14
8/2/2019 04503541 http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/04503541 1/14 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. IA-14, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST 1978 Evaluating the Effects of Motor Starting on Industrial and Commercial Power Systems A. JACK WILLIAMS, JR., MEMBER, IEEE, AND M. SHAN GRIFFITH, SENIOR MEMBER, IEEE C] £, S' c (Iz SL t 6 .- -11- . tit : -/ 4 Abstract-The motors being applied on modem industrial systems are becoming increasingly large in size. Starting these large motors, especially across-the-line, will produce a transient voltage depression that can substantially reduce the motor output torque while severely influencing the operation of any locally connected load, as well as loads served by buses electrically remote from the point of motor starting. Motors with special starting characteristics and reduced voltage starting equipment ma y reduce motor inrush and the associatedvoltage dip, but the starting performance of the motor ma y be unacceptably altered. How coTputer aided studies are of benefit in exploring the problems associated with starting large motors on industrial systems is discussed. Several types of studies that are presently available are described, and the data or infonnation required to perform these studies are reviewed. Finally the results that can be expected from a motor starting study effort are examined. 2 £ ! 3 PROBLEMS Voltage Dips P ROBABLY THE most widely recognized and studied effect of motor starting is thevoltage dip that is experi- enced throughout an industrial power system as the direct result of starting large motors. The available accelerating torque drops appreciably as the voltage at the motor bus dips to a lower value, thus extending the starting interval and affecting (sometimes adversely) overall motor starting per- formance. During motor starting, the voltage level at the motor terminals should be maintained at approximately 80 percent of rated voltage or above for a standard National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) Type B motor. This value results from examination of the speed-torque char- acteristics of this type motor (150 percent starting torque at full voltage), and the desire to be able to successfully acceler- ate a fully loaded motor at the reduced voltage (i.e., since torque varies with the square of the voltage, T= 0.82 X 1 50 percent 100 percent). When other types of motors or lower shaft loadings are involved, the speed-torque characteristics of both the motor and its load should be examined to specifically determine the minimum acceptable voltage. Assuming that a reduced voltage provides adequate accelerating torque, it should also be verified that the longer starting interval required at the reduced torque available during a voltage dip does not result in the Pt damage limit of the motor being exceeded. Paper IPSD 77-5, approved by the Power Systems Support Com- mittee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society for presentation at the 1977 Industrial Power Systems Technical Conference, Pittsburgh, PA Ma y 9-12. Manuscript released for publication March 2, 1978. A. J. Williams, Jr., was with Brown and Root, Inc., Houston, TX. He is now with the Ortloff Corporation, Midland, TX 79702. M. S. Griffith is with Brown and Root, Inc., Houston, TX 77001. Several other problems ma y arise on the electrical power system due to the voltage dips caused by motor starting. Motors that are running normally on the system, for example, will slow down in response to the voltage dip occurring when a large motor is started. The running machines must be able to reaccelerate once the machine being started reaches operating speed. When the voltage depression caused by the starting motor is severe, the loading on the running machines ma y exceed their pull-out torque (at the reduced voltage), and they ma y decelerate significantly or even stall before the starting interval is concluded. The decelerating machines all impose heavy current demands that only compound the original distress caused by the machine that was started. The result is a "dominoing" voltage depression that can lead to the loss of all load. In general, if the motors on the system are standard NEMA design B, the speed-torque characteristics (200 percent pull out torque at full voltage) should prevent stallout, provided the motor terminal voltage does not drop below about 71 percent of motor nameplate voltage. This is a valid guidelinie to follow anytime the shaft load does not exceed 100 percent rated since the developed starting torque is again proportional to the terminal voltage squared (V2), and the available accelerating torque at 71 percent voltage would thus be slightly above 100 percent. If other than NEMA design B motors are used on the system, a similar criterion can be established to evaluate reacceleration following a motor starting voltage dip based on the exact speed-torque character- istics of each particular motor. By industry standards [141, ac control devices are not required to pick-up at voltages below 85 percent of rated nameplate voltage, whereas dc control devices must operate dependably (i.e., pick-up) at voltages above 80 percent of their rating. Critical control operationis ma y therefore encouniter difficulty during motor starting periods where voltage dips are excessive. A motor starting study might be required to deter- mine if this is a problem with thoughts to using devices rated at 1 10 V rather than the normal 11 5 V nominal devices. Con- tactors are required to hold-in with line voltage as low as 80 percent of their rating [14] . The actual dropout voltages tal conitactors used in industrial applications comimonly range between 60-85 percent of rated voltage depending on the manufacturer. Voltages in the range of 65-70 percent of rated voltage, therefore, ma y be appropriate and are sometimes used as the criteria for the lower limit that contactors can tolerate (see Table I.) Depending on where lighting buses are located, with respect to large starting motors, this may be a factor requiring a motor starting study. 0093-9994/78/0700-0292$00.75 © 1978 IEEE 2 92)

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. I A - 1 4 , NO. 4 , JULY/AUGUST 1978

E v a l u a t i n g t h e E f f e c t s o f Motor S t a r t i n g onIndustrial and

C o m m e r c i a l P o w e r S y s t e m sA . JACK W I L L I A M S , J R . , M E M B E R , I E E E , AND M . SHAN G R I F F I T H , S E N I O R M E M B E R , I E E E

C ]£ , S ' c ( I zSLt

6 . - - 1 1 -.

t i t : - / 4A b s t r a c t - T h e m o t o r s b e i n g a p p l i e d o n modem i n d u s t r i a l s y s t e m s

a r e b e c o m i n g i n c r e a s i n g l y l a r g e i n s i z e . S t a r t i n g t h e s e l a r g e m o t o r s ,

e s p e c i a l l y a c r o s s - t h e - l i n e , w i l l p r o d u c e a t r a n s i e n t v o l t a g e d e p r e s s i o n

t h a t c a n s u b s t a n t i a l l y r e d u c e t h e m o t o r o u t p u t t o r q u e w h i l e s e v e r e l yi n f l u e n c i n g t h e o p e r a t i o n o f a n y l o c a l l y c o n n e c t e d l o a d , a s w e l l a sl o a d s s e r v e d b y b u s e s e l e c t r i c a l l y r e m o t e f r o m t h e p o i n t o f m o t o rs t a r t i n g . M o t o r s w i t h s p e c i a l s t a r t i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d r e d u c e d v o l t a g es t a r t i n g e q u i p m e n t ma y r e d u c e m o t o r i n r u s h a n d t h e a s s o c i a t e d v o l t a g ed i p , b u t t h e s t a r t i n g p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e m o t o r ma y b e u n a c c e p t a b l ya l t e r e d . How c o T p u t e r a i d e d s t u d i e s a r e o f b e n e f i t i n e x p l o r i n g t h ep r o b l e m s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s t a r t i n g l a r g e m o t o r s o n i n d u s t r i a l s y s t e m s

i s d i s c u s s e d . S e v e r a l t y p e s o f s t u d i e s t h a t a r e p r e s e n t l y a v a i l a b l e a r ed e s c r i b e d , a n d t h e d a t a o r i n f o n n a t i o n r e q u i r e d t o p e r f o r m t h e s es t u d i e s a r e r e v i e w e d . F i n a l l y t h e r e s u l t s t h a t c a n b e e x p e c t e d f r o m a

m o t o r s t a r t i n g s t u d y e f f o r t a r e e x a m i n e d . 2 £ ! 3

PROBLEMS

V o l t a g e D i p s

P ROBABLY THE m o s t w i d e l y r e c o g n i z e d a n d s t u d i e de f f e c t o f m o t o r s t a r t i n g i s t h e v o l t a g e d i p t h a t i s e x p e r i -

e n c e d t h r o u g h o u t a n i n d u s t r i a l p o w e r s y s t e m a s t h e d i r e c tr e s u l t o f s t a r t i n g l a r g e m o t o r s . T h e a v a i l a b l e a c c e l e r a t i n gt o r q u e d r o p s a p p r e c i a b l y a s t h e v o l t a g e a t t h e m o t o r b u s d i p st o a l o w e r v a l u e , t h u s e x t e n d i n g t h e s t a r t i n g i n t e r v a l a n d

a f f e c t i n g ( s o m e t i m e s a d v e r s e l y ) o v e r a l l m o t o r s t a r t i n g p e r -f o r m a n c e . D u r i n g m o t o r s t a r t i n g , t h e v o l t a g e l e v e l a t t h e

m o t o r t e r m i n a l s s h o u l d b e m a i n t a i n e d a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 8 0

p e r c e n t o f r a t e d v o l t a g e o r a b o v e f o r a s t a n d a r d N a t i o n a l

E l e c t r i c a l M a n u f a c t u r e r s A s s o c i a t i o n ( N E M A ) T y p e B m o t o r .

T h i s v a l u e r e s u l t s f r o m e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e s p e e d - t o r q u e c h a r -a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h i s t y p e motor ( 1 5 0 p e r c e n t s t a r t i n g t o r q u e a t

f u l l v o l t a g e ) , a n d t h e d e s i r e t o b e a b l e t o s u c c e s s f u l l y a c c e l e r -a t e a f u l l y l o a d e d m o t o r a t t h e r e d u c e d v o l t a g e ( i . e . , s i n c e

t o r q u e v a r i e s w i t h t h e s q u a r e o f t h e v o l t a g e , T= 0 . 8 2 X 1 5 0

p e r c e n t 1 0 0 p e r c e n t ) . When o t h e r t y p e s o f m o t o r s o r l o w e r

s h a f t l o a d i n g s a r e i n v o l v e d , t h e s p e e d - t o r q u e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f

b o t h t h e m o t o r a n d i t s l o a d s h o u l d b e e x a m i n e d t o s p e c i f i c a l l yd e t e r m i n e t h e minimum a c c e p t a b l e v o l t a g e . A s s u m i n g t h a t a

r e d u c e dv o l t a g e p r o v i d e s a d e q u a t e a c c e l e r a t i n g t o r q u e ,

i t

s h o u l d a l s o b e v e r i f i e d t h a t t h e l o n g e r s t a r t i n g i n t e r v a l r e q u i r e da t t h e r e d u c e d t o r q u e a v a i l a b l e d u r i n g a v o l t a g e d i p d o e s n o t

r e s u l t i n t h e Pt d a m a g e l i m i t o f t h e motor b e i n g e x c e e d e d .

P a p e r I P S D 7 7 - 5 , a p p r o v e d b y t h e P o w e r S y s t e m s S u p p o r t Com-m i t t e e o f t h e IEEE I n d u s t r y A p p l i c a t i o n s S o c i e t y f o r p r e s e n t a t i o n a t

t h e 1 9 7 7 I n d u s t r i a l P o w e r S y s t e m s T e c h n i c a l C o n f e r e n c e , P i t t s b u r g h ,PA Ma y 9 - 1 2 . M a n u s c r i p t r e l e a s e d f o r p u b l i c a t i o n M a r c h 2 , 1 9 7 8 .

A . J . W i l l i a m s , J r . , w a s w i t h Brown a n d R o o t , I n c . , H o u s t o n , T X . He

i s n ow w i t h t h e O r t l o f f C o r p o r a t i o n , M i d l a n d , TX 7 9 7 0 2 .M . S . G r i f f i t h i s w i t h Brown a n d R o o t , I n c . , H o u s t o n , TX 7 7 0 0 1 .

S e v e r a l o t h e r p r o b l e m s may a r i s e o n t h e e l e c t r i c a l p o w e r

s y s t e m d u e t o t h e v o l t a g e d i p s c a u s e d b y m o t o r s t a r t i n g .M o t o r s t h a t a r e r u n n i n g n o r m a l l y o n t h e s y s t e m , f o r e x a m p l e ,

w i l l s l o w down i n r e s p o n s e t o t h e v o l t a g e d i p o c c u r r i n g w h e n al a r g e m o t o r i s s t a r t e d . T h e r u n n i n g m a c h i n e s m u s t b e a b l e t or e a c c e l e r a t e o n c e t h e m a c h i n e b e i n g s t a r t e d r e a c h e s o p e r a t i n gs p e e d . When t h e v o l t a g e d e p r e s s i o n c a u s e d b y t h e s t a r t i n gm o t o r i s s e v e r e , t h e l o a d i n g o n t h e r u n n i n g m a c h i n e s may

e x c e e d t h e i r p u l l - o u t t o r q u e ( a t t h e r e d u c e d v o l t a g e ) , a n d t h e y

may d e c e l e r a t e s i g n i f i c a n t l y o r e v e n s t a l l b e f o r e t h e s t a r t i n gi n t e r v a l i s c o n c l u d e d . T h e d e c e l e r a t i n g m a c h i n e s a l l i m p o s e

h e a v y c u r r e n t d e m a n d s t h a t o n l y c o m p o u n d t h e o r i g i n a ld i s t r e s s c a u s e d b y t h e m a c h i n e t h a t w a s s t a r t e d . T h e r e s u l t i s a" d o m i n o i n g " v o l t a g e d e p r e s s i o n t h a t c a n l e a d t o t h e l o s s o f

a l l l o a d .I n g e n e r a l , i f t h e m o t o r s o n t h e s y s t e m a r e s t a n d a r d NEMA

d e s i g n B , t h e s p e e d - t o r q u e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ( 2 0 0 p e r c e n t p u l lo u t t o r q u e a t f u l l v o l t a g e ) s h o u l d p r e v e n t s t a l l o u t , p r o v i d e d

t h e m o t o r t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e d o e s n o t d r o p b e l o w a b o u t 7 1p e r c e n t o f m o t o r n a m e p l a t e v o l t a g e . T h i s i s a v a l i d g u i d e l i n i et o f o l l o w a n y t i m e t h e s h a f t l o a d d o e s n o t e x c e e d 1 0 0 p e r c e n t

r a t e d s i n c e t h e d e v e l o p e d s t a r t i n g t o r q u e i s a g a i n p r o p o r t i o n a lt o t h e t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e s q u a r e d ( V 2 ) , a n d t h e a v a i l a b l ea c c e l e r a t i n g t o r q u e a t 7 1 p e r c e n t v o l t a g e w o u l d t h u s b e

s l i g h t l ya b o v e 1 0 0

p e r c e n t .I f

o t h e rt h a n NEMA

d e s i g nB

m o t o r s a r e u s e d o n t h e s y s t e m , a s i m i l a r c r i t e r i o n c a n b e

e s t a b l i s h e d t o e v a l u a t e r e a c c e l e r a t i o n f o l l o w i n g a m o t o r

s t a r t i n g v o l t a g e d i p b a s e d o n t h e e x a c t s p e e d - t o r q u e c h a r a c t e r -i s t i c s o f e a c h p a r t i c u l a r m o t o r .

B y i n d u s t r y s t a n d a r d s [ 1 4 1 , a c c o n t r o l d e v i c e s a r e n o tr e q u i r e d t o p i c k - u p a t v o l t a g e s b e l o w 8 5 p e r c e n t o f r a t e d

n a m e p l a t e v o l t a g e , w h e r e a s d c c o n t r o l d e v i c e s m u s t o p e r a t e

d e p e n d a b l y ( i . e . , p i c k - u p ) a t v o l t a g e s a b o v e 8 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e i rr a t i n g . C r i t i c a l c o n t r o l o p e r a t i o n i s may t h e r e f o r e e n c o u n i t e rd i f f i c u l t y d u r i n g m o t o r s t a r t i n g p e r i o d s w h e r e v o l t a g e d i p s a r ee x c e s s i v e . A m o t o r s t a r t i n g s t u d y m i g h t b e r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r -m i n e i f t h i s i s a p r o b l e m w i t h t h o u g h t s t o u s i n g d e v i c e s r a t e d

a t1 1 0

V r a t h e r t h a n t h e n o r m a l1 1 5 V n o m i n a l

d e v i c e s .C o n -

t a c t o r s a r e r e q u i r e d t o h o l d - i n w i t h l i n e v o l t a g e a s l o w a s 8 0

p e r c e n t o f t h e i r r a t i n g [ 1 4 ] . T h e a c t u a l d r o p o u t v o l t a g e s t a lc o n i t a c t o r s u s e d i n i n d u s t r i a l a p p l i c a t i o n s c o m i m o n l y r a n g eb e t w e e n 6 0 - 8 5 p e r c e n t o f r a t e d v o l t a g e d e p e n d i n g o n t h em a n u f a c t u r e r . V o l t a g e s i n t h e r a n g e o f 6 5 - 7 0 p e r c e n t o f r a t e dv o l t a g e , t h e r e f o r e , ma y b e a p p r o p r i a t e a n d a r e s o m e t i m e s u s e d

a s t h e c r i t e r i a f o r t h e l o w e r l i m i t t h a t c o n t a c t o r s c a n t o l e r a t e( s e e T a b l e I . ) D e p e n d i n g o n w h e r e l i g h t i n g b u s e s a r e l o c a t e d ,w i t h r e s p e c t t o l a r g e s t a r t i n g m o t o r s , t h i s m a y b e a f a c t o rr e q u i r i n g a m o t o r s t a r t i n g s t u d y .

0 0 9 3 - 9 9 9 4 / 7 8 / 0 7 0 0 - 0 2 9 2 $ 0 0 . 7 5 © 1 9 7 8 I E E E

2 9 2 )

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WILLIAMS, J R . , AND GRIFFITHS: MOTOR STARTING ON POWER SYSTEMS

TABLE I

SUMMARY OF CRITICAL SYSTEM VOLTAGE L E V E LSWHEN STARTING MOTORS

VOLTAGE DROP MINIMUM ALLOWABLELOCATION OR PROBLEM VOLTAGE ( % RATED)

A t T e r n i n a l s o f S t a r t i n g M o t o r 8 0 % 7 0

A t T e r m i n a l s o f O t h er M o t o r s W h i c h

M u s t R e a c c e l e r a t e 7 1 %

AC C o n t a c t o r P i c k - u p

( B y S t a n d a r d ) 85 %

DC C o n t a c t o r P i c k - u p( B y S t a n d a r d ) 8 0 %

C o n t a c t o r H o l d - I n( By S t a n d a r d ) 8 0 o

S t a t i c C o n t r o l D e v i c e s 9 0 % 0

C o n t a c t o r H o l d - I n( A v e r a g e o f T h o s e i n U s e ) 6 5 - 7 0 %

N o t i c e a b l e L i g h t F l i c k e r 3% C h a n g e

-HIGH SPEED REGULATOR/EXCITERSYSTEM (TE + TR = 0.25 -0.50 S)

- LOW SPEED REGULATOR/EXCITERSYSTEM (TE + TR = 2. 0 -2.5 s )

-NO REGULATOR

l n M E

F i g . 1 . T y p i c a l g e n e r a t o r t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r v a r i o u s

e x c i t e r / r e g u l a t o r s y s t e m s .

W e a k S o u r c e G e n e r a t i o n

A motor s t a r t i n g s t u d y may b e o f use i n a n a l y z i n g t h e

p e r f o r m a n c e o f s m a l l s y s t e m s . S m a l l e r power s y s t e m s a r e

u s u a l l y s e r v e d b y l i m i t e d c a p a c i t y sources t h a t a r e s u b j e c t t o

s e v e r e v o l t a g e d r o p p r o b l e m s on motor s t a r t i n g , e s p e c i a l l ywhen l a r g e motors a r e i n v o l v e d . E l e c t r i c u t i l i t i e s w i l l o f t e n

r e q u i r e t h a t v o l t a g e d i p s on motor s t a r t i n g b e h e l d w i t h i n

s p e c i f i e dl i m i t s . A motor

s t a r t i n gs t u d y can b e e m p l o y e d

d u r i n g t h e d e s i g n p h a s e o f t h e power s y s t e m when i t i s s t i l l

e c o n o m i c a l l y f e a s i b l e t o make d e s i g n r e v i s i o n s t o v e r i f y t h a t

t h e s y s t e m w i l l p e r f o r m w i t h i n t h e l i m i t s i m p o s e d b y t h e

u t i l i t y .F r e q u e n t l y , s m a l l s y s t e m s a r e s e r v e d b y l i m i t e d c a p a c i t y

o n - s i t e g e n e r a t i o n e i t h e r e x c l u s i v e l y or i n p a r a l l e l w i t h a

l i m i t e d c a p a c i t y u t i l i t y s y s t e m . W h e n e v e r l o c a l g e n e r a t i o n i s

i n v o l v e d , t h e r e l a t i v e l y h i g h t r a n s i e n t i m p e d a n c e s o f t h eg e n e r a t o r s t h a t become e v i d e n t d u r i n g t h e motor s t a r t i n gi n t e r v a l c an a g g r a v a t e t h e v o l t a g e d r o p t h a t i s u t i l i m a t e l yr e a l i z e d . A l s o , t h e t y p e o f v o l t a g e r e g u l a t o r s y s t e m a p p l i e dw i t h t h e g e n e r a t o r s c an d r a m a t i c a l l y i n f l u e n c e t h e e f f e c t s o f

m o t o r s t a r t i n g a s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 1 . M a n y d i g i t a l c o m p u t e r

p r o g r a m s c a n a c c u r a t e l y m o d e l g e n e r a t o r t r a n s i e n t b e h a v i o ra n d e x c i t e r / r e g u l a t o r r e s p o n s e d u r i n g m o t o r s t a r t i n g . S u c h

p r o g r a m s a r e i n v a l u a b l e f o r s t u d y i n g s y s t e m s w h e r e a n

a c c u r a t e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f g e n e r a t o r a n d e x c i t e r / r e g u l a t o ra c t i o n i s n e c e s s a r y i n o r d e r f o r s t u d y r e s u l t s a n d c o n c l u s i o n st o b e m e a n i n g f u l .

S p e c i a l T o r q u e R e q u i r e m e n t s

S o m e t i m e s s p e c i a l l o a d s m u s t b e a c c e l e r a t e d u n d e r c a r e -

f u l l y c o n t r o l l e d c o n d i t i o n s w i t h o u t e x c e e d i n g s p e c i f i e d t o r q u e

l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h e e q u i p m e n t . An e x a m p l e o f t h i s w o u l d b e t h es t a r t i n g o f a m o t o r c o n n e c t e d t o a l o a d t h r o u g h g e a r i n g . S u c h

a p p l i c a t i o n ma y r e q u i r e a s p e c i a l p e r i o d o f l o w - t o r q u e ( " c u s h -i o n e d " ) a c c e l e r a t i o n t o a l l o w s l a c k i n t h e g e a r s a n d c o u p l i n g st o b e p i c k e d u p w i t h o u t d a m a g e t o t h e e q u i p m e n t . C e r t a i nc o m p u t e r - a i d e d m o t o r s t a r t i n g s t u d i e s c a n p r o v i d e a n i n s t a n t -

b y - i n s t a n t s h a f t o u t p u t t o r q u e t a b u l a t i o n f o r c o m p a r i s o n t o

t h e a l l o w a b l e t o r q u e l i m i t s o f t h e e q u i p m e n t . T h i s t y p e s t u d y

c a n t h e r e f o r e b e u s e d f o r s e l e c t i n g a m o t o r a n d / o r a s t a r t i n g

m e t h o d w i t h t h e o p t i m u m s p e e d - t o r q u e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r t h ea p p l i c a t i o n .

H i g h i n e r t i a l o a d s ma y c a u s e m o t o r s t a r t i n g t i m e s t o b e -come e x c e s s i v e , a n d t h e h e a t i n g i n t h e motor d u e t o t h e h i g hc u r r e n t s d r a w n d u r i n g s t a r t i n g m a y , t h e r e f o r e , b e i n t o l e r a b l e .A c o m p u t e r - a i d e d m o t o r s t a r t i n g s t u d y c a n p r o v i d e a c c u r a t e

v a l u e s o f m o t o r a c c e l e r a t i n g c u r r e n t a n d t i m e . I t a l s o m a k e s i t

p o s s i b l e t o d e t e r m i n e i f t h e t h e r m a l l i m i t s o f s t a n d a r d m o t o r s

w i l l b e e x c e e d e d f o r l o n g e r t h a n n o r m a l s t a r t i n g i n t e r v a l s .O t h e r l o a d s ma y h a v e s p e c i a l s t a r t i n g t o r q u e r e q u i r e m e n t s

o r a c c e l e r a t i n g t i m e l i m i t s t h a t r e q u i r e s p e c i a l h i g h s t a r t i n gt o r q u e ( a n d i n r u s h ) m o t o r s . A d d i t i o n a l l y , t h e s t a r t i n g t o r q u e

r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e l o a d o r p ro c e s s ma y n o t p e rm i t t h e u s e o f

l o w - i n r u s h m o t o r s t o r e d u c e t h e v o l t a g e d i p c a u s e d b y s t a r t i n g .O f t e n , a s i m p l e i n s p e c t i o n o f t h e m o t o r a n d l o a d s p e e d - t o r q u ec u r v e s w i l l n o t b e s u f f i c i e n t t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r s u c hp r o b l e m s e x i s t . T h i s i s y e t a n o t h e r a r e a w h e n a n i n - d e p t hm o t o r s t a r t i n g s t u d y ma y b e u s e f u l .

REMEDIES

C o n t r o l l i n g V o l t a g e D e p r e s s i o n s

A m o t o r s t a r t i n g s t u d y c a n e x p o s e a n d p r e c i s e l y i d e n t i f yt h e e x t e n t o f a v o l t a g e - d r o p p r o b l e m . T h e v o l t a g e a t e a c h b u s

i n t h e s y s t e m c a n , f o r e x a m p l e , b e r e a d i l y d e t e r m i n e d b y ad i g i t a l c o m p u t e r s t u d y . E q u i p m e n t l o c a t i o n s l i k e l y t o e x p e r i -e n c e d i f f i c u l t y d u r i n g m o t o r s t a r t i n g c a n b e i m m e d i a t e l y

d e t e r m i n e d .

I n s i t u a t i o n s w h e r e a v a r i e t y o f e q u i p m e n t v o l t a g e r a t i n g sa r e a v a i l a b l e , t h e c o r r e c t r a t i n g f o r t h e a p p l i c a t i o n c a n b e

s e l e c t e d . C o r r e c t i v e c i r c u i t c h a n g e s s u c h a s o f f - n o m i n a l t a ps e t t i n g s f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n t r a n s f o r m e r s a n d l a r g e r t h a n s t a n d a r d

c o n d u c t o r s i z e c a b l e c a n a l s o b e r e a d i l y e v a l u a t e d . On a c o m -

p l e x p o w e r s y s t e m , t h i s t y p e o f d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s w o u l d b e

m o s t d i f f i c u l t t o a c c o m p l i s h u t i l i z i n g t i m e - c o n s u m i n g h a n ds o l u t i o n m e t h o d s .

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S e v e r a l m e t h o d s o f m i n i m i z i n g v o l t a g e d i p o n s t a r t i n gm o t o r s a r e b a s e d o n t h e f a c t t h a t d u r i n g s t a r t i n g , a m o t o r

d r a w s a n i n r u s h c u r r e n t d i r e c t l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e t e r m i n a lv o l t a g e , a n d t h e r e f o r e , a l o w e r v o l t a g e c a u s e s t h e m o t o r t or e q u i r e l e s s c u r r e n t t h e r e b y r e d u c i n g t h e v o l t a g e d i p . A u t o -

t r a n s f o r m e r s t a r t e r s a r e o n e o f t h e m o s t e f f e c t i v e m e a n s o f

o b t a i n i n g a r e d u c e d v o l t a g e d u r i n g s t a r t i n g w i t h s t a n d a r d t a p s

r a n g i n g f r o m 5 0 - 8 0 p e r c e n t o f n o r m a l r a t e d v o l t a g e . A m o t o rs t a r t i n g s t u d y c a n b e u s e d t o s e l e c t t h e p r o p e r v o l t a g e t a p ( a n d

t h e l o w e r l i n e c u r r e n t i n r u s h ) w h i c h r e s u l t s i n a c c e p t a b l e v o l t -a g e s i n t h e e l e c t r i c a l p o w e r s y s t e m d u r i n g t h e m o t o r s t a r t .O t h e r s p e c i a l r e d u c e d v o l t a g e s t a r t i n g m e t h o d s i n c l u d e r e s i s t o ro r r e a c t o r s t a r t i n g , p a r t - w i n d i n g s t a r t i n g , a n d w y e - s t a r t d e l t a -r u n m o t o r s . A l l o f t h e s e m e t h o d s ma y b e e x a m i n e d b y a n

a p p r o p r i a t e m o t o r s t a r t i n g s t u d y , a n d t h e b e s t m e t h o d f o r t h ep a r t i c u l a r a p p l i c a t i o n i n v o l v e d ma y b e s e l e c t e d .

I n a l l r e d u c e d v o l t a g e s t a r t i n g m e t h o d s , t h e t o r q u e a v a i l a b l ef o r a c c e l e r a t i n g t h e l o a d i s p r o b a b l y t h e m o s t c r i t i c a l c o n s i d e r -a t i o n o n c e b u s - v o l t a g e l e v e l s a r e j u d g e d o t h e r w i s e a c c e p t a b l e .O n l y 2 5 p e r c e n t o f f u l l s t a r t i n g t o r q u e w o u l d b e a v a i l a b l e , f o r

e x a m p l e , w i t h 5 0 p e r c e n t o f r a t e d v o l t a g e a p p l i e d a t t h e motor

t e r m i n a l s . Any p r o b l e m s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e d u c e d s t a r t i n gt o r q u e i m p o s e d b y s p e c i a l r e d u c e d v o l t a g e s t a r t i n g m e t h o d s

a r e a u t o m a t i c a l l y u n c o v e r e d b y a motor s t a r t i n g s t u d y .An a l t e r n a t e m e t h o d o f r e d u c i n g t h e h i g h - i n r u s h c u r r e n t s

p r e s e n t w h e n s t a r t i n g l a r g e m o t o r s a n d t h u s m a i n t a i n i n g

a c c e p t a b l e v o l t a g e l e v e l s t h r o u g h o u t t h e s y s t e m i s a c a p a c i t o rs t a r t i n g s y s t e m [ 1 5 1 . B y u s i n g t h i s m e t h o d , t h e h i g h i n d u c t i v ec o m p o n e n t o f t h e n o r m a l r e a c t i v e s t a r t i n g c u r r e n t i s o f f s e t t o

s o m e e x t e n t b y t h e a d d i t i o n o f c a p a c i t o r s t o t h e m o t o r b u s

( d u r i n g t h e s t a r t i n g p e r i o d o n l y ) . T h i s s h o u l d n o t b e c o n f u s e d

w i t h t h e a l t o g e t h e r d i f f e r e n t p r a c t i c e o f a p p l y i n g c a p a c i t o r sf o r r u n n i n g m o t o r p o w e r f a c t o r c o r r e c t i o n . A m o t o r s t a r t i n gs t u d y c a n p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n t o a l l o w o p t i m u m s i z i n g o f t h es t a r t i n g c a p a c i t o r s a n d d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e l e n g t h o f t i m e t h ec a p a c i t o r m u s t b e e n e r g i z e d . T h e s t u dy c a n a l s o e s t a b l i s hw h e t h e r t h e c a p a c i t o r a n d m o t o r ma y b e s w i t c h e d t o g e t h e r , o r

b e c a u s e o f a n e x c e s s i v e v o l t a g e d r o p t h a t m i g h t r e s u l t d u e t ot h e i m p a c t o f t h e c a p a c i t o r t r a n s i e n t c h a r g i n g c u r r e n t w h e na d d e d t o t h e m o t o r i n r u s h c u r r e n t , t h e c a p a c i t o r m u s t b e

e n e r g i z e d m o m e n t a r i l y a h e a d o f t h e m o t o r . T h e s w i t c h i n g

p r o c e d u r e a c t u a l l y e m p l o y e d c a n , o f c o u r s e , a p p r e c i a b l y a f f e c tt h e c o s t o f f i n a l i n s t a l l a t i o n .

U s i n g s p e c i a l s t a r t e r s o r c a p a c i t o r s t o m i n i m i z e v o l t a g e d i p sc a n b e a n e x p e n s i v e m e t h o d o f m a i n t a i n i n g v o l t a g e a t a c c e p t -a b l e l e v e l s

[ 1 5 ]. W h e r e p o s s i b l e , t h e u s e o f o f f - n o m i n a l t a p

s e t t i n g s f o r t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n t r a n s f o r m e r s c a n b e a n e f f e c t i v ee c o n o m i c a l s o l u t i o n f o r v o l t a g e d i p s . B y r a i s i n g t h e n o - l o a d

v o l t a g e i n a r e a s o f t h e s y s t e m e x p e r i e n c i n g d i f f i c u l t i e s d u r i n g

m o t o r s t a r t i n g , t h e e f f e c t o f t h e v o l t a g e d i p c a n o f t e n b e

m i n i m i z e d . I n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h a l o a d - f l o w s t u d y , a m o t o rs t a r t i n g s t u d y c a n p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n t o a s s i s t i n s e l e c t i n g t h ep r o p e r t a p s a n d e n s u r e t h a t v o l t a g e s d u r i n g p e r i o d s o f l i g h tl o a d a r e n o t e x c e s s i v e l y h i g h .

T h e m o t o r s t a r t i n g s t u d y c a n b e u s e d t o p r o v e t h e e f f e c t i v e -n e s s o f s e v e r a l o t h e r s o l u t i o n s t o t h e v o l t a g e d i p p r o b l e m a sw e l l . W i t h a w o u n d r o t o r m o t o r , d i f f e r i n g v a l u e s o f r e s i s t a n c ea r e i n s e r t e d i n t o t h e m o t o r c i r c u i t a t v a r i o u s t i m e s d u r i n g t h e

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F i g . 2 . T y p i c a l wound r o t o r m o t o r s p e e d - t o r q u e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

s t a r t i n g i n t e r v a l t o r e d u c e t h e maximum i n r u s h ( a n d a c c o r d -i n g l y s t a r t i n g t o r q u e ) t o s o m e d e s i r e d v a l u e . F i g . 2 s h o w s

t y p i c a l s p e e d - t o r q u e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c u r v e s f o r a w o u n d r o t o rm o t o r . I t c a n b e s e e n t h a t b y a p p r o p r i a t e s w i t c h i n g t i m e s

( d e p e n d e n t o n m o t o r s p e e d ) o f r e s i s t a n c e v a l u e s , p r a c t i c a l l ya n y d e s i r e d s p e e d - t o r q u e ( s t a r t i n g ) c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c a n b e o b -t a i n e d . A m o t o r s t a r t i n g s t u d y c a n b e o f a s s i s t a n c e i n c h o o s i n g

t h e o p t i m u m c u r r e n t a n d t o r q u e v a l u e s f o r a w o u n d r o t o r

m o t o r a p p l i c a t i o n , w h e t h e r t h e r e s i s t a n c e s a r e s w i t c h e d i n

s t e p s b y t i m i n g r e l a y s o r c o n t i n u o u s l y a d j u s t e d v a l u e s o b -

t a i n e d t h r o u g h a l i q u i d r h e o s t a t - f e e d b a c k s t a r t i n g c o n t r o l .F o r s m a l l l o a d s , v o l t a g e s t a b i l i z e r s a r e s o m e t i m e s u s e d .

T h e s e d e v i c e s p r o v i d e e s s e n t i a l l y i n s t a n t a n e o u s r e s p o n s e t o

v o l t a g e f l u c t u a t i o n s b y " s t a b i l i z i n g " l i n e v o l t a g e v a r i a t i o n s o f

a s g r e a t a s ± 1 5 p e r c e n t t o w i t h i n ± 1 p e r c e n t a t t h e l o a d . T h e

l i m i t e d l o a d i n g c a p a b i l i t y o f t h e s e d e v i c e s , h o w e v e r , h a sr e s t r i c t e d t h e i r u s e m o s t l y t o c o n t r o l c i r c u i t p o w e r s u p p l ya p p l i c a t i o n s .

S p e c i a l i n r u s h m o t o r s c a n b e p u r c h a s e d f o r a r e l a t i v e l ys m a l l p r i c e i n c r e a s e o v e r s t a n d a r d m o t o r s . T h e s e m n o t o r s m a i n -

t a i n n e a r l y t h e s a m e s p e e d - t o r q u e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a s s t a n d a r dm a c h i n e s , b u t t h e i n r u s h c u r r e n t i s l i m i t e d ( u s u a l l y t o a b o u t

4 . 6 t i m e s f u l l - l o a d c u r r e n t c o m p a r e d w i t h s i x t i m e s f u l l - l o a dc u r r e n t f o r a s t a n d a r d m o t o r ) .

O t h e r B e n e f i t s

A d e t a i l e d s p e e d - t o r q u e a n d a c c e l e r a t i n g t i m e s t u d y , o f t e ni n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e p r e v i o u s l y d i s c u s s e d v o l t a g e d i p s t u d y ,c a n p r o v i d e a m e a n s o f a n a l y z i n g s t a r t i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s b ye x p l o r i n g a v a r i e t y o f p o s s i b l e m o t o r s p e e d - t o r q u e c h a r a c t e r i s -t i c s . T h i s t y p e o f m o t o r s t a r t i n g s t u d y c a n a l s o c o n f i r m t h a ts t a r t i n g t i m e s a r e w i t h i n a c c e p t a b l e l i m i t s . T h e a c c e l e r a t i n gt i m e s t u d y c a n a s s i s t i n e s t a b l i s h i n g t h a t t h e t h e r m a l d a m a g el i m i t s o f m o t o r s a r e n o t e x c e e d e d o r v e r i f y t h a t m a c h i n e s w i t h

l o c k e d r o t o r p r o t e c t i o n s u p e r v i s e d b y s p e e d s w i t c h e s w i l l n o t

e x p e r i e n c e n u i s a n c e t i p p i n g o n s t a r t i n g .T h e s p e e d - t o r q u e / a c c e l e r a t i n g t i m e m o t o r s t a r t i n g s t u d y

c a n a l s o b e e m p l o y e d t o v e r i f y t h a t t h e s p e c i a l m o t o r t o r q u e

a n d / o r i n r u s h c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s p e c i f i e d a c t u a l l y p r o d u c e t h ed e s i r e d r e s u l t s . M e c h a n i c a l e q u i p m e n t r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d s p e -

294

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WILLIAMS, J R . , AND GRIFFITHS: MOTOR STARTING ON POWER SYSTEMS

c i a l r a t i n g s n e c e s s a r y f o r m o t o r s t a r t i n g a u x i l i a r y e q u i p m e n tc a n u s u a l l y b e s p e c i f i e d b a s e d o n t h e i n f o r m a t i o n p r o v i d e d b ya m o t o r s t a r t i n g s t u d y .

TYPES OF STUDIES

From t h e p r e c e d i n g d i s c u s s i o n , i t i s a p p a r e n t t h a t d e p e n d -

i n g o n t h e f a c t o r s o f c o n c e r n i n a n y s p e c i f i c m o t o r s t a r t i n gs i t u a t i o n , m o r e t h a n o n e t y p e o f m o t o r s t a r t i n g s t u d y ma y b er e q u i r e d .

T h e V o l t a g e D r o p " S n a p s h o t ' :

O n e m e t h o d o f e x a m i n i n g t h e e f f e c t o f v o l t a g e d i p d u r i n gm o t o r s t a r t i n g i s t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e maximum i n s t a n t a n e o u s

d r o p t h a t o c c u r s l e a v e s t h e b u s v o l t a g e s a t a c c e p t a b l e l e v e l st h r o u g h o u t t h e s y s t e m . T h i s i s d o n e b y e x a m i n i n g t h e p o w e rs y s t e m o n l y a t t h a t i n s t a n t i n t i m e t h a t w o u l d c o r r e s p o n d t o

t h e w o r s t c a s e v o l t a g e . T h r o u g h a p p r o p r i a t e s y s t e m m o d e l i n g ,t h i s t y p e o f s t u d y c a n b e p e r f or m e d b y v a r i o u s c a l c u l a t i n gm e t h o d s u s i n g t h e d i g i t a l c o m p u t e r .

T h e " s n a p s h o t " v o l t a g e d r o p s t u d y i s u s e f u l o n l y f o r f i n d -i n g s y s t e m v o l t a g e s . E x c e p t f o r t h e r e c o g n i t i o n o f g e n e r a t o r

t r a n s i e n t i m p e d a n c e s w h e n a p p r o p r i a t e , m a c h i n e i n e r t i a s , l o a dc h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , a n d o t h e r t r a n s i e n t e f f e c t s a r e u s u a l l y i g n o r e d .T h i s t y p e o f s t u d y , w h i l e c e r t a i n l y a n a p p r o x i m a t i o n , i s o f t e ns u f f i c i e n t f o r many a p p l i c a t i o n s .

T h e D e t a i l e d V o l t a g e P r o f i l e

T h i s t y p e o f s t u d y p r o v i d e s f o r a m o r e e x a c t e x a m i n a t i o n

o f t h e v o l t a g e d r o p s i t u a t i o n . R e g u l a t o r r e s p o n s e , e x c i t e ro p e r a t i o n , a n d s o m e t i m e s g o v e r n o r a c t i o n a r e m o d e l e d t oa c c u r a t e l y r e p r e s e n t t h e t r a n s i e n t b e h a v i or o f l o c a l g e n e r a t o r s .T h i s t y p e o f s t u d y i s s i m i l a r t o a s i m p l i f i e d t r a n s i e n t s t a b i l i t y

a n a l y s i s a n d c o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d a s e r i e s o f v o l t a g e " s n a p -s h o t s " a t s e v e r a l i n s t a n t s t h r o u g h o u t t h e m o t o r s t a r t i n g i n t e r -v a l , i n c l u d i n g t h e moment o f minimum o r " w o r s t " c a s ev o l t a g e .

T h e M o t o r T o r q u e a n d A c c e l e r a t i o n T i m e A n a l y s i s

P e r h a p s t h e m o s t e x a c t i n g a n a l y s i s f o r m o t o r s t a r t i n g c o n -d i t i o n s i s t h e d e t a i l e d s p e e d - t o r q u e a n a l y s i s . J u s t s h o r t o f at r a n s i e n t s t a b i l i t y s t u d y ( w h i c h s o m e t i m e s c a n a l s o b e u s e d t oa c c u r a t e l y i n v e s t i g a t e m o t o r s t a r t i n g ) , t h e s p e e d - t o r q u e a n a l y -s i s p r o v i d e s e l e c t r i c a l t o r q u e a n d a c c e l e r a t i n g t o r q u e c a l c u l a -t i o n s f o r s p e c i f i e d t i m e i n t e r v a l s d u r i n g t h e m o t o r s t a r t i n gp e r i o d . M o t o r s l i p , l o a d a n d m o t o r t o r q u e s , t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e

m a g n i t u d e a n d a n g l e , a n d t h e c o m p l e x v a l u e o f c u r r e n t d r a w nb y t h e m o t o r a r e v a l u e s t h a t c a n b e e x a m i n e d a t t i m e z e r o a n da t t h e e n d o f e a c h t i m e i n t e r v a l .

U n d e r c e r t a i n c i r c u m s t a n c e s , e v e n w h e n a c r o s s - t h e - l i n es t a r t i n g i s e m p l o y e d , t h e m o t o r ma y n o t b e a b l e t o " b r e a k -a w a y " f r o m s t a n d s t i l l , o r i t ma y s t a l l a t s o m e s p e e d b e f o r ea c c e l e r a t i o n i s c o m p l e t e . A s p e e d - t o r q u e a n a l y s i s , e s p e c i a l l yw h e n p e r f o r m e d u s i n g a c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m , a n d p o s s i b l y i nc o m b i n a t i o n w i t h o n e o r m o r e o f t h e p r e v i o u s l y d i s c u s s e ds t u d i e s c a n p r e d i c t t h e s e p r o b l e m a r e a s a n d a l l o w c o r r e c t i o n st o b e m a d e b e f o r e d i f f i c u l t i e s a r i s e . When s p e c i a l s t a r t i n g t e c h -n i q u e s a r e n e c e s s a r y , s u c h a s a u t o - t r a n s f o r m e r r e d u c e d v o l t a g es t a r t i n g , t h e s p e e d - t o r q u e a n a l y s i s c a n a c c o u n t f o r t h e a u t o -

t r a n s f or me r m a g n e t i z i n g c u r r e n t , a n d i t c a n a l l o w d e t e r m i n a -

t i o n o f t h e o p t i m u m t i m e t o s w i t c h t h e t r a n s f o r m e r o u t o f t h ec i r c u i t . T h e s t a r t i n g p e r f o r m a n c e o f wound r o t o r m o t o r s c a nb e p r e c i s e l y e x a m i n e d u s i n g t h i s t y p e o f s t u d y a s w e l l .

A d a p t a t i o n s

A p a r t i c u l a r a p p l i c a t i o n m a y , o f c o u r s e , r e q u i r e a s l i g h t

m o d i f i c a t i o n o f a n y o f t h e a b o v e s t u d i e s t o b e o f g r e a t e s tu s e f u l n e s s . O f t e n c om b i n a t i o n s o f s e v e r a l o f t h e t y p e s o fs t u d i e s d e s c r i b e d a r e r e q u i r e d t o a d e q u a t e l y e v a l u a t e s y s t e m

m o t o r s t a r t i n g p r o b l e m s .

DATA REQUIREMENTS

B a s i c I n f o r m a t i o n

S i n c e t h e o t h e r l o a d s o f t h e s y s t e m a t t h e t i m e o f m o t o rs t a r t i n g a f f e c t t h e v o l t a g e a v a i l a b l e a t t h e m o t o r t e r m i n a l s ,e s s e n t i a l l y t h e s a m e i n f o r m a t i o n n e c e s s a r y f o r a l o a d f l o w o r

s h o r t c i r c u i t s t u d y i s a l s o r e q u i r e d f o r a m o t o r s t a r t i n g s t u d y .

A l t h o u g h t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n i s g e n e r a l l y s u m m a r i z e d b e l o w ,m o r e d e t a i l s ( i f n e c e s s a r y ) a r e a v a i l a b l e i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e

[ 1 ] , [ 2 ] .1 ) U t i l i t y a n d G e n e r a t o r I m p e d a n c e s : T h e s e v a l u e s a r e

e x t r e m e l y s i g n i f i c a n t a n d s h o u l d b e a s a c c u r a t e a s p o s s i b l e .G e n e r a l l y t h e y c a n b e o bt a i n e d f r o m t h e l o c a l u t i l i t y r e p r e s e n -t a t i v e s a n d t h e g e n e r a t o r m a n u f a c t u r e r s . I n c a s e s w h e r e e x a c t

g e n e r a t o r d a t a c a n n o t b e o b t a i n e d , some t y p i c a l i m p e d a n c ev a l u e s a r e a v a i l a b l e f r o m t h e l i t e r a t u r e .

2 ) T r a n s f o r m e r s : T h e m a n u f a c t u r e r ' s i m p e d a n c e i n f o r m a -t i o n s h o u l d b e o b t a i n e d w h e r e p o s s i b l e , e s p e c i a l l y f o r l a r g eu n i t s ( i . e . , 5 0 0 0 k VA a n d l a r g e r ) . S t a n d a r d i m p e d a n c e s c a n

u s u a l l y b e u s e d w i t h l i t t l e e r r o r f o r s m a l l e r u n i t s , a n d t y p i c a l

X/R r a t i o s a r e a v a i l a b l e i n A m e r i c a n N a t i o n a l S t a n d a r d sI n s t i t u t e ( A N S I ) S t a n d a r d C 3 7 . 0 1 0 - 1 9 7 2 [ 3 ] .

3 ) O t h e r C o m p o n e n t s : S y s t e m e l e m e n t s ( s u c h a s c a b l e s )s h o u l d b e s p e c i f i e d a s t o t h e n u m b e r a n d s i z e o f c o n d u c t o r ,c o n d u c t o r m a t e r i a l , a n d w h e t h e r m a g n e t i c d u c t o r a r m o r i s

u s e d . A l l s y s t e m e l e m e n t s s h o u l d b e s u p p l i e d w i t h R a n d Xv a l u e s s o t h a t a n e q u i v a l e n t s y s t e m i m p e d a n c e ma y b ec a l c u l a t e d .

4 ) L o a d C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s : S y s t e m l o a d s s h o u l d b e d e t a i l e di n c l u d i n g t y p e ( c o n s t a n t c u r r e n t , c o n s t a n t i m p e d a n c e , o r c o n -

s t a n t k V A ) , p o w e r f a c t o r , a n d l o a d f a c t o r , i f a n y . E x a c ti n r u s h ( s t a r t i n g ) c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s h o u l d a l s o b e p r o v i d e d f o r t h em o t o r t o b e s t a r t e d .

5 ) M a c h i n e a n d L o a d D a t a ; A s i d e f r o m t h e b a s e i n f o r -m a t i o n r e q u i r e d f o r a v o l t a g e d r o p t y p e o f m o t o r s t a r t i n ga n a l y s i s , s e v e r a l o t h e r i t e m s a r e r e q u i r e d f o r t h e d e t a i l e ds p e e d - t o r q u e a n d a c c e l e r a t i n g t i m e a n a l y s i s . T h e s e i n c l u d e t h eWR2 o f t h e m o t o r a n d l o a d ( w i t h t h e WR2 o f t h e m e c h a n i c a lc o u p l i n g o r a n y g e a r i n g i n c l u d e d ) a n d t h e s p e e d - t o r q u e c h a r a c -t e r i s t i c s o f b o t h t h e m o t o r a n d t h e l o a d . T y p i c a l s p e e d - t o r q u ec u r v e s a r e s h o w n i n F i g . 3 . F o r a d d i t i o n a l a c c u r a c y , s p e e dv e r s u s c u r r e n t a n d s p e e d v e r s u s p o w e r f a c t o r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c ss h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d t o g i v e a s e x a c t a m o d e l a s p o s s i b l e f o r t h e

m o t o r d u r i n g s t a r t i n g . F o r s o m e p r o g r a m s , t h e c o n s t a n t s f o rt h e m o t o r e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t g i v e n i n F i g . 4 ma y b e e i t h e rr e q u i r e d o r a l t e r n a t i v e l y u t i l i z e d a s i n p u t i n f or m a t i o n . T h i s

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F i g . 3 . T y p i c a l motor a n d l o a d s p e e d - t o r q u e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

R i - S2 S -

F i g . 4 . S i m p l i f i e d e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t f o r motor on s t a r t i n g .

d a t a s h o u l d a l l b e o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r s i n c e t h ev a l u e s a r e c r i t i c a l . E x c i t e r / r e g u l a t o r d a t a s h o u l d a l s o b e o b -t a i n e d f r o m t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r f o r c e r t a i n t y p e s o f s t u d i e s .

S i m p l i f y i n g A s s u m p t i o n s

B e s i d e s u s i n g s t a n d a r d i m p e d a n c e v a l u e s f o r t r a n s f o r m e r sa n d c a b l e s , i t i s o f t e n n e c e s s a r y t o use t y p i c a l or a s s u m e dv a l u e s f o r o t h e r v a r i a b l e s when m a k i n g motor s t a r t i n g v o l t a g e -d r o p c a l c u l a t i o n s . T h i s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e when t h e c a l c u l a -t i o n s a r e f o r e v a l u a t i n g a p r e l i m i n a r y d e s i g n , an d t h e e x a c t

motor a n d l o a d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e unknown. Some common

a s s u m p t i o n s t h a t a r e o f t e n u s e d i n t h e a b s e n c e of more p r e c i s ed a t a a r e a s f o l l o w s .

1 ) H o r s e p o w e r t o k VA C o n v e r s i o n : A r e a s o n a b l e a s s u m p -t i o n i s t h a t one h p e q u a l s one kVA. F o r i n d u c t i o n motors a n d

s y n c h r o n o u s m o t o r s w i t h an . 8 l e a d i n g r u n n i n g power f a c t o r ,t h i s can b e e a s i l y seen f r o m [ 4 ]

hp ( k V A ) ( 0 . 7 4 6 )( e f f i c i e n c y ) ( p o w e r f a c t o r )

T h e r a t i o o f . 7 4 6 t o t h e e f f i c i e n c y t i m e s t h e power f a c t o r

a p p r o a c h e s u n i t y f o r most motors g i v i n g t h e 1 hp/kVA a p -p r o x i m a t i o n . I t c an l i k e w i s e b e seen t h a t f o r s y n c h r o n o u sm o t o r s o p e r a t i n g a t 1 . 0 power f a c t o r , a r e a s o n a b l e a s s u m p t i o ni s on e h p e q u a l s 0 . 8 kVA.

2 ) I n r u s h C u r r e n t : U s u a l l y , a c o n s e r v a t i v e m u l t i p l i e r f o r

motor s t a r t i n g i n r u s h c u r r e n t s i s o b t a i n e d b y a s s u m i n g t h e

motor t o h a v e a c o d e G c h a r a c t e r i s t i c w i t h t h e l o c k e d r o t o r

c u r r e n t e q u a l t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y s i x t i m e s t h e f u l l - l o a d c u r r e n t

w i t h f u l l v o l t a g e a p p l i e d a t t h e motor t e r m i n a l s [ 5 ] .

3 ) S t a r t i n g P o w e r F a c t o r : T h e p o w e r f a c t o r o f a m o t o rd u r i n g s t a r t i n g d e t e r m i n e s t h e a m o u n t o f r e a c t i v e c u r r e n t t h a tw i l l b e d r a w n f r o m t h e s y s t e m , a n d t h u s t o a l a r g e e x t e n t t h emaximum v o l t a g e d r o p . T y p i c a l d a t a [ 2 1 s u g g e s t t h e f o l l o w i n ga s a s s u m p t i o n s , t h a t a r e u s u a l l y c o n s e r v a t i v e :

a ) motors u n d e r 1 0 0 0 h p , p o w e r f a c t o r - 0 . 2 0 .b ) m o t o r s 1 0 0 0 h p a n d o v e r , p o w e r f a c t o r = 0 . 1 5 .

SOLUTION PROCEDURES AND EXAMPLES

R e g a r d l e s s o f t h e t y p e o f s t u d y r e q u i r e d , a b a s i c v o l t a g ed r o p c a l c u l a t i o n w i l l a l w a y s b e i n v o l v e d . When v o l t a g e d r o p i st h e o n l y c o n c e r n , t h e e n d p r o d u c t i s t h i s c a l c u l a t i o n a t t h ep o i n t i n t i m e w h e n a l l t h e s y s t e m i m p e d a n c e s a r e a t t h e i rmaximum v a l u e a n d a l l s o u r c e s a r e a t t h e i r minimum e x p e c t e dv o l t a g e l e v e l . I n a m o r e c o m p l e x m o t o r s p e e d - t o r q u e a n a l y s i sa n d a c c e l e r a t i n g t i m e s t u d y , v o l t a g e d r o p c a l c u l a t i o n s a r er e q u i r e d . T h e s e a r e p e r f o r m e d a t r e g u l a r t i m e i n t e r v a l s f o l l o w -i n g t h e i n i t i a l i m p a c t o f t h e m o t o r s t a r t i n g e v e n t , t a k i n g i n t oa c c o u n t v a r i a t i o n s i n s y s t e m i m p e d a n c e s a n d v o l t a g e s o u r c e s .

T h e r e s u l t s o f e a c h s u c h " i t e r a t i v e " v o l t a g e d r o p c a l c u l a t i o na r e t h e n u s e d t o c a l c u l a t e t h e o u t p u t t o r q u e t h a t i s d e p e n d e n ton t h e v o l t a g e a t t h e m a c h i n e t e r m i n a l s a n d t h e m o t o r s p e e d .S i n c e t h e i n t e r v a l o f m o t o r s t a r t i n g u s u a l l y s p a n s p e r i o d s o ft i m e r a n g i n g f r o m a f e w s e c o n d s t o t e n o r m o r e s e c o n d s , t h ee f f e c t s o f g e n e r a t o r v o l t a g e r e g u l a t o r a n d g o v e r n o r a c t i o n a r ee v i d e n t , s o m e t i m e s a l o n g w i t h t r a n s f o r m e r t a p c h a n g e r c o n t r o ld e p e n d i n g o n t h e c o n t r o l s e t t i n g s . C e r t a i n t y p e s o f motors t a r t i n g s t u d i e s o f f e r t h e a b i l i t y t o a c c o u n t f o r g e n e r a t o r v o l t -a g e r e g u l a t o r a c t i o n . A t r a n s i e n t s t a b i l i t y s t u d y i s u s u a l l yr e q u i r e d i n c a s e s w h e r e o t h e r t r a n s i e n t e f f e c t s a r e c o n s i d e r e di m p o r t a n t . A b r i e f s u m m a r y o f t h e f u n d a m e n t a l e q u a t i o n su s e d i n t h e v a r i o u s t y p e s o f m o t o r s t a r t i n g s t u d i e s i s p r o v i d e d

i n t h e f o l l o w i n g p a r a g r a p h s a l o n g w i t h s o m e e x a m p l e s t h a td e m o n s t r a t e t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e f u n d a m e n t a l e q u a t i o n s t oa c t u a l p r o b l e m s a n d w h i c h i l l u s t r a t e t y p i c a l c o m p u t e r p r o g r a mo u t p u t s .

T h e M a t h e m a t i c a l R e l a t i o n s h i p s

T h e r e a r e b a s i c a l l y t h r e e w a y s t o s o l v e f o r t h e b u s v o l t a g e sr e a l i z e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e s y s t e m o n m o t o r s t a r t i n g . T h e s e w i l lb e p r e s e n t e d g e n e r a l l y i n t h i s s e c t i o n a n d t h e n e x a m i n e d i nd e t a i l b y e x a m p l e s i n t h e n e x t s e c t i o n .

1 ) I m p e d a n c e M e t h o d : T h i s m e t h o d e s s e n t i a l l y i n v o l v e sr e d u c t i o n o f t h e s y s t e m t o a s i m p l e v o l t a g e d i v i d e r n e t w o r k[ 6 1 w h e r e t h e v o l t a g e a t a n y p o i n t ( b u s ) i n a c i r c u i t i s f o u n d

b y t a k i n g t h e k n o w n v o l t a g e ( s o u r c e b u s ) t i m e s t h e r a t i o o ft h e i m p e d a n c e t o t h e p o i n t i n q u e s t i o n o v e r t h e t o t a l c i r c u i ti m p e d a n c e . F o r t h e c i r c u i t o f F i g . 5 ,

V-EX 1 +X2

o r m o r e g e n e r a l l y ,

V=E Z ,

Z 1 + Z 2I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t t h e e f f e c t o f a d d i n g a l a r g e c a p a c i -t o r b a n k a t t h e m o t o r b u s c a n b e p r e c i s e l y o b s e r v e d b y i n -

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WILLIAMS, J R . , AND GRIFFITHS: MOTOR STARTING ON POWER SYSTEMS

E

x 2

V I

X I

( S O U R C E B U S )

( S Y S T E M I M P E D A N C E )

( M O T O R TERMINALS B U S )

( M O T O R I M P E D A N C E )

F i g . 5 . S i m p l i f i e d i m p e d a n c e d i a g r a m .

s p e c t i o n o f t h e a b o v e e x p r e s s i o n f o r V . T h e a d d i t i o n o f t h e( n e g a t i v e ) v a r s c a u s e s t h e X1 ( o r Z 1 ) t e r m t o b e c o m e l a r g e r i n

b o t h t h e n u m e r a t o r a n d t h e d e n o m i n a t o r s o t h a t t h e b u s

v o l t a g e V i s i n c r e a s e d a n d a p p r o a c h e s 1 . 0 p e r u n i t a s t h e

l i m i t i n g i m p r o v e m e n t . T h e l o c k e d r o t o r i m p e d a n c e f o r 3 0m o t o r i s s i m p l y

r a t e d v o l t s ( L - L )Z L R ( V 3 ) ( L R A )

w h e r e L RA i s l o c k e d r o t o r c u r r e n t a t r a t e d v o l t a g e . T h i s v a l u ei n p e r u n i t i s e q u a l t o t h e i n v e r s e o f t h e i n r u s h m u l t i p l i e r on

t h e m o t o r r a t e d k VA b a s e

Z L R = - i n p e r u n i t .LRA/FLA

S i n c e a m o t o r t h a t i s s t a r t i n g c a n b e a c c u r a t e l y r e p r e s e n t e d a s

a c o n s t a n t i m p e d a n c e , t h e i m p e d a n c e m e t h o d i s a v e r y c o n -

v e n i e n t a n d a c c e p t a b l e m e a n s o f c a l c u l a t i n g t h e s y s t e m b u s

v o l t a g e s d u r i n g m o t o r s t a r t i n g . T h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e i m p e d a n c em e t h o d i s i n t u i t i v e l y o b v i o u s , a n d i t i s t h e o n e m o s t o f t e n

u s e d f o r w o r k i n g l o n g h a n d c a l c u l a t i o n s . I n o r d e r t o o b t a i nr e s u l t s w i t h r e a s o n a b l e a c c u r a c y , h o w e v e r , t h e v a r i o u s s y s t e m

i m p e d a n c e e l e m e n t s m u s t b e r e p r e s e n t e d a s c o m p l e x q u a n t i -t i e s ( r a t h e r t h a n s i m p l e r e a c t a n c e s ) , a n d t h e c a l c u l a t i o n sb e c o m e m o r e c o m p l i c a t e d . I n t h e s e s i t u a t i o n s a n d w h e r e o t h e r

t h a n s i m p l e r a d i a l s y s t e m s a r e i n v o l v e d , t h e d i g i t a l c o m p u t e r

g r e a t l y a i d s i n o b t a i n i n g t h e n e c e s s a r y n e t w o r k r e d u c t i o n .2 ) C u r r e n t M e t h o d : F o r a n y b u s i n t h e s y s t e m r e p r e s e n t e d

i n F i g s . 6 a n d 7 , t h e b a s i c e q u a t i o n s f o r t h e c u r r e n t m e t h o d

a r e a s f o l l o w s

i p e r u n i t = M v A l o a d / M V A b a s e @ 1 . 0 p e r u n i t v o l t a g e

V d r o p = i p e r unit X Z p e r unit

V b u s = V s o u r c e -V d r o p .

T h e q u a n t i t i e s i n v o l v e d , o f c o u r s e , s h o u l d b e e x p r e s s e d i n

c o m p l e x f o r m f o r g r e a t e s t a c c u r a c y a l t h o u g h r e a s o n a b l y p r e -c i s e r e s u l t s ma y b e o b t a i n e d b y u s i n g m a g n i t u d e s o n l y ( f o rf i r s t - o r d e r a p p r o x i m a t i o n s ) .

T h e o b v i o u s d i s a d v a n t a g e o f t h i s m e t h o d i s t h a t s i n c e a l l o f

t h e l o a d s ma y n o t b e o f t h e c o n s t a n t c u r r e n t t y p e , t h e c u r r e n t

( a n d MVA) t o e a c h l o a d v a r i e s a s t h e v o l t a g e c h a n g e s . An

i t e r a t i v e t y p e s o l u t i o n p r o c e d u r e i s , t h e r e f o r e , n e c e s s a r y t o

s o l v e f o r t h e u l t i m a t e v o l t a g e a t e v e r y b u s , a n d s u c h t e d i o u s

c o m p u t a t i o n s a r e r e a d i l y h a n d l e d b y t h e d i g i t a l c o m p u t e r .

10,000 M V A Available

Bus I |

6 % 9

Bus 2

5 , 0 0 0 KVA 5 , 0 0 0 KV A

r- gr - 5 % Z g rn- 5 %

Bus 3 B u s 4

4 , 0 0 0 K V A 3 , 0 0 0 K V A. 8 5 p . f . . 8 5 p . f . 1 , 0 0 0

F i g . 6 . T y p i c a l o n e - l i n e d i a g r a m .

AS 1 . 0 0 0

. 0 6 1 + j . 6 1

. 1 + j

f i \

1 . 0 , 1 + j 1 . 0

4,000 KV A 3 , 0 0 0 E V A ,

. 8 5 p . f . . 8 5 p . f . H P

L RA = 6 X FL A. 1 5 p . f .

F i g . 7 . I m p e d a n c e d i a g r a m f o r s y s t e m i n F i g . 6 .

3 ) L o a d - F l o w S o l u t i o n M e t h o d : From t h e w a y t h e l o a d sa n d o t h e r s y s t e m e l e m e n t s a r e p o r t r a y e d i n F i g s . 6 a n d 7 , i t

w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t t h e b u s v o l t a g e s a n d t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g

v o l t a g e d i p c o u l d b e d e t e r m i n e d b y a c o n v e n t i o n a l l o a d - f l o w

p r o g r a m . T h i s i s i n d e e d t h e c a s e . B y m o d e l i n g t h e s t a r t i n gm o t o r a s a c o n s t a n t i m p e d a n c e l o a d , t h e l o a d - f l o w c a l c u l a t i o n sy i e l d t h e b u s v o l t a g e s d u r i n g s t a r t i n g . T h e b a s i c e q u a t i o n s

i n v o l v e d i n t h i s p r o c e s s a r e [ 7 1 , [ 8 ]

I k - Pt _ Y k V k

V k *

V k = V r e f + Z k ( i( YiVi

w h e r e ,

I k c u r r e n t i n k t h b r a n c h o f an y n e t w o r k ,

P k a n d Q k r e a l a n d r e a c t i v e p o w e r s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h el o a d s a t k t h b u s ,

V k v o l t a g e a t k t h b u s ,Y k a d m i t t a n c e t o g r o u n d o f b u s k ,

V r e f v o l t a g e o f s w i n g o r s l a c k b u s ,n n u m b e r o f b u s e s i n n e t w o r k ,

Z k i s y s t e m i m p e d a n c e b e t w e e n k t h a n d i t h b u s e s .

29 7

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY A P P L I C A T I O N S , VOL. I A - 1 4 , NO. 4 , JULY/AUGUST 1 9 7 8

A V 1 . 0 5 6 4

A p ,

X t d 1 . 2 5

. 0 6 1 + J . 6 1

. 1 + j 1 . 0

4 , 0 0 0 KV A. 8 5 p.f.

3,000 KV A. 8 5 p.f.

A . 1 + i 1 . 0

LRA = 6 X FL A

. 15 p . f .F i g . 8 . R e v i s e d impedance diagram showing t r a n s i e n t r e a c t a n c e o f

g e n e r a t o r .

T h e l o a d f l o w s o l u t i o n t o t h e motor s t a r t i n g p r o b l e m i s one o f

t h e most e x a c t f o r f i n d i n g t h e b u s v o l t a g e s a t t h e i n s t a n t o f

maximum v o l t a g e d r o p . I t i s a p p a r e n t f r o m t h e e x p r e s s i o n s f o r

I k a n d V k t h a t t h i s s o l u t i o n m e t h o d i s i d e a l l y s u i t e d f o r t h ed i g i t a l c o m p u t e r any t i m e t h e s y s t e m i n v o l v e s more t h a n j u s ta f e w b u s e s .

O t h e r F a c t o r s

U n l e s s s t e a d y - s t a t e c o n d i t i o n s e x i s t , a l l o f t h e a b o v e s o l u -

t i o n m e t h o d s are v a l i d f o r one p a r t i c u l a r i n s t a n t i n t i m e a n dp r o v i d e t h e s i n g l e " s n a p s h o t " o f t h e s y s t e m b u s v o l t a g e s a s

wa s m e n t i o n e d e a r l i e r . F o r s t e a d y - s t a t e l o a d c o n d i t i o n s , i t i s

a s s u m e d t h a t t h e g e n e r a t o r v o l t a g e r e g u l a t o r s h a v e h a d t i m e t o

i n c r e a s e f i e l d e x c i t a t i o n s u f f i c i e n t l y t o m a i n t a i n t h e d e s i r e dg e n e r a t o r t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e . A c c o r d i n g l y , t h e presence o f t h ei n t e r n a l i m p e d a n c e o f any l o c a l g e n e r a t o r s t h a t may b e con-

n e c t e d t o t h e s y s t e m i s i g n o r e d . D u r i n g motor s t a r t i n g , h o w -

e v e r , t h e i n f l u e n c e o f m a c h i n e t r a n s i e n t b e h a v i o r b e c o m e si m p o r t a n t . T o m o d e l t h e e f f e c t o f a c l o s e - c o n n e c t e d g e n e r a t o r

on t h e maximum v o l t a g e d r o p d u r i n g motor s t a r t i n g r e q u i r e st h e i n c l u s i o n o f t h e g e n e r a t o r t r a n s i e n t r e a c t a n c e i n s e r i e s w i t h

t h e o t h e r source r e a c t a n c e s . I n g e n e r a l , us e o f t h e t r a n s i e n t

r e a c t a n c e a s t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n f o r t h e m a c h i n e w i l l r e s u l t i nc a l c u l a t e d b u s v o l t a g e s ( a n d a c c o r d i n g l y v o l t a g e d r o p s ) t h a tare r e a s o n a b l y a c c u r a t e a n d c o n s e r v a t i v e , even f o r e x c e p t i o n -

a l l y s l o w - s p e e d r e g u l a t o r s y s t e m s .

A s s u m i n g , f o r e x a m p l e , t h a t b u s 1 i n t h e s y s t e m s h o w n i n

F i g . 7 i s a t t h e l i n e t e r m i n a l s o f a 1 2 MVA g e n e r a t o r r a t h e rt h a n b e i n g an i n f i n i t e source a h e a d o f a c o n s t a n t i m p e d a n c eu t i l i t y s y s t e m , t h e t r a n s i e n t i m p e d a n c e o f t h e g e n e r a t o r w o u l d

b e a d d e d t o t h e s y s t e m . T h e r e s u l t i n g i m p e d a n c e d i a g r a m i s

shown i n F i g . 8 . A new b u s ( 9 9 ) i s c r e a t e d . T h e v o l t a g e a t t h i snew b u s i s f r e q u e n t l y r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e " v o l t a g e - b e h i n d - t h e -t r a n s i e n t - r e a c t a n c e . " I t i s a c t u a l l y t h e i n t e r n a l m a c h i n e t r a n -

s i e n t d r i v i n g v o l t a g e .

E L - G X + X

w h e r e , X G varies with t i m e as

X l l d -> X i - > X d and

E G varies with t h e time

c o c i s s l a i i t s T" - > T ' ->Td o d o d o

depending on e x c i t e r / r e g u l a t o r o u t p u t

F i g . 9 . S i m p l i f i e d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f g e n e r a t o r e x c i t e r / r e g u l a t o r s y s t e m .

When t h e s t e a d y - s t a t e o p e r a t i n g v o l t a g e i s 1 . 0 p e r u n i t , t h ei n t e r n a l m a c h i n e t r a n s i e n t d r i v i n g v o l t a g e c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d a st h e v o l t a g e t h a t m u s t b e p r e s e n t a h e a d o f t h e g e n e r a t o r t r a n -s i e n t r e a c t a n c e p r i o r t o s t a r t i n g t o p r o v i d e p o w e r t o t h e o t h e rl o a d s o n t h e s y s t e m a n d m a i n t a i n t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e a t 1 . 0 p e ru n i t ( w i t h i n e x c i t e r t o l e r a n c e s ) d u r i n g s t e a d y - s t a t e c o n d i t i o n s .T h e t r a n s i e n t d r i v i n g v o l t a g e V m a y b e c a l c u l a t e d a s f o l l o w s :

V = VT e rm i n a l ± ( / X 1 j ) ( I L O a d 1 + ( I X ) ( I L o a d )

V T =1 . 0 p e r u n i t

a n d w h e r e

I L o a d = M V A L o a d / M V A B a s e i n p e r u n i t .

T h e t r e a t m e n t o f t h e s i t u a t i o n i n v o l v i n g a l o c a l l y c o n n e c t e d

g e n e r a t o r i s e q u a l l y a p p l i c a b l e t o a l l t h r e e o f t h e s o l u t i o nm e t h o d s . S u c h a n a p p r o a c h c a n n o t , h o w e v e r , p r o v i d e a n y

d e t a i l r e g a r d i n g t h e r e s p o n s e o f t h e g e n e r a t o r v o l t a g e r e g u l a t o ro r c h a n g e s i n t h e m a c h i n e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w i t h t i m e . F o r a

m o r e d e t a i l e d s o l u t i o n t h a t c o n s i d e r s t h e t i m e d e p e n d e n te f f e c t s o f m a c h i n e i m p e d a n c e a n d v o l t a g e r e g u l a t o r a c t i o n , t h ea p p r o p r i a t e i m p e d a n c e a n d v o l t a g e t e r m s i n e a c h o f t h e a b o v e

e x p r e s s i o n s m u s t b e c o n t i n u o u s l y a l t e r e d t o a c c u r a t e l y r e f l e c t

t h e c h a n g e s t h a t o c c u r i n t h e c i r c u i t . T h i s p r o c e d u r e , o fc o u r s e , i s a l s o a p p l i c a b l e t o a n y o f t h e s o l u t i o n m e t h o d s c o n -

s i d e r e d . F i g . 9 p r o v i d e s a s i m p l i f i e d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h em a c h i n e p a r a n m e t e r s t h a t m u s t b e r e p e a t e d l y m o d i f i e d t o

o b t a i n t h e c o r r e c t s o l u t i o n .Some t y p e o f r e d u c e d v o l t a g e s t a r t i n g i s o f t e n e m p l o y e d t o

m i n i m i z e m o t o r i n r u s h c u r r e n t a n d t h u s r e d u c e t h e t o t a l v o l t -

a g e d r o p , w h e n t h e a s s o c i a t e d r e d u c t i o n i n t o r q u e t h a t a c c o m -

p a n i e s t h i s s t a r t i n g m e t h o d i s p e r m i s s i b l e . T h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n iu s e d f o r t h e m o t o r i n a n y o f t h e s o l u t i o n m e t h o d s f o r c a l c u l a t -i n g v o l t a g e d r o p m u s t b e m o d i f i e d t o r e f l e c t t h e l o w e r i n i r u s hc u r r e n t . I f a u t o - t r a n s f o r m e r r e d u c e d v o l t a g e s t a r t i n g i s u s e d ,m o t o r i n r u s h w i l l b e r e d u c e d b y t h e a p p r o p r i a t e f a c t o r f r o m

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TABLE I IAUTO-TRANSFORMER STARTING MULTI PLI ERS

AUTO XFMR TAP L I N E STARTING CURRENT( % L I N E VOLTAGE) ( % NORMAL @ FULL VOLTAGE)

5 0 % t 2 5 %

65 % 42%

8 0 % 7 o 6 4 %

T a b l e I I . I f , f o r e x a m p l e , n o r m a l ( f u l l v o l t a g e ) i n r u s h i s s i xt i m e s f u l l l o a d c u r r e n t a n d a n 8 0 p e r c e n t t a p a u t o - t r a n s f o r m e r

s t a r t e r i s a p p l i e d , t h e a c t u a l i n r u s h m u l t i p l i e r u s e d f o r d e t e r -m i n i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e motor r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i n t h e c a l c u l a -t i o n s w o u l d b e ( 6 ) ( 0 . 6 4 ) = 4 . 2 t i m e s f u l l - l o a d c u r r e n t .

R e s i s t o r o r r e a c t o r s t a r t i n g w i l l l i m i t t h e l i n e s t a r t i n gc u r r e n t b y t h e s a m e f a c t o r a s t h e motor t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e i s

r e d u c e d ( i . e . , 6 5 p e r c e n t o f a p p l i e d b u s v o l t a g e g i v e s 6 5 p e r -c e n t o f n o r m a l l i n e s t a r t i n g c u r r e n t ) . W y e - S t a r t D e l t a - R u n

s t a r t i n g p r o v i d e s 3 3 p e r c e n t o f n o r m a l s t a r t i n g l i n e c u r r e n t

w i t h f u l l v o l t a g e a t t h e motor t e r m i n a l s . T h e s t a r t i n g c u r r e n ta t a n y o t h e r v o l t a g e i s c o r r e s p o n d i n g l y r e d u c e d b y t h e same

a m o u n t . P a r t w i n d i n g s t a r t i n g p r o v i d e s f o r 6 0 p e r c e n t o f

n o r m a l s t a r t i n g l i n e c u r r e n t a t f u l l v o l t a g e a n d r e d u c e s i n r u s ha c c o r d i n g l y a t o t h e r v o l t a g e s .

I n p r o b l e m s w h e r e a d e t a i l e d m o t o r s p e e d - t o r q u e a n d a c c e l -e r a t i n g t i m e a n a l y s i s i s r e q u i r e d , t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n sa p p l y . T h e e q u a t i o n s a r e f o u n d i n many t e x t s [ 1 0 ] , a n d i n

g e n e r a l , a r e a p p l i c a b l e t o b o t h i n d u c t i o n a n d s y n c h r o n o u sm o t o r s s i n c e t h e l a t t e r b e h a v e a l m o s t e x a c t l y a s d o i n d u c t i o n

m a c h i n e s d u r i n g t h e s t a r t i n g p e r i o d :

T c c V 2

T = I o o t

WK2I o = l b - f t - s 2

2 g

C j 2 = C 0 o 2 + 2 a ( O -0 0 ) r e v . / s

AO =wot + 1 / 2 a t 2 r e v .

T n 2 g 2o e -=WR 2 r e v . / s 2 .R2

An a p p r o x i m a t e e x p r e s s i o n f o r s t a r t i n g t i m e i s a l s o a v a i l a b l e :

WK2 ( r / m i n L -r / m i n 2 ) ( 2 7 r )t ( s ) = ~ 60gT

w h e r e ,

T a v e r a g e m o t o r s h a f t o u t p u t t o r q u e ,

V m o t o r t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e ,I o moment o f i n e r t i a ,g a c c e l e r a t i o n d u e t o g r a v i t y ,X a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y i n r a d / s ,a l a n g u l a r a c c e l e r a t i o n i n r a d / s 2 ,t s e c o n d s t o a c c e l e r a t e ,

T n n e t a v e r a g e a c c e l e r a t i n g t o r q u e b e t w e e n r / m i n , a n d

r / m i n 2 ,0 e l e c t r i c a l a n g l e i n d e g r e e s ,WK2 m a c h i n e i n e r t i a c o n s t a n t .

T h e b a s i c e q u a t i o n f o r u s e w i t h t h e e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t o f

F i g . 4 i s a s f o l l o w s [ 2 ] , [ 9 ] , [ 1 2 ]

1 q 1 V 2 ( r 2 / s )T =- --

W , , ( r , + r 2 / s ) 2 + ( X 1 + X 2 ) 2

w h e r e ,

T

W s

( r + ± j X j )( r 2 / S + j X 2 )q VV

i n s t a n t a n e o u s t o r q u e ,

a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y a t s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d ,s t a t o r e q u i v a l e n t i m p e d a n c e ,r o t o r e q u i v a l e n t i m p e d a n c e ,

n u m b e r o f s t a t o r p h a s e s ( 3 f o r 3 0 m a c h i n e ) ,m o t o r t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e .

T h e S i m p l e V o l t a g e D r o p D e t e r m i n a t i o n

F o r p u r p o s e s o f i l l u s t r a t i n g t h i s t y p e o f a c o m p u t e r a n a l y -s i s , t h e s y s t e m o f F i g . 6 w i l l a g a i n b e c o n s i d e r e d . I t i s a s s u m e dt h a t b u s 1 i s c o n n e c t e d t o t h e t e r m i n a l s o f a 1 2 MVA g e n e r a -t o r h a v i n g 1 5 p e r c e n t t r a n s i e n t r e a c t a n c e ( 1 . 2 5 p e r u n i t o n a1 0 0 MVA b a s e ) . P r i o r t o s t a r t i n g , w h e n s t e a d y - s t a t e l o a dc o n d i t i o n s e x i s t , t h e i m p e d a n c e d i a g r a m o f F i g . 7 a p p l i e s w i t h

t h e m o t o r d i s c o n n e c t e d . T h e i m p e d a n c e d i a g r a m o f F i g . 8a p p l i e s w h e n t h e 1 0 0 0 h p m o t o r o n b u s 4 i s s t a r t e d .

B u s 9 9 i n F i g . 8 h a s b e e n a s s i g n e d a v o l t a g e o f 1 . 0 5 6 p e r

u n i t . T h i s v a l u e c a n b e c o n f i r m e d u s i n g t h e e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h ei n t e r n a l m a c h i n e t r a n s i e n t d r i v i n g v o l t a g e V p r o v i d e d i n t h ep r e v i o u s s e c t i o n w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e s u b s t i t u t i o n s a s f o l l o w s :

V = ( 1 . 0 + j O . 0 ) + ( j l . 2 5 ) ( 0 . 0 6 0 1 1 4 + j O . 0 4 2 9 8 5 )

= 1 . 0 5 6 4 p e r u n i t v o l t a g e L 4 . 0 8 ° ,

w h e r e t h e v a l u e s f o r t h e c u r r e n t t h r o u g h t h e X d ' e l e m e n t c o r -r e s p o n d t o t h o s e t h a t e x i s t a t s t e a d y s t a t e p r i o r t o m o t o r

s t a r t i n g w i t h t h e g e n e r a t o r b u s 1 o p e r a t i n g a t 1 . 0 p e r u n i t . T h ec o m p u t e r o u t p u t r e p o r t s h o w n i n F i g . 1 0 p r o v i d e s t h e s t e a d y -s t a t e l o a d f l o w r e s u l t s ( p r i o r t o m o t o r s t a r t i n g ) f o r t h i s v e r y

c a s e . A l l t h e s y s t e m l o a d s a r e c o n n e c t e d e x c e p t t h e 1 0 0 0 h pm o t o r . P o w e r f l o w s a r e e x p r e s s e d i n MW a n d M v a r . T h e q u a n -t i t i e s i n d i c a t e d f o r r e a l a n d r e a c t i v e p o w e r f l o w ( a n d a c c o r d -i n g l y t h e c i r c u i t f l o w a t 1 . 0 p e r u n i t v o l t a g e ) t h r o u g h t h e l i n eb e t w e e n b u s 1 a n d b u s 2 a g r e e e x a c t l y w i t h t h o s e u s e d a b o v et o c a l c u l a t e V . L i k e w i s e , b u s 1 v o l t a g e i s s h o w n t o b e 1 . 0 p e ru n i t , w h i l e b u s 9 9 v o l t a g e i s 1 . 0 5 6 4 p e r u n i t .

F o r c o n v e n i e n c e , t h e a n g l e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h b u s 9 9 r e f e r e n c ev o l t a g e c a n b e a s s u m e d t o b e z e r o , w h i c h s i m p l y r e s u l t s i na c o r r e s p o n d i n g s h i f t i n a l l t h e o t h e r b u s v o l t a g e s . I t c a n b es e e n f r o m t h e m o t o r s t a r t i n g b u s v o l t a g e c o m p u t e r r e p o r t i nF i g . 1 1 t h a t w h e n t h i s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i s u s e d a n d s u b s e q u e n t

m o t o r s t a r t i n g c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e m a d e , t h e v o l t a g e a t b u s 4 i s

. 7 9 4 0 L - 9 5 5 0 p e r u n i t . T h i s v o l t a g e i s w e l l b e l o w t h e 0 . 8 5

c r i t e r i a e s t a b l i s h e d e a r l i e r f o r t h e p r o p e r o p e r a t i o n o f a cc o n t r o l d e v i c e s .

299

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. I A - 1 4 , NO. 4 , JULY/AUGUST 1978

LINE VOLTAGE ANGLE NET NET N 4 E T TAP RATIOFROm To ( P . U . ) ( D E G R E E s ) MEGAWATTS MEGAVARS MVA ( P . U . )

CKTN O .

I N T E R M E D I A T EN I 1 S M A T C H i

I SWING 1.0000 0.0 6.01146.0114

4 . o 2 9 8 54.2985 - 7 . 3 9 0 1 0.0 I

2 MAIN XFMR S E C 0.9707 - 2 . 0 1 0 . 0 0.02 - 1 -5.9781 - 3. 9 6 54 7.1736

--- 2 - 3 - .- -. -3.4180 2.2865 4.11222 - 4 2.5599 1.6795 3.0617

0 . 0 0 10 . a 0 10 . 0 I

3 SMVA A F M R S E C 0 . 9 4 4 2 - 4 . 0 0 - 3 . 4 0 0 0 - 2 . l 0 7 0- -- 3 . - - 2 . . ---- __ _ -3.4000 - 2 9 . 1 0 7 0 ...4.0000 0 . 0 .- 1 - , - - - -

4 M Y I O S ' T R T B U S 0 9 9 5 1 1 -3.49 -2.5500 -1.58004 - 2 - 2 . 5 5 0 0 - 1 . 5 8 0 0 2 . 9 9 9 8 0 . 0 o o

LINES BUSES L T C S TOTAL-MISMATCH GENERATION LOAD SYSTEM L . O S S E S ITERATIONS

3 4 0 -0.000 0 . 0 0 1 6.0114 4.2985 5.9500 3.6670 0.0612 0 . 6 1 2 1 9

F i g . 1 0 . L o a d f l o w c o m p u t e r o u t p u t ( s t e a d y s t a t e ) .

Bul; ~ ~ L INE VOLTAGE ANGLE NET NET MET TAP R A T I OM U . N A m E _ F R O M T o ( P . U . ) ( D E G R E E S ) M E G A W A T T S M W E G A V A R S MVA ( P . U . )

CKTNO.

1 MAIN x L F m N PM !I - 9 9I1-2

0 . 4 , e Y 2 -4.89- 0. 0 0.0-b.6904 - -9.1669696911 9.1681

2 _mAIN xFmN SEC___ .8055 -7.40 0.0

- - 6

2 3 3.4230

~~ ~ 4 3.111 8 W

0.0

-tl.?Sb 10.5715 0.0

P2.1364 4.1444 0.0

5.v1227 6,7214 0.0 1I

- 3 SmvA I X F m ) SEC -9 -3.4000 --2.1070

2 -3.4001 -2.1071 4.0001 0.01

-0.000. - 0 . 0 0 0 a .

M 51WT N i t i S 0 e . ? 9 0 4 B -9.55 -3.1173 - 5 . 3 1 9 S5.3196 . - 6.1668 0.01

-0.000 -0.000

99 S%ING 1.0564 0.0 6.6904 11.0313

_____99 1 6.6904 11.U313 12.9015 0 . 0 00.0 o f

LINES BUSES LTCS TOTAL-MISMATCH GENERATION LOAO S Y S T E M LOSSES ITERATIONS

4 5 0 0.001 0.002 6.6904 11.0313 ba.51 13 7o426S 0.1742 3.6060 30

Fig. 1 . Load flow computer output (voltage d ip onmotorstarting).

Time-Dependent Bus Voltages

The load-flow solution method for examining the effects of

motor starting provides a look at the voltage onthe various

system buses at a single point in time.Amoreexact approach

is to model the generator transient impedance characteristics

and the voltage sources moreclosely to prov ide a series of

results for any number of points in time following the motor

starting event. Although the solution methods are applicable

to multiple generator/motor/load systems as well, equations

canbe developed for a system of the formshown in Fig. 12 to

solve for generator, motor, and exciter f i e l d voltages as a

function of time. The d i g i t a l computer ' i s appropriately used to

solve the several simultaneous equations that describe the volt-

age of each bus in a system at time zeroand the end of succes-

sive time intervals.

Figs. 13-16 show in detail the type of i np ut information

required and the output obtained from a detailed type of

d i g i t a l computer voltage drop study. The system is that shown

in Figure 12 and certain assumptions have been made that

12 MVA

1,000 HP 7,000 KVA

.85 p.f.

Fig. 12. Simplified system model for generator representation during

motorstarting.

3 0 0

P ~ u sN o . NAME

0 . 0 0 . 0 0

- 0 . 0 0 0 0 0.001

-0.000 - 0 . 0 0 0 0

I N T E R M E D I A T EM I SNATCh

1 1 .I o 3 4 8 7 0 . 0 II 1 1 . a 3 5 0 1 0 . 0 I6 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

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3 0 1WILLIAMS, J R . , AND GRIFFITHS: MOTOR STARTING-ON POWER SYSTEMS

P Q 1 O U W A M A S S U M P T I O N 4 S ---- 1 . O N L Y QCACTANCES A R E U S E U ) I N C A L C U L A T I O N S .- - ~ ~ ~ 2 .EXCITER R E S P O i 4 S E I S M O U L L E D ) L I N E A R L Y .

A . 1 G E N L . t i d O k S A T U M 4 A T I O N I S 1 4 0 1 V E L E U ) WITH F R O N L I C H I t ' S E A T I O .4 . . l i l t : ItITIAL LUAU I S A CONSIANT KV A f Y P E .S . M U T U M o S l A R T I N c . L O A I ) I S A C U N S T A N T I M P L U ) A N C E T Y P E . -

6 . M O T ` U N S I A N T I 1 1 4 G P . f e I S I N T H E MANGE 0.00 T O 0 . 2 6 .I . M E C H I A N I C A L E I - E L C I S ( L I K E GOVE.RNOR RLSPONSE. PRIME "OVER SPEED

C H A l k J L ! " t L S . I C . ) A R E L NLGLLC T e l i

P R O O G R A M DATA I I A S E ---- ( i F d t N A I A T O W KVA. I l ? 0 0 0 . 0 0

A ' ) 3 0v I)I

Tf u0z 5 .000IFAG= 0*395

_____ ~ ~ ~ I F N L 2 0 . 4 5 , 0I r l 3 O . 0 . o 9 21 1 . L z 1 . 0 0 0 0C=U. 75 0

STATIC TYPE EACITERC E I L I q G . V O L T A G E . 3 . b 0 P . O .S 1 4 T P O l ; ' , T = I . q J O P.O.EACITER T I M L CONSIANATUO.32H E U L I L A T U f ? T I M E CONSTANTUO090_____ ___ ______

k N ' A C T A N L I N L T W L L E N G , N E R A T O R AND B 3 U S K 0 . 1 9 3

MOR5EPU4Eb4 U F STARTING MUToRE 1000.0I N R U T j H CURRENT I N P . O . O F RATLU=6900k I E L i ) V U L T A U E . l e0 P L k U ~ E A T l j : G VOLTAGE. 1 .

_ _ I N 1 I T I A L L U A I ) KVAO . 7 0 0 0 . 0 0 - - -P~.0(.di5

A N b S o L k S GIVEN U E L O W d R E F L E C T T H LT I M E

R E Q U I R E DF O R T h E G E N E R A T O A R

V O L I A U ' L 1 0 k L C O V E R FROM T H E IMPACT o r T H E MOTOR S T A R T I N G O L O A D .u I f i Y h U j O J T C o R M E L S P O P I U T O T H E TIME R E c J U 1 P 4 L U FOR T H E MOTOR T O S T A R T .

NOH U 1 0 T H L T I M P L Y THAT SUFFICIENT T O R Q U E I S AVAILABLETo ACCILERAFE T h E MOlOM.

F i g . 1 3 . T y p i c a l o u t p u t - g e n e r a t o r m o t o r s t a r t i n g p r o g r a m .

T X V T M( S E C O N D S ) I

GENERATOR EACITER FIELD MOTORV O L T S ( i ' . U * ) VULTS(P.U.) V O L T S ( P . U a )

0 - 1 . a 0 0 1 . * 6 1 0 . 9 40 . 0 -- 0 . 9 3 l e 1 6 1 0 . 7 9( 1 . 1 0 . 9 ? 2 . 1 2 0 . 7 80 . 2 0 . 9 2 2 . b 2 0 . 7 80 . 3 _ 0 . 9 2 - - - 3 . 1 3 0 . 7 80.. 0 ~ Q . 9 4 j . . t U 0.A O

00!.) U 0 . 9 7 J . b O 0 . b 30. 0 . ~ U 9 9 3 . 6 0 0 . 0 5

0 . 7 1 . 0 0 0 3 . 0 O 0 0 1 6F i g . 1 4 . T y p i c a l o u t p u t - g e n e r a t o r motor s t a r t i n g p r o g r a m .

i n c l u d e t h e f o l l o w i n g :

a ) C i r c u i t l o s s e s a r e n e g l i g i b l e ; r e a c t a n c e s o n l y u s e d i n

c a l c u l a t i o n s .b ) I n i t i a l l o a d i s c o n s t a n t k VA t y p e .c ) M o t o r s t a r t i n g l o a d i s c o n s t a n t i m p e d a n c e t y p e .d ) M o t o r s t a r t i n g p o w e r f a c t o r i s l e s s t h a n 0 . 2 5 .

e ) M e c h a n i c a l e f f e c t s s u c h a s g o v e r n o r r e s p o n s e , p r i m emover s p e e d c h a n g e s , i n e r t i a c o n s t a n t s , e t c . , a r e n e g l i -g i b l e .

T h e p l o t t e d r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e c o m p u t e r c o m p a r e

f a v o r a b l y t o t h o s e t h a t w o u l d b e e x p e c t e d f r o m a n e x a m i n a -t i o n o f F i g . 1 . I n t h e p a r t i c u l a r c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m u s e d t o

o b t a i n t h i s r e p o r t , t h e e x c i t a t i o n s y s t e m m o d e l s a v a i l a b l e a r e

s i m i l a r t o t h o s e d e s c r i b e d i n [ 1 3 ] . T h e e x c i t a t i o n s y s t e mm o d e l s a r e s h o w n i n s i m p l i f i e d f o r m i n F i g . 1 7 . C o n t i n u o u s l ya c t i n g r e g u l a t o r s o f m o d e r n d e s i g n p r o v i d e f u l l f i e l d f o r c i n gf o r m i n o r v o l t a g e v a r i a t i o n s ( a s l i t t l e a s 0 . 5 p e r c e n t ) , a n d t h e s e

v o l t a g e c h a n g e s h a v e b e e n m o d e l e d l i n e a r l y f o r s i m p l i c i t y .V a r i a t i o n s i n t h e e x c i t e r f i e l d v o l t a g e ( E F D ) o v e r e a c h t i m e

i n t e r v a l c o n s i d e r e d a r e u s e d t o c a l c u l a t e t h e s y s t e m b u s v o l t -

a g e s a t t h e e n d o f t h e s e same i n t e r v a l s . A s i n g l e m a i n m a c h i n e

f i e l d c i r c u i t t i m e c o n s t a n t i s u s e d i n t h e g e n e r a t o r r e p r e s e n t a -t i o n , a n d F r o h l i c h ' s a p p r o x i m a t i o n [ 1 1 ] f o r s a t u r a t i o n e f f e c t s

G E N E R A T O R V O L T A G E V S . T I M E11-- ----- -

1 . t . 00 -

1 . 0 .

F . 0

I i

H * 0A 0T - . .0.

0R . 9 .

V0                                                                                                      __ ___

LTA

E

I . 1 1 .

F l

PER

U

F . - -

T . 1 .

-TIME I N S E C O N D S

F i g . 1 5 . T y p i c a l o u t p u t - g e n e r a t o r motor s t a r t i n g p r o g r a m .

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WILLIAMS, J R . , AND GRIFFITHS: MOTOR STARTING ON POWER SYSTEMS

TABLE I I ISAMPLE RESULTS, SPEED VERSUS TORQUE COMPUTATION

SPEED TMOTOR TLOAD TNET TNET

0 9 % 1 0 0 % 7 o 3 0 %

7 7 . 5 % 2 2 6 0 . 4 l b - f t

2 5 % 1 2 0 % o 3 5 %

1 0 0 % o 2 9 1 6 . 7 l b - f t

5 0 % 1 6 0 % o 45 %

1 2 0 1 % 2 5 0 0 . 0 l b - f t

7 5 % 1 9 0 % / 65 %

6 2 . 5 % 1 8 2 2 . 9 l b - f t

95% 8 0 % o 8 0 % 7 c

M D I O T J O R T Y P E - I T I T L E -

(r600.

0

0

' 4 00

I - iJ

z

u200

w

1 0 0

O 1 0 20 4 0 60 sO10I PERCENT SYNCHRONOUS RP M

1 0 0

F i g . 1 9 . T y p i c a l motor s p e e d - c u r r e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c .

t I E N C H MARK PROBLEM

MD 2?4P- 1 0 0 0 * 5 PEEO-1775 N.MA TYPE-A SYSTEM VOLTS- 4 1 6 0 . RATED V- 4000*

MD 3 I l - A I X 2 . - X O-

NO. PHASES- 3 L V C F E ) ROTOR CURERNT- FULL LOAD C U R R E N T - 145*

* v A k i I N t G --- L O C K E I ROTOR C U R R t E N T NOT I N P U T OR 1 S I N V A L I D . EXECUTION CONTINUING.

t 5 INRUSH MILTlPLIER- t.0 STARTING P .- . 1 5 MOTOR INERTIA WKSO- 500.

moluR STARTF.R DATA--- TIPE- 2 MST- AST- TAP

ST 7 lNO. POINTS-_ w A p t , I N C , F . ; O j RA M A S J t - ' I NG . T . Y P f I C A L NEMA t Y P E A - T O R Q U E - S P E E I J C U R V E * . ____ _ _ _ __

ICNO. POINTS- ,,,,,__,.,._. _____ __I___.__* sWrI.G ._- PROGRAM ASSUING A TYPICAL SPEED-CURRENT C U R V E .

P f 9 NO. PUINTS-* ^ JING --- PMOGRAM ASSUMING A TYPICAL SPEED-POhER FACTOR CURVE.

IDlO No. POINTS- L O A I ) TYPF- NOLO)ADT AAE

. . _ h A k l t Q - . L 0 Q A U 1 i T ( ; . 9 O 4 - 5 P F L L Q CURVE p o 4 v T B E I N P U T , ONISASSUA5.N0LOAQCURVCCUTIOt4.N1TNINi.**

LOA INfkT1ATWKS(-(-FAINGATIO-U

* R f i 5 N , G ' O i Q L T ) LOAD UtAR RATIO NOT INPUT OR IS INVALID. PROGRAM ASSUMES UINCONTINUING.

SD1Z SYSTEM ErEDArNCE i 1 5 - .00101XS- .0lOl

S1j3 yS.TLML N . R i A i T iON- I m P E E ) A C E RG- G C -

SC. INlTIL SySTEM L(; T V P L ; - 3 ARL- Pr- .5

F i g . 2 0 . T y p i c a l output-motor s p e e d - t o r q u e and a c c e l e r a t i n g time p r o g r a m .

r e d u c e d v o l t a g e s p e e d - t o r q u e curve p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e v o l t a g ec a l c u l a t e d a t e a c h t i m e i n t e r v a l , b u t t h i s q u i c k l y g e t s t e d i o u s

i n a h a n d c a l c u l a t i o n . S o m e t i m e s i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f s i m p l i c i t y ,a t o r q u e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e motor t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e a t t h e

i n s t a n t o f t h e maximum v o l t a g e d i p i s u s e d t h r o u g h o u t t h es t a r t i n g i n t e r v a l . M o r e a c c u r a t e r e s u l t s ar e p o s s i b l e , h o w e v e r ,

w i t h a d i g i t a l computer program a n a l y s i s . A p o r t i o n o f a

s a m p l e o u t p u t r e p o r t f o r s u c h an a n a l y s i s i s s h o w n i n F i g s .2 0 - 2 3 .

SUMMARY

S e v e r a l m e t h o d s f o r a n a l y z i n g motor s t a r t i n g p r o b l e m s h a v e

b e e n p r e s e n t e d . T h e t y p e s o f motor s t a r t i n g s t u d i e s a v a i l a b l erange f r o m t h e s i m p l e v o l t a g e d r o p c a l c u l a t i o n t o t h e more

s o p h i s t i c a t e d motor s p e e d - t o r q u e a n d a c c e l e r a t i o n t i m e s t u d y

t h a t a p p r o a c h e s a t r a n s i e n t s t a b i l i t y a n a l y s i s i n c o m p l e x i t y .E a c h t y p e o f s t u d y h a s an a p p r o p r i a t e use, a n d t h e s e l e c t i o n o f

t h e c o r r e c t t y p e o f s t u d y i s a s i m p o r t a n t a s t e p i n t h e s o l u t i o n

process a s t h e a c t u a l p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s t u d y i t s e l f . T h ee x a m p l e s p r e s e n t e d h e r e s h o u l d s e r v e a s a g u i d e f o r w h e n t o

us e e a c h t y p e o f motor s t a r t i n g s t u d y , w h a t t o e x p e c t i n t h eway o f r e s u l t s , a n d how t h e s e r e s u l t s c an b e b e n e f i c i a l l y

a p p l i e d . T h e e x a m p l e s s h o u l d a l s o prove u s e f u l i n g a t h e r i n gt h e r e q u i r e d i n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e s p e c i f i c t y p e o f s t u d y c h o s e n .

E x p e r i e n c e d c o n s u l t i n g e n g i n e e r s a n d e q u i p m e n t m a n u f a c t u r -e r s c an p r o v i d e v a l u a b l e a d v i c e , i n f o r m a t i o n , a n d d i r e c t i o nr e g a r d i n g t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f motor s t a r t i n g s t u d i e s as w e l l .

REFERENCES

[ 1 ] E l e c t r i c a l T r a n s m i s s i o n a n d D i s t r i b u t i o n R e f e r e n c e B o o k , W e s t -i n g h o u s e E l e c t r i c C o r p . , P i t t s b u r g h , P A , 1 9 6 4 .

[ 2 ] I n d u s t r i a l P o w e r S y s t e m s H a n d b o o k , D . B e a m a n , E d . NewY o r k : M c G r a w - H i l l , 1 9 5 5 .

1 3 1 ANSI S t a n d a r d C 3 7 . O 1 0 - 1 9 7 2 , A m e r i c a n N a t i o n a l S t a n d a r d sI n s t i t u t e , Ne w Y o r k , NY.

[ 4 ] T . C r o f t , C . C a r e , a n d J . W a t t , A m e r i c a n E l e c t r i c i a n s ' H a n d b o o k .Ne w Y o r k : M c G r a w - H i l l , 1 9 7 0 .

3 0 3

S t a r t i n g I

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JR.,ANDGRIFFITHS:MOTORSTARTINGONPOWERSYSTEMS

TIME-VOLAG6E GRAPH

10(.

I .- . ----- -

o * . .

S-----------------.-----..-----

I . .*.*

* .

- F --. ------t - - - - - - - - - '-____---,------ --

0 20. 40. 60. 80.

V0LTAGE % PERAIN

Fig . 23. Typical output-motorspeed-torque andaccelerating time program.

] NFPAStandard 70-197 5 , National Electrical Code 1975, Boston,

MA.

L. Manning, Electrical Circuits. NewYork: McGraw-Hill, 1966.

1 J. Neuenswander, Modern PowerSystems. International, 1971.

] Stagg andEl-Abiad, ComputerMethods inPowerSystem Analysis.NewYork: McGraw-Hill, 1971.

] A. Fitzgerlad, C. Ki n g s l ey , and A. Kusko, Electric Machinery.

NewYork: McGraw-Hill, 1971.

R. Weidmer and R. Sells, Elementary Classical P h y s i c s , vol. 2.

Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1965.

E. Kimbark, Power System Stability: Synchronous Machines.

NewYork: Dover, 1956.

H. Peterson, Transients in Power Systems. NewYork: Dover,

1951.

"Computer representation of excitation systems,"IEEEPower

Generation Committee Paper 31 TP67-424, May 1 , 1967.

NEMA Standard ICS-1965, Industrial Controls and Systems,

NewYork.

"Howto design a capacitor st ar t ing system for l arge induction

and synchronous motors," Harbaugh and Ponstin gl , IEEEIAS

nn. Meeting-Conf

Record.H. McFadden, "The powerdistribution system-Its possible

effects onmachine tool s ," IEEE34CP68-752.

~ A. Jack Williams, Jr. (A'70-M'72) wasbomn in

Nashville, TN, in 1950.Hereceived the B.S.E.E.

degree from Tennessee Technological Univer-

sity, Cookevilie, in 1972.

After graduation, he joined the Electrical

Engineering Department, Brown and Root, I n c.,

in Houston, TX, and became involved with the

development and application of computer

programs for electrical engineering problems.

Healso held in-house training sessions for e n g i -

Engineer where his duties include design of electrical and c

systems for gas processing andpetrochemical pla nts.

Mr. Williams is active in the IEEEIndustrialPower Systems De

mentwhere he is currently a Chapter Coauthor for the forthc

"Brown Book"

sponsored bythe Industrial Power

SystemAn

Subcommittee and the Power Systems Support Committee. H

Registered Professional Engineer in the State of Texas and aMe

of the National Society of Professional Engineers.

M. Shan Griffith (M'69-SM'78) wasbo

Pontiac, MI, December 25, 1940. He is a

graduate of the University of Michigan,

Arbor.

Heis presently employed as Staff Ma

for the Engineering and Technical S

Group, Electrical Engineering Depart

Central Engineering Division, of Brown

Root, I n c., in Houston, TX. In this ca

he serves as a Consultant onmatters r

to the application of OSHA and Na

Electrical Code requirements. He* is responsible for technical

ing within the department and for- the development of corp

electrical equipment anddesign standards. In addition, he is respo

for power system a n a l y s i s work and protection studies for engin

and construction projects involving both utility and industrial sy

Prior to jo i n i n g Brownand Root, I n c., he wasemployed at We

house Electric Corporation and Chevrolet Division of General M

Corporation in Detroit, MI.

Mr. Griffith is active in the IEEEIndustry Applications So

where he is amemberofthe Industrial Power Systems Departmen

the Chairman of the Industrial Power System Analysis Subcommi

He has served as Vice Chairman of the IPPS Subcommittee since

and is a past Vice Chairman of the Industrial and Commercial

Systems Committee. He wasChairman for the latest edition of Ch

IV, "System and Equipment Protection," of the IEEE Standar

1 0 0 .

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