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A Primer of
English Grammar
Part One
By
Ali Abdel Aziz Ismael Mohamed Abdel Aatty
Revised by
M.M. Enani
English Grammar Part ( )
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Revised Edition
Copyrights, .
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Table of Contents
OUTLINE OF THE COURSE........................................................................................... GENERAL AIMS OF THE COURSE ................................................................................ HOW TO STUDY.......................................................................................................... THE ASSESSMENT GUIDE .........................................................................................
UNIT ( ) PARTS OF SPEECH AND WORD ORDER .
. Parts of Speech: ........................................................................
. Prerequisites of the constituents of a simple sentence: ...........
A) The Subject: ........................................................................................................... B) The Verb:................................................................................................................
C) The Complement:................................................................................................... Exercises: ......................................................................................
UNIT ( ) THE TENSES .....................................................
MAJORTENSES IN ENGLISH .....................................................................................
. Simple Tenses..........................................................................
Present Simple ................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ...................... ..... Past Simple .................... ...................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ......... Future Simple................................................................................................................
. Continuous or progressive......................................................
Present Continuous ................... ..................... ...................... ..................... .................... Past Continuous .................... ...................... ..................... ...................... ..................... .. Future Continuous.........................................................................................................
. Perfect Tenses. ........................................................................
Present Perfect ................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ...................... ..... Past Perfect .................... ...................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ......... Future Perfect................................................................................................................
. Perfect Continuous Tenses.....................................................
Present Perfect Continuous ..................... ...................... ..................... ...................... ..... Past Perfect Continuous ................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ............. Future Perfect Continuous ................... ..................... ...................... ..................... .........
Exercises: ......................................................................................
UNIT ( ) THE PASSIVE VOICE......................................
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Guide to forming the passive:.......................................................
Passive of Modal Verb Phrases:...................................................
Passive of Infinitives and Gerunds: .............................................
Transitive vs Intransitive ..............................................................
Exercises: ......................................................................................
UNIT ( ) SENTENCE STRUCTURE............................
. Simple Sentences: ..................................................................
. Compound Sentences: ...........................................................
. Complex Sentences:...............................................................
Noun Clauses ..............................................................................
Adjectival Clauses .......................................................................
Adverbial Clauses........................................................................
Connectors: .................................................................................
Clause linkers..............................................................................
Sentence linkers ..........................................................................
Exercises: ....................................................................................
APPENDICES........................................................................................................... (A) BRIEFNOTES ON ERRORS IN COMPLEX SENTENCES ........................................ (B) GENERAL CHECKLIST OF LANGUAGE ERRORS COVERED THIS TERM (C)...
IRREGULARVERB ...........................................................................................
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Outline of the Course
To the Learner:
This book is designed in such a way as to give you
courage and confidence in your first exposure to language at
the beginning of your career as a would-be translator. This
aim is achieved through the simplicity of the content,
organization of material and the minimization of the learn-off
by heart tasks that you have to carry out.
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The book includes four units. The first is devoted to
parts of speech and word order. The second deals with the
tenses. The third tackles the passive voice. Unit Four takes
up sentence structure dealing with the simple, the compoundand the complex together with all the connectors that areinvolved in all types of sentences, clauses and phrases, in
addition to their semantic and syntactic differences. Only
major problems are introduced, others are left to the next
term.
The exercises begin by the easiest and move to the
more difficult, again to encourage you proceed with your
answering them confidently.
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General Aims of the Course
. This book introduces you to the basic problems
of the structures of the different types of
sentences, essential to being able to read, write
and accordingly to translate them correctly.
. It aims to make you comfortable and confident
in dealing with the English language grammar
by setting most of the rules in clear, well-planned tables at the end of each sub-module.
. It uses everyday, simple, examples to make
rules easily remembered and to make the book
suitable for its being a reference.
. It presents comprehensive exercises to cover all
points and check your understanding of the rules
and your ability to avoid making mistakes inapplying the rule to your writing or translation.
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How to Study
Dear learner
Inorder to help you make the best of your study, we
advise you to do the following:
Follow the explanation and examples and make sure that
you understand the meaning of the written material.
Use the video tape for more explanations and exercises.
At the end some sub-division, you will find a table thatsums up the grammatical rule with the most important
details.
Make sure that you are well acquainted with the
information. Wherever is required you have also to do some
learn-off by heart tasks that are minimized in this book.
Do not simply read the chapters and pencil in some
answerers, but rather copy out whole sentences. It is the
complete sentences that make up the language not the singlewords, however many, or memorizing the rules.
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The Assessment Guide
This guide helps you measure your progress.
Check your answers:
If you are able to answer of the exercises
correctly, you have successfully grasped this point >
Good effort. ***
From to : maybe you lost some of the points
and you need to quickly revise them to see what is wrong. **
From to below: Perhaps you were tired or you
are confused about many points. The best thing is that you
start working tomorrow and begin by viewing the video
again. I am sure the results will be better. *
Good Luck
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Unit ( )
Parts of Speech and Word Order
Contents Objectives of this Unit:
It includes three major parts that you have to grasp in full:
Parts of speech.
Word order: in simple sentences.
Prerequisites of Subject, Verb, and Complement.
. Parts of Speech:
If you know the part of speech of the word you are
using, you can use it correctly and if you do not know the
part of speech of your word, look this up in a dictionary.
The parts of speech in English are:
Nouns: boy, girl, happiness, reading, .....
Verbs: play, go, .....
Pronouns: he, she,..... [There are many types that willbe dealt with later] this, which, someone.
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Adjectives: happy, nice.....
Adverbs: tomorrow, quickly.....
Prepositions: in, at, on.....
Articles: the, a (definite and indefinite)
Conjunctions: (Joining words or connectors of all types)and,but, although, .....
. Word Order:
Word order in English, unlike some other languages, is
relatively fixed and the first step of mastering the English
language is to know the word order and the parts of speech.
The following is the word order in simple sentences:
First place
Subject
(The doer of
the verb)
He
The boy
Second place
Verb
plays
buys
Third place
Complement
(The rest of the
sentence)
in the garden.
books.
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V iew the video-tape: o oFollow the programme for reinforcing and explainingthis point. Do not begin answering the exercises before you
make sure that you fully understand the points and that you
are able to answer the question:
What are the major constituents of the simple
sentence?
. Prerequisites of the constituents of a simple sentence:
Subject Verb
The war stopped.
Tourism has flourished.
Conditions have changed.
Restoration continues.The Chinese space ship landed.
Or
Subject Verb Object
Washington seeks world support.
The Chairman of the Board will address the first session.The Iraqis demand sovereignty.
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Or
SubjectVerb Complement
The Parliament Speaker travelled abroad.Corruption Is a major problem.
The Palestinians Fight for self-determination.
A) The Subject:
The subject is a noun, a pronoun or a noun phrase:
Nouns: boy, girl, garden, Washington, corruption, etc.
Pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they {Subject Case}.Noun phrases: a little boy, the Iraqis, the Parliament Speaker,
etc.
The noun phrase is a group of words (two or more) with a
noun as its head, e.g.:
article intensifier adjective Noun
A boy
A Good boyA very Good boy
In all these examples,
all words serve tomodify, or describe,
the noun. The noun isthe most important
element, and so we
call it the head of the
noun phrase.
The modifier can also occur after the noun, e.g.:
article Noun prepositional phraseThe boy with a big nose
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[preposition + noun phrase]
B) The Verb:
It comes in thend
place of the sentence.
It changes according to time focus and its form changes toshow the time of the sentence. This form is called
tense.
Verb
He Works in a bank.
I (always) Take sugar in my tea.
I have written seven essays so far.
The little girl Hid her books yesterday.
C) The Complement:
This item includes many elements that can complete the
sentence. (You can choose one or more of these elements to
complete the meaning of your sentence).
. Objects: (obligatory with transitive verbs only;[explainedlater])
They can be nouns, pronouns ornoun phrases.
My friends bought books. {noun}
Sarah also bought a book. {noun phrase}
Ive got an extremely good book. {noun phrase}
I thanked him. {pronoun [object
case]}
To know the personal pronouns in the object case, compare:
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Subject Object
I Me
He Him
She Her
It It
We Us
You You
They Them
With the transitive verbs that take two objects there are two
kinds of objects: direct & indirect.
indirect O. direct O.
I gave my friend a book.
Note:
There is another way to write this sentence with the use of
to:
{direct object indirect object}
I gave the book to my friend.
. Adverbs and adverbial phrases
You can complete your sentence with one or more of the
following adverbials:
. of time: yesterday, at o'clock, in the morning.
. of place: in the garden, here, there, at home.
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. of manner: [adjective + ly] quickly, slowly [irregular :
well, hard, fast]
. of purpose : to lose weight, to get more money.
. of direction : to the house, from the library.
. of frequency : every morning, every Tuesday.
Order of adverbs
There are three positions of the place of adverb in the
simple sentence :
. Initial position.
. Mid position.
. Final position.However, you cannot place all the adverbs in the three
positions but there is a preferable position for each king ofadverb.
. Adverbs of place usually take the end position:
Correct: Ali is sitting outside.
Incorrect: Outside Ali is sitting.
Other common adverbs of place include: inside, here, there.
. Adverbs of definite time usually take the beginning or end
position.
Correct: I went to my aerobics class yesterday.
Incorrect: I yesterday went to my aerobics class.
(Other common adverbs of definite time include: today,
tomorrow, now)
. Adverbs of indefinite time can take the initial, middle, or
end position.
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Correct: Recently I've become interested in karate.
Correct: I've recently become interested in karate.
Correct: I've become interested in karate recently.Other adverbs of indefinite time include lately.
. Adverbs used to evaluate usually take the end position:
Correct : Hesham did that cleaning job well.Incorrect : Hesham did well that cleaning job.
(other common adverbs used to evaluate include badly,
poorly)
. Adverbs of manner usually take the middle or end position
but can not take the initial position:
Correct : Noha quietly opened the door to the baby's
room.
Correct : Noha opened the door to the baby quietly.
Incorrect : Quietly, Noha opened the baby's room.
Other common adverbs of manner include quickly,carelessly, softly.
. Adverbs of frequency follow very specific rules regarding
their position in the sentence:
Common adverbs of frequency include always,
frequently, occasionally, seldom, continually, hardly, ever,
often, sometimes, ever, never, rarely, usually.
a. With the verb to be after the verb
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Correct: Sheriff is never at home when I call him.
Correct : Ali is continually busy.b. With the verb to be + not - after not
Correct: James is not always nice to his little sister.Correct: It is not usually so hot here during the summer.
c. With other verbs before the verb
Correct: Jane always skates on the boardwalk.Correct: I never ride my bicycle to class
d. In a verb phrase after the first auxiliary verb
Correct: John can always hit the target.Correct: I have never seen a comet.
e. In a verb phrase with not after not
Correct: She does not always type her paper.Correct: He does not usually have time to read the
newspaper.
. Adjectives.
The function of the adjective is to describe a noun and inEnglish, it comes before the noun. Adjectives are of variouskinds and you can use more than one before the noun.
The adjective can describe the size, colour, shape,material or an opinion about noun:
big, small, large,green, red, yellow,
round, square, rectangular,wooden, metallic,
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good, bad, wonderful
Types and order of modifiers in front of a noun:
The modifier refers to all words that relate in their
function to the noun. This includes:
A. Articles:
Definite article: the + (singular and plural nouns)
Indefinite article:
a, an + (singular)
no indefinite article with plural nouns
e.g. a book books
B. Determiners:
Positive quantifiers:
A great deal of + un countable nouns
Much + uncountable nouns
Many + uncountable nouns
A great many + countable
A lot of + countable and uncountable nouns
Lots ofPlenty of + both types
Most
AllNegative quantifiers:
nonenonot anynot allfew + countable
little + uncountablehardly any + both countable and un countablescarcely any + both
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not many + countablenot much + uncountable
C. demonstrative pronouns :
this + (singular) / these + (plural)that + (singular) / those + (plural)
D. possessive personal pronouns:
my
his
her
their
our
your
E. possessive nouns:
e.g. Mary's book
The Chairman's office
The order of modifiers in front of a noun :
. determiner. sequence
. number
. quality or character
. size
. shape
. age
. temperature
. shape (it can either be no. or in the order)
. colour
. origin
. location
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. noun
. noun head (the described noun)
The above list is a full list. However, it is not common
that we have more than tree adjectives in front of a single
noun or else it would be difficult to understand them.
However, the adjectives can stand alone without a noun
and come after the verb only with "verb to be", and similar
verbs like:
seem
prove
look These verbs are called linking verbs,
smell i.e., they do not involve any action.
appear
feel
taste
adj.
I Am happy.He looks sad.
seems
appears
feels
Except with such verbs, you cannot end your sentence
with an adjective but with an adverb:
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He writes quick quickly.
He draws beautiful beautifully.
You can describe an adjective with an adverb.
adv. adj.
I feel extremely happy.
adv. adj.
He was completely sad.
Here the adverb does not modify the verb but it modifies theadjective.
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Exercises:
A) Make sentences by using is orare and an adjective
from the list:
bright hot small / little
cold important soft
flat large / big square
funny round sweet
hard sharp sour
. Fire _____________________ .
. Balls and oranges _____________________________ .
. A box ________________________________ .
. A lemon ________________________________ .
. Ice and snow _______________________________ .
. Sugar __________________________________ .
. Rocks and metals ________________________________
.
. A pillow ___________________________________ .
. A joke ______________________________________ .
. Razor blades _______________________________ .
. The sun __________________________________ .
. Good health ______________________________ .
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. A dime _____________ small, round, and ___________.
. An elephant ____________ , but a mouse
____________.
B) Put a circle around the word that doesnt belong and
mention the reason.
your his her their may
this their that these those
bank hospital restaurant library books
fifty forty ninety nineteen thirty
she he your we it
C) Rearrange the following words to make sentences:
. always -- They -- at six oclock-- wake up.
. writing -- We -- sentences -- right now -- are.
. are -- Where -- from -- you ?
. round -- are -- Balls -- oranges -- and.
. friend-- coffee -- drinks -- rarely -- without sugar -- My.
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D) Fill in the gaps using a word (a pronoun) of the
following:
he her them me us they
we I you him she it
. Ahmed has a Toyota. ________ bought __________ last
week.
. Mary is a good nurse. _________ works at the NationalHospital.
. Mary was in the clinic this morning. I saw ___________
there at : .
. Where's Michael? Will you please call ______________ ?
. We will write to you, so please write to _____________ .
. Have you met Ahmed and Khalid? I have not met ______.
. Sam and Bill are good students. _________ study Arabic
at our centre.
. Did you give your books to John? Yes, I did. I gave
__________ to _______.
. Your friend Ibrahim works abroad. Did you write to
_________?
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. I like American films. _________ also like French
films.
. Im sure I gave you the check. _________ gave__________ to _______?
. Mary is an accountant. _______ works for Banque du
Caire. I know ________ well.
. Sayyed and Mohammed are my friends. ________
work for our bank too. You know ______________ well.
. Ill type this report for you. Can you send this fax
for___?
E) Choose the right word (adj./adv ) :
. Angela is (amazing/ amazingly) good with animals.
. As soon as I saw him I was (sure /surely) he had been
drinking.
. Do you think thats a (real/ really) diamond in her ring?
. He was wearing a (truetruly) astonishing tie.
. I felt her arm (gentle/gently) to see if any hones were broken.
. I read an (amazing/ amazingly) thing in the newspaper this
morning.
. John was (wonderful /wonderfully) kind to me when I came
to this country.
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. Keith seemed (gentle / gently),but there was something cruel
underneath.
. One leg of the chair was (slight/ slightly) damaged.
. Sarah drives a (real/really)beautifully restored sports
car.
. She looked at mc (kind / kindly),but didnt say anything.
. The door was (had/ badly)painted.
. The food was (wonderful / wonderfully), but the service was(awful / awfully).
. The room is (clever /cleverly) organised so three of us can
work there.
. The job was (surprising/surprisingly) easy.
. Hes acted (unbelievable/ unbelievably) stupidly in the past
year.
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Unit ( )
The Tenses
Objectives:
After studying this unit you should be able to:
. identify the different verb tenses:
. form different verb tenses.
. understand and use forms of tenses in English.
Major Tenses in English
There are three major groups of tenses in English:
. Simple Tenses.
. Continuous or progressive.
. Perfect Tenses.
Simple tenses reflect one level of time. Thus present
simple gives the meaning of an action that simply is repeatedin the present time and past simple is an action that happened
in the past and future simple is an action that will happen in
the future.
Continuous tenses reflect a sense of continuation
either in the present, past or future.
Perfect tenses always include the tenses that reflecttwo points in time.
Present perfect relates past and present. Past perfectdenotes the fact that there were two actions in the past, one
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happened before the other. The earlier should be in the past
perfect and the more recent should be in the past simple.
The Future perfect shows that there will be a point inthe future and there is an action thatwill be completed before
this definite time. E.g.By the end of July, I will have finished
my studies.
To understand the above more fully, you are going to
be introduced to the major tenses and examples to clarify
their usage.
Remember
The tense means a certain form to reflect a certain usageor meaning in time. Thus, make sure, for each tense that you
understand:
. The form of the verb.
. The meaning of this tense or its usage.
. The key words in the sentence or passage that MIGHT
indicate which tense you should use.
. Simple Tenses.
Present Simple
(I do.)
. I live in Cairo.
. I don't smoke.
. He lives on the top floor.
. James walks to work.
. I sleep with my windows open.
. Alex is a bus driver.
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. He drives a bus. {But: he is not driving a bus right
now; he is sleeping.}
Facts
. The earth goes round the sun.
. Nurses look after patients in hospitals.
. In Britain, most of the shops close at : p. m.
. I work in a bank. Barry works in a bank.
. Excuse me, do you speak English?
. Would you like a cigarette? - No, thanks, I dontsmoke.
. What does this word mean? - It means.............
. Rice doesnt grow in Britain.
Habits
. I get up at : every morning.
. How often do you go to the dentist?
. Ann doesnt often drink tea.
. In summer Tom usually plays tennis twice a week.
Notice the difference:
Where do you come from? (Nationality?)
Where are you from? (Nationality?)He comes from Japan. (Nationality)Where are you coming from? (Right now? Which partof the city for example?)
What do you do? (Your Job)What are you doing? (Right now, for example eating,sitting, listening etc.)
Note the conjugations:
I do.You doHe does. (do + s) {
rdperson singular s}
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She does.It does.
(Mary goes; John writes; Ahmed eats; the cat plays;
life continues; what you say makes sense; it works;who knows; etc)
We do.
They do.
I Am
he, she, it Is
you, they, we Are
I Have
he, she, it Hasyou, they, we Have
Key words:
The present simple tense can occur with the followingadverbials. (However, consider meaning first.):
Every (morning, day, week, )
always
often usually sometimes {Frequency Adverbs} seldom rarely hardly
never
Example:
I always eat breakfast. OR He never eats breakfast.
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Exercise: Use a suitable subject and make the verb agree
with it:
drink coffee in the morning
drink tea in the afternoon [he]drink orange juice in the eveningdrink tomato juice with my meals
drink milk in the morning [my son]
put sugar in his coffee
have a sandwich for luncheat dinner around six o'clock
come to class late [Mary]
get to class on time
walk to the parktake a bus to work [Mr. Martin]
take a taxi to school [ my friends]
drive to Jeddah
ride a bike in the morning [this little boy]
watch TV in the evening
study at the library
do my homework
What are some things you ....................................always do every day?
usually do every day?
often do?
sometimes do?
seldom do?
rarely do?
never do?
Now answer the same question about your friend/ brother/
classmate etc.
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Past Simple
Use:
Any action that happened in the past and has no
relation to the present.
Form:
The second conjugation of the verb with all persons,
singular and plural:Regular: { play, played, played)
Ihe, she, it Played
you, they, we
Irregular: {write, wrote, written}
I
he, she, it Wrote
you, they, we
Study the list of the irregular verbs in appendix (C).
Key words:
Any word that refers to the past, or any definite date in
the past:Yesterday,
Last (week, month, year, etc.)
In , .
In ancient times, ..
When I was young, .
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Use the past tense form of the verbs in brackets:
Yesterday [be] _________ a very bad day for me. I [begin]
_________ the day with an accident. I [cut] __________ my
hand with a razor blade. I [forget] ______________ about an
important meeting. Then I [tear] ______ my new suit. A thief
stole my wallet. Fortunately the police [catch] ______the
thief. Later I [fall] _______ on some slippery steps and [hurt]
_______ myself. Then a little boy [throw] __________ a ball
and [hit] _______ me accidentally. Next an angry dog [bite]
_________ me and [rip] ___________ the leg of my pants.
After that I [slip] _______________ again and [break]________ my new watch. As a climax, I [find] _______ a ten
dollar parking ticket on my car!
Future Simple
Use:
Any action that is expected to happen in the future
either:planned
or unplanned
Form:
I am going to write a letter tomorrow
afternoon.
Im going to give you a test in ten minutes.
Sam is going to go downtown after class.
Marys going to cook our dinner.We are going to write a full report.
am going to
is going to
are going to
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Were going to have our house painted
soon.
Im not going to read this book.
He isnt going to sell his car.
We arent going to eat pizza this evening.
am not going to
is not going to
are not going to
Are you going to come to class early next
time?
Is Jim going to be at the meeting tomorrow?
What are you going to do?
Where are you going to go?
When are you going to leave?
be + subject +
going to
What is he going to
eat?
Use the following phrases into sentences expressing the
future:
. buy a pair of shoes
. see a doctor
. go to bed early
. call my friend on the phone
. play soccer
. call my landlord
. call the police
. get something to eat
. go to the beach
. go to the grocery store
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Using WILL
. I will arrive around six oclock. [ Ill arrive etc. ]
. You will arrive in London minutes after midnight.
[Youll arrive.]
. He will arrive .. [ Hell arrive ..]
. She will arrive ..[ Shell arrive ..]
. The plane will arrive. [ Itll arrive.]
. We will leave at ten sharp. [ Well leave ....]
. They will join us later. [ Theyll join us ...]
Negative
I will not go.
I wont go.
Questions:Will you come?
When will he come?
Key words:
Future words: tomorrow, next (week, month, year, etc.) orwhen the meaning shows a future event or intention.
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. Continuous or progressive.
Present Continuous
(I am doing.)
. I am speaking now.
. You are listening now.
. He is driving a big car at this moment.
. She is cooking right now.
. It is running.
. We are working
. You are sitting down.
. They are watching the match.
Use the present continuous tense:
. [try] Please be quiet. I_______________ to concentrate.
. [rain] Look! It ________________________.
. [you / look] Why ______________________ at me like
that? Have I said something wrong?
. [make] You ______ a lot of noise. Can you be a bit
quieter?
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. [look] Excuse me, I ____________________ for a phone
box. Is there one near here?
. [you / enjoy] Its a good film, isnt it? _____________ it?
. [shout] Listen! Can you hear those people next door?
They _________________ at each other again.
. [you / wear] Why ____________________ your coat
today? Its very warm.
. [not / eat] I want to lose weight. I ___________________anything today.
. [increase] The number of people without jobs
___________ at the moment.. [get] He is still ill but he __________________ betterslowly.
. [become] These days food ____________________
more and more expensive.
. [change] The world ______________. Things never
stay the same.
. [rise] The cost of living __________________. Every
year things are dearer.
. [improve] George has gone to work in Spain. When he
arrived, his Spanish wasnt very good but now it _______
Present Continuous Drill
Use the following verbs to express an action that is
happening right now:
Use I, He, They etc.
drink eat drive read sleep
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write walk run cry stand in the back
fly Smile laugh wave smoke
clap kick count push sit on the floor
touch pull pray hold shake hands with
run cut leave draw dream
cry live study watch wash
fix pepair talk speak listen
say smile Wear catch erase
deposit withdraw rain step break
throw hit declare sign ride
Make questions like:
a) Is he standing in the back of the room?
b) Why is he standing there?
Answers: Yes, he is.
No, he isn't.He is standing there because he is waiting for
you.
Note:
Verbs expressing a state, such as: is, have, see, hear,
understand, taste, smell, want, love, hate, like, dislike,
prefer, appreciate, seem, own, contain, belong, weigh, cost,etc., cannot be continuous.
I see you right now.Now I have a Ford.
Now I understand what you say.
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Compare:
The soup tastes delicious.
The cook is tasting the soup. {different meaning + action
involved}Past Continuous
(I was doing.)
I was speaking on the phone when she screamed.
You were listening at that time.
He was driving while I was reading.
At : last night, I was studying in my room.
I was working all day yesterday.
I was cooking when he arrive.
~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
Continuous Simple
A long action continued for some time and short actioninterrupted it. The long action is in the progressive past
while the short one is in the simple past.
I was reading when the doorbell rang.
~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
Future Continuous
(I will be doing.)Use:
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To emphasise that an action will continue for some
time in the future.
Examples:. I will be writing letters for the next three hours.. Even though I will be studying when you call, I do not
mind.
. Ahmed will be working on this essay for the next
week.
Key words:
Future words + any reference that shows that the speaker or
writer wants emphasise the duration of the action.
. Perfect Tenses.
The always express a complex relation between two
points of time.
Present Perfect
(I have done)
Use :
To emphasise a relation between past time and presenttime.
This tense is used in the following cases:
A) An action that began in the past and continues in the
present:
I have known him since he first came to Cairo. I have answered all the questions.
B) An action that happened in the past but has an effect in thepresent:
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I have read this book and I want to discuss it with you. I have cleaned my shoes. (They are clean now.)
(Compare: I cleaned my shoes yesterday. They are not
clean today.)
I have eaten. (Im not hungry now.)
C) An action that happened very recently just before the timeof speaking:
I have just seen him.
Key words:
Words referring to a period of time between past andpresent:
for + a period of time: for a month, for a three days, etc
since + a definite date: since , since Monday, since his
birthday, since I came here, etc.
just, recently, lately, yet, so far, already,
Note that it is the meaning of the sentence that matters not
the word alone. Thus:
I saw him this morning. {the morning is finished; were in
the evening.}Have you seen him this morning? {We are still in the
morning.}
Past Perfect
(I had done)
Use:
. When the speaker wants to emphasise that one
action happened before the other in the past, the first action isin the past perfect and the following is in the past simple.
Remember that this tense only emphasises the
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sequence and you can express the same sentence with
only past tense. The use of past perfect is only for
showing that one happened before the other.
e.g.:
I had visited my uncle before I came to you yesterday.(Correct)
or
I visited my uncle before I came to you yesterday. (Correct)
Key words :
I. Words that show sequence + past references.
e.g.:before,
after,
when
prior to + a definite date
. Indirect speech:
If the saying is in the past and the verbs inside the
inverted commas are in the past, after you delete the
commas, change the past into past perfect:e.g.: He said, "I visited them three times".
He said that he had visited them three times.
Future Perfect
(I will have done)
Use:
When an action will be completed before a definite
date in the future, use the future perfect.
e.g.:By the end of June, Iwill have finishedmy studies.
Key words :
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by + definite date + future reference
in + a period of time + future reference
e.g.
By the end of July, my husband will have returned tosettle in Cairo.
In two months time, they will have finished changingthe system.
. Perfect Continuous Tenses.
Use :Used when you want to use perfect tenses emphasizing
continuation of the event.
Present Perfect Continuous
(I have been doing)
Use:The present perfect should be used when you want to
emphasize that the action continued over a certain period of
time.
e.g.:
I have been studying English for years.
[Here you want to express the relation between past and
present while emphasizing continuation. You want to say that
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you have started studying in the past and you are still
studying until now and this action is a continuous one.]
Key words :Present perfect key words + indications that the action is
continuous.
Past Perfect Continuous
(I had been doing)
Use :
To emphasize the duration of an action that was
completed before another action in the past.
I had been writing for him for an hour before hefinally arrived.
Key words :Past perfect key words + indication that this action continued
for some time.
Future Perfect Continuous
(I will have been doing)
Use:To indicate that an action will continue for some time
in the future before another definite point in the future.
e.g.:
By this time next year, I will have been living here fortwo years.
Key words:
By
In
+ future references + any indication that the action
will continue for some time
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Exercises:
A) Put the verbs in the correct forms:
. This office [open] ................... at : and [close]................ at : every day.
. I have a car but I [not/use] ...................................... very
often.
. How many cups of coffee [you/drink] ............................every day?
. Where [your friend/come] ......................................... from?
. He [come] ................................................ from Scotland.
. What [you/do] ......................................... ? - Im an
electrical engineer.
. If you need money, why [you/not/get] ...................... a job?
. I [swim] .................. , but I [not/dive] ................................
.
. I dont understand the word deceive. What [it/mean]... ?
. Mice [not/catch] ................................... cats. It is theother way round.
B) Make sentences by using is orare and an adjective from
the list:
bright hot small / little
cold important soft
flat large / big square
funny round sweet
hard sharp sour
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Example:
. Fire is hot.
. Balls and oranges _____________________________ .
. A box ________________________________ .
. A lemon ________________________________ .
. Ice and snow _______________________________ .
. Sugar __________________________________ .
. Rocks and metals _______________________________ .
. A pillow ___________________________________ .
. A joke ______________________________________ .
. Razor blades _______________________________ .
. The sun __________________________________ .
. Good health ______________________________ .
. A dime _____________ small, round, and
____________ .
. An elephant ________ , but a mouse ________________
.
C) (Drill) Read the following sentences aloud. [You can also
copy them out]:
I. Present Continuous:
. Where's Tom? - He is answering the telephone. [He's
doing that right now.]
. Sam is cleaning the window.
. Bob is washing his car.
. Sam's writing a letter to his uncle.
. He's fixing his car.
. I'm speaking to you.
. Noras cooking a big meal.
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. She's taking care of the baby.
. Who's knocking at the door?
. It's raining now.
. We are learning English. We're reading
sentences and making other sentences.
. He isn't running.
. We aren't playing.
. I am not sleeping.
. George isn't listening to our conversation.
. You aren't paying attention.
. They are waiting for us.
. Ahmed's carrying the basket.
. I'm doing a crossword puzzle.
. He's taking the children to school.
II. Present Simple & Continuous:
. I usually drink coffee, but now I'm drinking tea.
. I often read books in the afternoon, but now I'm
working.
. They usually go to work by car, but today they arewalking.
. He doesn't usually make mistakes, but this evening
he's making a lot of them.
. You drive a German car. Now I see that you're driving
a Lincoln. Is it yours?
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. We usually have lunch in a Japanese restaurant.
However, today we're trying an Italian Restaurant.
. Ahmed usually wears a suit, but today he's wearing amilitary uniform.
. They usually sit at the back of the class. Today, theyare sitting in the front.
. I am having a cup of tea right now. Now I have a
Small Chevrolet.
. Now I'm looking at you. Now I see you. I hear
you. I'm listening.
D) Put the verbs in the correct forms (Present Continuous):
. [try] Please be quiet. I _____________ to concentrate.
. [rain] Look! It _________________________ .
. [you / look] Why ______________________ at me
like that? Have I said something wrong?
. [make] You _____________________ a lot of noise.
Can you be a bit quieter?
. [look] Excuse me, I ____________________ for a
phone box. Is there one near here?
. [you / enjoy] Its a good film, isnt it? ___________ it
. [shout] Listen! Can you hear those people next door?
They _________________ at each other again.
. [you / wear] Why _______________________ your
coat today? Its very warm.
. [not / eat] I want to lose weight. I ____anything today.
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. [increase] The number of people without jobs
__________ at the moment.
. [get] He is still ill but he ___________________better slowly.
. [become] These days food____________________ more and more expensive.
. [change] The world ________________ .
Things never stay the same.
. [rise] The cost of living __________________ .
Every year things are dearer.
. [improve] George has gone to work in Spain.When he arrived, his Spanish wasnt very good but
now it ____________________.
E) Put the verbs in the correct forms:[Present Simple & Present Progressive]
. The wind (be) _______________ sometimes strong.
. Cats (be) _____________________________ animals.
. He never (think) _____________________ about his
family.
. I (hear) ________________ the little boys; they (sing)_________________.
. (you, understand) ____________________________ why
I am here?
. The students (be) ________ thirsty. They (want)___________ a drink of water.
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. Right now, the boys (be, not) _______________ at work.
. At the moment, the students (talk) _______________ with
the teacher.. Their father (be, not) _______________ at home.
. (you, study) _________________ English this morning?
. (they, play) __________________ football right now?
. My neighbour sometimes (write) ________________
essays.
. (the man, be) ______________ outside?
. A: (you, speak) __________________ English?B: Yes, I ______________ .
. A: (your brother, work) ____________________ in
Jeddah?
B: No, he _______________ .
. A: (you, be) _______________ the director of the
school?
B: Yes, I ____________ .
. A: (Ahmed, study) ____________________ today?
B: No, he ________________ .
. A: (James, be) ________________ a good student?
B: Yes, he ________________ .
. [go] I have a toothache. I think I ____________ go to the
dentist.
. [fly] Ted ___________________ to London next month.
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F) Put the verbs in the correct forms:
. This office [open] ................... at : and [close]
...................... at : every day.
. I have a car but I [not/use] .......................................... very
often.
. How many cups of coffee [you/drink].................................. every day?
. Where [your friend/come] ..................................................
from?
. He [come] ..................................................... from
Scotland.
. What [you/do] ........................................... ? - "I'm an
electrical engineer."
. If you need money, why [you/not/get] .............................. a
job?
. I [swim]................... , but I [not/dive] ............................... .
. I don't understand the word "deceive". What [it/mean] .... ?
. Mice [not/catch] ............... cats. It is the other way round.
G) Put the given verb in the right tense:
. [have] Spiders _________ eight legs. This is a scientific fact.
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. [take] Will you speak softly please? The students_______
a test at the moment.
. [do] Dont worry! I _____________________ all the work
already.
. [work] He __________________ all day. He should rest
now.
. [catch] Finally the police _________________ Fletcher and
sent him to prison.
. [make] The car ________________ a very strange noise
when I drove it yesterday.
. [left] I didn't meet him yesterday. When I arrived in the
office, he ___________.
. [study] He _______________ a book for hours when I
entered the room yesterday.
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. [travel] We __________________ to Saudi Arabia by car
next week.
. [watch] I ______________ TV when you call me at eight
o'clock this evening.
. [write] I will finish my work on time. When you come to
see me in the evening, I __________________ the article.
. [proofread] I ______________________ for some hours.
H) Put the verbs in the correct forms:[Future time]
. I [cut] _______ class tomorrow.
. What time [class, begin] _____________ tomorrow?
. [you, stay] _______ here during vacation next week.
. A: You have a bad cough.
B: I know. I [see] _______ Dr Talib later this afternoon.
. A: Where are you going for your vacation?
B: Sharm El-Sheikh.
A: Are you flying?
B: No, we [drive] ____ so that we can enjoy the scenery.
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I) Put the verbs in the correct forms:
[Pres. Perf. & Past Perf.]
. Islam [be] ________________ the most important religionin the Middle East for more than years.
. All the students [study] ________________ hard since the
beginning of the course.
. [you, ever, be] ________________ to New York?
. I couldn't catch the train because when I got to the station,
the train [leave] ________________.
. By the time I arrived this morning, class [already, begin]
________________.
J) Give the past form. Then make a sentence using the past
form:
Example: come ...came............
Response: My brother came from Oman yesterday.
. eat ...........................
________________________________________________
. write .........................
________________________________________________
. drink ..........................._______________________________________________
. drive .........................
________________________________________________
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. go ............................
_______________________________________________
K) Put the verbs in the correct forms.[Different Tenses]Write the correct sentences on a sheet of paper. Write full
sentence:
. It's : p.m. Mary is at home. She [eat] dinner. Shealways [eat] dinner with her family around six o'clock.
. Ahmed [take, not] the bus to school every day. He usually
[walk] instead.
. While Bob [study] last night, the phone [ring].
. Thomas Edison [invent, not] the telephone.
. [you, go] to class yesterday?
. I [read] an hour ago when the lights [went] out.
. It isn't raining today, and according to the weather report,
it [rain, not] tomorrow either.
. Before Tom [go] to bed later tonight, he [write] a letter to
his uncle.
. After I [get] home from school every afternoon, I usually
[drink] _____ a glass of orange juice.
. Samy [meet] me when my plane [arrive] tomorrow.
. I'm ready to go. I [finish, already] my work. I [finish] it
two hours ago.
. I [have] a driver's licence since .
. Let's go. I [be] in class for more than two hours.
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. Since we [start] doing this exercise, we [complete]
sentences.
. By the time class was over this morning, the rain [stop],so I didn't need my umbrella.
. I often [leave] the city over the weekend.
. Mr Anderson [use] the telephone now.
. the children always [go] to bed early.
. Yes, Ahmed [want] some cake and coffee.
. When class [be] over this morning, the rain [already,
stop].
(L) Use the right tenses:
. I [read] __________ that novel by Faulkner several times
before.
. I [read] _____________ it again in my last vacation.
. Saleh [study] _____________ Spanish at Madrid
University last year.
. Saleh [study] _____________ Spanish at this institutesince last September.
. Mr Richard [live] _____________ in New York in .
. Mr Richard [live] ___________ in Detroit since that time.
. I [see] _____________ the statue of liberty in .
. My friend [see] _____________ it a hundred times.
. The Browns [be] _____________ in San Francisco twice
since the war.
. They [be] _____________ there the week before.
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. It usually [rain] _____________ very much in that
part of the country.
. I [have] _____________ no trouble with my Englishlessons up to now.
. My teacher [teach] _____________ English at thisinstitute for six years.
. Listen! I [think] _____________ someone [knock]
at the front door.
. Mr Smith [pay] _____________ all his bills at the end
of the month.
. I [see] _____________ the famous Grand Canyon inArizona several times.
. Mr and Mrs Garcia [be] _____________ in Florida
for two months.
. Those students [make] _____________ much progress
since October.
. I [be] _____________ sorry. I [forget]
_____________ that fellow's name already.
. Mary [sit] _____________ at a different desk today.
. Ali [look]__________ forward to his vacation next
June.
. The tall boy in the front seat [come] _____________
from Ghana.
. Yes, we [hear] ___________ that song several times
already.
. My wife and I [live] _____________ in this city for
almost nine years.
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. The boy [study] _____________ their lessons together
every afternoon.
. Thomas [have] _____________ a good time here sincehis arrival.
. I [need] some more money for my books and tuition.
. At present, that author [write] _____________ a
historical novel.
. My son [talk] _____________ on the telephone at themoment.
. Up to the present, Khalid _____________ [do] good
work in his class.. My uncle [work] _____________ thirty eight hours aweek.
. The weather [get] _____________ quiet hot in July
and August.
. So far, you [make] _____________ no mistakes on
this exercise.
. Mr Kent [have] _____________ this job in Aswan
since April first.
M) Circle the letter of the right answer:
. The speed limit on this road is km/h. You ...............
go faster than that.
a. should b. must not
c. have to d. don't have to
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. I am very tired and sleepy this morning. I ............... up late
last night.
a. should stay b. shouldn't stay
c. shouldn't have stayed d. shouldn't stayed
. I .................. to live in Jeddah, but now I live in Riyadh.
a. used b. am used
c. use d. am using
. I would rather ..................... a good book than spend the
time chatting with people.
a. studied b. studyingc. to study d. study
. Last year they worked very hard and ..................... achieve
very good results.
a. could b. were able to
c. can d. could have
(N) Use the right tense of the given verb.
. [play] All the children in the neighbourhood
_________________ right now.
. [go] I always _____________________ out on
Thursdays and Fridays.
. [drive] He _______________________ to Alexandria
once a month.
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. [be] I _______________ very happy when I saw
my brother home safe and sound.
. [finish] When we _______________ our work, wewent out.
. [wait] We _________________for quite a while thismorning.
. [see] I __________________ Ahmed five minutes
ago.
. [travel] Last summer we ________________ first
class.
. [have] I use the same car that I ______________ fiveyears ago.
. [eat] Tomorrow afternoon we
______________ at a Chinese restaurant.
(O) Use the right tense of the given verb.
. Samy usually [sit] _________ at the back of class, but
today he [sit] __________ in the front row.
. He [come] __________ to see me every weekend.
. I [take] __________ my dog for a walk every evening
before it died.
. What [you, do] ________________________ at this
moment?
. She [not understand] ____________________ what
you [mean] _____________ .
. Look at Samir! He [drink] _______________ up his
medicine, but I can see that he [hate] _____________
it.
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. We usually [have] ________________ breakfast at
o'clock nowadays.
. We nearly always [spend] _______________ ourholidays at the seaside, but this year we [go]
_____________ to France.
. I [have] _______________ my hair cut whenever it
gets too long.
. She [sing] _____________ beautifully when she
was young, but nowadays she [not, sing]
______________ anymore.
. John [seem] _______________ rather tired at
this moment.
. Do you see this machine? It [consist]
_______________ of many parts.
. Ask him what he [want]
_____________________ now.
. Buses usually [run] ____________________
along this street, but today they [not, run]
_______________ because it is under repair.
(P) Put the verbs between parentheses in the right tenses:
. The scientist suddenly (see) ______________ the answer
to the problem that (occupy) ___________________ his
mind for two months.
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. The burglar (open) ________________ the safe when he
(hear) ______________ footsteps. He immediately
put his torch out and crawled under the bed.
. A: Stop! Don't you see the notice?
B: I (see) ________________ it, but I can't read it because
I (wear, not) ____________ my glasses.
. He (clean) ________________ his gun when it suddenly (go)______________
off and killed him.
. You looked very busy when I (meet)_______________
you lastnight. What (you, do) __________________?
. Since British Rail (introduce)___________________
its new fare
structure, more people (take)_______________
to travelling by
train.
. He (cut)_______________
his finger while he (cook)_________________
dinner yesterday.
. I (understand)________________
exactly what you (mean)____________
right now.
. He usually (find)_______________
a lot of letters on his desk
when he (arrive) __________________
at the office.
. I (not, have)_____________
anything to eat since I (get)___________
here.
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. When He (arrive) ______________ here tomorrow
morning, I (offer) ___________ him a cup of coffee.
. Columbus (try) ______________ to reach India when he
(discover)__________________
America.
. By the time Ahmed (finish)_____________
his work last
night, everybody else (go)__________________
home.
. He (not, pay)___________________
his rent since he (move)_____________
to this apartment.
. Three days ago, John (begin)_____________
reading a longnovel. He (not, finish)
_________________it yet.
(Q) Circle the letter for the right answer:
. I____________
a new house last year, but I___________
my old
house yet, so at the moment I have two houses.
a. have bought/ sold b. bought/ haven't sold
c. had bought/ hadn't sold d. buy/ haven't sold
. I've been living here______________________
.
a. two years ago b. in
c. for two years d. before
. I couldn't see Bill. When I got into the office, he________
a. had gone out b. went out
c. have gone out d. has gone out
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. I stood up when my father___________________
in.
a. comes b. had come
c. would come d. came
. At the moment John__________________
a note of what theysay.
a. is taking b. takes
c. has taken d. took
. Right now, I can see that the child _______________ his
old toy.
a. hate b. is hating
c. hates d. had hated
. How long ago _________________ the United States?
a. have you visited b. are you visiting
c. do you visit d. did you visit
. When are you ____________________ your English
course?
a. will finish b. finishc. going to finish d. finished
. I'm specially glad that Bob's coming to the meeting
because we _______________ him for several months.
a. haven't seen b. didn't see
c. weren't seen d. hasn't
. It was such nice weather that we _______________camping in the desert.
a. have gone b. will go
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c. went d. had gone
(R) Fill in the spaces with the right tenses of the given verbs:
. [take] Will you speak softly please? The students________
a test at the moment.
. [have] Spiders________
six legs. This is a scientific fact.
. [wear] If the suit arrives on time, I______
it for the meeting.
. [catch] Finally the police Fletcher and sent him to prison.
. [go] There was a power outage in our part of the town lastnight and the lights ____ out.
. [study] This autumn I _ English at a night school.
. [eat] My child always a lot of sweets.
. [go] Mr. Richardson to a Qatar last month.
. [make] She _ a good cake next week.
. [boil] Water at C.
. [not smoke] He _ at all. He hates smoking.
. [not work] They _ as fast as they can right now.
. [see] I often see Jose, and I _ him again only
yesterday.
. [cost] How much does this watch ______?
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. [catch] My little boy ran after the cat and
___________ it.
. [wake] Yesterday I _ up early.
. [not, pass] Tom ________ his examination on January
, .
. [boil] Look! The water _____. Can you turn the kettle
off?
. [study] Please don't make so much noise. My child
________.
. [be] We _______ in Kuwait in .
. [be] My friend, Edward, _________ here right now.
. [play] Tom usually ______ tennis on Thursdays.
. [write] Did you a letter to your folks yesterday?
. [not, understand] Look at that! He ________ what's
going on.
. [drive] How are going to travel to Libya? I
_____________.
. [go] They ____ to Damascus last week.
. [break] My vase fell to the floor and ___ into a
hundred pieces.
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. [read] He usually ____ the newspaper in the evening.
. [smoke] I never ____ .
. [play] My children _ football at the moment.
. [buy] I ____ a new car next week.
. [lie] I don't like him; he always ______ to people.
. [rise] Yesterday the sun _______ at : .
. [send] [finish] I ____ a letter to my folks after I__________ studying yesterday evening.
. [live] They ____________________________ in
Montreal since they immigrated.
. [work] His associate __________________________
from nine to five every day.
. [go] Bill _____________________________ to thepublic library once in a while.
. [knock] Listen! I think somebody
___________________ at the door.
. [be] The baby ___________________________ asleep
for several hours.
. [learn] Mary usually _________________ languages
very quickly.
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. [make] The car ______________ a very strange noise
when I drove it yesterday.
. [be] I ____________________ to Europe several
times.
. [use] Our new secretary ________________ a
computer all the time.
. [do] Dont worry. I ___________________________
all the work already.
. [inherit] Hes excited because he____________________ a lot of money recently.
. [not, arrive] Were still waiting. He ______________
yet.
. [go] He _______________________ out ten minutes
ago.
. [shop] I _____________________________ aroundfor a good jacket later today.
. [send] So far today, he
____________________________ three faxes.
. [call] She ____________ him up five times. There has
to be an important message.
. [not, get] I still ________________________ a reply
from them.
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. [sit] It's : now and Mr. Wilson ________________
to the breakfast table.
. [meet] I _____________________ Larry and his
friends some five years ago.
. [tell] If I see Mike tomorrow, I__________________
him about the meeting.
. [read] At the moment the students ______________
their books.
. [be] The weather ____________________ terrible alllast week, but now it is fine.
(S) Put the verbs between parentheses in the right tenses:
. Right now John [take] _____ a nap. He [fall] __________asleep an hour ago. He [sleep] ______________ for an
hour.
. Since we began the course, John [study] __________ threenovels. At the moment he [read] _____________A Farewell
to Arms. He [read] _______________________ this novel
for the past three days.
. A: There is something I have to tell you.
B: Go ahead. I [listen] ____________________________ .
. A: Stop! What [you, do] __________________________
?
B: I [try] _______________________ to get this piece of
toast out of the toaster. Its stuck.
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A: Well, dont use a knife. You [kill] _______________
yourself.
. A: Why [you, deliver, not] _________________ the reportyesterday?
B: When I got to his office, he [leave] ________________
.
. A: Can I borrow some money? My check [be]__________ supposed to arrive yesterday, but I still [receive,
not] __________ it.
B: Sure. Id be happy to lend you some. How much (need,
you] ____________?
(T) Complete the following with the right tense of the verbs
in brackets:
.
Bill ____________ [start] working at a pizza parlour in
November. He ____________ [work] there successfully forseveral months. In fact everyone in the pizza parlour ______
[help] Bill in every way they can.
For the first time in his life, Bill _____________ [be]
able to earn his own living. He ________________ [receive,
already] several paychecks, but the paychecks
_____________ [not be] the most important part of the job)
Most importantly, Bill _______________ [be] proud of
himself because he _________________ [feel] useful. Now
he ________ [have] a good reason to get up in the morning.
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Last year, the public school special program __________
[train] Bill for this job) It ____________ [teach] him the
skills he needed.
.
Last week, I (see) ______________ a very good bookin a book shop, but I (not have) _______________ enough
money to buy it. Now I have enough money, but I have no
time to go to the book shop, so I (buy) ________ it tomorrow
morning.
(U) Circle the letter of the right answer:
. Gases ________________ when heated. This is ascientific fact.
a. expands b. expanding
c. expand d. are expanding
. The house is in a mess right now. The plumbers
_________ in a new bath and the carpenter_______ us some
bookshelves.
a. is putting/ building b. puts/ builds
c. are putting/ is building d. are putting/ builds
. I often see Dr Richards. I______ him again only
yesterday.
a. see b. am seeing
c. saw d. have seen
. They sell all kinds of rubbish nowadays, but they
once_________ good furniture.
a. sell b. are sellingc. have sold d. sold
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. The Carters didn't ___________ for Chicago.
a. leave b. left
c. leaves d. leaving
. He ___________ along a deserted road when suddenly he
___________ a camel in front of him.
a. was driving/ saw b. drove/ saw
c. was driving/ was seeing d. drove/ was seeing
. I couldn't meet Ahmed last week. When I got to his office
he ________ .
a. left b. has leftc. had left d. had been left
. We ___________ the new bridge by the end of this year.
a. have completed b. completed
c. will have completed d. complete
. We will run out of gas before we reach Alex. I _________
at the next gas station.
a. am going to stop b. will have stopped
c. have stopped d. stop
. He ___________ French at Cairo University since .
a. teaches b. taught
c. is teaching d. has taught
. The leaves usually _________ from the trees in October.
a. falls b. fall
c. are falling d. will fall
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. Washington, D. C., ________ the capital of the United
States .
a. is/ in b. has been/ in
c. has been/ for d. has been/ since
. Books like this one can___________ anywhere.
a. be bought b. have bought
c. will buy d. buy
. The windows ___________ while I was there.
a. were cleaning b. clean
c. cleaned d. were being cleaned
. This matter ___________ with very soon.
a. will deal b. has dealt
c. will be dealt d. will be dealing
. He can't answer these questions properly. He _________
more time studying when he had the chance.
a. must have spent b. should have spent
c. would spend d. could spend
. I don't know, but it___________ rain tomorrow.a. might b. has toc. must d. will
. He couldn't ___________ everything about Europe; hehas never been there.
a. knew b. knowc. known d. knows
. I ___________ a calculator while I was doing thesecalculations. I made many mistakes.
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a. ought to use b. should usec. must have used d. ought to have used
. Since the new boss took over, we to change our workingmethods.
a. have had b. should havec. must d. must have
. Fishing is strictly forbidden in this area. You___________ fish here.
a. don't have to b. mustn'tc. ought to d. should
. ___________ you please help me with this suitcase?a. May b. Mustc. Should d. Could
. Would you mind ___________ the phone?a. to answer b. answeredc. answering d. answer
. He___________ wear a uniform. It is not obligatory.
a. mustn't b. shouldn't
c. hasn't had d. doesn't have to
. You'd better ___________ near the edge. It is dangerous.
a. not go b. go not
c. don't go d. to not go
. Would you like ___________ to the manager.
a. speak b. speaking
c. to speak d. spoke
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. The lawyer advised his client___________ the case as
there was no use.
a. dropping b. drop
c. dropped d. to drop
. I am used to ___________ in this part of the country.
a. live b. living
c. have lived d. will live
. He said the trip without the right company would
be___________.
a. bored b. borec. boring d. to bore
. Before trains were invented, people used ___________
on horseback.
a. to travel b. travel
c. travelling d. to travelling
. My father remembers parts of his childhood quite clearly.
He remembers ___________ to school for the first time.a. to go b. go
c. going d. went
. He said, "I'm terribly sorry to___________
you___________."
a. keep/ wait b. keep/ waiting
c. keeping/ waiting d. keeping/ wait
. I hope ..................... you again soon.
a. seeing b. to see
c. will see d. see
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. Boys usually enjoy ................... football.
a. playing b. to play
c. plays d. play
. You like ................... big trucks. Don't you?
a. driving b. drive
b. drove d. driven
. I don't mind .................... the children from school.
a. collect b. to collect
c. collected d. collecting
. I think he is a liar; he seems ....................... false
evidence.
a. give b. to give
c. giving d. gives
. I've been living here ___________________________________.
a. two years ago b. inc. for two years d. before
. I couldn't see Bill. When I got into the office, he ______.
a. had gone out b. went out
c. have gone out d. has gone out
. I stood up when my father______________________________
in.
a. comes b. had comec. would come d. came
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. At the moment Abdullah _____________________________ a note
of what they say.
a. is taking b. takesc. has taken d. took
. Right now, I can see that the child _________________
his old toy.a. hate b. is hating
c. hates d. had hated
. How long ago ____ ___________ the United States?
a. have you visited b. are you visiting
c. do you visit d. did you visit
. When are you_________________
your English course?
a. will finish b. finish
c. going to finish d. finished
. I'm specially glad that Bob's coming to the meeting
because we _______________ him for several months.
a. haven't seen b. didn't see
c. weren't seen d. hasn't
. It was such nice weather that we ___________________
camping in the desert.
a. have gone b. will go
c. went d. had gone
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(V) Fill in the blanks with the appropriate verb forms
[affirmative or negative] of the base forms given in brackets:
. [drive] The mechanic ________________________ thecar right now.
. [not, eat] When he's on a diet, he __________ potatoes.
. [rain] When I left the office this afternoon, it_______________.
. [not, have] I didn't go on the trip because I
___________ any money.
. [win] Who, do you think, ______________________
the next game?
. [rise] The sun ___________________ at :
yesterday morning.
. [eat] I seldom ______________________ Italian food.
. [ring] The bell ____________________________ and
class began.
. [set] A strong wind blew while we ____
