01 Qualitative Research

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PENELITIAN KUALITATIF

A. Wahyudi Atmoko

Jakarta, Desember 2011


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1. Mengapa Penelitian QUAL

2. Pengertian & Asumsi

3. Pendekatan2 Utama Penelitian QUAL

4. Tujuan dan Pertanyaan Penelitian

5. Review Literatur

6. Koleksi Data & Analisis

7. Keabsahan Penelitian

Topik


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3

Berapa Umur Wanita dalam Gambar ini?

Apa Arti Gambar ini?

Hitung Jumlah Segitiga!

FaktadalamGambar


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MENGAPA PENELITIAN QUAL

Because of QUAN:

Context Stripping

Exclusion of Meaning and Purpose

Disjunction of Grand Theories with Local Context Exclusion of the Discovery Dimension in Inquiry


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PENGERTIAN


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Qualitative research is situated activity that locates theobservers in the world. It consist of a set of interpretive,material practices that make the world visible. Thesepractice transform the world. They turn the world into a

series of representations, including filed notes,interviews, conversations, photograph, recordings, andmemos to the self. At this level, qualitative researchinvolves an interpretive, naturalistic approach to the

world studying in their natural settings, attempting to

make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of themeanings people bring to them (Denzim & Lincoln 2005,p. 4).

PENGERTIAN


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An umbrella term covering an array of

interpretive techniques which seek to describe,

decode, translate, and otherwise come to termswith the meaning, not the frequency, of certain

naturally occurring phenomena in the social

world (Maanem 1979, p. 520).

PENGERTIAN


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ASUMSI PARADIGMA:QUAN vs QUALAssumption Question QUAN QUAL

Ontological

Assumption

What is the nature

of reality

Reality is objective & singular, apart

fron the reseacher

Reality is subjective & multiple

as seen by participants in astudy

EpistemologicalAssumption

What is therelationship of thereseacher to thatresearched

Researcher is independent from thatbeing researched

Researcher interacts with thatbeing researched

Axiologicalassumption What is the role ofvalues Value-free & unbiased Value-laden & biased

Rhetoricalassumption

What is thelanguange ofresearch

FormalBased on set definitionImpersonal voiceUse of accepted quantitative words

InformalEvolving decisionPersonal voiceAccepted qualitative words

Methodolical

Assumption

What is the

process ofresearch

Deductive process

Cause & effectStatic design categories isolatedbefore studyContext freeGeneralizations leading toprediction, explanation, &understandingAccurate & reliable through validity& reliability

Inductive process

Mutual simultaneous shapingof factorsEmerging design categoriesidentified during researchprocessContext boundPattern, theories developed forunderstandingAccurate & reliable throughverification


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Kapan Menggunakan QUAL

Quality versus quantity. For problems that need exploration For problems that need a complex detailed

understanding

To empower individual and collective voices To write in styles that push the limits of formal

academic narratives To understand contexts


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Perbedaan QUAN-QUAL dalam Tahap Penelitian


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PENDEKATAN2 UTAMA PENELITIAN QUAL


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PENDEKATAN2 UTAMA PENELITIAN QUAL


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TUJUAN & PERTANYAAN PENELITIAN


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Tipe Pertanyaan QUAL


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Pengguanaan Kata dalam QUAL


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Fokus studi ini adalah untuk mengeksplorasipenderitaan & perawatan dalam pertemuan pasiendengan perawat dan memasikan makna-makna yangditimblkan oleh pertemuan tsb. Studi dilakukan diunit bedah dan obstetri/ginekologi (Drew, 1986, p.40 dlm Creswell, 1994, p60).

Contoh Tujuan Penelitian: Studi Fenomenologi


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Tujuan studi ini adalah untuk mengeksplorasifaktor2 afeksi, sosial, dan pendidikan yang mungkinmemberi kontribusi pengembanganketidakmampuan membaca dari empat remaja.Studi ini mencari penjelasan mengapaketidakmampuan membaca tsb tetap ada meskipun

bertahun-tahun diberikan pelajaran (Kos, 1991, p.

876 dlm Creswell, 1994, p. 61).

Contoh Tujuan Penelitian: Studi Studi Kasus


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The purpose of this study was to take a look into educationthrough the eyes of three teachers who are facing their finalyear as professional educators. The overarching goal was todetermine how they have seen children, teachers,administration, policy, and testing change across the thirtyyear span of their work as teachers in Texas public schools.

Through their comments they give a considerable amountof insight into the transformation education hasexperienced in the last three decades. But unexpectedly,they reveal as much about our changing society than theydo education itself.

Project submitted in EDCI 690, Summer 2005, Texas A&M University.

Contoh Tujuan Penelitian: Studi Studi Kasus


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Analisis berikut mendeskripsikan beberapa kateristiksituasional, nilai-nilai umum yg berlaku, dan identitassosial dan personal yang memberi karakteristik danmempengaruhi permainan informan di bagiankepolisian (Creswell, 1994, p. 61).

Contoh Tujuan Penelitian: Studi Etnografi


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Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah menghadirkangrounded theory yang didasarkan pada duapertanyaan: Apa sumber-sumber utama perubahanakademik? Apa proses utama dalam perubahanakademik tersebut? Grounded theory didefinisikansebagai teori yang disimpulkan dari data yangdiperoleh secara sistematis dan dianalisis melalui

metode comparatif konstan (Conrad, 1978, p. 334dlm Creswell, 1994, p60).

Contoh Pertanyaan: Studi Grounded Theory


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In my research, which has involved collectingwomens accounts of becoming mothers, I amseeking to understand how women make sense of

events throughout the process of child bearing,constructing these events into episodes, andthereby (apparently) maintaining unity withintheir lives (Miller, 2000, p. 309).

Contoh Pertanyaan: Studi Naratif


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Justifikasi Masalah Penelitian

Explain what is not known about the problem.

Why does the problem matter?

Provide documentation that this is actually aproblem. Available statistics?

Available literature that shows that this is aneeded area of inquiry?


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What are the ways that the study will add to thescholarly research/literature in the field?

How does the study improve practice?

How might the study improve policy?

Justifikasi Masalah Penelitian


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REVIEW LITERATUR

Using preliminary sources, construct a bibliographyof related literature.

When searching for relevant literature, keep, at

least, the following five selection criteria in mind: The recency of the articles

The reputation of the source and author

Inclusion of both primary and secondary sources

Coverage for all areas your proposal has indicated in

Inclusion of topics relevant to, but not directly on, yourtopic.


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REVIEW LITERATUR

Sensemaking

Organizing ProcessMeliputi 6N:

Nggumuni, Nitni, Ngirani, Ngomongi, Ngembangk, danNgemongi.

: Organizing Process

RetentionEnactment SelectionEcologicalChange

+ + +

+(+, - ) (+, - )

Sumber: Weick (1979: 132)


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REVIEW LITERATUR

Weiks Seven PrinciplesWeick, K. E.(1995). Sensemaking in organizations.

Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. P. 61-61

Identities

Retrospective

Enactment

Social

Ongoing Extracted Cues

Plausability


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KOLEKSI DATA & ANALISIS

Kinds of interviews: Informal. Not a major source of data but not without purpose. Can

have some questions ready. Informants must know that these too aredata

Formal/semistructured: Planned ahead. Researcher in charge.

Combination of structure and flexibility. Expect the unexpected. Standardized interviews: limited use in qualitative studies. Answers

transcribed by researchers.

Getting prepared:

Thinking through what interviews can be done and with whom.


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Steps in Data Collection and Analysis

Collect the Data

Prepare the Data

Read through the Data

Code the Data

For description For themes

SimultaneousIterative

Diadaptasi dari Cresswell, J. W. 2002, h. 264

ResearchReport

Connect Themes


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Seleksi Partisipan

Extreme or deviant case samples (Teacher of the Year) Maximum variation samples (different perspectives on same

phenomena)

Homogenous samples (individuals with similar characteristics)

Typical samples (considered typical)

Stratified purposeful samples (representing samples of interest)

Snowball samples (one person identifies another)

Criterion samples (individuals who fit certain criteria)

Theory based samples

Confirming and disconfirming samples Convenience samples

In all cases, participants should know/negotiate the ground rulesfor the interviews.


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Kualitas Interview Yg Baik

Begin with small talk

Listening: Follow up on of course statements

Listen for key words Probing questions

Use of why questions (Dont ask for meaning, ask for use)

Self disclosure


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Qualitative data may be analyzed by a 3-part

strategy:

reducing the datacoding the datasynthesizing the data

Analisis Data


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Coding

Caning

Essay

Suspension

Telling Parents

Smoking

Cheeking Teacher

Messing about

Absenteeism


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Bagaimana Melakukan Pengkodean?Pertanyaan-pertanyaan untuk untuk

ditanyakan:

Apa yang terjadi?

Apa yang dilakukan orang?

Apa yang dikatakan?

Apakah tindakan-tindakan dan pernyataan-pernyataan

ini taken for granted? Bagaimana struktur & konteks yang mendukung,

mempertahankan, menghalangi atau merubah tindakandan pernyataan-pernyataan ini?


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Pengkodean terhadap apa saja?1. Tindakan biasanya kejadian-kejadian singkat

2. Aktivitas cukup lama dalam suatu setting, orang-orang terlibat

3. Makna yang menyebabkan tindakan informan

Apa konsep yg mereka gunakan untuk memahamidunia mereka? Apa makna atau signifikansi yg dimiliki bagi mereka?

4. Partisipasi keterlibatan atau adaptasi orang-orangterhadap suatu setting

5. Hubungan antara orang-orang, secara simultandipertimbangkan

6. Setting seluruh konteks dari kejadian-kejadian yangsedang dikaji.


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Pengkodean terhadap apa saja?Mason menyarankan:

Harafiah (Literal) kata-kata, dialog yang digunakan,tindakan, setting, systems, dll

Interpretasi norma-norma implicit, nilai-nilai,aturan-aturan, adat istiadat, bagaimana orang melakukanpembenaran (make sense) terhadap kejadian

Refleksif peran peneliti dalam proses, yaitubagaimana intervensi terhadap pengumpulan data


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Categorizing

Caning

EssaySuspension

Telling ParentsSmoking

Cheeking Teacher

Messing about

Absenteeism

CRIMES PUNISHMENTS


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Cara-cara untuk mengidentifikasi temaRyan & Bernard (2003) :

Repetitions

Indigenously typologies (in vivo)

Metaphors and analogies Transitions (pauses, sections)

Similarities and differences

Constant comparison

Liquistic connectors

Because, before, after, next, closeness, examples

Missing data (what is omitted)


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Clustering

CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS

Caning

Essay

Suspension

Telling Parents

Mr Lloyd

Mr Pennington

Mr Wilkinson

Mr Goddard

TEACHERS

Lancaster

Southwark

Clifton

HOUSES

Smoking

Cheeking Teacher

Messing about

Absenteeism


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Smoking

Cheeking Teacher

Messing about

Absenteeism

CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS

Caning

Essay

Suspension

Telling Parents

Theorising

Is there a hierarchy of punishment?

Is there a hierarchy of crimes?

Is there a relationship between these hierarchies?


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KEABSAHAN

Truth value = adequate representation of multipleconstructions of reality (recognizing that these arereconstructions based on researcher)

Applicability = fittingness or transferability Consistency = dependability; ability of other

researchers to follow the method used

Neutrality = auditability Lincoln & Guba (1985)

Strategi Mendapatkan Keabsahan


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Strategi Mendapatkan Keabsahan(Trustworthiness/Credibility)

Prolonged engagement with and observation of informants

Triangulation (multiple sources of data)

Peer debriefing (colleagues)

Negative case analysis (to include commonalities as well asvariabilities)

Referential adequacy (theoretical sampling)

Member checks (research participants/informants)

Employing an auditor

Thick description (to reflect complexities in the data)

Prevention of premature foreclosure on the data

Maintaining a journal to enhance self-reflection

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01 Qualitative Research