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雲端衝擊下的圖書典藏
黃鴻珠淡江大學圖書館
2011-11-10
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綱要
前言紙本圖書典藏的問題如何解決紙本圖書的典藏雲端下的紙本圖書典藏我國紙本圖書典藏的建議結語
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前言
What to withdraw? Print collection management in the wake of digitization
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What to withdraw ?(1/2)
1. Digitizes with high standards of quality?2. Errors are actively being corrected?3. Digital copies are reliably preserved?4. Image-intensive?5. Terms of provision are reliable?
http://www.ithaka.org/ithaka-s-r/research/what-to-withdraw/What%20to%20Withdraw%20-%20Print%20Collections%20Management%20in%20the%20Wake%20of%20Digitization.pdf
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What to withdraw? (2/2)
6. How should individual libraries handle these materials?
7. Time horizon for ensuring that some print copies are retained across the community?
8. Level of assurance that at least one copy remains after the state time horizon?
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書本的危機Codex in crisis
RLG Partnership Annual Meeting 2010 “When the books leave the building : The Future of Research Libraries, Collections and Services ”
6 Reasons We're In Another 'Book-Burning' Period in History ， S Peter Davis October 11, 2011
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6 Reasons We're In Another 'Book-Burning' Period in History，
6. A Library Near You Is Doing It Right Now5. It's Cheaper Than Giving Them Away 4. It Has to Be Done in Secret. 3.The Economy Is Killing the Library 2. Libraries Can't Grow Fast Enough 1. The Books Are Going Digital
http://www.cracked.com/article_19453_6-reasons-were-in-another-book-burning-period-in-history.html
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UCSD 大量淘汰圖書
As Library Footprint Shrinks, University of California, San Diego, Weeds 150,000 Volumes
Library at Scripps Institution of Oceanography scheduled to close in 2012
By Bob Warburton Oct 18, 2011
http://www.libraryjournal.com/lj/home/892450-264/as_library_footprint_shrinks_university.html.csp
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Constance Malpas, “Change in emphasis: share printed environment” in RLG Partnership symposium, 2010http://www.slideshare.net/oclcr/books-leave-the-building-malpas-final
Change in Emphasis: Shared Print Environment (Malpas) 2
An end to magical thinking
The books have already left the building.
>70 million volumes off-site
• 30% of Columbia’s collection
• 40% of UC Berkeley’s
• 50% of UCLA’s
• +50% of Harvard’s, etc.
6 editions held by 1,116 libraries
No evidence that loss of browsing has adversely affected scholarship
or institutional reputation
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圖書典藏面臨的問題
紙本與電子書同時劇增讀者使用空間的需求
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電子書典藏的問題
單館 vs 聯盟單冊 vs 合集限期 vs 永久在地 vs 雲端
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紙本與電子書的量同時劇增
5 Myths about the “Information Age”
1. The book is dead 2. We have entered the information age3. All information is now available online 4. Libraries are obsolete 5. The future is digital By Robert Darnton ， 5 Myths About the ‘Information Age’, The Chronicle of
Higher Education, April 17, 2011 http://chronicle.com/article/5-Myths-About-the-Information/127105/
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紙本圖書出版情況
2011 年全球年出版 100 萬種2010 -10-01 “英國出現 Super Thursday” ，
當日出版 800 種 美國 2009 年出版 288,355 種 美國 2009 年非正式管道出版 764,448 種
By Robert Darnton ， 5 Myths About the 'Information Age'
The Chronicle of Higher Education, April 17, 2011
http://chronicle.com/article/5-Myths-About-the-Information/127105/
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ARL 2008-2009 圖書年增量http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/arlstat09.pdf
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美國著名圖書館年增量
美國研究圖書館圖書年成量為 2%
Reshaping the Research Library: Some Observations on the Future
of Academic Collections
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讀者使用空間的需求
Library as a Place
Place as a LibraryInformation CommonsLearning Commons
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Ohio State University http://chronicle.com/blogPost/Library-Renovation-at Ohio/4700
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解決紙本圖書的典藏
進行淘汰調整典藏地
館外典藏聯合典藏高密度倉儲典藏
圖書數位化推動圖書徵集新政策
PDA 、 DDA 、 UDA
提供新服務POD 、 Espresso Book Machine
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The rationale for weeding (1/2)
1.Electronic resources are the dominant information format
2.Print use is low and declining 3.Library stacks and storage facilities are
crowded 4.Library space is wanted for other purposes
http://sampleandhold-r2.blogspot.com/2011_10_01_archive.html
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The rationale for weeding (2/2)
6. Keeping print books on the shelves is expensive 7. Many copies of the same titles exist in many
libraries 8. Secure digital versions exist for millions of titles 9. The infrastructure to support sharing exists and is
growing 10. Savings from adopting shared print can support
other library services
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圖書使用調查 – The University of Pittsburgh
1969 年購置的 36,892 冊書 觀察 6 年內借出與未借出的情況 結果發現約 40% 的書 6 年內未被借出2 年內未借出的書未來被借的機率為 1/4 6 年內未借出的書未來被借的機率為 1/50
Use of Library Materials: The University of Pittsburgh Study, by Allen Kent ，New York ： Marcel Dekker, 1979 http://sampleandhold-r2.blogspot.com/
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OhioLINK-OCLC Collection and Circulation Analysis Project 2011
Encompasses 89 libraries and tracks collection overlap and circulation activity across 30 million items
The circulation activity is drawn from the Spring of 2007 and 2008
The analysis of a year’s statewide circulation statistics indicate that 80% of the circulation is driven by just 6% of the collection.
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汰書原則 – Ohio State University
1. Their content is available in electronic format and digital preservation standards and best practices are assured.
2. A minimum of two copies of the same print resources are available in OhioLINK’s depository system, or when an electronic resource supersedes or renders a printed resource obsolete.
3. Consult with appropriate teaching faculty and other interested users about the proposed withdrawals.
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Book De-selection Principles – Grand Valley State University
Withdrawal candidate criteriaNo circulations since 1998Publication year before 2000More than 100 US holdingsMore than 10 in-state holdings (Michigan)Not listed in Resources for College LibrariesNever reviewed in CHOICE
http://sampleandhold-r2.blogspot.com/2011_03_01_archive.html
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Book retained Principles – Grand Valley State University
Fewer than 10 US holdings Not represented in Hathi Trust No circulations since 1998 Publication year before 2000
http://sampleandhold-r2.blogspot.com/2011_03_01_archive.html
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Sample Withdrawal Candidate Listhttp://sustainablecollections.com/storage/sample_reports/sample-withdrawal-list.png
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聯合典藏
分享空間1902 年哈佛大學校長 Eliot 即提出
分享空間與館藏Center for Research Libraries1949 the Midwest Inter-Library Center (MILC)1960 年代中期更為現代名稱由地區發展到全國、全球
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高密度典藏系統
北美地區現有 70 座管理、合作的模式不一
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CIC/Committee on Institutional Cooperation
Shared print storage projectShort term goal: Create immediate
opportunities to relieve space pressures at CIC libraries
Medium term goal: Systematic plan for managing lesser used print collections
Long term goal: Advance nationally coordinated efforts in print preservation
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WEST
Collection Development and ManagementLicensed ResourcesShared printMass DigitizationDigital Special CollectionsShared Cataloging
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UKRR (UK Reserch Reserve)
UKRR is a clubA partnership between 29 UK universities and the
British LibraryShared responsibility for the distributed UKRR
collectionEncourages culture change:
Owning physical collections is no longer the only sign of a good library
http://www.bl.uk/blpac/pdf/dareshorley.pdf
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How are UKRR members rewarded for taking part?
• For every metre of material offered for checking UKRR pays the library £26
• Guaranteed 24 hour desk top document delivery from BLDSC
http://www.bl.uk/blpac/pdf/dareshorley.pdf
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圖書大量數位化
Google Books SearchHathiTrustInternet Archive Open Book Alliance Project GutenbergThe Digital Public Library of AmericaThe European Library中美百萬冊數字圖書館
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Google Books Library Project
The Library Project's aim is simple: make it easier for people to find relevant books – specifically, books they wouldn't find any other way such as those that are out of print – while carefully respecting authors' and publishers' copyrights. Our ultimate goal is to work with publishers and libraries to create a comprehensive, searchable, virtual card catalog of all books in all languages that helps users discover new books and publishers discover new readers.
http://books.google.com/googlebooks/library.html
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An outgrowth of the Google Books Project, the HathiTrust:
• Includes digital versions of the books from many US library collections which are in Google Book Search
• Provides preservation quality, digital, library owned content
• Will be certified as a Trusted Digital Repository
http://www.hathitrust.org/
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HathiTrust 資料量2011-11-07
9,728,814 total volumes 5,164,518 book titles256,880 serial titles3,405,084,900 pages 436 terabytes 115 miles 7,905 tons 2,654,933 volumes (~27% of total) in the public domain
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HathiTrust
2013 與哈佛大學圖書館同量， 10 年內達 3,000 萬冊
2013 開放非合作館使用
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http://openlibrary.org/
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Goals of mass digitization– University of CaliforniaExpand the UC Libraries ability to give faculty,
students and the public access to information and support our exploration of new service models. These projects are designed to:
Enhance student and faculty researchEnable scholars to trace the evolution of ideas and
perform other sophisticated textual analysis more easily Fulfill its public service mission -- can now be read by
anyone, anywhere, anytime. Preserve and protect our collections
http://www.cdlib.org/services/collections/massdig/faq.html
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New questions and service models -- after mass digitization
Enhanced Discovery and AccessCollection ManagementNew Services to UsersCurating through CollaborationFunding Reallocation
http://www.cdlib.org/services/collections/massdig/faq.html
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雲端下紙本圖書的典藏
Cloud-sourcing Research Collections: Managing Print in the Mass-digitized Library Environment
Constance Malpas
Program Officer OCLC Research, 2011
http://www.oclc.org/research/publications/library/2011/2011-01.pdf
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The Cloud Library project
The objective of the project was to examine the feasibility of outsourcing management of low-use print books held in academic libraries to shared service providers, including large-scale print and digital repositories.
http://www.oclc.org/research/publications/library/2011/2011-01.pdf
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Cloud-sourcing Research Collections
研究的對象NYUHathiTrustReCAP
Research Collections Access & Preservation
研究的結果 HathiTrust 與 ReCAP 重複 20%HathiTrust 、 ReCAP 、 NYU 重複 200,000冊
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Cloud-sourcing Research Collections ： Key findings (1/4)
Mass digitized monographic corpus already substantially duplicates academic print collection
30% or more of titles in local collection have been digitized
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Cloud-sourcing Research Collections ： Key findings (2/4)
Extant inventory in large-scale shared print repositories substantially mirrors digitized corpus
~75% of mass-digitized titles already ‘backed up’ in one or more preservation repositories (ReCAP, UC Regional Facilities, CRL, LC)
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Cloud-sourcing Research Collections ： Key findings (3/4)
Opportunity to benefit from externalization is widely distributed; every academic library is affected
Potential market for service is broad; aggregate savings significant
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Cloud-sourcing Research Collections ： Key findings (4/4)
Maximum benefit will be achieved when distribution network for in-copyright content is available
Public domain content inadequate to mobilize collective resources
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Cloud-Sourcing Research Collections: Managing Print in the Mass-Digitized Library Environment
"...we estimate that the median space savings that could be achieved at an ARL library if a robust shared print offer were in place today to be approximately 36,000 linear feet or the equivalent of more than 45,000 ASF [assignable square feet]... "In economic terms, the total annual cost avoidance -- assuming all of these books are currently managed on-site -- exceeds $2 million per library."
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Cloud-Sourcing Research Collections:
需探討的要項1. Document types
2. Subject Distribution
3. Right Status
4. Distribution of System-wide Print Holding
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雲端圖書分享的主要問題
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圖書徵集的新策略
PDA (Patron-Driven Acquisitions)DDA (Demand-Driven Acquisitions)UDA (User-Driven Acquisitions)
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University of Denver Use Data (Titles Cataloged 2000-2004)
All Univ. Press
4+ 23,854 (18.8%) 4,029 (19.9%)
3 10,461 ( 8.2%) 1,954 (9.6%)
2 16,257 ( 12.8%) 3,134 (15.5%)
1 26,155 ( 20.6%) 4,882 (24.1%)
0 50,266 ( 39.6%) 6,278 (31.0%)
“Rethinking Library Acquisition: Demand-Driven Purchasing for Scholarly Books“
http://www.slideshare.net/MichaelLevineClark/aaup-demand-driven-616
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University of Denver Use Data (U.P. Titles Cataloged in 2000)
Ever Used Used 2005 or Later
4+ 932 (22.1%) 882 (20.1%)
3 424 (10.0%) 349 (8.3%)
2 682 (16.1%) 439 (10.4%)
1 968 (22.9%) 475 (11.2%)
0 1,217 (28.8%) 2,078 (49.2%) “Rethinking Library Acquisition: Demand-Driven Purchasing for Scholarly
Books“ http://www.slideshare.net/MichaelLevineClark/aaup-demand-driven-616
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Patron-Driven Acquisitions
In a typical workflow, the library imports bibliographic records into its catalogue at no cost. When a patron finds a patron-driven record in the course of research, a short-term loan can allow him to borrow the book, and the transaction charge to the library will be a small percentage of the list price. Typically, a library will automatically buy a book on a third or fourth use.
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Patron-Driven Acquisitions
Infrastructure MARC records prior to purchaseRush order and deliveryEnhanced metadata
Lost revenue and margin must be recoupedPossible role in print-on-demandDelivery options ： print, POD, eBook
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圖書新服務 –隨選印製
In sourcing Espresso Book Machinehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q946sfGLxm4
Out sourcing LighteningSource
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Let Them Eat... Everything by Rick Anderson, Univ. of Utahhttp://www.slideshare.net/CharlestonConference/let-them-eat-everything-by-rick-anderson-university-of-utah
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圖書服務的新構想
The User-Driven Purchase Give Away Library ： A Thought Experiment
David W. Lewis July 2010
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Embedded librarian
David W. Lewis 2005-2025
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HathiTrust對中文圖書典藏可能的影響
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HathiTrust 收錄我國書館界教師著作的採樣
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美國東亞圖書館中文館藏 2010 年CEAL 統計資料
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University Library A bleak future for physical collections? Acid paper Disintegrating bindings Inappropriate storage conditions Rough handling (and book drops!) Leaking roofs
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University Library A collection typology
Heritage: Significant & distinctive collections which
continue to be developedLegacy: Significant & distinctive collections: historic
strengths but no longer added toSelf-renewing: Supporting current research & teachingFinite: No longer relevant - can be considered for
withdrawal
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No Brief Candle: Re-conceiving Research Libraries for the 21st Century.
Thinking deeply about what it is we want to conserve,
identifying those areas where libraries have the competitive advantage (e.g. preservation and standards), and
finding new ways to engage and expand our traditional position at the center of campus and at the crossroads of disciplines.
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Change in Academic Collection
Shift to licensed electronic content is acceleratingResearch journals – a well established trendScholarly monographs – in progress
Print collections delivering less (and less) value at great (and growing) cost Est. $4.25 US per volume per year for on-site collectionsLibrary purchasing power decreasing as per-unit cost rises
Special collections marginal to educational mandate at many institutionsCostly to manage, not (always) integral to teaching, learning
取自 “ Reshaping the research library”
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紙本 vs 電子圖書
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Rationales for retaining some copies of the print version
the need to fix scanning errors; insufficient reliability of the digital providerinadequate preservation of the digitized versions;the presence of significant quantities of important
non-textual material that may be poorly represented in digital form;
campus political considerations. Roger C. Schonfeld Presenter (2011): What to Withdraw? Print Collection
Management in the Wake of Digitization, The Serials Librarian, 60:1-4, 141-145
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http://www.news.com.au/technology/internet-pioneers-new-project-to-preserve-a-copy-of-every-book-ever-published/story-e6frfro0-1226106431988
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http://www.teleread.com/library/why-preserve-books-the-new-physical-archive-of-the-internet-archive-by-brewster-kahle/
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變動的世界
Rick Anderson, Let them eat … everything: embracing a Patron-Driven Future
J . Willard Marriott Library
Toward Greater Sanity in Scholarly Communication
Less sane
Interlibrary loan
Big Deals Subscriptions
Approval plans
Reference/Bib instruction
Redundant cataloging
Print runs
More sane
Article purchases (document delivery)
Wikipedia
Shared cataloging
Ease of use
PDA (for books)
Print on demand
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我國紙本圖書典藏的建議 (1/2)
1. 館藏觀念的改變 -- Diffuse and hard to define -- Less selective more inclusive -- Global + Local
2. 雲端下紙本圖書的地位3. 雲端下紙本圖書的典藏
-- Elsevier 期刊 2008-2010 國圖、中興、成大典藏
-- 聯合、全域
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我國紙本圖書典藏的建議 (2/2)
4. 設立大學數位圖書館 -- 技術、政策、組織
5. 圖書的未來 -- 清明上河圖動畫 + 蔣勳的解說
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結語
It is not enough to do your best; you must
know what to do, and then do your best. –W. Edwards Deming
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謝謝聆聽 敬請指教 !
