04_GT12_Principios_de_control_en_centrales_termicas.docx

8/15/2019 04_GT12_Principios_de_control_en_centrales_termicas.docx

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CENTRALES TÉRMICAS. SISTEMA DE CONTROL ISMAEL PRIETO. MANUELA ALONSO

INDICE 1

CONTROL DE CENTRALES TÉRMICAS

SISTEMAS DE CONTROL DE LAS CALDERAS DE CENTRALES TÉRMICAS

ÍNDICE DE MATERIAS

1. INTRODUCCIÓN.........................................................................................................1

2. SISTEMAS DE CONTROL DE LAS CALDERAS DERECIRCULACIÓN. CALDERAS CON CALDERÍN..................................................12.1. CONTROL DE COMBUSTIÓN.......................................................................42.1.1. FORMACIÓN DE LA DEMANDA DE CALDERA........................................4

2.1.2. SISTEMAS DE CONTROL DE COMBUSTIÓN.............................................52.1.3. LIMITACIÓN DEL COMBUSTIBLE POR EL AIRE......................................72.1.4. CONTROL DE COMBUSTIBLE......................................................................92.1.5. CONTROL DEL AIRE DE COMBUSTIÓN...................................................112.1.6. CONTROL DE LA CANTIDAD DE EXCESO DE AIRE.............................112.2. CONTROL DE LA PRESIÓN DEL HO AR................................................142.2.1. CONTROL DE LA PRESIÓN DEL HO AR CON

PROTECCIÓN CONTRA IMPLOSIONES....................................................162.3. CONTROL DEL CAUDAL DE A UA DE ALIMENTACIÓN.....................172.3.1. CONTROL DEL CAUDAL DE A UA DE ALIMENTACIÓN

DE UN ELEMENTO.......................................................................................1!2.3.2. CONTROL DEL CAUDAL DE A UA DE ALIMENTACIÓN

DE DOS ELEMENTOS...................................................................................192.3.3. CONTROL DEL CAUDAL DE A UA DE ALIMENTACIÓN

DE TRES ELEMENTOS.................................................................................2"2.4. CONTROL DE LA TEMPERATURA DEL #APOR......................................21

3. SISTEMAS DE CONTROL DE LAS CALDERAS DE PASO $NICO.CALDERAS SIN CALDERÍN....................................................................................293.1. CONTROL DEL CAUDAL DE A UA DE ALIMENTACIÓN EN

CALDERAS SIN CALDERÍN ....................................................................... 29

3.2. CONTROL DE LA RECIRCULACIÓN DE A UA EN LACALDERA DURANTE LOS PERIODOS DEARRAN%UE & CAR AS BA'AS.................................................................32

SISTEMAS DE CONTROL DE LAS TURBINAS DE VAPOR UTILIZADAS ENCENTRALES TÉRMICAS

4. SISTEMA DE CONTROL DE LA TURBINA...........................................................35

4.1. RE ULADORES DE FUER(A CENTRÍFU A...........................................374.1.1. RE ULADOR MEC)NICO DE FUER(A CENTRÍFU A*


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DE TRANSMISIÓN MEC)NICA..................................................................374.1.2. RE ULADOR MEC)NICO DE FUER(A CENTRÍFU A

DE TRANSMISIÓN MEC)NICA+HIDR)ULICA.

CORREDERA DE DISTRIBUCIÓN..............................................................394.1.3. RE ULACIÓN SECUNDARIA. DISPOSITI#ODE A'USTE DE #ELOCIDAD.......................................................................41

4.1.4. RE ULADOR HIDR)ULICO ....................................................................... 42

4.2. RE ULADORES ELÉCTRICOS ................................................................... 43

5. CARACTERÍSTICAS DEL RE ULADOR ............................................................... 44

6. REPARTO DE LA #ARIACIÓN DE POTENCIA DE UN SISTEMAELÉCTRICO ENTRE LOS TURBO ENERADORES

%UE TRABA'AN SOBRE ÉL....................................................................................4!7. UTILI(ACIÓN DE LA RECTA DE ESTATISMO EN LA

RE ULACIÓN ELECTRÓNICA DE LA TURBINA................................................51

!. PROTECCIONES DE UNA CENTRAL TÉRMICA .................................................. 5!

!.1. PROTECCIONES DEL ENERADOR DE #APOR ,CALDERA- ............... 5!

!.2. PROTECCIONES DE TURBINA DISPOSITI#OS DE DESCAR A& DISPARO.................................................................................................................61!.2.1. DISPOSITI#OS DE DESCAR A .................................................................. 61!.2.2. DISPOSITI#OS DE DESCAR A DE BA'O #ACÍO .................................... 61!.2.3. DISPOSITI#OS DE DESCAR A POR BA'A PRESIÓN DE #APOR . . . 61

!.2.4. DISPOSITI#OS DE DISPARO ........................................................... 62!.2.5. DISPARO POR SOBRE#ELOCIDAD ........................................................... 62!.2.6. DISPARO POR FALLO DE ACEITE DE LUBRICACIÓN ........................... 629.2.3. DISPARO POR FALLO DEL CO'INETE DE EMPU'E ................................ 62!.2.7. DISPARO POR BA'O #ACÍO ........................................................................ 62!.2.!. DISPARO POR FUNCIONAMIENTO DEL ALTERNADOR

COMO MOTOR...............................................................................................62

!.2.9. DISPARO MANUAL ....................................................................................... 629. LOS SISTEMAS CENTRALI(ADOS DE CONTROL .............................................. 63

1". SISTEMAS DE CONTROL DI ITAL DIRECTO ,DDC- ......................................... 63

11. SISTEMAS DE CONTROL DISTRIBUIDO ,DCS- & CONTROLAUTÓMATA LÓ ICO PRO RAMABLE ,PLC-......................................................65

12. SISTEMAS DE CONTROL A#AN(ADO ,APC- ...................................................... 67


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1


SISTEMAS DE CONTROL DE LAS CALDERAS DE CENTRALES TÉRMICAS1. INTRODUCCIÓN

U/ 0 / 8 / :; 8/ / ? @8 = / 88 @ 8 = = @ /= = = 8 @ > / = .

A >@ / = @ /= = = >/ 8 @ * = >@ / ; / 8 > / / / /= @8 @ . C @ 8 8= = / ;> = @ / /

0 @ / 8 @8 @ 8 @; > = @ /= .E G 8 = 0>/ 8 ; => 8/8= = @ = = caldera sigue aturbina . E/ @ = * @ > / @ 8/=8 * = 8 > @ 8 = > 8/8 8 /* / ; 8@ > * / > > = = > 8/ . P G @; * >/ >@ // = @ /= = > > = 8/@ =8 @ / > = / *= G /= ; @ ; > 8/ . E ; => >/ >@ / = >= = ; >/=8 @8/> 8

= . A @ =8= > >@ / ? 8@ / = / = * >; ; 8/ = G> .

E @? = = / > / >/ / /K@ = / ? @8 / 8 > * ; @8 >/ ;> ;8= >@ / = = @ /= = .

U/ @ = 8= = @ 08/ = = / = >/8= =* @ =8 / > ; 8 >/> 8@ / / = @ /= = G> /= ? 8@ / = / = = 8 @ > 8 / = . C @ > = * >@ / ; 8> = . E / = = ; 8 8 8/

; 8 >@ / = ; 8 > = = > 8/ ; > /@ ; . E/ =8 ; 8 8 8/ K @ =8 ; 8 8 > = = ; 8 = ; /= / 8 / 8 >=

@ 8 = @ > 8 / @ / > >/ @ 8/ 8/ ;> ;8= @ 8 =

* / >/ 8 8 8= = = ; 8=8 @ / = = / 8 > 8/ 8 / @8 / = 8; = = / =8 8/; > ; /=8 / / = = ; .

E/ > ; > 8 8

; / 8 >8 / 8 / / > /


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+ L > = /8 = > / = / >/ @ /8 >= ; / 8 = > =8@ / 8 8 / = , >= = > = 8 > = ; 8 = @ / / / / /8 -.

+ E = > = / ? 8 > = = ;>? = >; 08 8 ; 8J = / = / = * > 0 ; > 8 =; * > =8 ; 8 8 8 8 / = >= = > =8@ / 8 / 8 >= = ; .

+ A J / = / @8 / 08G , J / = ; 8 ;

Figura 1: Esquema de los controles más importantes de una caldera

; 0 @ / 8J = / = /- ; = @8/ / = / @8 / ; / 8 / > = = ; @; > 8 = @; > >@ / = = @ > 8 / ; =

/J ; 8/ ; 8/0 8 4" 5" = / @8/ .+ D 8= / >@ / = = / = >; 08 8 ; 8J = * ; 8= =


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? @8 = = /= * > ; @8 @; / 8/ 8 = 8 @ /8 8 / = .

E = @; /* ; > > 8 / ; 8/ 8;8 8 = / .

L > 8 @ @ 8@; / / > 8/ = / = / /

Figura 2: Formación de la señal de demanda de caldera

; / = / figura 1 / >

R 1 8 @ > = = ; 8


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2.1. CONTROL DE COMBUSTIÓNE G 8 = / = @ > 8/ = = 8 0 = @ /= =

; = > 8/ @ =8 / > 8 8 8 8/ => 8= /

Figura 3: Sistemas de control de combustión en serie (a) en paralelo (b)

* ; > / = @ @ / :8 >/ >8 8 8 / ; => 8@ *@ / /8 /= >/ /=8 8 / = ; 8 08 8 / .

2.1.1. FORMACIÓN DE LA DEMANDA DE CALDERAS > 8 8J ; 8/ 8 / @8 / = 8 @ * ; @8 8 /= 8 @ = @ > 8 = /> > >8 = >8 8 8 / / = 8= = = .

A/ >/ >@ / = = @ /= = ; = > 8/ * ; > 8 / > 8 >8 /

+ A>@ / ; > = > = / = > 8/ .+ A>@ / >= = ; ; => >/ =8 @8/> 8 = 8 @ = / 8 8 / * ; => 8 >/ >@ / =

>= = > = 8@ / 8/ >@ / = >= = @ > 8 * ; /= / >/ 8 8; @ / 8 . E >08 8 / ; 8 / >/ >@ / = ; => 8 >8 8 = @ /=

J ; 8/ > ; 808 8 / ; * ; = = >8 8 8 /

8 @ * > =8 >/ >/= 8 > @ ;8= ;> >>@ >= = ; /08 > = @ >/ = / 8 8; 8


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D 0 @ ; 8 8 8 * => / @ 8 = * > @ > 8 8 = ; / /> * = > >= = ; >/ ; 0 8@ /* 8/

/ 8= = =


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; > ; =>J / = ; 8 8 8/ / >/ G> 08/ ; 8 = @ > 8 : .

E =8 @ = figura 2 ; / 0 @ 8


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E = = 8 @ ;> = 8J ; = ; =8@8 /0>/= @ / control posicional directo control con mediciones de realimentación .

E/ / ; 8 8 / =8 * @ ;> = / figura ! == @ /= = = ; 8 8 / =8 @ / @ / = 8@ / 8 8 = 8 * K/8 8@ / 8 :8 / 8 @ = ; 8 @ =808 = @ /= 8

Figura #: "iagrama de un sistema de control en serie con mediciones

; 8 8 8 8= . L 8 8 08G @ =8 / 8 ; 08/.

E/ 8 @ = / / @ =8 8 / = 8@ / 8 = / figuras # $ * = @ /= = = = @ /= = @ > 8 8 * @; // @ =8= = @ 8 * 8 /= / = @ /=

8/ / / > * = ;>? = = / / = = 8


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8 @ = / / ; , figura $ -* 8 /= K 8@ @ 8/ 8 8 8J = * 0 >/ ;> @ ;8= / @ 8 = * > 8 / =@ > 8 8 / = 0 @ 8@> / .

Figura $: "iagrama de control en paralelo con mediciones

2.1.3. LIMITACIÓN DEL COMBUSTIBLE POR EL AIREL 8 @ = / > / 8 / / 8J / >/ ; 8 => / @ / / 8 8 * / > 0 8 @ / ;> = / /=8 8 / == 0 = 8 ; / = @ > 8 8/ > @ = / > / 8 = :; 8 8 = 8 @ =8 / >/ 8 / 8= @ de limitacióncru%adaQ* >/ > @ = > ; / / figura & .

M =8 / >/ = @ :8@ = @ /8@ / 8 > >/ 0 == / = 8 ; @ > 8 / > 8= = = /

G = .E = @ :8@ 8 @ 8= @ / = = @ /= =

= >= = @ > 8 * > 8 8J /= =8 8= @ ;>/ = / 8 / ;


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;>/ = / 8 / = @ > 8 .E 8 @ G> = = 0 @ > > / * /

/=8 8 / = * / 8 > . C> /= = @ /= = = >@ / * / ;> = ; ; ? = = @ /8@ ; 8 ? = = @ :8@ * ; >

Figura &: "iagrama de control en paralelo con medición limitación cru%ada

; 8@ >@ / >= = 8 @ / > / 8 = @ > 8 . P / 8 *> /= = @ /= =8 @8/> * ;>/ = / 8 / ; 8 8 > 8 /= * ? =

= @ :8@ * = @ > 8 * ; > / =8 @8/> * ; 8 ;>/ = / 8 / ; @ > 8 ; = @ /8@ . C / 8 @

/ 8 > =8 @8/>8 / ; 8@ > @ > 8 8 =8 @8/>8 < = ;>? = > .


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2.1.4. CONTROL DE COMBUSTIBLE


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E/ figura ' ; / =8 ; 8 8 8 8J = / C / T? @8 / = 8J = > = @ > 8 8J / 0> + 8 @ @ > 8 = ; .

A = @ > 8 / = @ 8= = = @ /8@ = 8 >8 =8J = * figura & * = >= = 8

= @ /= = 0> + 8 .

Figura ': "iagrama de control de combustible

L = @ /= = @ > 8 @; / >= = @ > 8 , + 8 -. L = = @ > 8 > 8 / ; 8 / = P I


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Figura : "iagrama de control del aire con mando directo

/ > = ; 8/ 8; * > 8= / 8 > * > J* = @ /= ; = @ 8/ . E= @ /= * / J = / = = >/ = @ 8/ / 8 8 * @; / >= = ? 8 /= = @8 @ * / 8 > ?/= >/ /> = * > > J / = = > = = = @ /= = @ 8/ * > ; 8 8 / @ /

08/ * > ;> = @;> = 8 = / ; > 8/ => / ;> 8J = ; + 8 * / /= ; 8 8


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= > > 8@ / > @ = .

2.1.5. CONTROL DEL AIRE DE COMBUSTIÓNS =8 8/ >8 /

+ ontrol del aire con mando directo * @; = / 8/ 8 / / > @;> = =8 8 > 8; = @ 8 / / >/

; 8 8 =;8 88 >= = 8

= @ /= = / ; 8/ 8;8 * ; @ =8 = >/ = / 8 8; 8 = ; 8 @ / > : @ =8 / > = ; 8/ 8; = 8 * > K

/ = @ /= = 8 > .E:8 >/ ; 8/ 8; = = > ;> = > @ />

8@> / @ / = / 8 = >/ ; @ /= 8/=8 8=> == / 8 = / ; 8 8 8= = = @ >/ / 8 = > , 8 -

* ontrol del aire con mando sobre las compuertas que suministran el aire a losquemadores+ E/ 8/ 8 / / ; 8/ 8; = 8 0 K > /= @;> = > 8 > >@8/8 / 8

> @ = . L /08 > 8=8 = / 8 @ // 8 /= * = @ * @ / / >/ ; 8/ 8 8/ = 8 = ; 8@8J

/=8@8 / = = . E/ ; > @ > 8/ : = 8 ; > / > @ > 8 8 . E/ ; 8@ > ; / >8 >/ > / @ J / @ > 8 8 / >/= > ;8 /=8 8 / = = 0 = 8 > ; >/ @ > 8


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= ; = > = 8 * 8?/= @ @ / * K/ / 8 G


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> 8 / 8= = = 8 / * / 0>/ 8 ; /= .L / 8= = = : = 8 / 8 = ; /=8 / = = =

, figura 1, -* > /= G : = 8 = = @ * > @ / >= = 8 > 8= = = 8= ; > @ = =8 @8/> @ J 8 +@ > 8 @; .

Figura 11: "iagrama de control del e.ceso de aire

A > @ / @ 8 / 8 > 8 = @ / > 8= = >08 8 / / : = = ; :8@ ; > ;? =8= = @ > 8 8@ * ; / = ? * / 8 > / @ G = /=8@8 / =1 * ; :8@ = @ / * @8 / > ; /8 = G 8/0 8 3 @8 @=> 8


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L 8= / >8 > ;>/ = ; 8 >@ = ;? =8= ; @ > 8 8/ > @ = @ 8 / = ; ;? =8= = / >@ * @ /8@ *


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G /= / >/ J / @ @ = / ; = = figura 1, .L ; @ @ > = @ 8@ / = / 8= = = 8 / : /

: / @ /@ . A@ @ =8= = /8/0 @ 8 8 /= > / @ 8/ = * ; ; 8 / /

; / 8 8 8J /= 8 @; @ @ =8= ; 8/ 8; =: / . E / = : = 8 * ; 8@ ; / ; 8@8J 8


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+ L @ =8= = CO 8 / = =8 @ / / @ > 8 8/ > @ * ; > ;> = > 8 8J ; @; > @ > 8 / 8J > @ > 8 = / figura 12 . P / 8 * / /8= = : / / >@ / 8 ; > >/ > / @ > 8/ 8 8 .E/ 0>/ 8 = / /08 > =8 ; 8 8 / @ =

figura 13 * / > 8/ => >/ ;>/ = / 8 / = : / = / @ =8= = @ / = > = @ =8= = ; 8= = = >@ > / 8 ; 8;8 = * > 8 / = / / /8= = ; > = 8/ > @ = * >/ > =


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@> G 08 8 8= = = ; /= 0>/= @ / @ / = / /8= / /8J / .

2.2. CONTROL DE LA PRESIÓN DEL HOGAR M> = 8/=> 8 G / / >/ ; 8; 8

@ 0? 8 . L / 8 = = 8 0 J = >@8/8 / 8 / 8 ; @ > 8 = / / 8= = @ = ; / = 8 = / = / =

Figura 1!: "iagramas de control de presión del ogar

@ > 8/ > 8/ 8/ ; 8 =8 ; @ > 8 >; >/ = @8/ =

= ; 8 >@8/8 / 8 =@ > 8 8= * 8 > = = ;>? = >;8 / >@ 8 8/ = / ? . E/ 8; = / 8 / ; 8/ 08G 8/= ; /=8 / = > /= @;> = ;8 8 8= .

L figura 1!a ; /= / >/ 8 @ = / = ; 8/@ / * @8 / > figura 1!b @; @ / / >/ = / 8 8; 8 >


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@8 @ > / 8 = = 8 0 J = .

2.2.1. CONTROL DE LA PRESIÓN DEL HOGAR CON PROTECCIÓN CONTRAIMPLOSIONESP 8 / @> ; = G = @ 0? 8 * ;> = / 8 8/ >/ 8@; 88 / ; 8/ 8 @ 0 > / = >/ 8 > 8


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; 8 => 8 /= ;8 8 8= / ; ; 8== >@


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:8 / / @ @ / = =8 ; . U/ =8 ; 8 8 = @ /= = ; 8 8 8J @/ 8 8; 8 / ; 8= = >@ ? = >/ 0>/ 8 8= / 8 8 * 8 8/ /* / @ @ / = ;? =8= = @ > 8 * >/ =8 @8/> 8 ;8 8/ ; 8 >@ / 8 8/ . L > ; => 0 8/ => / / = ;>? = 8 / = @ /= *

Figura 1$: espuesta de la presión de un ogar ante un disparo de combustible

; > ;> = / 0 >/ / = > / / > / / @ /> .

E/ figura 1$ ; / =8 @8/> 8 8 > >/ =8 ; = @ > 8 . L > ; = / 8/ ; 8 @8 / > ; /=8 / >/ / / ; 8= = > = 8@ / 8/>8 8 8 / / 8= = = ; > = = / 8= = = > > / .

U/ @ =8= = >8 8 8 / = = 8 > 8= @ / / / / .

I/ 8/ 8 @ / ; > =8 /8 =8 @8/>8 / 8 8 @ / > /= >@ / >= = ; * 8/ > >= = > /8= 8 @; ; >@ / . D @8 @

@ = ; > /8 8 / > >@ / =8 @8/>8 >= = ; * 8/ > >= = > /8= 8 @; ; =8 @8/>8 .

E/ ; 8 > / 8 >/ >@ / / = @ /= = ; ; => >/=8 @8/> 8/ :; / 8@ / =

/>@ > >G = ; / /8= / @ J > + ; = J / =


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; 8J 8 >@ / = > + ; >@ / / 8 8 @ / * 8/ >>/ > =8 @8/>


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>= = > = 8@ / 8/ =8 @8/> 8/ >@ / /

; 8 > / 8 / > >G = ; * / > =8 @8/> >@ / = @ J > + ; /8 =8 @8/>8 / 8 8 @ / >/ > >=

= > >@ / .E > = 8@ / 8 = / ? = @ =8= = >

= = /* = >= = ; >= = > * / 8 >8?/= >/ / @ ; 8> 8 8J /= @ / = @ =8 8 = 8@ / 8/ @ =8 8 = = /. S > 8 8J >/ / = = /8P I >

Figura 1&: ontrol de agua de alimentación deun elemento

K K/ @ / 08/ = / / 8 8=> ; ;8 = 8 / @; 808 0

; => 8= ; =8 8G @ / 8 / = . E/ figura 1&; / >/ / = 8; * > 8 8J = / @ @ / / ; > = > G // @> .


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2.3.2. CONTROL DEL CAUDAL DE AGUA DE ALIMENTACIÓN DE DOSELEMENTOSS = >/ / / = / 8 8; 8 /8 @8= @ /

/ = >/ @ / * >= = ; @; @ / 8 8; 8 = = @ /= = > * 8?/= >8 > 8 8 / .

C / /08 > 8 @> / figura 1' / /= / 8 =8 @8/>8 >@ / >= = > * / 8 8 @ / * @ / > / 8 = =8 8


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2.3.3. CONTROL DEL CAUDAL DE AGUA DE ALIMENTACIÓN DE TRESELEMENTOSS ;> = / >8 >/ / @ ; 8 > 8 8J /= = / @

@> / figura 1S > 8 8J @8 @ /08 > 8 / > = = @ /= * > / 8

Figura 1 : "iagrama de control del agua de alimentación detres elementos

/ ;>/ = / 8 / ; @; / >= = > = 8@ / 8 / = > / = / . C> /= 8/0 8 3"

* 0>/ 8 / / / >/ @ / > /= >; 8 0>/ 8 / / / @ / . L > 8 > /= >= = ; =8 @8/>

;8= @ / .


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INDICE 1


SISTEMAS DE CONTROL DE LAS CALDERAS DE CENTRALES TÉRMICAS

ÍNDICE DE MATERIAS

2.4. CONTROL DE LA TEMPERATURA DEL #APOR......................................21

3. SISTEMAS DE CONTROL DE LAS CALDERAS DE PASO $NICO. CALDERASSIN CALDERÍN ......................................................................................................... 293.1. CONTROL DEL CAUDAL DE A UA DE ALIMENTACIÓN EN

CALDERAS SIN CALDERÍN ....................................................................... 29

3.2. CONTROL DE LA RECIRCULACIÓN DE A UA EN LA CALDERADURANTE LOS PERIODOS DE ARRAN%UE & CAR AS BA'AS ......... 32


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21

2.4. CONTROL DE LA TEMPERATURA DEL VAPOR E G = / = @ / / / >/ / / @; > =

; 8= = = . / @ / /G>/ = @ / = / @8 /

/ >/ = ; / >/ 8 ; /=8 / >/ @8 8 / @8 / = ; ; / > @; > =8= >@ / / ,@ >= = >@ * @ >= = ; -. A >

/ 8 >/ /0 8 @8 / 8@; / = ; ; @ / / @; > = = * T S*/ / > /= 0>/ 8 / * @8 / > 8/0 8 / 8; ; /J =8 @; > = = * K/ @> / figura 2, .

Figura 2,: aracter/stica de un sobrecalentador de con ección

/E / = @; > 8J @ =8 / =80 / @? = . L @8@; /

+ E: = 8 .

+ R 8 > 8@ .+ P 8 8 = >@ .+ %> @ = 8/ 8/ .+ A @; 8 ; 8@ / > 8 / ; 8@ 8 @ / > 08 / K 8@ * @; 8 08/ @ =8 / 8/ 8 .

L @; > = ; = 8= = >/ / = = / 8 =>@ / * G * =8 @8/> /= 8/

>@ / = : = 8 = @ > 8 = / figura 21 * = = > 8 / : / ; / >@ / @

8 / @ 8= =* @8 8 /= @ / J / / 8 = / =


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22

/ = . E @? = = / = @; > = ; @ =8 / 8 > 8@


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@> 8 = = ;>/ = 8 /@ = 8= = / @8J = ,/ @ @ / -. L 8 > 8@

Figura 21: 4odificación de la cantidad de calor en umos

Figura 22: 5ariación de la absorción de calor por las distintas superficies con larecirculación de umos


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8 8/ >/ 8 =8 8/ @; / / = = /* 8/ 8 ; / 8= ; = / /G>/ . E 0 ? @8

; => 8= ; 8 > 8@ 8 > = * = ;>/ =8/ 8 8 8/ @ / 8 8 / > / 8 / = / 8/ = > >; = ; >; 08 8

= / @8 / > = / . L / 8= = = =8= / ? * >@ =8 / @ 8@8 / = >/ @;> * > * / 0>/ 8 ; 8 8/

8 8 8@ / = /=> . L >@ > / ; / ; J / =

Figura 23: Efectos de la partición del conducto de la inclinación dequemadores

>; 08 8 > ; /= > * ; / ; @8 =* > >; = > J ; >; 08 8 = / @8 / = ; * / 8/0 > / 8 = / 8 @ / ;

> 8 ; /= .E @? = = > 8 @ = 8/ 8/ * @ =808 0 @ / >

8= / * > = ; J 8 @ / J / ; 8/ 8; =@ > 8 > 8 8J / = = 0> / / 8 * ;> = >/ > @ /

figura 23b . L = > 8/ = @ / / > ; => > 8 = ; , >= = 8 > 8@ ;

= >= = >@ / = >/ = /=> / > ; /=> 8/ 8/ 8 @ = -* / / >/ /08 > 8 > = > 8 8J

> / = @; 8 = ; / = / ; 8/ @ @> / J = / = figura 2! . E / @ 8/ => 8 >/ > / 8 8; > 8 /= ; => / 8 8 / / * / 8 >8?/=

0 @ =8 / >/


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= 8 = 8 > = / / :8 . C> /= = /J >/ ; 8 8

=8 ; / = * ; @8 / = / 0>/ 8 / @8 / = @; 8 / > @; 8 8 8J = / = @ / 8 . P 8@8 = = @ :8@ * > /= = /J >/ @8 * / >/ =8 8 > = G ; = /

> = = >= = @; 8 > = = >= = @; 8 .

Figura 2!: "iagrama del la%o de control de la regulación de latemperatura del apor recalentado


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E/ figura 2# @> >/ = / = > 8 = ; / = / >/ /08 > 8 = 8= * 6s* > 8 8J @ ; 8/ ; @; > = / = * 6e. E> = >:8 8 > / @; > > 08/ @ / K >

= @; 8/ 8:8 8 = = ;8= @ / @; /

; > 8 / > ; 8 / / = @ / = / @8 / ; 8 J /= /= 8 / > > 8


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A= @ > 8/ => 8 >/ / 8 8; 8 = @; 8 /= ; => / 8 8 / = * / 8 >8?/= 0 @ =8 / >/ = 8 = /

/ :8 .C> /= / = J / = @; 8 8/ / = >/ @ /

= J = > 8 ; / 8 =808 > =@ * ; G @; * @ / / = > = @; 8 J / * ;

Figura 2$: egulación de la temperatura del apor sobrecalentado con puntos deconsigna en función de las caracter/sticas del sobrecalentador


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G @; * >/ ? @ / 8 = .E:8 / = ; 8 > 8 / ; =808 > = >/ > =

/ 8 / = = > = * : ; 8 / @; > = 8= * // 0>/ 8= 8 >8 = > 8 = >/

= / 8 / = > 8 > .

Figura 2&: ontrol de la temperatura del apor sobrecalentado en cascada


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E = 8 / 8 > / / =8 @ = figuras 2$ 2& . E/ ; 8@= ; / 8 @ > ;>/ = / 8 / / 0>/ 8=8?/= ; 8 / =8 @ = @; >@ / = 08/ ; / >/ 8 = / 8@ = > * % 2* = >/= 8/ 8 = = > * ; 8 > = / 8 / = @; > * T S1*

/ = 8/ 8 = @; 8 >@ / .C / > 8 = / = = figura 2& * > 8


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;>/ = / 8 / T S1 =8 @8/>8 / @8 @ @ /8 >= / > T E2 > 8


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8/ @ > * @ 8?/ / @; = 1.

3. SISTEMAS DE CONTROL DE LAS CALDERAS DE PASO ÚNICO.CALDERAS SIN CALDERÍNE/ figura 2' ; / / ; 8/ 8; 8 >8 = > 8/ = =

8; . L / = @ > 88 R 1 > ; 8 88 R 2 ; 88 = > 8 = @8 @ 8; = / ; @; > = ; R 3* ; 8 >8 R 4 > > >= = > = 8@ / 8/ 8 / 8 8 =8 8/= = / :8 / 8 = >/ @ =8= = /8 = > . L > 8/ =

@ : /=8= / 8 / @ / / 8 @; >/ 8= = > =8@ / 8= = > = @; 8 = 8@ / 8/

> / 8 = / = /8 * > / = / 8 > 8@8/8 8@ / @; / 8 = / 8= = = > . E 8 8 > > 8 8J > @ = / = @ / / >/ = @8/ = 8= = > = 8@ / 8 8

= ; * / 8 >8 /= * ; @ =8 = @; 8 ; =>J / / 8 = = .

A > = @; 8 / K 8@ 8/ / 8 / @; > *

= 808 >= = > = 8@ / 8 * = = > 8 8, -* ; = >8 >/ @; > > > = @; 8 G> = / 8 / * @ / / / >/ > ; @8 > = @; 8/ ; 8 8/ > @ 8@; 808 = / > > = = >== > = 8@ / 8/ = @ /= ; / 8 = >= = ; @> 8; 8 = ; >/ 0 8 > 8 = @ / / / >= = >= 8@ / 8= = > = @; 8 ; 8 @; = ? => = = 8= = ; % # :8 / / @ @ / *

>= = > = 8@ / 8 95 * @; /= 5 / / > = @; 8 8 = / 8 0 8 * ; ; / 8 8@; 0 8 / => / @ / / 8 8 * 8@; 0 8 / > ;> = / 8 @ =8 / 8/ => 8= = ; = > @; > 8= = J / = ; 8J 8


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L ; 8@ ; 8@8J @; @8 / = > 8 >/= ; ; 8 / >/ / 8 8; 8 = @ 8 / @; > = 8= 8 / / @ > 8 8= = > = 8@ / 8 / 8 > >/ ; / 8 =8 @ = / = @; > = ; = figura 2& * / > >= = K 8@8/ 8 8 J* / / =80 / 8 / @; > = ; / = ;>? = * @ =8 / > 8 >= = > = 8@ / 8 @ / / / / =8 =80 / 8 = @; > .

Figura 2 : 9rincipio de control del caudal de agua dealimentación en una caldera de paso 7nico


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E/ figura 31 ; / = >/ 8 @ / >/ 8/ 8 =@; 8 = = ;>? = J / = ; 8J 8 = = >= = > =8@ / 8/ = = @ /= * > 0>/ 8 = / 8 / .E/ 8 @ = 8 > * < / 08/ = > 8/ > . A 8 /* / /= >/8= = * / G = 8 ;? =8= = > > ; * > 8 8J / @ = 8@ / 8


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3.2. CONTROL DE LA RECIRCULACIÓN DE AGUA EN LA CALDERADURANTE LOS PERIODOS DE ARRAN UE ! CARGAS BA"ASL > 8 = 8@ / 8/

; 8 > 8= = => / ; 8 = = / > G * / 8 / / @ / /8@8 / = >/ 8 > 8 / / >/ @ /8@ = > 8= = >@ / / 0 8 8 * >/ > = = 8/0 8 >

Figura 31: ontrol del caudal de agua de alimentación en cascadacon el de temperatura en una caldera de paso 7nico


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; /= >= * E >= @ /8@ = > 8= = > 08G / 3" 35 = >= / @8/ . L =8 ; 8 8 8 > 8= @> / / figura 32

E 8 @ = 8 > 8 8 8J >/ = ;< 8 , = 8= = J /= ; 8J 8 ; @8 ; > ; > / ? . E > * > ;/ = ;< 8 * 8 > = /> 8 8 >8 / @8J = + ; 8J =@ =8 / >/ @ = 8 > 8/ > = > 8 = / 8@;> 8 / ;>/ = / 8 / ; >= =8 > 8 /= @8 /J / /=8= / /8 @ :8@ /

; => 8= ? = >@8/8 @ = 8 > 8 = / 8 @ :8@ * @8 / > @ = > = 8@ / 8 = @ / 8 / / 8 > /= = 808 = * / G =

@ / / >= @ /8@ .


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INDICE 1



ÍNDICE DE MATERIAS

4. SISTEMA DE CONTROL DE LA TURBINA...........................................................35

4.1. RE ULADORES DE FUER(A CENTRÍFU A.......................................................374.1.1. RE ULADOR MEC)NICO DE FUER(A CENTRÍFU A*

DE TRANSMISIÓN MEC)NICA..................................................................374.1.2. RE ULADOR MEC)NICO DE FUER(A CENTRÍFU ADE TRANSMISIÓN MEC)NICA+HIDR)ULICA.CORREDERA DE DISTRIBUCIÓN..............................................................39

4.1.3. RE ULACIÓN SECUNDARIA. DISPOSITI#ODE A'USTE DE #ELOCIDAD.......................................................................41

4.1.4. RE ULADOR HIDR)ULICO.......................................................................42

4.2. RE ULADORES ELÉCTRICOS...............................................................................43


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35


4. SISTEMA DE CONTROL DE LA TURBINAU/ > 8/ = ; @> 8@;> = ; ; ; => 8= / >/ = . L

:; / 8 8/ / @8 8?/= >/ ; / 8 . L > 8/ ; = @ /8 @ / >/ / = * > / 0 @ / ; / 8 ? 8 * 8 8=

= > 8/ .

Figura 3!: E emplo de simulación de carga descarga de una turbina

S K/ * :8 8 @; >/ >8 8 8 / * ; / 8 ? 8 = / = @ ;? =8= * / ; / 8 ; = ; ; > 8/ . E >8 8 8 @ / 8 /

; @ =8 = > = > 8 * = G / ; @ @ / ; > 8/ K/ > ; > .


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L @8 8 8/ > 8/ / 8 / ; 8 8 / > => 8 = G / ; @ @ / ; K/ > ; > - = > = /

= @ /= = / ? 8 * ; > > 8 8J 8 8 8 /@ ; 8@ 8 = > 8/ 8/ = 8 8 8 /> ; /= / 8= = > = > 8; / @ / >/ ; > ; / G = /K@ = > 8 / / @8/ .

S>; / @ > / = 8 / = ; > 8/ >@8/8 / ? 8 >/ 8 @ * ? < * /= @ 8= 8= = = 8 8 / = = @ /= . E/

figura 3! ; / = / = ; >/ =8 . E =8 ;> = 0 / @ @ /@ =8 / J ; G ; 8/ @> >; > 8/ +=8 = >8 >/= @8/ = 8= = = 8 8/

8 / = ; ; . C> /= 0 G / J ; = 0 / / = @ /= = =8 @8/> ; > ; => >/ >@ / = 8= =* 8 @ = / = = ; /= ; 8 8 / /= > = > 8= = ; @ = * = @ / >

>@8/8 ; / 8 8 8 = @ / / 8= = / @8/ .S8 0 / =8 >@ / /= ; 8 * >@ / = @ /= = ; / 8 =8 @8/> /K@ = > 8 / * / > 8 @ = / = =

; /=

Figura 3#: "isposición esquemática de un regulador centr/fugo mecánico de transmisión mecánica

; 8 8 / /= > = > 8= = ; @ 8 * = @ / > >@8/8 ; / 8 8 8 = @ / / 8= = / @8/ .

E =8 > @ = 8 / 8 @ / * ; 8 = J ; = 0 / 8 / = ; > 8/ * ;> = > 8 >8 ; >/ / = . E/ 0>/ 8 @ / / = 8 @ * > / = = / = * ; => / 8 8; . L ; 8 8 => 8= = ; 8 / / > = ; 8 8 / = . E/ ; 8 > 8/ / ;> = = ; = / = 8/ >

= = / = ;>? = 8J = @ /8 = @ .A; /= = > 8 8


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/ > / 8 >/ 8 8 8 / * / G = > @ 8J > 8 = > 8 J / 0> ; / = / figura3#. L > = @; = > @ / * =808 / / > 8 @ / = > = =0> J / 0> 8 8/ * ; / * 8/ @ * ; 8/ 8;8 0>/= @ / * >

8 / ; 8 8 = > 8 8/ ;> = / @; =8 8/ 8; = > = = 0> J

Figura 3$: ur as de estatismo de un regulador centr/fugo

/ 0> ,@ /8 8= > 8 - ? 8 .

4.1. REGULADORES DE FUERZA CENTRÍFUGAL > = = 0> J / 0> ;> = / @ /8 8= > 8 / @8 8

> 8 = ; - ; @ =8 @ /8 * ; @ =8 @ /8 +8= > 8 ; @ =8 8= > 8 .

4.1.1. REGULADOR MEC#NICO DE FUERZA CENTRÍFUGA$ DETRANSMISIÓN MEC#NICAE > = @ /8 = 0> J / 0> * >/ > = * = / >/ >8 8 8

/ 0> J / 0> = = ; = @ 8 > ; / >/ > @; 8@ . T / @ @> / figura 3# @;> * 8 @ / = >/ > 8

,!- > @ / = = ; / 0> ,2-. E > 8 ; = G = > 8/,6- ? = >/ / / G 8 8= ,7-.

C> /= > 8 8 8 / = ; G = > 8/ * ; ,2- = ; J /8 0> ; 0 = 0> J / 0> / @; 8@8 /= @> ,1-. E> = G /= @ / >8 ,9- > /= >@ / 8= = = /=8 /=

> /= =8 @8/> .


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L =80 / 8 = /K@ = > ; /=8 / 8= = > ,#-*/J / > = = 2"" rpm .

S8 = @ / / / / @ / = 8= = = 2"" rpm * =8/ = 8= = > * ; / =8 8/ 8= = * ; G @; = 32"" 3"""

rpm * = >@ / / 8 , 8/ 8 > 8 -. C / / 8 > > ; 8 88 ,9- = > = ; /= >/ 8= = > = " < ; >/ 8= = = 32"" rpm >/ 8= = # @ : 1"" < ;

3""" rpm .L =80 / 8 = /K@ = > 8 / =8/ = 8= = > *

/ ;> = 8 > /= / 8 = > = . P = > 8 >8=8 @> ; = >/ 8 =8 8/ .

Figura 3': = uste de elocidad mediante regulación secundaria

L =80 / 8 = /K@ = > 8 / =8/ = 8= = > * @8= @ =8 / 8 @ = = ; ; 8 / 8= = > :; 8 8 @; // ; 8 / ;> = 8 8 8/ ; 8 d( 1 * > 2 )?> >-4@>=A .

E = = ; ; 8 / 8= = 8 @ ;> = @ =808 @ 8?/ @ =8 / = ; J @8 / = ;>/ = 8 = ; / = > = ,3- / > = >

8 = @> .

4.1.2. REGULADOR MEC#NICO DE FUERZA CENTRÍFUGA DE TRANSMISIÓNMEC#NICA%HIDR#ULICA. CORREDERA DE DISTRIBUCIÓNE > = @ = / figura 3# * = / @8 8 = > = ; . N @ @ / 0> J = > 8 ;> = / >/> = = 0> J / 0> = / @8 8 ; > * / @

=


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8@; 8 / 0> J = ; * > K / > = = > * / 8@; >= = 0> J = > = . E @ 8 = 8/ => 8 = = =8 8 > 8/ @ / 8= > 8 8/ @ =8 > @8 8 0> J = = ; > = .

T @ ;> = ; 8 / > = @ /8 = / @8 8 8 = figura 3& * ; 8 /= = ; 8 8 >/ > = / = > * 8 ; => >/ >@ / = = @ /= * >8= ; >/

=8 @8/> 8 J / 0> * = ; J / @ => = / 0> 8 G ,; 8 8 8 ; 8 88 8 8 . S 8 ; =8 = @ /= , / :8 / @ / ; => >/

Figura 3 : Formación de la presión de control con un regulador mecánico de transmisión idráulica

@>/8 8 ; 8 / > / / @ ,1- . E ?@ @ 8J 8 /= ; =80 / 8 = ; 8 / =8 = @ /= / > . E @ 8@8 / /= / = ?@ @ 8J > > = ; @ / > / 8 > >@ / 8= = @ / >8 . L

@ ; > = > ; 8 88 * / > 8 /= = > ; 8 88 8 8 / > / :8 / = 8 > = /= /> @ / . E ; ;8 >/ > /J ; 8 88 8 8 ; / > >/ > = / = > > = / ; 8 8/ @ ; > = > , ; /=8 / = @ /= - >/@ / 8= =.


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4.1.3. REGULACIÓN SECUNDARIA. DISPOSITIVO DE A"USTE DE VELOCIDADL 8= = / >8= ; > = 0>/ 8 /= ?

>@ / * 8= = =8 @8/> 8 . A >/ ; / 8 = = ; /= @ 8?/>/ 8= = = = . C / >/ > 8/ > / = >

J = 0 @ 8/= ; /=8 / >/ =* / ; 8 @ / / >/ / /= 0 > / 8 > 8 8 / / = @ 8 = 8@; / @ ; ; = =

; / >@8= . E * ; / * / 8 8 > = = > 8 = ; > = = 8= =* @ =8 / K/ =8 ; 8 8 > 8 >/

> 8/= 8 / 0 > / 8 > / @8/ @ / /8 /= ; / 8 / = @ /= = .

P ; * > /= > / = ; = / >; >/ =8@; / * 8= = = > 8/ @ / /8= / / ; 0 > / 8 = =.

U/ 0 @ ; 8 = 8J > 8/= 8 * 8 /= / 8 >= =. P * = ? = 8J >/ @ / >8 8 / = ; >/

@ ? 8 * @ @> / figura 3' . L > >/ > = / / >/ =8 @ / ? * 8 / > @ / >8 * = 0 @ > / 8@;8= 8 = ? . A 0>/ 8 / @ * / / 8= = > = * 8 @ / >8

Figura !,: elación entre elocidadB apertura del obturadorB presión de control apertura de ál ula

= * 8 /= > =8 > > 8 8 > * >@ / 8= = @ / > / 8 > = ; 8 8 = / / >/ ; 8 8 8/ />/ 8= = @ 8?/ @ = . D ;>? = 8 @ /8 * 8= = /J >

/ @8/ > ; 8 8 / 8/8 8 = > 8/= 8 ,; 8 8 +@ /8 > ;> = @ / 8= > 8 @ @> / figura 3 . E/ G @; @ 8?/

8/ ; > 8/= 8 * > / 8 / = ; J @8 @ =8 / @ 4 . T8 / / G = ; = ; 8/=8 = 8 > 8 / @ /8 / =8 8/

@; / / = > 8 = ; 8 8 / / > = = / 8/ 8 = @8 * = = = >/ 808 8 = = / G = 8 . 8 >@8/8


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= = @ = 8 = / * C* >/ = @8/ = ; 81* ? = >/ 808 8 2. E


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/G>/ @8 + > = / 8 > >/ 808 8 = ; = 8 ; 8 8 ;> = 8 ; > 8 = > = ; = ; J @8 / = @8 ; 0 = 8 @ = > 8/= 8 . A 8

8 >/ @ 8 / >= = 8 > = / G * 8 8/ /=>/ @ 8 / ; 8 . D 0 @ ; 8 8 / @8 / = > * > @ 8 > = = ; > / 0>/ 8 /

> = / = ; ; 8G >/@ G /= / >/ @> > / @ ; 8 = > >/ = ; 8 8 @ /

; 8 . E/ figura

Figura !1: egulador idráulico con transmisión idráulica

!, ; / 8 = > * = /= / @ @8 @ = 8 @ > / = @8 8 8/= 8 * > @ 8 ; 8 8 = .

4.1.4. REGULADOR HIDR#ULICOB > 0>/ 8 / @8 / / = 8 8/ 8 8= =* > /= >= /> @> ; > .T @ ;> = / figura !1 / = >/ @ = 8 , impulsor -

@ / = / ; 8/ 8; = > 8/ * / 8 >8= ; >/ @ > / ?/ 8 / G > / @ / = =8 @ / > 0 @ / /=> > = / /

>/ @ / ?/ 8 / / 8 .L @ 8/ 8 8@ / = / 8 = = @ ; 8/ 8; = 8 . S8


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INDICE 1

ÍNDICE DE MATERIAS

5. CARACTERÍSTICAS DEL RE ULADOR...............................................................44

6. REPARTO DE LA #ARIACIÓN DE POTENCIA DE UN SISTEMA ELÉCTRICOENTRE LOS TURBO ENERADORES %UE TRABA'AN SOBRE ÉL ................ 4!

7. UTILI(ACIÓN DE LA RECTA DE ESTATISMO EN LA RE ULACIÓNELECTRÓNICA DE LA TURBINA .......................................................................... 51


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44

5. CARACTERÍSTICAS DEL REGULADOR C / G = >=8 8 = > = > 8 8 @ ; / = /

figura !3 * > @ ; 8= > 8 8J = / K 8@ 8 @; * / = @ /J > 8 8J > 8 ; >/ ; 8 8 * @;> ; = @8@? 8 ; = @8 @ * ; 08G @;> ; ; @> * > 0> J ; / / 0> = @ . E 8 / @8 / = ; @< 8 ; > 8/ /8 8/ 08/* 8= 8 / G = > 8/ * >// = / = 8= 8 / ; @< 8 = > = . P / 8= = =

; @< 8 =

Figura !3: egulador centr/fugo con indicación de magnitudes

> = =8 @ / ; ; 8 / 8= = = 8 = G = > 8/ . L @ ; = / >; > >8 ; 8 8/ =8 , = ; J @8 / @ :8@ . A

8= ; /= = , ; 8 8 -* D * > = = @ :8@ = D . D > = / = 8; 8 = > 0> J > G @ = > =


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,1-

D /= F F> J > K @ = > = .m M = @ = > = .

# 8= = = 8 = > = . R =8 = 8 = @ .D figura !3 ;> = = => 8

,2-

,3-

L = ; J @8 / / > = />/ / /= ; > ;> = >

,4-

,5-

S> 8 > /= = = > 8 J G 8= @ - / 0>/ 8 -* ; =8 8/ = * @ ;> = /

figura !! * 8 / >/ 0 @8 8 = . E ; / 8/= @8/ = 8= =* > / 08 > :; @ / ; 8 / = / @8/ >@ / /8?/= / / * = ; J / @ / : @ = > 8= @8= 0> J / = >/ = ; 8 8 / . C / 8 / 0 @8 8 = 8 =

@ = > = . P >=8 = 0>/ 8 / @8 / = > = K 8 ; = 8 @; /=8= / : @ = 8= = > = * ; / > 8 8J / 8 @ ; / / / figura !# .

S8 / G = >/ 8 @ = > 8@ @> >8 0> 8 > = @ 8= = / @8/ ,1"" -* /= @

>8 8 8 / @> @ / = 8= = > = * ; >/ >; / @ / /= @ >/ > 8 > @8 @ * = ; / 8 = @ >8/ * / @ @ / > 8= =

: =8


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; /=8 / 1"" * 0> J = @ : = = @> * > @ / / 8/> 8/ ; 8/ . S8 ; / 8 8= =

= /=8 ; = G = ; /=8 / 1"" * 0> J = @ 8/0 8 = @> * > 8 @ / / 8/> 8/ ; 8/ .

Figura !!: Fuer%a de las masas en función del despla%amiento del regulador para distintas elocidades

S ;> = >/ > 8/ @> / >/ 8> / >/ ; /=8 / >; 8 8 = @ * @ 8/ >; / = / figura !# . E/ 8 ; 8 /= = >/ ;>/ * " * = 0>/ 8 / @8 /

>/ 8= = 8 > / @8/ >/ = @8/ = ; / 8 . S8 / ; / 8 = @ /= = =8 @8/> * 8= = 8 /= >@ / * >;

1"1 * / / 8 @ / / >/ ;>/ = >8 8 8 / E / > @= * >/ ; / 8 @ G , = @ /= = - >/ 8= = >; 8 / @8/ .

A>/ > /J >8 8 8 * / 8 >/ >/= > 8 / 8 @ 8?/

; 8 8 . E =8 ; 8 8 ;> = > @ =808 > 8 =@> * / / 8; = J > ; ; ;>/ E . E >/= > 8 8 = = @K 8; @ / . O G @; > /= / 8 >= = . S8 * ; > @ / / >8 8 8 , >

; 8 8 / -* = D 8 / > @ ; > * @ 8 / / > @ = 8= = = =


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@ / .E/ = > = >8 8 8 > 8 8= ; => 8= ; >/ =8 @8/> 8@ / = = @ /= = ; / 8 - ; 8 /= = ;>/ = 0>/ 8 / @8 /* " * >8 8 8 /J = ; >/ ; / 8 @ D @ ; > *

> @ 8 8= = 8/0 8 . E/ >/= > 8@ / =

Figura !#: aracter/sticas de las masas caracter/stica del muelle

/ 8 = = > 8 8 8 ; @ / 8 @8 @ .T @ 8?/ ;> = /= / 8 >= = * > / =>8 8 8 / >/ ; 8 8 @8 @ * >/ 8= =

@ .S8 @ 8 ;>/ = 8 ; / figura !# @ 8= = /

0>/ 8/ > > ; = @ / 8= ; 8 @ / = 8=


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; > =80 / 8 / ; /=8 / = 8 = @ = figura!# . E


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; / 8 > @> / figura !$ . H > / / > / > ; 8 8

@ / 8 * ; / 8 = > 8/ @ :8@ 8= = @ /8@ ; 8 8 * ) 1 ; má.imaB > @ /

= * ; / 8 = > 8/ 8 > 8= = @ :8@ . P / G =8 > 8 8J ; / 8 / > = = ; J @8 / = = > .

A= @ / G = = / = / > = > 8 8J 8= = > 8 8J 0 > / 8 * fB > @ / 8 / = ; :; 8 8 > 8 8J @ figura !$ @ =8 @ = > 8 > / = 0 > / 8 / 0>/ 8 8/ @ recta de estatismo .

Figura !$: ecta de estatismo de regulación de una turbina

S8 >; / >/ ;>/ = 0>/ 8 / @8 / * =* / >/ 0 > / 8 = 1"" >/ ; / 8 * =GG* = 8= >/ ; > 8 8/ 8 / >/ ;>/ @ CB >/ 0 > / 8 = 1"1 = / @8/ / >/ ; / 8 CGG * >/= 0 = > 8 / 8 > / @8/ * ;>/ C * 8/ 8 ; / 8 . C @ @ 8 / 8 @ / ;> = / >8 =8 @8/> /= / 8 / > = 8 @ ; = J ; / 8 .


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6. REPARTO DE LA VARIACIÓN DE POTENCIA DE UN SISTEMAELÉCTRICO ENTRE LOS TURBOGENERADORES UE TRABA"ANSOBRE ÉL


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S8 = 8 @ 8J / ,; /=8 / -* ; >/ = @8/ =8= = ;> = = ; > >8 ; / 8 * ; > / ; ; /8/ K/ 8; =

> 8 8 = @> 8 > = @ -. L

Figura !&: 9arámetros que definen el coeficiente de estatismo de una máquina

=6 6731387@4* ;151 D>6 91 56A>9128/1 3>5 8/1 @6=81/36 7> 56231 =6 6731387@408G?@4/47 6/ 91 figura !& * =4/=6 76 56;5676/31/ >3898J1/=4 24@4 H1581 967 91 ;436/281* 9BI 91 0562>6/281 f . 9 o 67 91 ;436/281 /4@8/19* f o 67 91 0562>6/281 /4@8/19* ) f o 69 91 H1581286/281 D>6 76 ;54=>26 2>1/=4 91 ;436/281 H15B1 =67=6 2654 1 9 o. C1=1 @ D>8/1 76215123658J1 ;45 7> ;436/281 /4@8/19 I ;45 7> coeficiente de regulación o de estatismoBd(/ 8 @ ? 8 / > 8 / / 8 > / = / /= /? 8 @8 @ * ;> = > ; / = >/ 8 8 ; / 8 / @8/ > 08 8 / = 8 @ .


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P151 2>19D>865 H1581286=6 765 >/1 =87@8/>28/ 1>@6/34 =6 91 =6@1/=1-* 76 ;54=>285 >/1 H1581286/281* ) f * D>6 765 91@87@1 ;151


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34=17 917 @ D>8/17 =69 78736@1 I >/1 H1581288/1* ) 9 i * =8738/31 ;151 21=1 >/1. S6AK/ 91 figura !& * 76 2>@;985 ;151 21=1 @ D>8/1

,!-

,9-

D = 08/8 8 / > 0 > / 8 * f , * @8 @ ; = 8 @ * >@; 8 ; = @ >8/

,1"-

P /,11-

S>@ /= 8 8 / = ; / 8 = = @ >8/ * 8 / 8 8@ 8 ? @8/ / /

,13-

C @ = / 8= * ; = @ >8/ * > ; / 8 / @8/ >08 8 / = 8 @ * ;> = > >@ = 8 / / ; / 8 / @8/ 08 8 / = 8 @ , >@ 8 = > 88/ @

0 > / 8 / @8/ @ 8?/ / 8= * = > 8 = > = ) f ; > >8 8 8 8 >8= / = >/ =

> 8 / ,11-* = ; / 8 8= ; = @ >8/ .D > 8 / ,11- = => > >/ > 8/ = / 8/ 8 8 = ; / 8 = 8 @ * @ > * > / @ / V d iV.E/ > 8/ 8= > 8 * > ; / 8 > 0 8 = 8 * > 8 8J / 08 8 / =

8 @ G * @; /=8= / 2 3 . L > 8/ = ; * > 8 88 8 ? 8@ / = ; => 8 = / ; 8 8 /

;8= = /= ; > 8 8J / 08 8 / = 8 @ = = / = 5 . C> /= / 8 * 08 8 / = 8 @ / @ * ;> >/8= = / ; 0 = ; 8 8 / = ; / 8 = 8 @ . E/

figura !' ; / / = 8 @ = =80 / ; /=8 / / @ = > ; /= = >/8= = / 0>/ 8 @ ; /=8 /

; /= >/ @ / @ = .


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7. UTILIZACIÓN DE LA RECTA DE ESTATISMO EN LA REGULACIÓNELECTRÓNICA DE LA TURBINAL = 8 @ = => 8= = 0>/ 8 / @8 / = >/ > = @ /8 *

> 8 8J 8 > @ / / >/ > = > 8 8= = 8= = / @8/ >@8/8 /=

; / 8 * > 8 8 8 / = 8= = = 8= 8 8 /= > = / @ / = > = 8= =+ > 0>/ 8 / = > = / =

Figura !': 6oma de carga de una unidad en función de la pendiente de la recta de estatismo

8 @ .C / 8= @ = 8 @ K/ @> / figura !& . L ; /=8 / =

= 8 @

,14-

E/ > 8 / 8= 0 > / 8 * f * ; / 8 * 9 * / / ; 8 /= / @8/ * ; > 9 , 1"" f , 1"". L ; /=8 / / /

,15-

S8 @ @ ; / 8 ; > = > * .B 8= = 0 > / 8 * *

> 8


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,16-

,17-

A = /> = = @ /= * > = @ >8/ 0>/ 8 / / >/0 > / 8 * * >/ ; / 8 * . * K/ > 88 8 8 /J =

; /= >/ 0 > / 8 =8 8/ = / @8/ . E/ / = = :8 8 J =/ > @ / /8 /= @8 @ ; / 8 , = @ /= = - ; > = > *

= 8= = / @8/ . P > = . / > /= 0 > / 8/ / @8/ * 1""* = = >@; 8

,1!-

,19-C> /= f H / 8 > f I H* = . >8 8 /= 8 > ; > =

> ; / 8 = @ /= = = 8 > 0 > / 8 / @8/ ,1""-.C / / >8= = ; = > 8/ 8 / / /> ; / 8 @ / /8 /= 8= = 0 > / 8 / > / @8/ .

Figura ! : espuesta a una ariación de potencia del regulador elocidad*carga

S>; = @ /= = ; / 8 = @ >8/ ; = D D > = > 0 > / 8 ; = 1"" * ; /=8 / ;>/ =*

; /=8 / ;>/ C. A / 8/> 8/ 8 / @8 / >/= 0 *> @ 8 ; 8 8


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Figura #,: "iagrama de regulación electrónica de un turbogrupo con una ál ula de admisiónB dos ál ulas de controlB una ál ula interceptora derecalentado una ál ula de admisión de recalentado+ Aa demanda de elocidad de la parte i%quierda es la señal utili%ada durante el rodado la señal de la

derec a es la utili%ada cuando la turbina funciona con carga+

CENTRALETÉRMICASSISTEMDECONTROL

53

ISMAEPRIETOMANUELAL


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54

Figura #1: Aa%o de demanda de elocidad de la turbina


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0>/ 8 / @8 / ;>/ * / > > = 08/ = ; * 8 = ; / 8 @ / /8 /= / / = 0 > / 8 .

E/ figura #, ;> = > @ = >/ 8 @ = > 8 8 / ; ; = = > @ * > > > = / * > /= >/ = 8 8 / 8 * K/ ; f(.) *

@8 / > >/= J 8 = f H * / 0>/ 8 / 8 * > ; 1,, * @ @ / / > f H = G = 8 @ >8/ 8 8J /

/> ; / 8 0 > / 8 / @8/ .L = = @ /= = 8= = > / ; 8J >8 = = 08 * >

> 8 8J => / = = = > 8/ * / = / J = figura #1 . E/ 8= = / = / @8/ = @ /= = > 8 = = / >/ 8 8 ; 08 * = 08/8= / J =

figura #1 * = = = = @ /= = 8= =* = J = / > =

> = 8= =+ * ; @ G ,= @ /= @ / ; ; > => -.S8A>86/=4 24/ 91 =67258;286 76

A6/651 6/ 69 91J4 =6 91 figura #2 24@4 567;>6731 1 91 =6@1/=1 D>6 69 4;651=45 8/354=>26*76AK/ 91 ;54A51@1286 76A6/651 24@4 567;>6731 =69 56A>91=45 H69428=1=+215A1 1 917 H1581284/67 8/731/3 /617 =6 910562>6/281 24/762>6/367 1 917 H1581284/67 8/731/3 /617 =6 91 =6@1/=1 =6 ;436/281 =6978736@1. P151 D>6 91 =6@1/=1 =6 ;436/281* ) . * =6 8=1 1 91 =6@1/=1 =69 4;651=45* 36/A1606234* 67 /62671584 =67;91J15 = 8 @ * 8 /= f H >/ ) f H ; ) . Ad?1,,

K/ 76 ;> = / @ 7 = 6/ 917 figuras #, #3L =8 8 = turbina rearmada / = = > 8

/ cero * /8/ >/ = 8 8 = ; > ; > * / * > 8/ / //=8 8 / = 8 8 ; .L =8 8 = rodado en arco total 8 /808 > = = = > 8/ = =

/ > = / @ / 8 . A / = > = / = 1"" = ; > = =@8 8/ ; > > ;8 > 8 / / > = =@8 8 / = = / /=8 8 / ..L =8 8 = = = / arco parcial 8 /808 > / = > =

=@8 8 = = @ /= K / = > = / > 8 / / 0>/ 8/ 8 / @8 / > 8 > / @ / @ => / > > ==@8 8 8 / * > = / / 8@> / @ / 1" > / / > / 8 * /K@ >/ @ / = = 1" = ; / 8

55 /K@ = @ / = = 55 = ; / 8 1"" > 8/ ; = / = @ / / " 15 = ; / 8 .

P = / > / 8 = ; > * 8/ > ; > 8@> / = => > = 0>/ 8 / @8 / @ > K/8

P 8 = 8= =+ > 8/ ; = / =@8 /J > /= 0 > / 8 8= = /J 1"6 = / @8/

@ / = >/ = /J 1"! . C @ > = / = / = = / /= > = / = * = d = = 8/0 8 ! .


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Figura #2: Aa%o de control de demanda de potencia de la turbina


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E/ figura #1 @> J = / = = @ /= = 8= =. E =8= = @ =8= @; / = / 8 / / 0>/ 8/ = = @ /= > / 8 8 @ = / = > . P @ /

= @8/ 8 >0 => / = = > @; / = / 8 / / 0>/ 8/ = = @ /= > @ 8?/ / 8 8 @ = / = > . D = 8 @ = / @

; > . C>/ = 8= = /J = @ /= = * 8 @ 8 @ / 8 > * = 8 /= 8 8/ >; = >; / ; > = 8= =+ > = G =

= J = 8= =.E/ figura #2 ; / J > / = = @ /= = ; / 8

K/ > ;8= ; = . E/ J 8@8 8 / = >@ / @ :8@ =>@ / @ /8@ @ = ; / 8 @ /8@ / > ;> = 0>/ 8 / @ >8/ . L

= = @ /= 8 @; 8 > @8 / / 8 8/ >; = >; .T @ 8?/ >/ 8@8 8 /= 8 =8 8 = =.

Figura #3: 5ariación de la recta de estatismo ante una demanda de carga del operador


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INDICE+1


ÍNDICE DE MATERIAS

!. PROTECCIONES DE UNA CENTRAL TÉRMICA..................................................5!

!.1. PROTECCIONES DEL ENERADOR DE #APOR ,CALDERA-...........................5!

!.2. PROTECCIONES DE TURBINA DISPOSITI#OS DE DESCAR A& DISPARO.................................................................................................................61

!.2.1. DISPOSITI#OS DE DESCAR A..............................................................................61!.2.2. DISPOSITI#OS DE DESCAR A DE BA'O #ACÍO................................................61!.2.3. DISPOSITI#OS DE DESCAR A POR BA'A PRESIÓN DE #APOR . . . 61 !.2.4.

DISPOSITI#OS DE DISPARO ................................................................................. 62!.2.5. DISPARO POR SOBRE#ELOCIDAD...........................................................62!.2.6. DISPARO POR FALLO DE ACEITE DE LUBRICACIÓN...........................629.2.3. DISPARO POR FALLO DEL CO'INETE DE EMPU'E................................62!.2.7. DISPARO POR BA'O #ACÍO........................................................................62!.2.!. DISPARO POR FUNCIONAMIENTO DEL ALTERNADOR

COMO MOTOR...............................................................................................62!.2.9. DISPARO MANUAL.......................................................................................62

9. LOS SISTEMAS CENTRALI(ADOS DE CONTROL..............................................63

1". SISTEMAS DE CONTROL DI ITAL DIRECTO ,DDC-.........................................63

11. SISTEMAS DE CONTROL DISTRIBUIDO ,DCS- & CONTROLAUTÓMATA LÓ ICO PRO RAMABLE ,PLC-......................................................65

12. SISTEMAS DE CONTROL A#AN(ADO ,APC-......................................................67


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5!

!. PROTECCIONES DE UNA CENTRAL TÉRMICAE 8 @ = ; 8 / ; ; = * ; /=8 / ; @

8@; / = >/8= = > /= /J / = @8/ = /=8 8 / * / 8= = ; 8 * K /= >/8= = >/ 8 > 8 * = = > ;> = =

= = ; 8/ J 8= > = / = / / .L ; 8 / = >/ >/8= = @; /= / 8 8 >8 / >

+ / = = ; , = -.+ T> 8/ .+ A / = .+ S8 @ ? 8 .

E/ : 0 / 8 @ / = ; 8@ .

!.1. PROTECCIONES DEL GENERADOR DE VAPOR &CALDERA'

L = ;> = 8 > 8 / = 8 @> =8 ; = / = >/@ > 8 * > / 8 / = :; 8 / ; = / = ; 8 = * > ;> = / 8 8/ :; 8 / 8@; 8 / ; = / = 8 >8

> + ; * ; > ;> = > @ = :; 8 * 8/ > = / ; = / = >/ / = 0 > = >/ 8 = 8> ;> = / /=> 8 > >8 = 8 > 8 / / 8 * .

L ; 8 / 8 > >@; / simultáneamente >/ 8 = /=8 8 / * > = / = @ / / => / >/ 8 @; * >> = 8/ @8/> * ; > ; J >/ ; @8 8 > ; @8 ; / / 8 8 8 @ = @ > 8 = / /=8= > ; = / /= 8 /8 >8 / ; .

S8 => / 8/ @8/> > => ; = ;> = ; >/ = /=8 8 / * =8 ; 8/ >@; 8 / > 8/8 8 = = ; 8/ 8;8 .U/ J / > / 8/ @8/> ; = ;> @; * 8 / :8/8/ >/ /=8 8 ; 8 8/8 8 ; = / > .

L /=8 8 / > = / = >@; 8 8@> / @ / => / 8/ @8/>8 / / @ = permisi os de purga . E /=8 8 / 8/=8 / / figura #! . E /

>@; 8@8 / = > >8 = ; G = >/ 8 * / @ @ / = :; 8 / 0>/ 8 / @8 / * ;> = / ; / = /=8 8 / > ; / />/ 8 ; / ; 8/ 8 >8 =

/=8 8 / * = = = @ > 8 = = 0 @> @ 8 >/ 8 > 8 . E >/ =8 ; = = = @ > 8 .

E/ figura ## ; / / > @ 8 @ / = > /=8 8 / * >> /= ; / > >8 = * ; => >/ =8 ; = =


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F i g u r a # ! : E e m p l o

d e e s q u e m a

d e l o s p e r m i s i 3 o s

d e p u r g a

d e u n a c a l

d e r a


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F i g u r a # # : E e m p l o

d e e s q u e m a

d e l a s c o n d i c i o n e s

d e d i s p a r o

d e u n a c a

l d e r a


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= @ /= = ; 8 8/ / ; = > 8 > 8/ / / 8 >8 / ; 8 > .


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!.2.4. DISPOSITIVOS DE DISPAROL =8 ; 8 8 = =8 ; ; /= / = @8/ = 8 >/ / 8 * => 8 /=

; / 8 = > 8/ /= = ; = ; @8 @ . S =8 >/ / 8 > > /= = /* / ; 8 0>/ 8 / @8 / = @8 @ 8/ /=8 ; >8; ; ; / .

!.2.5. DISPARO POR SOBREVELOCIDADE >@ / = 8= = = > 8/ 8 8/ 0 8 / @; / / >

;> = / = / / >; > .P 8 > > 8/ / 8= = / 8 >/ > = =

8= =* > 8@8 ? >/ 8/0 8 11" = / @8/ . A= @ > 8/ > // >/ =8 ; 8 8 = > 8= = > 8 > = ; = / = > / 8= =.

!.2.6. DISPARO POR FALLO DE ACEITE DE LUBRICACIÓNE =8 ; 8 8 8@;8= = 8 = G8/ = G > ; = ; => 8@ / > / 8 = ;? =8= = > 8 8 =

= ;+ B G /8 = 8 / / > = @ / @8 / * @ / > / 8 = 0>

/ 8 >8+ B G ; 8/ 0 / @ ; 8/ 8; .

).2.3. DISPARO POR FALLO DEL CO"INETE DE EMPU"EU/ 0 / G8/ = @;>G ;> = 8 8/ = ; J @8 / : 8 = *

/ / 8 >8 / = / 8 . P 8 0 // =8 ; 8 8 = =8 ; .!.2.7. DISPARO POR BA"O VACÍO

S = >/ =8 ; 8 8 =8 8 / / > > / 8 @ ; 8 G > / > / 8 / = > 0 =8 ; 8 8 = = ; /=8 / . E@ / = > / 8 8 / >/ 0> = ; >/ * / /= =8 0> ; 8 8 ;8 > ; / / = / G 8 = @ /= .

E ;>/ = 08G = ; ; 8= = = K 8@ ; = ;; @; > > /J / ; / >/ @; 8= .

!.2.!. DISPARO POR FUNCIONAMIENTO DEL ALTERNADOR COMO MOTOR C> /= ; => >/ / = ; / 8 * / = 0>/ 8 / @ @

> 8/ = >8 >/ / @8 / : 8 ; 0 = / 8 8 ; => 8 . C / 08/ = 8 0 // =8 ; 8 8 = ; 8= ; / = = = ; => 8 =8 / .

!.2.9. DISPARO MANUALE =8 ; 8 8 / >/ > 8@; * > 8 / = @ /> @ / *

; / / = / G 8 = @ /= 8 8/ /= 8 ;8= = > = =@8 8 8/ = @ / 8 / > 8 ; =8 ; 8 8> @ 8 = ; 8/ ; 8 0 = @8 @ .


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P = * 8 @ DDC @; / 8 = @ / 08/ = //


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= / = = @8/ ; 8 8= = = 8/0 @ 8/ 8 8= = = @ / > ? ;> = >/ ;>/ = ; 8/ / 0 / 8 > @ 8 +@ /> 8/ ; > 8 / =@8 >/0 8 @ =808 8 8 / = 8 @ = / * > @> 8@; / / ;> / @ = ; / . E DDC 8 / / G / = / / 8 / = ; 8 = >/ 8 = > @ 8 > ; /= /=8 8 / = ; 8 = G> 8 8

8 @ = > = / >/ 0>/ 8/@ 8/ 8 = > 8 ; 8@ / ; >/ 8/ >@ / 8 ; 8 8 / 8/ >@ / * @ > / 8/ >@ / / / 8 / .

E /@> = ; ;8 @ / =8 =@8 8/0 @ 8 > 8; = ; @ / = / >/@ @ 8 / = >/ >/8= = / = @8 / @;> ; >/ >/8= = 8 @? 8 >/ 8/8= = = @ @ 8 @ / 8/ > 8 / = ; @ = @; = ; >/8= = / = @8 / .

L >/8= = / = @8 / = = / / 8 = @;> = 8J ; >/ = ; 8 / 8 @? 8 < 8 ,>/8= = 8 @? 8 - ;

/ 0 >G = = ,>/8= = = / -.L ; / 8 =

= ; 8 0 @+ T 8@; = 8= =.+ P / = 8 8 @> >/ = = ; = = ; 8 / = ; / = >/ 8/ > = / .

E/ / G = 8 @ DDC 08 > /+ F :8 8 8= = / =8 = 8 @ = / * ;>=8?/= ; 0 8 @ / = >/

8 8 @ / / ; * =8 ; / / @8 ; 08G = .

E / DDC ; @8 8@8/ @> 8; 8 8 8 /= @8 @ 0>/ 8 / 8= =* ; @8 8 /= >/ @ G 8/ @ / = = /

= >/ ; .

11. SISTEMAS DE CONTROL DISTRIBUIDO &DCS' ! CONTROL AUTÓMATALÓGICO PROGRAMABLE &PLC'L 8 @ = / =8 8 >8= ,DCS- / 8 @ @ > 8 / =

/ = ; / 8/> * /0 = / 8 @ / / = >/ ; .L 8 @ > ; * / 8 / =


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/ = ; 8 / = +/ = * / 8 / = = >/ 8 @ / = / G >8 @ / / @ @; G ,; G @; * 8 @ / 8 PLC / > = = / >/ DCS-.

E / =8 8 >8= = / =8 8 > 8/ ; 8 8 8 @ * = >/ = > G >>/ ; = ; 8 8/8 / * > ; @8 >/ /= >; 8 8 8/ 8 / 0 / / / 8J = * / =/ > 8 8J 8/ = > 8 /= =8 8 @ / / = >/ /K@ 8@8 = = 8 / * = @ 08 * 8J = ;

8J 8 / 8 / / /G>/ = @ / = / = >8 8 8 8 =8 8/ @ 8 = / @>/8 > / / >/ K/8 = /

/ 8J = Q.'>/ 8 = =8 8 > 8 @ / / 8 >8 / 8 > ; / / =@ /808 > >; @ 0 / / 8

+ F>/ 8 / @8 / =8 8 0 / 8 @ = ? / = / < 8 .+ C 8 /08 > > 8 8J 8/8 * > 8 = 08/ / / = @ =8 / ; @ 8 8 8 = = = 8 @ @; .

+ F 8 8= = = @; 8 8/= @ / @ / @ => .

+ F> > @; 8 8 8= = / > /> / 8 / .+ I/ 8/ > > = =8 /8 = / .L @; / / 8 / = DCS @ = >/ 8 @ = / PLC /

+ E 8 / = / = >8 8 88= / 8 @ / ; >/ 8= / > 8/ ; / G = / .

+ I/ 0 @ @ >8/ / 8 >8= ; @ /8 = > ; @8 /*; 8 @ / * ; 8 @; / / 8 @

=8 8 >8= .+ S 0 = /08 > 8/ 8 / @; @ / 8 * @ 8/8 8 / 0>/ 8 / = 8/ /8 .E = / = ; / @ 8?/ 8/ ; = / =8 8 >8= . P @8

8 > 8J 8 ; ; 8 / * / * 8 >8 / 8 @ =/

S 8= @ />PID / @


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; / 8 / / ; / = ; = ; * .+ E ? /8 = @ / /8@8 / ;> = 0>/= @ / @ / =8 / 8 ; @ / @ / = / =8 8 >8= = ; / .E /@> = ; @8 8@; @ / ; @ = ; 8 8 > 8 *

= 8/ = / 8/0 @ 8 ; 8 @; G / = / .

P = @;> = ;> = @>/8 / = / = = @ ; 8= = > 8/0 > / / ; => 8 /=8@8 / * = / 8 >

> 8 8 / / ; 8@8J 8 = > 8 8J ; / =

= ; / . L /= / 8 = @;> = / = J @ 8/0 @ 8 = @8 8= ;8= @ / = / = ; / * / 8 @; . E

8/0 @ 8 8 @ = / ; = P / 8>@.O ;>/ 8@; / / / = ; / @ . E:8 / @ =

G = 8 * @ = = 8 8/ = / 8 / 8/ = * @ = /= / 8 > K / 8 8 8/

; 08G = * @ = = = = 8= * .S8 >/ @ K = @ 8 = => / = = >/ @ =8 * >/

/=8 8 > 8 . L > 8 K 8 >8 /= < 8 = 8 >8 .

E / =8 8 >8= 8 / >/ > 8= = @ G = / 88 / / G

+ D8 ; / / = >/ 8 @ = > 8 8 ; @8 ; / = @ / /8@8 / 8J ;8= @ / * = > ; =>J /. E 8 @ =>/= / ;> = / 8= @ >/ 8/ 8 / 8=8 8 >8= > * / 0 @ ; 8= >@ / * 8@8 / > / 8 = >/ 0 *@ / /8 /= / = 8 @ .

+ A 08 8 8= = = >8; * / >/ /K@ = 0 = @ / = >/8 @ = / =8 8 >8= .

+ A =8 ; /8 8 8= =* = 8 * 0 8 8 @ ; /=

12. SISTEMAS DE CONTROL AVANZADO &APC'S / > > ; / = ? /8 =8 8 / 8J = / / =

/ >@ 8 8 /

8/ 8 / @ = @ / / 8/ * / 8 / /J = .L 8 = / /J = 8 / = 08/8= ; 8@ 8 / 808 8 >@ / >/ ; / =8 8 8= =.

E 8@; / = / = 08/8 8 > = / =0 = = * ; @ = 8@> 8@ / ;> / @ . L ; 8 8


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= . E 8; = / * @ =8 / 8 > 8J 8 / ; 8 * ; = ;>


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;> = > ; .E / /J = > / / 8 8; = 08 08 = /

= 8 ;8 08 = >@ >@> 8 ,CUSUM-* > ; / / >@8 = 8 @ / ; @ =8 . D @ = * > /= ; / >/ /= / 8

= 8 * 08 8/=8 >/ @ 8@8 / @> ; />/ 8 = 8 @; /> > 8 / 8 = ; @/ > 8 = * = @ = > @> 0 > / 8 = @8 @ = /= ; 8 8= = = @ . D @ = ;> = / = @8/ > 0 , / 8 8 =

= 0 - 8J >=8 = 8 / 8 = ; @ / @ = ; .

& ;> = 8 > 8 >/ 8/ >@ / 8 = / / 8= = > > = = > = / > = 8= * 8 >/ > = / / > =

= ; = 0 @ 8 * 8 ;>/ = 8/=8 8/ 8 / 8 = 8 /808 8 @ / ; > ;> = / ; / K/ ; @= = 8 8 = G / 8 @; / = ; 8 8= = = 8

; / 8 ; / 08 / 0 @ = 08 = /= / 8 * = = 08 / / . E 8; = / * @ =8 / 8 > 8J 8 / ; 8 * ; = ; > ;> = > >/ ; .

L / 08 8 > ; ; 8 / 8 @ / 8 ; = ; / *8@; =8 > 8 / 0> = / ,= / = ; 8 -* 8 8 = ; @ / = @ / /8@8 / / ; @ = @ / /8@8 / ; / 8 .


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6"+ 8

Figura #$: Simbolog/a de dispositi os utili%ados en control digital


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Documents

04_GT12_Principios_de_control_en_centrales_termicas.docx