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Plant lay-out and material transfer

Topic 2:Unit Operations in Food Industry (ITP - 230)

 Adil Basuki Ahza (ABA)

Dept Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan,Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, IPB

 Jln Kamper 1. KampuIPB Darmaga Bogor 16680

Emailadil@ipb.ac.id; adil@uwalumni.com; adilahza@yahoo.com 

T!anks to Dr. "rpa!

#aleng $or t!e initial grap!i%al

mailto:adil@ipb.ac.idmailto:adil@uwalumni.commailto:adilahza@yahoo.commailto:adilahza@yahoo.commailto:adil@uwalumni.commailto:adil@ipb.ac.id

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Instructional Objectives:

1. Students are capable to explain the concept, basic

principles&understanding, objectives and design of plant

lay-out. !xplain "aterial transports, "ethods and "achineries

#. !xplain principles and suitability of pu"ps for fluid transfer.

Topics:

1. $lant %ay-out. aterial 'ransportation & achinery

#. (luids 'ransfer & achineries

). $u"ps

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Stages commonly adopten in Post

harvest handling and processing oagricultural products !asically covers:

1.Post-harvst handlin! and transports to thprocssin! plant

2.Pr-procssin! movmnt and tratmnts inth procssin! plant

3.Procssin!".#ast handlin!$.Pac%a!in! and stora!&.'istribution to th wholsalrs and rtailrs(.Prsntation and display o) th procssd

products in th mar%plac

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1. PlantLayout

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Denition of Plant LayoutDesi!n

* d+nd by &oore ,1'6( and ot!ers) "#Plant layout is"•  a plan of , or t"e act of plannin! and itsimplementation an optimum arran!ement offacilities, includin! –  personnel#

 –  operatin! e$uipment stora!e space#

 –  materials "andlin! e$uipment# and

 –  all ot"er supportin! mac"ineries and ser%ices#

 –  alon! &it" t"e desi!n of t"e 'est structure to containt"ese facilities.

• #ome aut!ors in%lude  – At one site and location to !t t"e safest# most eecti%e

and e*cient operations

 – th ultimat obctivs, i.. to produce safe and !ood$uality products

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T"e Principles of Plant lay-outdesi!n

• Principles

1. Inte!ration (materials# &or+ers#mac"ineries# acti%ities,mo%ements)

2. inimum distance#

3. lo

/. ooms %olume.

. afety and comforts#

. le4i'ility

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5'6ecti%es of t"e Layout Desi!n

1. /o as th production procsss

2. /o minimiz atrial andlin! rlatdproblms

3. /o mantainin! ibility *o) man andmachinris improvmnts4modi+cations5

". /o conomically utiliz room6s volum

$. /o nhanc 7ctivnss o) wor%)orc

&. /o nsur wor% sa)ty and com)orts

(. /o produc sa) and !ood 8uality )oodproducts

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Plant 9ayout Importance andunction (1 of 2)

• Plant layout re$ers to an optimumarrangement o$ di*erent $a%ilities in%luding!uman resour%e, plant and ma%!iner+,

material et%.• ince a layout onc implmntd cannot

'e easily c"an!ed and costs of suc" ac"an!e are substantial, th plant layout

is a strate!ic decision.• 7 poor layout ill result in continuous

losses in trms o)•  hi!hr 7orts )or matrial handlin!,

• mor wast and rwor%,

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PL78T L795T: IP5T78;

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Types of Plant Layout Pro'lems:Pro-lems ala+s t!ere een i$ e !ae appropriatel+

designed......

T!e plant la+out pro-lems %an -e%lassi/ed into $our t+pes as $ollos -ig tosmall)

1.Plannin! completely ne& facility

2.

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5'6ecti%es > 7d%anta!es of ?ood Plant Layout

#ome o$ t!e important o-e%ties o$ a good plant layout are as$ollos

• 5%erall simplication of production process in terms ofe$uipment utilization, minimization o) dlays, rducin! manu)acturin!tim, and bttr provisions )or maintnanc

• 5%erall inte!ration of man# materials# mac"inery# supportin!acti%ities and any ot"er considerations in a &ay t"at result int"e 'est compromise.

• inimi@ation of material "andlin! cost 'y suita'ly placin! t"efacilities in th bst ow s8unc

• a%in! in Aoor space# eecti%e space utili@ation and lesscon!estion ,confusion,

• In%reased output  and reduced in%process inventories

• Bttr super%ision and control• =or+er con%enience and &or+er satisfaction

• Better &or+in! en%ironment# safety of employees and reduced"a@ards minimi@ation of &aste and "i!"er producti%ity

• 7%oid unnecessary capital in%estment

• Ci!"er Ae4i'ility and adapta'ility to c"an!in! conditions

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lo& of aterials

&ood material 'o design ill"

• :mprov duc travlin! distancs• ?acilitat asir control ins ctions

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lo& Patterns

• Accordin! to th principl o) ow, th

layout plan arran!s th wor% ara )orach opration or procss so as to havan o%erall smoot" Ao& throu!h th

production 4 srvic )acility. /h basic typs o) ow pattrns that armployd in dsi!nin! th layout ar

1. I-Ao

2. L-Ao3. - Ao

/. -Ao& and

. 5 Ao&

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13 (a) I-lo&: separaterecei%in! ands"ippin! area.

') L-lo&: &"en strai!"tline Ao& c"art is to 'eaccommodated

?or stora!

(c) -lo&: %ery popular as acom'ination of recei%in!and dispatc"

(d) -lo&: &"en t"e production lineis lon! and @i!@a!!in! on t"e

(e) 5-lo& &"en it is desired toterminate t"e Ao& near&"ere it is ori!inated

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B7I; T9P

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Figure 1. Product or 9in 9ayout

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 /h dcision to or!aniz th )acilitis on aproduct or lin basis is dpndnt upon a

numbr o) )actors and has manycons8uncs which should b car)ullywi!hd.

onditions )avor dcision to !o )or aproduct focused layout# ar

1. Ci!" %olume of production for

ade$uate e$uipment utili@ation2. tandardi@ation of product3. easona'ly sta'le product

demand

/. ninterrupted supply of material

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Some o$ t!e maor advantages o thistype o layout are"

1. eduction in material "andin!2. Less &or+-in-process3. Better utili@ation and speciali@ation

of la'or/. educed con!estion and smoot"

Ao&.

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2. Process or functional layout

•  /his typ o) layout is dvlopd for

process focused systems.• T"e procssin! units ar or!anizd by

)unctions into dpartmnts on thassumption that crtain s%ills and )acilitisar availabl in ach dpartmnt.

  #imilar e2uipment and operations aregrouped toget!er.

• T"e functional layout is more suitedfor lo&-%olumes of production (!atch production) and particularly hen t"eproduct is not standardi@ed.

• It is economical &"en Ae4i'ility

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igure $* Process or unctional Layo

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+he maor advantages o a process layout are"

1. Better e$uipment utili@ation2. Ci!"er Ae4i'ility

3. ?reater incenti%e to indi%idual&or+er

/. ore continuity of production in

unforeseen conditions li+e'rea+do&n# s"orta!es#a'senteeism etc.

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3. ;ellular or !roup layout

• :t is a special type of functional layout

in &"ic" t"e facilities are clu''edto!et"er into cells.

• T"is is suita'le for systems desi!nedto use t"e concpts, principls andapproach o) !roup tchnolo!y.

• =uch a layout o7rs th advanta!s o)mass production with hi!h d!r o)

ibility.• # can employ "i!" de!ree ofautomation vn i) th numbr o)products is mor with ibl

r8uirmnts.

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Figure ,* ;ellular or ?roup Layout(Also knon as -&roup +echnology.)

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7d%anta!es :

1.

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/. Fi4ed PositionG Layout

• /his is suitabl )or producin! sin!l, lar!,hi!h cost componnts or products.

• r th product is static.• 9abor, tools and 8uipmnt com to th

wor% sit.

Figure /* i4ed Position Layout

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PL78T L795T 7;T5

 /h dsi!n o) any layout is !ovrnd by a numbr o) )actors and th

bstlayout is th on that optimizs all th )actors. /h )actors inuncin! any layout ar cat!orizd into th )ollowin!

H(ei!"t) !roups

1.T"e material factor: includes desi!n#%ariety# $uantity# th ncssaryoperations, and t"eir se$uence.

2.T"e main factor: includs direct

&or+ers# super%ision and ser%ice"elp# safety and manpo&erutili@ation.

3.T"e mac"inery factor: includs t"erocess# roducin e ui ment and 

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. T"e &aitin! factor in%ludes permanentand temporar+ storage and dela+s andt!eir lo%ations.

. T"e ser%ice factors in%lude seri%erelating to emplo+ee $a%ilities su%! as

 parking lot, lo%ker rooms, toilets, aitingrooms et%.3 seri%e relating to materials interms o$ 2ualit+, produ%tion %ontrol,s%!eduling, dispat%!ing, aste %ontrol3and seri%e relating to ma%!iner+ su%! as

maintenan%e.. T"e 'uildin! factor in%ludes outsideand inside -uilding $eatures and utilit+distri-ution and e2uipment.

H. T"e c"an!e factor in%ludes ersatilit+,

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e%0* ystematic layout plannin! proced

ayout Plannin! Procedure

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Broad !uidelines forpreparation of t"e site

layout are !i%en 'elo&: (1 o ,)

1.inimiz th distanc that

matrials hav to travl to or )romstors or durin! procssin!2.=parat th raw matrial

unloadin! and +nishd product

loadin! )acilitis3.:solat th hazardous oprations".9ocat stora! aras clos to

unloadin! and loadin! )acilitis

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$. 9ocat boilr room, powr station,

coolin! towrs, watr pumpin! stationtc. on priphry but adacnt to thara o) lar!st us

&. /h usual clarancs btwn pipsincludin! an!s and la!!in! andbtwn pips and othr obcts shouldb 2$ mm but this should b incrasd i)

hot pips run nar plastic pips, cablstc.

(. =tam and watr mains, lctricity andtlphon cabls tc. should, in !nral,

run paralll to th road systm and

Broad !uidelines for preparation of t"e site layout are!i%en 'elo&: ( $ o  ,)

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7rea To;learan

ce

Plant areas

To t"e ad6acent unit#main

roads or 'oundary

1 m

Boilers and furnaces 1

Blo& do&n stac+s &it"Aares

30

?as "olders 30

;oolin! to&ers 30

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thr >uls

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*eneral %ogic of facilities %ayout:

1. $enge"bangan 'ata leta+ di"ulai dari a+tifitas u"u" +e a+tifitas

spesifi+.

. %ogi+a pergera+an +aryaan, "ateri dan produ+ berlangsung antara

dua +utub yaitu antara +antor depan dengan lo+asi pengeluaran produ+ jadi.

1. onsu"en pasar/ "enentu+an jenis produ+ yg diprodu+si

. $rodu+ "enentu+an jenis peralatan dan pergudangan

#. %o+asi peralatan "enentu+an jenis "aterial bahan ba+u dan

pergera+an +aryaan

). 0lur pergera+an dan cara produ+si "enentu+an leta+ +antor

ad"inistrasi dan pintu "asu+ +aryaan

. $intu "asu+ +aryaan "enentu+an leta+ loc+er dan toilet,

+afetaria dan S2 lainnya

3. %eta+ +antor ad"inistrasi "enentu+an leta+ pintu gerbang

uta"a pabri+

*eneral 4ules are :

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*eneral divisions for a 2istribution 5o"pany co"prise of:

1. (ront end entry

a.customer conference roomsb.accounting

c.sales, customer service, etc.

d.general work areas

e.private officesf. misc. (main telephone/data, office supplies, break area,

files, fax, mail/postage) 

. $roduction 5ell

a. various e6uip"ent

b. fulfill"entc. uni6ue value added co"ponent

#. 7arehousing

a. storage ra "aterials, finished goods/

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). Shipping84eceiving

a. shipping8receiving office

b. driver area

c. labeling and ready to ship

. aintenance & $roduction Support

a. aintenance parts storage/

b. Solvent storagec. !6uip"ent support air co"pressors, etc./

d. 9attery chargers

3. !"ployee Services

a. "ain loc+er8toilets

b. cafetaria

c. training 8 recreation

d. hu"an resources

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ome

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Examples of factory layouts for

materials handling:

(a)INCORRECTL !E"I#NE!$% cleaning& '% peeling and

preparation& % inspection& %

pac*aging& +% free,ing& -% cold

store& .% office& /% o0erflo1 coldstore& 2% ra1 material cold store3

Note the follo1ing faults in design

(a):

4, Raw material, partly processed

 product and finished product in

same cold store;

B, Adjacent inspection of prepared

food and washing of raw

material;

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i!ure . 7n

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ruit Processin!Layout

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Dairy Processin!Layout

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Cooked Meat Processing Plant 

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Dual Temperature Coldstore with Mobile Racking 

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Upgrade of Existing Poultry actory to EC !tandards "#utput$ %&'''(hr)

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Plant Room *ater + ,ir !er-ices

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Laser codin!: (a) (a'o%e) operator interface and codin!laser on a production lineM (') (o%erleaf) date andproduction codes positioned on a carton

!

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.ayout /0!hape:

V-shaped cross aisle allows workers to travel into the picking space as quickly

as possible, a Modification of !shape

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I. aterials (solid) Transportati

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7D78T7?

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et"ods of 7c"ie%in!

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*enerally achieved by using: scre conveyors, buc+et

conveyors, belt conveyors, and vibratory conveyors

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  PP

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III. LID C78DLI8? > PP

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et"ods >luid Transfer

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I PP

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I. PP

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f

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/. Types of Pumps

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"entrifugal pumps converts the rotational energ# into translational

speed and energ# in terms of pressure. ($i%uid is pumped through the

e#e of the pumps (center of the pump), follow the rotor and the impellers&

rotation into the volute!shape housing).

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$ i i 2i l $

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$ositive 2isplace"ent $u"ps'

ositive displacement pump, fluids is flowed into

the pumped, pushed out through an outlet.

ome t#pes of positiv displacmnt pumpsar  reciprocating piston pumps* gear pumps*

rotar# pumps.

ositive displacement pumps are used to get a

ver# high pressure, and must be assures that

there is no clogs

Positiv displacmnt pumps ar in ?i!urs+. (a), (b) and (c).

a Piston Pump

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a. Piston Pump

' ?ear Pump

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'. ?ear Pump

?luida didoron! olh!ar yan! s%ali!usmn%an uidatrsbut a!ar br!ra%mnuu % arah yan!brlawanan dn!aninlt

otary Pump

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. otary Pump

masu%%an uida % dalampompa dan mn!luar%annyadn!an mn!!una%an sistm

valv

d Net Pump

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d. Net Pump

e. 7ir Lift Pump

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p

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Please read more on:

• Food Engineering Operations. 3rd  edition. 1990.

• JG Brennan et al.• Chapter 19. Materials Handling.• Chapter 20. Pumping in the FoodIndustry 

• http://www.angrau.a.in/media/929!/"d 

en#2#"oodplantdesign.pd" • http://www.du.a.in/"ileadmin/$%/&ad emis/ourse'material/(P'0).pd" 

http://www.angrau.ac.in/media/9295/fden323foodplantdesign.pdfhttp://www.angrau.ac.in/media/9295/fden323foodplantdesign.pdfhttp://www.angrau.ac.in/media/9295/fden323foodplantdesign.pdfhttp://www.angrau.ac.in/media/9295/fden323foodplantdesign.pdf

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Selesai

Sampai ketemu pada topik berikutnya

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• C

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• C

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• C

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C

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7 T78

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i!

ABDI

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AB

P5;

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I8T

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i!. Process control andInstrumentation ym'ols

AB Plant desi!n species:

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Plant desi!n species:1.t"e e$uipment to 'e used

2.performance re$uirements for t"ee$uipment3.interconnections and ra& material Ao&s in

terms of Ao& c"arts".and plant layouts:

1. th placement of e$uipment# stora!espaces# s"op facilities# o*ce spacs,dlivry and shippin! )acilitis, accss ways,sit plans and lvation drawin!s

2. r8uird instrumentation and controls#and process monitorin! and controlintrconnctions

3. utility and &aste treatment re$uirements#

connections and )acilitis

AB Plant desi!n situations may arise

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Plant desi!n situations may arisedue to one or more of t"e follo&in!:

• dsi!n and rction o) a compltly ne& plant

• dsi!n and rction o) an addition to t"e e4istin! plant

• th )acility or plant oprations and subs8unt pansionrestricted by a poor site# t"ere'y necessitatin! t"esettin! up of t"e plant at a ne& site

• addition of some ne& product to t"e e4istin! ran!e

• adoption o) some ne& process ,replacement of somee4istin! e$uipment

• moderni@ation , automation of t"e e4istin! facility

• e4pansion of t"e plant capacity• relocatin! t"e e4istin! plant at a ne& site 'ecause

of ne& economic# social, l!al or political )actors

AB a6or dierences 'et&een ood

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a6or dierences 'et&een oodProcessin! Plant and ot"ers: 1 o$ 7)

uc" dierences occur 'ecause of t"e follo&in! considerations:•  /h stora! li) o) )oods is rlativly limitd and stron!ly a7ctd by tmpratur,

p, watr activity, maturity, prior history, and initial microbial contaminationlvls.

• Ery hi!h and vri+abl lvls o) product sa)ty and strility hav to b providd.

• ?oods ar hi!hly suscptibl to microbial attac% and insct and rodnt in)station.

• ?rmntations ar usd in producin! various )oods and bio chmicals. =uccss)ulprocssin! r8uirs th us o) conditions, which nsur th dominanc o) dsirdstrains o) microor!anisms !rowth or activity.

• Fnzym-catalyzd procsss ar usd or occur in many cass. /hs, li%microbial !rowth and )rmntation ar vry snsitiv to tmpratur, p, watractivity and othr nvironmntal conditions.

• any )oods ar still livin! or!anisms or biochmically activ lon! a)tr harvst orslau!htr.

• :n som cass )oods *.!. ripnin! chss5 contain activ livin! microor!anisms,which induc chmical trans)ormations )or lon! priods o) tim.

• rop-basd )ood raw matrials may only b availabl in usabl )orm on a sasonalbasis. /hr)or, plant dsi!n may involv th modlin! o) crop availability.

• ?ood raw matrials ar hi!hly variabl and that variability is nhancd by th

a!in! o) raw matrial and uncontrollabl variations in climatic conditions.

ABaor di7rncs.. and othrs ( o$ 7)

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•  /h biolo!ical and cllular natur and structural complity o) )oods causs spcialhat-trans)r, mass-trans)r and componnt sparation problms.

• ?oods ar )r8untly solid. at and mass-trans)r problms in solids hav to b

cratd in ways that ar di7rnt than thos usd )or li8uid and !as strams. /h%intics o) microb and nzym inactivation durin! thrmally inducd strilizationand blanchin! and hat-trans)r in th solids bin! strilizd or blanchd arstron!ly lin%d.

• ?ood procssin! !nrats wasts with hi!h B' loads.

• ?oods ar o)tn chmically compl systms whos componnts tnd to ract withon anothr. rtain typs o) ractions, .!. aillard ractions, oidativ

rancidi+cation, hydrolytic rancidi+cation and nzymatic brownin! tnd to occur witha hi!h d!r o) )r8uncy.

•  /h n!inrin! proprtis o) )oods and biolo!ical matrial ar lss wll %nown andmor variabl than thos o) pur chmicals and simpl miturs o) chmicals.

• Ea!uly d+nd snsory attributs o)tn hav to b prsrvd, !nratd ormodi+d. /hs r8uir snsory tstin!. >aw matrial variation, minor procssin!chan!s and trac contaminants lachd )rom procssin! 8uipmnt and pac%a!s

can o)tn caus si!ni+cant chan!s in ths attributs. ?r8untly, w do not havmchanistic bass )or lin%in! ths attributs to procssin! conditions and8uipmnt dsi!n. uch currnt )ood n!inrin! and )ood scinc rsarchactivity at univrsitis is dsi!nd to provid such lin%a!s.

• :n th cas o) )oods, prototyp products hav to b consumr tstd so as to assurmar%t accptability b)or plants )or lar! scal production ar built.

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aor di7rncs.. and othrs 7 o$ 7)• chanical wor%in! is somtims usd to induc dsird ttural

chan!s. Fampls includ %nadin! and spon! miin! durin! th

ma%in! o) brad, th calndarin! o) pastry dou!h, sharin! durin!trusion tturization.

• Pac%a!in! in small containrs is o)tn usd or r8uird; and stron!pac%a!-product intractions ist. Pac%a!in! o)tn r8uirs car tomaintain int!rity o) closur, rproducibility o) +ll limination o) air

)rom had spacs and prvntion o) subs8unt moistur andoy!n trans)r. =!r!ation o)tn causs problms in th pac%a!in!o) powdrd )oods. Asptic pac%a!in! is startin! to b widly usd.

• ?ood procssin! tchni8us and )ormulations ar somtimsconstraind by standards o) idntity and !ood manu)acturin!practic r!ulations and cods.

• ?ood procssin! is an art to a crtain tnt. Fn!inrs andtchnolo!ists ar )r8untly uncrtain as to wathr portions o) thatart ar rally usti+d or ncssary. :t is somtims di

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62+24IO4A+IO38 S2ASO3A5 P4O6U7+IO3

?eneral Desi!n ;onsiderations

ood processin! plant desi!ns must pro%ide

1. ncssary lvls o) sanitation,

2. mans o) prvntin! product and matrial

contamination and3. mans o) prvntin! or limitin! product, raw

matrial, and intrmdiat product dtriorationdu to naturally occurrin! procsss.

 reat %are must -e e5er%ised to a%!iee !ig!leels o$ produ%t purit+ and presere produ%tintegrit+. " -rie$ des%ription o$ some o$ t!edesign %onsiderations $ollos.

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?ood Procssin! prationsFood pro%essing inoles man+ %onentional unit operations -ut it alsoinoles man+ !i%! di*er greatl+ $rom t!ose usuall+ en%ountered int!e produ%tion o$ industrial %!emi%als.

•  /hs includ )rzin! and thawin! and othr tmpratur-inducdphas transitions or phas transition analo!s, )rz dryin!, )rzconcntration, curd and !l )ormation, dvlopmnt o) structurd!ls, clanin! and washin! t!e operation !i%! o%%urs it! t!e

greatest $re2uen%+ in $ood pro%essing plants), lavnin!, pu

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• Prvntion o) contamination will involv th provision or us o) +ltrd air, airloc%s, pipin! layouts that nsur complt draina! and prsnt cross-stram

contamination *particularly contamination o) +nishd products by unstrilizd orunpasturizd raw matrial and clanin! solutions5, solid matrial and humantra

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DeteriorationTo minimi9e produ%t and ra material deterioration, proisions

s!ould -e made $or 1. r)ri!ratd and controlld nvironmnt stora! aras,

2. spac and )acilitis )or product inspction and )or carryin!out 8uality assuranc tsts,

3. sur! vssls )or procssd matrial btwn di7rnt

oprations *particularly oprations which ar subct tobra%down5,

". 8uipmnt )or pr-coolin! matrial stord in such vssls,mans o) coolin!, turnin! ovr or rapidly dischar!in! thcontnts o) bins and silos whn cssiv tmpratur riss,

occur, and

$. standby r)ri!ration and utility arran!mnts which arad8uat to prvnt product and raw matrial dtriorationin cas o) powr intrruptions or unusual climatic conditions.

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• anitation# which hlps pre%ent contamination, should b )acilitatdby providin! or usin!

• (oom): imprmabl coatd or tild oors and walls, at last on oordrain pr vry "0 m2 o) wt procssin! ara, spcial traps )or suchdrains, pitchd oors that nsur !ood draina!, polishd vssls and8uipmnt that do not contain dad spacs and which can b draindand

• ( ac"ineries) automatically cland in plac, sanitarypipin!, clan-in-plac *:P5 systms, plat hat chan!rs and othrtyps o) 8uipmnt which can b radily disassmbld )or clanin! i)ncssary, clarancs )or clanin! undr and around 8uipmnt,!routin! to liminat crvics at th bas o) 8uipmnt support postsand buildin! columns, tubular pdstals instad o) support postsconstructd )rom bams, and mthods )or rmovin! solid particls which)all o7 convyors.

• 7ir Ao& and "uman tra*c Ao& patterns should b maintaind toliminat possibilitis o) containmnt trans)r )rom dirty aras to clanons.

 Ery hi!h lvls o) sanitation must b providd )or )oodstu7s that provid !oodsubstrats )or th !rowth o) microor!anisms and whn procssin! tmpratursand conditions )avor such !rowth.

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easonal production

• ?ood plants hav to b sizd toaccommodat pa% sasonal ows o)product without cssiv dlay, and insom cass, hav to b hi!hly iblso as to handl di7rnt typs o) )ruitsand v!tabls. odlin! o) crop andanimal !rowth procsss can b o)

!rat hlp in schdulin! production andad8uatly sizin! plants.

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2. team (1 o $)• =tam boilrs ar ndd in most )ood procssin! plants to

provid procss stam, usd mainly in various oprations, suchas hatin! o) procss vssls, vaporators and dryrs,strilization, blanchin!, and plin!. A mdium siz )ood plant*C0 tons 4 day raw matrial5 may r8uir a boilr producin!about 10 tons4h o) stam at 1C bar prssur.

•  /wo principal typs o) stam boilrs ar usd in th )oodprocssin! industry, i.. th +r-tub and th watr-tub boilrs.

•  /h +r tub boilrs oprat at rlativly lowr prssur *1H2"bar5 and produc clanr stam.

•  /h watr tub units oprat at hi!hr prssurs *100H1"0 bar5

and thy ar suitd )or co!nration, i.. lctrical powr andhaust stam o) lowr prssur )or procss hatin!. o-!nration is conomical in lar! )ood plants, r8uirin! lar!amounts o) low-prssur stam, .!., bt su!ar plants.

• A standby stam boilr o) propr capacity may b ncssary toprovid procss stam durin! any boilr )ailur or bra%down.

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2. team ($ o $)

• =tam boilrs ar ratd in Btu4h, %# or boilr P *1 Btu4h I 0.2D3 #, 1boilr P I D.C %#5. /h hat u in th boilr hatin! sur)ac is about 0.($% #4m2. /h boilr

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3.

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de ayou e a a a ( a a e a

1* &aris 5urus (Sraight line) H Gntu%pross-pross yan! sdrhana dn!an

 umlah pralatan sdi%it.

2. Fi!-a!G H Bilamana tahapanprodu%si cu%up panan! sdan!%anruan!an yan! trsdia trbatas, ma%a

diman)aat%an pr!ra%an danpr!sran % sampin! mmbntu%Mi!-Ma!

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Bentuk :elingkar (7ircular) H hampir

sama dn!an bntu% G, hanya saa dalam halini produ% a%hir in!in ditmpat%an tpat padastartin! point.Odd%angle  H Bntu% ta% braturan ditrap%an

bilamana pross produ%si dapatdi%lompo%%an % dalam bbrapa %lompo%tahapan. /iap %lompo% tahapandi%lompo%%an sndiri-sndiri mmbntu%%lastr. Atau bilamana trdapat pnan!ananyan! dapat dila%u%an mn!!una%an pralatantrtntu, dan pada saat ruan!an yan! trsdia

san!at trbatas shin!!a tida% ada altrnati)

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