpctv trprtt w, Artc 1() t gc t bcut ctrv ut prcp trprtt w. I thr wr, Artc1() prtct th r h xrc th rght h t w t xrc urtrprtt w. Wh th tw rt prcp r rgr ctrt, qut tht r : Whr th gc prtctg r g thg h t w t ? T wr t th qut, hwvr,y p rt prpctv.

Wh thr r tut whr g r r cy rt t rtr w, trcpry pprch t rg th ru wc. I ct, th g th rtc t prt th trcpry pprch tut r t th cct ru c x th rtc. Hpuy, r th utur c b rw r th xprc.


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Saetak:

ZAUSTAVLJANJE ROBE U PRIJEVOZU (STOPPAGE IN TRANSIT)I PRAVO KONTROLE : SUKOB PRAVILA?

Pravo zaustavljanja tereta tijekom prijevoza je mjera zatite prodavatelja odrizika neplaanja cijene, koju prodavatelj ima u anglosaksonskom pravu na temelju

pravila koja reguliraju prodaju robe. o pravo je u modiciranoj ormi sadrano iu Konvenciji UN o meunarodnoj prodaji robe iz 1980. (Beka konvencija). Prema

pravilima pomorskog prava, postoji pravo kontrole na teretu tijekom prijevoza kojeposjeduje ovlateni imatelj prenosive prijevozne isprave. Pravilo o zaustavljanju robe

tijekom prijevoza, na nain na koji je denirano Konvencijom UN o meunarodnojprodaji robe, u suprotnosti je s naelima na kojima je utemeljeno pravo kontroleu pomorskom pravu, osobito u zemljama kontinentalnog prava. Naime, premaKonvenciji UN prodavatelj ima pravo sprijeiti kupca da primi robu, ak i ako jekupac u posjedu prijevozne isprave koja mu daje pravo na predaju robe. a odredba

je u suprotnosti s pravilima pomorskog prava u zemljama kontinentalnog prava, ukojima prodavatelj nema pravo na zaustavljanje robe tijekom prijevoza, osim ako jeu posjedu svih izvornika prijevozne isprave. Ovaj sukob pravila je postao evidentanusvajanjem nacrta Konvencije o ugovorima o prijevozu tereta u cijelosti ili djelomino

morem, koji je usvojio UNCIRAL u srpnju 2008. godine. Naime, za razliku odprethodnih meunarodnih konvencija u materiji prijevoza tereta morem, nacrtove nove Konvencije sadri izriite odredbe koje reguliraju pravo kontrole na teretutijekom prijevoza. Na temelju tih odredbi, pravo kontrole ima osoba koja je u posjedusvih izvornika prijevozne isprave. Dakle, prema odredbama nacrta nove Konvencije,

prodavatelj nema pravo zaustaviti teret tijekom tranzita, osim ako je u posjedusvih izvornika prijevozne isprave, to je u suprotnosti s tekstom Beke Konvencije omeunarodnoj prodaji robe. Ovaj tekst analizira ovaj "sukob pravila" dviju konvencija,koje je, to je zanimljivo, donijela ista meunarodna organizacija.

Kljune rijei: zaustavljanje robe u prijevozu (stoppage in transit), pravo kontrole,meunarodna prodaja robe, prijevoz tereta morem, prijevozne isprave.

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